National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Remote Sensing Science and Technology Center Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Remote Sensing Science and Technology Center

Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE III) on the International Space Station (ISS)

M. Patrick McCormick

8th Annual NOAA CREST Symposium

June 5-6, 2013

City University of New York

New York, NY


• SAGE III on ISS is a directed climate continuity mission

• Mission objective is to obtain climate quality science data from

the ISS

– Inclined orbit of 51.6° is ideal for SAGE III measurements

• Baseline Mission Life is 3 years / Threshold is 1 year

– Planning includes possibility of 2020 extended mission

• Access to space is provided by Space X Falcon 6

• Mission leverages existing flight hardware

– SAGE III Instrument

– Hexapod Pointing System

– ExPRESS Pallet Adaptor

SAGE III Mission Context


• NEED – enhance our understanding of ozone recovery and climate change processes in the upper atmosphere

• HOW – monitor the vertical distribution of aerosols, ozone, and other trace gases in the Earth’s stratosphere and troposphere

SAGE III Science Objectives

Parameters and processes that control ozone.

SAGE III on ISS provides data to:

Assess the recovery in the distribution of ozone

Extend aerosol measurement records needed for climate and ozone models

Gain further insight into key processes contributing to ozone and aerosol variability


• Assess the scientific and data usage approaches critical to achieving the goals of the SAGE III on ISS mission as outlined in NASA's Climate Initiative

Science Utilization Team (SUT)

Name Institution Subject Matter Areas

Pat McCormick (Chair)

Hampton University Instrument Technology, Ozone, Aerosol, Calibration/Validation

Debra Weisenstein Harvard University Aerosols, Modeling, Innovative Uses

John Barnes NOAA ESRL Aerosols, Ozone, Calibration/Validation

Gloria Manney NWRA (transferring from JPL) Innovative Uses, Ozone, Calibration/Validation

Bill Randel NCAR Innovative Uses, Ozone, Modeling, Instrument Technology

P.K. Bhartia NASA Goddard Instrument Technology, Ozone, Aerosols

Mark Schoeberl STC, Lanham, MD Modeling, Calibration/Validation, Innovative Uses

Jose Rodriguez NASA Goddard Modeling, Ozone, Innovative Uses

Darryn Waugh Johns Hopkins University Ozone, Modeling (Dynamics)

Ross Salawitch University of MD - College Park Ozone, Modeling (Photochemistry)


• SUT will provide guidance on:– Utilization of the science measurements made by SAGE III on ISS– Needs for new research products– Additional algorithm development

• Consider innovative uses of the SAGE III on ISS measurements to address emerging science issues or to contribute to policy and management decision making (connection with Applied Sciences Program)

• Consider the applicability of fusing multiple data sets from a variety of sensors

• Sensor calibration and data validation plans will also be addressed

SUT Responsibilities


Satellite Measurement Techniques


•SAM- July 15,1975/Apollo-ASTP/KSC/Saturn IB

•SAM II- October 24, 1978/ Nimbus 7/ Western Test Range/ Delta

•SAGE I- February 19, 1979/ AEM 2/ Wallops Flight Facility/ Scout D

•SAGE II- October 5, 1984/ ERBS/ KSC/ Shuttle Challenger Deployment STS 41-G

•SAGE III- December 10, 2001/ METEOR 3M/ Baikonur/ Zenit 2

Launch Date/Spacecraft/Location/Rocket


SAM II and SAGE II Sampling


ISS Orbit is Ideal


SAM on Apollo 1975


SAGE INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

SAGE I(1979 - 1981)

Multi-channelSpectral Grating

Gas MeasurementMulti-wavelength

SAGE II(1984 - 2005)

Differential AbsorptionWater Vapor

SAM II(1978 - 1994)

Servo Pointing ControlSun Limb Scanning

2-Axis tracking

SAGE III: New Features(Meteor-3M, ISS)

Design Advantage Linear Array CCD Increased discrimination Lunar Occultation Nighttime measurements 290 nm Channel Short measurements 1550 Channel Long measurements 16-bit A/D Decreased quantization error

Increased dynamic range


SAGE III Measurements

Moonset02:00: - 02:02

Sunset03:03 - 03:05

Sunrise02:09 - 02:11

Limb Scatter02:25 - 02:45


Slant Path Optical Depth at 20 Km

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000.01

0.1

1

10

Rayleigh scattering

O3

O2 (T, p)

H2O

NO2

O3

Background aerosol

SAGE III solar channel locations

Slan

t Pat

h O

ptic

al D

epth

Wavelength, nm


Instrument Cross-Section

Sensor Assembly• Scan Head

• Elevation Mirror & Motor Assembly• Attenuator Assembly

• Azimuth Assembly• F4 Telescope

• Spectrometer• Fold Mirror• Spherical Grating• CCD & InGaAs Detectors

Scan Head Assembly

Azimuth Assembly

Spectrometer Assembly


SAGE III Instrument Being Tested at LaRC


Volume – Instrument Payload

49.0”

46.0” 34.0”

Launch Configuration


Sensor Assembly (SA)

Hexapod Electronics Unit (HEU)

Interface Adapter Module (IAM)

Disturbance Monitoring

Package(DMP)*

Contamination Monitoring

Package(CMP)

Contamination Monitoring Package (CMP)

ExPRESS Payload Adapter (ExPA)

Hexapod Mechanical

Assembly(HMA)

Instrument Control Electronics (ICE)*

RamPort* DMP and ICE have mounting interface brackets

SAGE III Instrument Payload Layout


Dragon Unpressurized Cargo Module

Launch on SpaceX


SAGE III on ISS On-Orbit Configuration


SAGE III is the Pathfinder for Earth Science Observations from ISS

ELC-4

SAGE III on ISS Concept


Importance to CREST Students

• Validation Measurements (Local and Global)- Lidar for aerosols, clouds and gases, e.g. HU lidar and satellite lidars

like CALIPSO and ESA’s EarthCare (launch in 2016)

- Comparisons with other satellite measurements, e.g. MODIS, IASI or AIRS, TEMPO (geo), etc.

• New Retrieval Techniques- Limb Scattering, Full Spectral Scans, Lunar Occultation

• General Data Studies- Global Aerosol and Ozone Trends, QBO studies, Cirrus studies,

Volcanic impacts, Pyro-Cumulus plumes, etc.


Ground-based Remote-Atmospheric Sounding Project (GRASP) Validation Campaign


GRASP Timeline


• SAGE III on ISS addresses critical science needs

• SAGE III has a long heritage and history of delivering outstanding and unique science products

– Measurement technique, science processing algorithms, and data processing are understood and low risk

• The ISS is a unique national asset in the perfect orbit for SAGE III measurements

• SUT provides independent assessment and guidance for scientific and data uses

Summary


Backup Slides


Baseline Mission Threshold Mission

Level 1B Transmission 0.75 km resolution, 0.1% precision

1.5 km resolution, 0.2% precision

Ozone Concentration 0.75 km resolution, 5% precision

1.5 km resolution, 10% precision

Aerosol Extinction and Optical Depth



Water Vapor Concentration & Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration



Lunar Occultation O3 1.5 km resolution, 5% precision


Mission Lifetime 3 years 1 year

Level 1 Baseline and Threshold Measurement Requirements

- Limb radiance measurements and lunar NO2/NO3 will be produced as a research products- ISS manifest includes SAGE III through CY 2020 on ELC-4 for possible extended mission



Validation of Temperature

15-min Means

Different Models are being investigated


Validation of Water Vapor

100 S Means



Testing SAM on Apollo, 1975


SAM II/SAGE/Lidar Science Successes

Near global O3, aerosol, cloud, and H2O stratospheric and upper tropospheric profiles, and NO2 mid-to-upper stratospheric profiles, with 1km vertical resolution, contributing to:

1) an understanding of the effects of volcanic aerosols on radiative forcing, ozone depletion, stratospheric temperature change, aircraft structure degradation and possibly increasing cirrus clouds;

2) the determination of aerosol, ozone and water vapor climatologies;

3) the determination of ozone and aerosol trends;

4) the discovery of upper tropospheric aerosol layers from biomass burning in pristine locations;


GRASP Overview

• HUGRASP- Hampton University Ground-based Remote Atmospheric Sounding Project

• Duration: 16April – 16May 2012: 1month • Other laboratories involved:

DOD Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD Department of Energy (DOE), Las Vegas, NV NASA Wallops Flight Facility

• Objectives:

Observations - validation of measurements

Development of algorithms for T and H2O retrievals

PBL and PBL-process studies - microphysical, physical and dynamical

Utilization and development of denoising techniques

Documents

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Remote Sensing Science and Technology Center Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE