National Id in India

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Department of Management Sciences

(PUMBA), University of Pune

(MBA++)

Feasibility of National ID

System in India

Submitted By,

NITIN BANKA

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Feasibility of National ID System in India

Acknowledgement

We have a great pleasure in submitting the report on Feasibility of

National ID System in India.

The success of any task is incomplete without mentioning the name of the

people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement

crowned our efforts with success.

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We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks and

gratitude to our subject teacherMrs. Pratibha Bhide for her valuable guidance,

suggestions and advice from time to time during the making of this report. The

support and encouragement provided by her was of great help to us and this is

definitely going to be a sound foundation for us and will certainly help us in the

future.

Our special thanks to Dr. (Capt.) C.M. Chitale and Dr. B.V. Sangvikar

for their valuable suggestions. The inputs given by Mr. Manish Verma, Dr.

Ashutosh Kolte, Dr. Surbhi Jain, and Mr. Hemant Katole were of immense

help during the completion of the project

Further, we would like to extend our thanks to all those who, from their

valuable time, spare few minutes to give their genuine feedback to our

questionnaire. Whether it is the Faculty at PUMBA or students from our

department or students from other department. Our sincere thanks to all of them.

Also, to make our project fruitful and more worthy, we have relied

heavily on the library and computer lab. The facilities provided by them were of

immense help during the working of the project.

Lastly we are very thankful to all those who helped directly or indirectly

contributed in the making of this report.

Contents

Chap No. Title Page No.

1 Introduction 9

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2 Review of Literature

2.1 Importance of National ID

2.2 International Perspective

2.3 Guidelines and Information

2.4 - Identity cards in India

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3 National ID-A Pioneer Idea

3.1 National ID card in India.

3.2 Issues Concerned with Implementation.

3.3 Present Status of Implementation

3.4 Drawback in Implementation of

National ID.

3.5 Unique National ID project

3.6 Key Issues and challenges in FinalisingIssue.

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4 Data Collection and Data Presentation

4.1 Questionnaire

4.2 Data Collection

4.3 Data Presentation

4.3.1 Tables

4.3.2 Graphical Presentation

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5 Statistical Analysis

5.1 Simple Statistical Tools

5.2 Modern Statistical Tools

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6 Conclusions 44

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6.1 conclusions from simple statistical analysis

6.2 conclusions from modern statistical analysis

6.3 suggestions & recommendations

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List of Tables

Sr.No ChapterNo.

TableNo.

Description

1 4 4.3.1.1 Group 1 data

2 4 4.3.1.2 Group 2 data

3 4 4.3.1.3 Group 3 data

4 4 4.3.1.4 Group 4 data

5 5 5.1.1 General Purpose services with application of statistical tools

6 5 5.1.2 Security Services with application of statistical

tools

7 5 5.1.3 Security Services with application of statistical

tools

8 5 5.1.4 Implementation with application of statistical

tools

9 5 5.2.1 Table Showing sum of responses for each

question for every group.

10 5 5.2.2 one-way ANOVA table

11 5 5.2.3 sum of the responses for specific question for

specified group along with the ranks assigned

to these Sums

12 6 6.1.1 Conclusions for each question

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List of Graphs

Sr.No Chapter No. Graph No. Description

1 4 4.3.2.1 Graph for responses obtained by group 1.


3 4 4.3.2.3Graph for responses obtained by group 3.


Appendices:

Sr

No

Annexure Page

No

1 Annexure 1-Questionnaire 49

2 Annexure 1.1-Questionnaire for

group 1

49

3 Annexure 1.2-Questionnaire for 51

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group 2


group 3

53


group 4

55

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Chapter 1

Introduction

A National Identification Number is used by the governments of many

countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents and

temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits,

health care and other functions. Although different countries have different

views on the usage of the national identity, a large number of countries have

been in favour of having a national identification system in place.

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Many countries issued such numbers ostensibly for a singular purpose,

but over time, they become a de facto national identification number. For

example, the United States originally developed its Social Security Number

system as a means of disbursing Social Security benefits. Due to functionality

creep, the number has been utilized for other purposes to the point where it is

almost essential to have one in order to, among other things, open a bank

account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car.

In India, the current and previous governments have contemplated for a

national identity system in place. Albeit the need of such a system and moreover

the benefits which common citizens may accrue from one more identity has

been a topic of debate. An average Indian now has to carry at least four to five

different identities to prove his identity. The limitation of existing IDs, is thatthey serve different and limited purposes. As citizens are issued different

identity proofs with different purposes, there is lack of a centralized information

data system, thus causing redundancy and wastage of resources. Currently,

government has been running at least two major national ID projects, which are

in pilot phase for the past seven-eight years.

In our project we have attempted to find out the feasibility of National ID

system in India. We have used random sampling technique for our research

purpose. We have considered Pune University to be our population. Out of

population we have taken four groups of sixteen sample size each i.e. our total

sample size is sixty four. The four groups comprises of first year students of

PUMBA, Faculty at PUMBA, second year students at PUMBA and students of

other departments outside PUMBA respectively.

In our project work we have used average, mean, median, mode and

standard deviation among simple statistical techniques. While among the

modern methods we have used one way ANOVA and Friedmans test.

While looking for the feasibility of implementation of National ID system we

dont deny the drawbacks of this project. The implementation of this system

will require a lot of infrastructure and huge investment. Further its questionable

whether public sector or government services would be able to maintain such

huge database or not? Its also tough to maintain the security of the database. In

India where about 70% of population lives in rural areas and literacy levels are

still below the threshold level of 75%, its difficult to involve the whole nation

in the implementation of National ID system.

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However, its possible to overcome the drawbacks. Government should try to

implement the system through public-private partnership. Training should be

provided to government staffs. Infrastructural offices should be opened in ruralareas in order to facilitate them the services. Finally, all information regarding

knowledge of National ID system should be made accessible all over India.

All identity systems carry consequential dangers as well as potential

benefits. However, the implementation of National ID system would result in

strengthening of the national security, controlling illegal immigration,

improving internal law and order, managing the identity of countrys citizensand facilitating e-governance in India.

Chapter 2

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Review of Literature

Importance

2.1- Importance:

Can you imagine how many times you may need to produce your personal

profile during your life? How many times you get frustrated when your

credentials are not correct? Just imagine, your personal and family information

are important from the day you are born - Birth certificate, School admission

application, Citizenship certificate, College admission form. Similar

information is required for starting your business, getting driving license for

riding your first motorbike, acquiring and transferring properties, registering

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your marriage, migrating from district to district, casting a vote for your

favourite leader, getting a passport for travelling abroad, applying for a job and

so many events and in so many situations you will have to disclose your

personal identification. So your personal information is scattered everywhere.

Besides that, the agencies which deal with you on such situations should

process, store, retain your information separately, definitely causing a waste of

resources, time and money. On top of that, you cannot expect consistency on the

information of the same person in each agency.

2.2 - International perspective:

National IDs have been implemented in various forms and mechanisms and

serve varied purposes. Many countries have a system of national identity cards,

some of which require their citizens to carry them at all times. Most European

countries have ID cards. UK has introduced legislation to implement such a

system and US has passed the Real ID Act, which critics argue would make

driver's licences into de facto national IDs. the European Union, which isexamining the possibility of a pan European e-Identity so that European

citizens are freer to travel, find work, access health services, buy property, and

register for schools (in any European nation) and it is easier for small and

medium enterprises to set up and do business in any member state.(proposes

to) also test third-party "identity providers".

For example, in Pakistan, all adult citizens must register for the Computerized

National Identity Card (CNIC), with a unique number, at age 18. This card is

regularly used because of the multiple uses of the card across Pakistan's

organizations. In Belgium, everyone above the age of 12 has to carry some

means of identification at all times. For Belgians it is the identity card, for

foreigners residing in Belgium it can also be a passport, a work permit or a

(temporary) residence permit. Since the year 2000, all new identity cards have achip.

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2.3 - Guidelines and information:

A unique national ID, would give comprehensive, accurate and critical

information of each individual citizen, whether permanent or temporary. The

guiding principles for Indian national identity system were laid down by the

former President, His Excellency APJ Kalam: It should be a multipurpose,

secured and authentic ID card. This card should be akin to the Xerox copy of the

individual with the multifactor authentication such as photograph, biometrics-

fingerprint, iris-based systems and digital signature. India with a population of

one billion people should be concerned about providing this card to the citizens

at a cost effective basis. Hence there is a need to select the right technology for

the preparation of the card and online issue of the card also needs to be

determined urgently. This challenge has to be taken up by the consortium of

public and private industries, academic institutions with the

Government.(Kalam, 2003).

Standalone registrations by individual organizations result in redundancy both atstate and central level, thus resulting in issuance of multiple cards to a single

person. There is an urgent and emerging need for a single integrated

registration, which will assign a unique national ID to each citizen of the

country. A unique national ID would give comprehensive, accurate and critical

information of each individual citizen, whether permanent or temporary.

2.4- Identity cards in India:

In India, multiple identification proof cards are being issued to its citizens.

Each of these existing ID proofs has limited use. It is essential to study in-depth

the pros and cons of existing ID proofs and their system, as it would facilitate

creating a comprehensive and exhaustive national ID. The existing ID proofs

have their respective pros and cons. Each differs in robustness of usage,

coverage, cross acceptance, accuracy and comprehensiveness of data, renewal

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and security of ID proofs and international acceptance. Across all the existing

ID proofs being issued there are common concerns, which continue to prevail -

redundancies of information especially when citizens migrate to another city or

state, mismatch of data and lack of centralized database. There are problems of

security

issues, which continue to prevail due to which there are issues of fraud and

forgery of ID proofs. Moreover, out of the existing IDs, PAN card, driving

licence, and passport are issued to those who have considerable financial

capacity. The profiles of PAN cardholders and passport holders are similar.

Ration card is a major source of identification for those who are Below Poverty

Line (BPL) and financially marginal citizens. Driving licences can be issued

only to those who know to drive and are aware of traffic and driving rules.

Chapter 3

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National ID- A Pioneer Idea

3.1 Multipurpose National Identity Card in India:

MNIC is an initiative of Government of India to issue a Multipurpose National

Identity Card to every citizen of the country. It is being contemplated towards a

well regulated approach of monitoring and tracking the various benefits being

provided by government as well as restricting illicit use of multiple/false

identities. Also, both detection and compliance in the tax area could be better

managed.

Some of the objectives of MNIC as identified are:

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Age Proof

Address Proof

Other identity proofs (e.g., banks, domestic airlines)

3. Robustness of the card issue/delivery process

Problems of bogus IDs

Time taken for issue of card

Card application process (self-application/agents, dependence on other IDs for

proof, etc.)

Effectiveness of the verification process (steps taken to verify)

4. Relevance of data

- Form of data (electronic version)

-Availability in English language

-Up-to-datedness of the ID (cleaning/deletion/update)

5. Comprehensiveness of Data

- Comprehensiveness of the data

- Personal information (DoB, Address, etc.)

- Medical details (blood group, etc.)

6. Validity period of ID/Frequency of renewal

7. Information Security Management System

Level of IT Systems Integration (central database)

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Security/Privacy of Data

Compatibility with other ID systems.

Ease of extension/upgrade of the system

8. Acceptability/Validity of the ID by foreign institutions/countries.

3.3 Present status of implementation:

The project has kicked off a fresh round of card distribution to provide two

million cards to people above 18 years in 13 districts across 12 states and the

union territory of Pondicherry. Earlier plans and reports indicated that the

project was in pilot, or was attempted in 20 selected sub-districts of 13 states

and union territories.

3.4 Drawbacks in implementation of MNIC:

However, there are several implementation issues that the project is

encountering in following terms:

Non-availability of proofs for a considerable percentage of the population,

especially in the rural areas.

Issues related to distribution of the IDs to each individual.

Issues related to maintenance of the database, once it is created. Considering

the large time span that is required to prepare a comprehensive database, the

system will face huge issues of obsolescence right from the beginning.

3.5 Unique National ID Project :

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The UID project being piloted by Planning Commission and being executed by

the Department of Communication and Information Technology, aims at

studying the feasibility of expanding an existing ID system to generate a unique

national ID for each citizen. This project, unlike the MNIC project is not trying

to address the issue of citizenship, but is aiming at providing resident IDs to

whoever is currently staying in India.

After considering the various existing systems, it has been decided to

consolidate the electoral database primarily because of the extent of coverage

(600 million) it provides. The project is currently in conception stage. The

department is mulling over generation of the ID based on the available database.

They are in the process of populating data by aggregating information from all

districts across the country into a centralized database and cleaning up the

information for any irregularities/inconsistencies. They are also defining a

formal mechanism for enrolling new members into the database and setting up a

formal central authority to maintain and run the system.

However, currently no plans have been formalized for distribution of any IDs,

which is a serious issue, faced by the MNIC project too. The level of data that

the department has been able to match is not more than 80%, which leaves a

huge chunk of the population, with false data.

3.6 key issues and challenges in finalising issue:

The electoral database that has been chosen is currently available in

vernacular language (separate for each state) which needs to be converted into

English before further processing. Conversion of data involves lot of time and

complications. The conversion to English is being done using software;

however there are specific cases where the conversion yields very weird

connotations.

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Chapter 4

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Data Collection and Data

Presentation

In this chapter, following contents has been included

4.1 - Questionnaire

4.2 - Data Collection

4.3 - Data Presentation

4.3.1 - Tables

4.3.2 - Graphical Presentation

Now, we will see stated points in details with respected to research work,

4.1 - Questionnaire:

In this research work questioner has been designed to cover

all the aspects of related area. mainly four areas has been

identified for this research work, though these areas wont

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give full micro view of all aspects related with National ID

but we can get the macro view about all the aspects involved

in national ID project. Following are the major areas,

- General Purpose Services:

It is used as group 1 services in whole research work.

These services include all kind of general purpose services

Indian citizen will use in his/her daily/routine life (only basic

transactions). starting your business, getting driving license

for riding your first motorbike, acquiring and transferring

properties, registering for marriage, migrating from district to

district, casting a vote for favourite leader, tax fillings,getting a passport for travelling abroad, applying for a job

and so many events and in so many situations citizen will

have to disclose your personal identification .under this area

four questions have been asked, these four questions will try

to judge these general purpose services inconvenience to

Indian Citizen. Questionnaire for this group has been

attached in annexure (1) (1). Sample set chosen for this

group is first year students .These students will be involvedin general purpose services thoroughly as average Indian

citizen and they will have more problems and challenges in

performing these activities as they are students.

- Public Services:

It is used as group 2 services in whole research work.

These services includes services like banking operations,

healthcare services offered by government, private services

like transport, government transportation, rural India services

offered by government and private sector, voters ID card,

employment in government organization, Employees

Provident Fund .These area emphasizes on rural aspect of

National ID project also it briefly discussed about impact of

national ID system on Indian public service scenario.Services like pension fund, banking and postal services,

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health & medical services, concession in transportation

charge also falls under this category. Questionnaire for this

group is shown in annexure (1) (2). Administrative people

have been selected as sample set for this group so that we

can have administrative view on this group questionnaire. Its

so because administrative people are the ones who come in

to picture when public transactions will come in to picture.

- Security Services:

This part of questionnaire has been set as group 3 in whole

research work.

Questions related with this area are concerned with security

concerns of country as well as security concerns associated

with National ID project. These groups of questions take care

of legal framework of India after and before implementation

of national ID project.

Security and confidentiality of data used in national ID

system and whole impact and concerns related with security.Questionnaire for this group is shown in annexure (1) (3).

Sample set selected for this group is Second year students

which are more comfortable with security scenario of

country as these students got more circular view of Indian

security scenario due improved knowledge and improved

experience of MBA degree.

- Implementation:

This part has been designated as group no-4 in whole

research work.

This area mainly deals with present needs for

implementation of national ID project as well as future issues

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related after the implementation of national ID project. This

group has main concerns like technology, private service

role, administration of national ID system, database

management. This area can be taken as technical aspect of

National ID system. Questionnaire for this area is shown in

annexure (1) (4). Sample set chosen for this questionnaire is

other department students which can view this

implementation with more impartial view. And different

departments have been approached so that we can have

diverse views o these issues.

4.2 - Data collection:

Data collection has been done with following scenario,

Group 1: General purpose services

Sample set: First year students of PUMBA

Sample size: 16

Group 2: Public Service

Sample set: Faculty at PUMBA

Sample Size: 16

Group 3: Security services

Sample set: Second year students at PUMBA

Sample size: 16

Group 4: Implementation

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Sample Set: Students from other departments in Pune

University

Sample Size: 16

4.3 - Data Presentation:

4.3.1 Tables:

Table 4.3.1.1 - Group 1 data has been presented in

following table:

Group-1

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 3 2 3 4

2 3 4 2 3

3 4 3 3 3

4 2 3 2 2

5 3 1 4 3

6 4 3 2 2

7 3 3 2 3

8 4 4 2 2

9 4 3 2 3

10 3 3 3 2

11 3 3 3 3

12 3 2 2 2

13 4 4 1 3

14 3 2 3 2

15 4 3 2 3

16 3 1 2 2

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Table 4.3.1.2 - Group 2 data has been presented in

following table:

Table 4.3.1.3 - Group 3 data has been presented in following

table:

Group-2

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 3 1 3 2

2 3 4 3 2

3 2 4 4 2

4 3 3 3 2

5 3 3 3 2

6 3 4 3 4

7 4 2 2 3

8 2 4 3 2

9 1 4 4 3

10 2 4 3 1

11 4 4 4 4

12 1 2 3 3

13 3 1 3 2

14 3 3 4 2

15 3 4 4 2

16 2 2 3 2

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Group-3

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 1 1 1 1

2 3 1 1 1

3 4 3 1 3

4 4 3 3 1

5 3 3 3 3

6 2 2 1 2

7 3 2 3 2

8 3 1 2 4

9 3 3 1 1

10 2 4 1 2

11 1 3 3 1

12 1 3 3 2

13 1 1 3 2

14 2 3 3 3

15 3 3 1 2

16 3 3 1 2

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Table 4.3.1.4 - Group 4 data has been presented infollowing table,

Group-4

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 4 2 3 2

2 3 4 4 3

3 3 3 3 3

4 3 3 4 4

5 1 4 4 3

6 1 3 3 4

7 3 3 3 4

8 1 2 3 3

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9 3 3 4 2

10 4 3 3 3

11 3 3 3 3

12 4 3 3 4

13 4 1 4 4

14 4 4 3 1

15 3 3 3 4

16 3 3 3 4

4.3.2 - Graphical Presentation:

Group 1

Group 1, 1, 3,

25%

Group 1, 2, 2,

17%Group 1, 3, 3,

25%

Group 1, 4, 4,

33% 1

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4

Graph 4.3.2.1 Graph for responses obtained by group 1.

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Group 2

Group 2, 1, 3,

34%

Group 2, 2, 1,

11%

Group 2, 3, 3,

33%

Group 2, 4, 2,

22%1

2

3

4


Group 3

Group 3, 1, 1,

25%

Group 3, 2, 1,

25%

Group 3, 3, 1,

25%

Group 3, 4, 1,

25%1

2

3

4


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Group 4

Group 4, 1, 4,

37%

Group 4, 2, 2,

18%

Group 4, 3, 3,

27%

Group 4, 4, 2,

18%

1

2

3

4


Chapter 5

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STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS

5.1 - SIMPLE STASTICAL TOOLS

In this chapter we have discussed about the various statistical

tools which we have prominently used in our research work.

These are some of the statistical tools which we have used

given below:

Mean: It is the simple average of the given data.

Median: It is the middle value of the given data arranged

either in ascending or descending order.

Mode: It is the highest frequent item in the data.

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Standard Deviation: Standard Deviation is defined as the

square root of the average of squares of deviation, when such

deviations for the values of individual items in a series are

obtained from the mean.

Summation: It gives the collective view of the given data or

series.

The above tools are used in the following manner in our

research work as given below:

Mean: Mean is showing the average response given by the

respondents of a particular question, e.g. in group-1 the mean

of responses for question-1 is 3.31.It means on a scale of 1to4 the average scale of responses of all the individuals in the

sample is 3.31.

Median: Median is showing the middle number in the scale

of responses given by the sample if these scale are arranged

in either ascending or descending order, e.g. in group-1 the

median scale of responses is 3 it shows there are equal

number of scales given below or above 3.

Mode: Mode is showing the highest number of responses

given by the respondents, e.g. in group-1 the highest number

of responses given by the respondents is 3 which is the mode

of the responses of the question-1.

Standard Deviation: Standard deviation is showing the

fluctuation of the responses of the different respondents in

the sample about the sample mean, e.g. In group-1 the

standard deviation is .60 and the mean is 3.31.It mean the

responses of the respondents in the sample vary in the

interval of Mean +/- S.D. i.e. 3.31 +/- .60.

These are the tables created from the responses obtained

from the respective samples. These tables show the

applications of the above stated statistical tools.

This table also shows applications of above stated statically

tools on the received data

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Table 5.1.1: Group 1- General Purpose services with

application of statistical tools

Group-1

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

1 3 2 3 4

2 3 4 2 3

3 4 3 3 3

4 2 3 2 2

5 3 1 4 3

6 4 3 2 2

7 3 3 2 3

8 4 4 2 2

9 4 3 2 3

10 3 3 3 2

11 3 3 3 3

12 3 2 2 2

13 4 4 1 314 3 2 3 2

15 4 3 2 3

16 3 1 2 2

MEAN 3.31 2.75 2.38 2.63

Std Deviation 0.60 0.93 0.72 0.62

MODE 3 3 2 3

MEDIAN 3 3 2 3

Table5.1.2 Group 2: Public Services with application of

statistical tools:

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Table 5.1.3: Group 3- Security Services with application

of statistical tools

given on the next page:

Group-2

QuestionsSample No. 1 2 3 4

1 3 1 3 2

2 3 4 3 2

3 2 4 4 2

4 3 3 3 2

5 3 3 3 2

6 3 4 3 4

7 4 2 2 3

8 2 4 3 2

9 1 4 4 3

10 2 4 3 1

11 4 4 4 4

12 1 2 3 3

13 3 1 3 2

14 3 3 4 215 3 4 4 2

16 2 2 3 2

Mean 2.63 3.0625 3.25 2.38

Mode 3 4 3 2

Median 3 3.5 3 2

Std. Deviation 0.89 1.12 0.58 0.81

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Table 5.1.4 - Group 4: Implementation with application

of statistical tools.

Group-4

Group-3

Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

11 1 1 1

23 1 1 1

34 3 1 3

44 3 3 1

53 3 3 3

62 2 1 2

73 2 3 2

83 1 2 4

93 3 1 1

102 4 1 2

11 1 3 3 1

121 3 3 2

131 1 3 2

142 3 3 3

153 3 1 2

16

3 3 1 2

Mean2.44 2.44 1.94 2

Mode3 3 1 2

Median3 3 1.5 2

Std. Deviation1.03 0.96 0.99 0.89

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Questions

Sample No. 1 2 3 4

14 2 3 2

23 4 4 3

33 3 3 3

43 3 4 4

51 4 4 3

61 3 3 4

73 3 3 4

81 2 3 3

93 3 4 2

104 3 3 3

113 3 3 3

124 3 3 4

13

4 1 4 4

144 4 3 1

153 3 3 4

163 3 3 4

Mean2.93 2.93 3.31 3.18

Mode

3 3 3 4

Median3 3 3 3

Std. Deviation1.06 0.77 0.47 0.91

5.2 - MODERN STASTICAL TOOLS

In this section we applied modern statistical tools to test the

hypothesis about the feasibility of implementation ofNATIONAL ID SYSTEM in INDIA.

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Therefore we are using two modern techniques to test the

Hypotheses about the feasibility of implementing the system.

These two techniques are:

(a) ANOVA (analysis of variance)

(b) FRIEDMANS TEST

(a) ANOVA

In ANOVA we are using One-Way ANOVA.

Hypothesis testing using this tool is shown below,

Let, Hypothesises are:

Ho: There is no difference of group opinion on

feasibility of National Id.

H1: There is difference of group opinion on

feasibility of National Id.

Table 5.2.1 Table showing sum of responses for each

question for every group.

Respondent Group Xi

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 P

1 53 42 39 47 181

2 44 49 39 47 179

3 38 52 31 53 174

4 42 38 32 51 163

Xj 177 181 141 198 697

There are three steps to be completed to perform the test.

(A)Intermediate Results

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1. Find the total sum (T) of all entries in table 5.2.1

T = i iXiXi = 697

2. Find the correction factor(c):

C = T2/n = (697)2 = 30363

3. Find out total sum of squares (TSS):

TSS = Xij2 - C

= - 30363

= 758

4. Find out summation of squares between columns (SSBC):

SSBC= Xj2 - C = 30793.75 30363

= 430.75

5. Find out summation of square within these observations

(SSW):

SSW = TSS SSBC = 758 430.75= 327.25

(B) Preparation of ANOVA table:

Table 5.2.2 - Preparation of one-way ANOVA

table

Deg free of MSS

1 SSBC 430.75

c-1 = 3 SSBC/c-1 = 430.75 / 3 =143.58

2 SSW 327.2

5

n-c = 12 SSW/n-c = 327.25 / 12 =

526/27.27

3 TSS 758 15

F ratio = MMS1/MMS2 = 143.58/27.27 = 5.26

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(C)Decision Process:

Fcal = 5.26

FTable = F0.05(3,12) = 3.49

Fcal > FTable

There is significance difference

Thus, H1 accepted and Ho rejected.

Hence there is difference in opinion of different

groups. Thus, according to this test most of the people think

that National ID project is not feasible in India.

(b) Friedman`s Test:

Let Hypothesis

Ho: The system is feasible to be implemented in India.

H1: It is not feasible to be implemented in India.

Procedure to check the validity of hypothesis:

Step-1-

5.2.3- Table showing sum of the responses for specific

question for specified group along with the ranks

assigned to these Sums. [Highest sum being the Rank 1]

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Q.No. Group-1 Group-2 Group-3 Group-4

1 12(1) 9(3) 4(4) 11(2)

2 12(2.5) 12(2.5) 6(4) 14(1)

3 13(1) 12(2.5) 11(4) 12(2.5)

4 9(4) 11(2.5) 11(2.5) 19(1)

5 11(3.5) 11(3.5) 12(1.5) 12(1.5)

6 11(2.5) 14(1) 7(4) 11(2.5)

7 11(2.5) 11(2.5) 10(4) 13(1)

8 12(1) 11(2) 10(3) 9(4)

9 12(2) 12(2) 8(4) 12(2)

10 11(2) 10(3) 9(4) 13(1)

11 12(2.5) 16(1) 8(4) 12(2.5)

12 9(3) 9(3) 9(3) 14(1)

13 12(2) 9(3) 7(4) 13(1)

14 10(4) 12(1.5) 11(3) 12(1.5)

15 12(3) 13(1.5) 9(4) 13(1.5)

16 8(4) 9(2.5) 9(2.5) 13(1)

Rj 41.5 37 55.5 27

Where Rj = sum of the ROMs in the j

th

column.

In the above table, figures are the summation of responses

given by a respondent to particular questions and figures in

the brackets are the ROMs given to these numbers row wise.

Step II b = No. of observation each column = 16

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t = No. of treatments = 4

Step-III Use formula and calculate 2Cal

2Cal = 12 /bt (t+1) * R 2j 3b( t + 1)

= 12 * [(41.5)2 + (37)2 + 5(5.5)2 +

(27)2] - 3 *16 (4+1)

16 *4 (4+1)

= 12/320 * 6900.5 - 240

= 18.76

Step-IV Calculation of 2

table

2table = table value of 2 (sig. level) (Dot)

Significance level = 5% = 0.05

Degrees of freedom = t-1 = 4 1 = 3

2table = 2

(0.05)(3) = 7.815

2Cal > 2

table

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18.76 > 7.815

Difference is significant.

we will accept H1 and reject Ho.

Thus, the implementation of National ID system in India is

differing from individual to individual.

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Chapter 6

Conclusions

6.1 Conclusions from Simple Stastical Analysis.

Q.No

.

Statistical Tool

Mean

Standar

d

Deviati

on

Mode MedianConclusion

1 3.31 0.60 3 3Personal profile need to be produce

more than often

2 2.75 0.93 3 3

People often get frustrated when

credentials are not correct

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3 2.38 0.72 2 2Cost of implementation the project w

increase little bit burden on govt.

4 2.63 0.62 3 3This project will curb tax evasion b

private sector moderately

5 2.63 0.89 3 3People think that a problem with thewill be resolved causing delay most

the times

6 3.0625 1.12 4 3.5People are uncertain about the same le

of awareness in urban & rural area

7 3.25 0.58 3 3Somewhat the present public servic

scenario will be improved

8 2.38 0.81 2 2Rural India will be able to utilize on t

system moderately

9 2.44 1.03 3 3 Scenario of national security will chato some extent

10 2.44 0.96 3 3Illegal immigrations can be controlled

some extent

11 1.94 0.99 1 1.5

People think that confidentiality can

maintained but it can be food for dat

theft

12 2 0.89 2 2Whole legal framework will be impro

to a little extent

13 2.93 1.06 3 3 Most of the people agree upon theimplementation of public-private mo

14 2.93 0.77 3 3For maintaining huge data base gov

should take help of private sector

15 3.31 0.47 3 3

To catch up the speed required for th

project govt employees need appropri

training

16 3.18 0.91 4 3Public sector will improve somewhat

cant be at par with private sector

Table 6.1.1 Table showing Conclusions for eachquestion. (Above Table)

6.2 - Conclusions from Modern Stastical Analysis:

(1)ANOVA Test:-

Here we are using one-way ANOVA.

The hypothesis are-

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Ho : There is no difference of group opinion on feasibility of

National Id.

H1 : There is difference of group opinion on feasibility of

National Id.

Fcal = 5.26

FTable = F0.05(3,12) = 3.49

Fcal > FTable

There is significance difference

H1 is accepted & Ho is rejected.

Hence, there is difference of group opinion on feasibility of

National Id.

(2)FREDMANS Test :-

The hypothesis are-

Ho : The system is feasible to be implemented in India.

H1 : It is not feasible to be implemented in India.

X2Cal= 18.76

X2table = X2

(0.05)(3) = 7.815

X2Cal > X2

table

18.76 > 7.815

Difference is significant.

we will accept H1 and reject Ho.

Means,

The implementation of National ID system in India is

differing from individual to individual.

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Thus most of the people think that National ID project is not

feasible in India.

6.3 - Suggestion :( For Effective Implementation)

1. Public Private partnership

-Training to the government employees.

- Public model to administer within supervision of

Private Sector.

2. Proper Infrastructural Development at the rural places.

3. Sufficient mass Awareness about National ID in all parts

of the country.

4. Transparancy in the implementation of project.

5. Education of rural population of India about resources

available

(Like IT resources, Manpower resources etc)

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Annexure

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Annexure 1: Questionnaire

Annexure 1.1: Questionnaire for Group 1

Dear All,

We are conducting a research study on Feasibility of Unique

National ID project in INDIA. In order to have any kind of

information about National ID project, you can ask to our

correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to

following questions in order to determine feasibility of this

project.

Group No-1

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Email:

Theses are some General purpose questions related with

routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given

within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

1. Can you imagine how many times you may need to

produce your personal profile during your life?

1-Very Rarely

2. Rarely

3. Often

4. Most Often

Your Response:

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2. How many times you get frustrated when your

credentials are not correct?

1-Very Rarely

2. Rarely3. Often

4. Most Often

Your Response:

3.Whether the cost for the launching National IDProject will results in heavy burden on government

and in turn on you?

1. No Cost

2. Little Cost

3. Costlier

4. Very Costly

Your Response:

4. Do you think, this project will curb tax evasion by

private sector?

1. Not effectively

2. to some Extent

3. Effectively

4. to large extent

Your Response:

Thank you for your Valuable Response and time.

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be created at urban as well as rural areas?

1. Not Possible

2. Little chances

3. Uncertain

4. Possible

Your Response:

7 Do you think the National ID Project will help to

improve your present public service scenario?

1. No Way2. Public services will turn more

3. Somewhat

4. Public service will change forever.

Your Response:

8. Do you think Rural India will able to utilize

/capitalize on National ID System?

1. Not effectively

2. to some Extent

3. Effectively

4. to large extent

Your Response:


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Annexure 1.3: Questionnaire for Group 3

Dear All,

We are conducting a research study on Feasibility of Unique

National ID project in INDIA. In order to have any kind of

information about National ID project, you can ask to our

correspondent. We are looking for your valuable response to

following questions in order to determine feasibility of this

project.

Group No-3

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Email:

Theses are some security related questions related with routine

works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given within

ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

9. Do you think it will strengthen national security?

1. National Security Issue will remain same.

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2. Scenario of national security will change for some

time but ultimately concern will remain.

3. It may help to change security scenario somewhat

not totally.4. National security will be strengthened a lot.

Your Response:

10.Do you think it will control illegal immigration?

1. Illegal Immigration can not be controlled in any

way.

2. Illegal Integration can not be related with this

project.

3. Problem of Illegal Immigration can be controlled

to some project using this project.

4. Illegal Immigration will be stopped due to this

project.

Your Response:

11.What do you think about the confidentiality of your

data?

1. In India you can not believe on any one for

Confidentiality of data.

2. Confidentiality can be maintained but it will be

food for data theft.

3. to some extent, It is Possible

4.100% Confidentiality will be there.

Your Response:

12.Do you think the whole legal framework will get

improved due to this project?

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Theses are some Implementation related questions related with

routine works of every Indian Citizen. Answer should be given

within ranks 1 to 4 and ranks are defined for each question.

13.Should technology be handed over to private sector?1. No Way

2. Uncertain

3. Public-Private Model can be formed

4. Yes.

Your Response:

14.Do you think maintaining huge database will be

possible on the part of the government?

1. NO

2. Cant Say

3. Government should take help of private sector.

4. Yes

Your Response:

15. Do you think government employees will catch up

the speed required by National ID Project?

1. No

2. Can not say anything

3. They require appropriate training to catch up thespeed.

4. They can catch up.

Your Response:

16.Whether private and public services will be at par

due to National ID Project?

1. Not Possible for Public Services to catch withprivate Sector.

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2. Not Possible for private sector to catch with

Public Sector.

3. Public sector will improve somewhat but can not

be at par with private Sector.4. Its highly possible.

Your Response:


Reference List:

- Creation of a Single National ID: Challenges &

Opportunities for India: Paper Published by IIM

Ahmedabad.

- Report from Income Tax department of India

- Report from planning commission of India.

- Issues raised by ministry of Home Affairs.

- National ID systems of western countries like US,

Canada etc

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Documents

National Id in India