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Page 1: Naturalism and Neoclassicism - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/.../3/1/7/6317724/naturalism_and_neoclassi… · Naturalism and Neoclassicism.pptx Author: Christopher Zatta Created

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•  Hogarth  is  working  in  England,    •  Unlike  the  French  who  sought  to  proclaim  the  goodness  in  the  working  middle  and  lower  

classes,  Hogarth  sa=rized  of  a  newly  prosperous  middles  class  with  zest  •  This  was  an  age  of  sa=rical  wri=ng  in  England  and  he  sought  to  translate  these  sa=re  visual.    •  His  subject  maFer  is  moral  in  tone.  His  favorite  device  was  to  paint  a  narra=ve  series,  like  

chapters  in  a  book.  His  pain(ngs  follow  the  same  characters  as  they  encounter  some  sort  of  social  evil.  

Analysis  •  One  of  six  pain=ngs  that  sa=rizes  the  marital  immorali=es  of  the  moneyed  English  classes  •  The  story  follows  a  middle  class  woman  who  father  marries  her  to  a  viscount  for  a  large  sum  of  

money.  She  gets  a  =tle  and  he  gets  a  fortune  •  The  marriage  soon  falls  to  infideli=es  and  other  social  corrup=ons  •  Here  the  marriage  is  just  beginning  to  decay  

•  The  are  both  =ered  aKer  a  long  night  spent  in  separate  pursuits  •  The  wife  stayed  at  home  playing  cards  and  music-­‐making,  the  husband  has  been  out  

of  the  house  on  suspicious  business  –  the  dog  sniffs  a  a  lacy  cap  in  his  pocket  •  The  steward  on  the  leK  has  his  hands  full  of  unpaid  bills,  and  raises  his  eyes  in  despair  •  The  house  is  in  disarray  •  In  the  back  room  hang  a  series  of  religious  pain=ngs  but  the  final  one  is  curtained  –  

alluding  to  the  fact  that  it  is  an  ero=c  pain=ng  –  hidden  from  female  gaze  but  easily  viewed  by  the  master  of  the  house  with  a  pull  of  the  cord  

•  Purpose:  exposing  the  corrup(on  of  upper  classes.  Poin(ng  out  the  ills  of  society  that  the  Enlightenment  figures  frowned  upon  

•  Was  published  as  a  series  of  etchings  that  could  be  easily  bought.  

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•  Heroism:  honor,  valor  and  love  of  country  became  a  virtue  celebrated  in  English  Naturalist  pain=ngs  

•  The  Enlightenment  concept  of  NOBILITY,  according  to  Rousseau,  referred  to  a  kind  of  character,  not  to  aristocra(c  birth  

•  As  the  century  progressed  and  revolu=ons  neared  the  virtues  of  courage,  and  self  sacrifice  assumed  greater  importance.  The  modern-­‐military  hero,  who  rises  from  humble  beginnings  became  an  ideal  of  aKrac(ve  virtue  –  someone  willing  to  fight  for  mankind  and  society  

•  Joshua  Reynolds  painter  Grand  Manner  portraits  –  which  depict  key  par=cipants  in  important  events.  The  virtue  of  these  individuals  are  shown  in  their  refined  and  elegant  posture,  their  controlled  pose,  their  large  size  on  the  canvas,  and  a  landscape  seVng  with  a  low  horizon  seVng  which  produces  a  feeling  of  triumph  

•  Heathcliff  was  an  English  officer  who  defended  the  Bri=sh  Fortress  of  Glbraltar  from  the  Spanish  and  French    

•  Here  he  holds  the  key  to  the  fortress,  a  symbol  of  victory  •  Behind  him  is  one  canon  and  a  curtain  of  smoke  rises  from  the  baFleground  reminding  us  

of  his  heroism,  courage  and  sacrifice  •  The  rendering  of  his  face  and  uniform  is  not  idealized  but  honest  –  conveying  his  honest  

character.  Yet  his  posture  is  upright  and  heroic,  as  is  the  seVng  

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•  Although  born  in  Philadelphia,  West  worked  in  England  before  and  during  the  American  Revolu=on  •  In  this  pain=ng  West  is  promo=ng  the  heroism  of  a  young  English  commander  who  is  mortally  

wounded  in  baFle,  having  risked  his  life  to  fight  for  his  country  in  baFle  for  Quebec  against  the  French  in  1759  –  this  baFle  gave  Canada  to  the  Bri=sh  

•  The  subject  is  a  history  pain(ng  but  is  is  recent  history  and  so  the  characters  are  dressed  realis=cally  in  modern  clothing  

•  Generally,  history  pain=ngs  were  reserved  for  narra=ves  from  the  Bible  or  stories  from  the  classical  past.  Instead,  however,  West  depicted  a  near-­‐contemporary  event  

•  He  was  urged  by  his  patrons  to  paint  the  figures  wearing  togas.  West  refused,  wri=ng,  “the  same  truth  that  guides  the  pen  of  the  historian  should  govern  the  pencil  [paintbrush]  of  the  ar=st.”  

•  Yet  West  took  ar=s=c  license  in  crea=ng  a  drama=c  composi=on,  from  the  theatrical  clouds  to  the  messenger  approaching  on  the  leK  side  of  the  pain=ng  to  announce  the  Bri=sh  victory  over  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm  and  his  French  army  in  this  decisive  baFle.  

•  He  has  further  forgone  the  in  favor  of  the  the  grand  tradi=on  of  history  pain=ng  by  arranging  the  figures  in  a  highly  unnatural,  complex  and  theatrical  composi=on    

•  The  modern  hero  dies  among  grieving  officers  on  the  field  in  a  way  that  suggests  the  death  of  a  saint.  The  composi(on  is  derived  from  pain(ngs  of  the  Lamenta(on  of  Christ  

•  The  flag  is  posi(oned  like  the  cross.  His  body  is  limp  and  swaying  like  Christ’s  •  The  two  figures  at  either  side  recall  Mary  and  John  while  the  surrounding  figure  recall  

the  apostles  –  all  together  there  are  12  men  grieving  •  Thus  the  virtuous  young  hero  is  made  even  more  virtuous  by  this  composi(onal  arrangement.  If  

Christ  was  innocent,  pure,  and  died  for  a  worthwhile  cause—that  is,  the  salva(on  of  mankind—then  Wolfe  too  was  innocent,  pure,  and  died  for  a  worthwhile  cause;  the  advancement  of  the  Bri(sh  posi(on  in  North  America.  Indeed,  West  transforms  Wolfe  from  a  simple  war  hero  to  a  deified  martyr  for  the  Bri(sh  cause.    

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•  Studied  portraiture  in  England  then  returned  to  America  •  This  portrait  of  Paul  Revere  was  painted  prior  to  the  revolu=ons  and  depicts  him  

as  a  silversmith,  at  his  table  with  his  tools  •  The  portrait  is  direct,  honest  and  plain  –  which  defined  American  art  at  this  =me  •  Revere  looks  right  at  the  viewer  with  an  honest  gaze  •  He  wares  his  shirtsleeves  –  he  is  not  dressed  up  •  Although  he  is  posed  it  is  relaxed  and  casual,  no  s=ff  and  upright.  He  is  bent  over  a  

teapot  in  progress  •  The  detail  of  the  portraiture,  and  the  siFer’s  demeanor  reflect  Revere’s  down-­‐to-­‐

earth  character  that  would  have  been  considered  a  virtue  during  the  enlightenment  

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•  For  the  well-­‐to-­‐do  middle  class,  especially  in  England,  it  became  fashionable  to  take  an  educa=onal  tour  of  Europe,  especially  Italy  –  to  become  versed  in  the  classical  past  

•  With  advances  in  technology  travel  became  much  easier  and  popular  •  The  traveling  public  sought  “natural”  depic=ons  of  landscapes  as  mementos  •  These  landscapes  also  served  the  needs  of  many  scien=fic  expedi=ons  •  CanleFo  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  landscape  painters  –  specializing  in  Italian  

landscapes  •  He  used  the  camera  obscura  to  render  images  that  look  like  they  have  captured  

every  detail  –  yet  there  are  highly  edited  to  give  the  perfect,  eye  pleasing  souvenir  •  He  was  also  a  master  of  Renaissance  perspec=ve  •  THE  GRAND  TOUR  SPURS  A  NEW  INTEREST  IN  ANTIQUITY  WHICH  INFLUENCES  

NEOCLASSICISM  

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Jacques-­‐Louis  David  •  David  was  raised  in  the  wealthy  and  powerful  family  of  his  uncle,  a  minister  to  the  King  of  France.  The  young  David  was  at  

first  trained  in  the  studio  of  the  great  Rococo  master  François  Boucher,  a  distant  rela=ve.  He  then  Studies  An=quity  and  the  Renaissance  in  Rome  aKer  winning  a  prize  in  an  art  contest  

•  What  emerged  in  David's  pain=ng  was  a  sharp  rejec=on  of  the  Rococo  style.  Gone  is  the  fluid  brushwork,  soK  color,  and  the  amorphous  organic  composi=ons  of  Boucher  and  Fragonard.  Of  equal  import  was  the  shiK  in  subject.  He  concurred  with  the  Enlightenment  belief  that  the  subject  of  an  artwork  should  have  a  moral.  A  supporter  of  the  Rebels  in  the  French  revolu(on,  he  saw  that  pain(ngs  of  noble  deeds  in  the  past  could  inspire  virtue  in  the  present  –  i.e.  a  moral  purpose  for  history  pain(ng  

Story  and  Analysis  •  Most  Neo-­‐Classical  pain=ngs  take  their  subjects  from  Ancient  Greek  and  Roman  history  and  the  Oath  of  the  Hora+i  is  no  

excep=on.    •  David  tells  the  story  of  three  brothers  that  make  an  oath  to  their  father  that  they  will  die  in  the  defense  of  their  city  (this  is  a  

legend  about  the  founding  of  Rome)  •  In  this  pain=ng  the  three  Hora=i  brothers  have  been  chosen  to  represent  the  city  of  Rome  in  a  baFle  against  three  brothers  

from  the  neighboring  city  of  Alba  –  the  Curia(i  •  Here,  the  three  Hora=i  brothers  are  swearing  an  oath  on  their  swords  which  their  father  presents  to  them  to  fight  un=l  they  

die  for  their  country    •  Here's  the  catch:  one  of  the  Hora=i  sisters  (pictured  on  the  right)  is  married  to  one  of  the  men  on  the  other  side  (the  

Curia=i).  And  the  wife  of  the  youngest  brother  is  the  sister  of  one  of  the  Curia=i  •  When  one  of  the  Hora=i  brothers  returns  home  from  the  baFle—the  only  one  surviving—his  sister  greets  him  with  

condemna=on  for  killing  her  husband  and  the  father  of  her  children.  Because  she  puts  herself  and  her  family  before  the  good  of  her  country,  her  brother  kills  her.  The  idea  here  is  that  one  must  be  willing  to  sacrifice—even  sacrifice  one's  life  and  family  members—for  the  state.  

•  The  ac=on  unfolds  in  a  shallow  space  like  a  stage  seVng  –  defined  my  the  severe  classical  architecture  and  geometric  percision  

•   The  figures  of  the  men  are  hard,  statuesque  and  clear  in  their  courageous  ac=on.  They  contrast  with  with  the  soK,  curving  forms  of  the  women,  we  to  patriho  represent  the  emo=ons  ascribed  with  femininity  at  this  lime  –  sorrow,  love,  despair  (all  considered  weak)  

•  Although  originally  painted  for  the  King  because  he  won  the  trip  to  Rome,  the  pain(ng  roused  it’s  audience  to  a  patrio(c  zeal  against  the  monarchy,  making  the  neoclassical  style  that  unofficial  style  of  the  French  Revolu(on  

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•  When  the  French  Revolu=on  broke  out  David  backed  the  Jacobins,  a  radical  and  militant  revolu=onary  fac=on  that  sought  to  take  down  the  monarchy  in  favor  of  a  centralized  Republic  

•  He  became  the  minister  of  propaganda  and  organized  poli=cal  pageant,  ceremonies  with  floats,  costumes  and  sculptural  props  

•  He  believed  art  could  play  an  important  part  in  educa(ng  the  public,  and  that  drama(c  pain(ngs  emphasizing  patrio(sm  and  civic  virtue  would  rally  the  people  

•  Rather  than  con=nuing  to  create  artworks  with  scenes  from  an=quity  he  know  focuses  on  current  events  

Analysis  •  The  pain=ng  commemorate  the  assassina=on  of  Jean-­‐Paul  Marat,  and  influen=al  revolu=onary  

writer  and  friend  of  David  •  It  depicts  him  in  the  bath  as  a  martyr  for  the  cause,  aKer  he  has  been  stabbed  to  death  by  

CharloFe  Corday,  a  member  of  a  rival  poli=cal  fac=on  •  The  murder  scene  is  presented  with  directness  and  clarity    •  All  of  the  narra=ve  details  of  the  event  are  placed  in  the  foreground  –  the  knife,  the  wound,  

the  blood,  and  the  leFer  with  which  Corday  gained  entrance  to  the  room  •  The  space  is  cold  a  neutral  focusing  all  aFen=on  onto  the  figure  of  Marat  slumped  in  the  

bathtub  •  This  sharpens  the  sense  of  pain  and  outrage  against  the  enemy  •  Thus  David  has  masterly  depicted  Marat  as  a  tragic  martyr  who  died  in  service  to  the  

revolu(on  •  Marat’s  figure  is  based  on  Christ’s  figure  in  Michelangelo’s  Pieta  –  thus  the  pain(ng  can  be  

scene  as  an  altar  piece  to  the  new  civic  “religion,”  inspiring  the  people  to  follow  their  saintly  leader  in  revolu(on  

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