National Fire Protection Association Report · 2.3.6 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM C1629/C1629M,

Second Revision No. 3012-NFPA 101-2016 [ Section No. 2.3.6 ]

National Fire Protection Association Report http://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPara...

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2.3.6 ASTM Publications.

ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. www.astm.org

ASTM C1629/C1629M, Standard Classification for Abuse-Resistant Nondecorated Interior Gypsum Panel Products and Fiber-Reinforced Cement Panels, 2014a.

ASTM D1929, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatures of Plastic, 2014.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials, 2006 (2011) 2015 .

ASTM D2898, Standard Test Methods for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire Testing, 2010.

ASTM D3201, Standard Test Method for Hygroscopic Properties of Fire-Retardant-Wood and Wood-Based Products, 2008ae1.

ASTM D5516, Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Fire-Retardant-Treated Softwood Plywood Exposed toElevated Temperatures, 2009.

ASTM D5664, Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Effects of Fire-Retardant Treatments and Elevated Temperatures onStrength Properties of Fire-Retardant-Treated Lumber, 2010.

ASTM D6305, Standard Practice for Calculating Bending Strength Design Adjustment Factors for Fire-Retardant-Treated PlywoodRoof Sheathing, 2008.

ASTM D6841, Standard Practice for Calculating Design Value Treatment Adjustment Factors for Fire-Retardant-Treated Lumber,2008.

ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2015a 2015b .

ASTM E108, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, 2011.

ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 2014 2016 .

ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees C, 2012 2016 .

ASTM E648, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source,2014c 2015 e1 .

ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops, 2013a.

ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an OxygenConsumption Calorimeter, 2015a 2016a .

ASTM E1537, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture, 2013 2015 .

ASTM E1590, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses, 2013.

ASTM E1591, Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Deterministic Fire Models, 2013.

ASTM E1966, Standard Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems, 2007 (2011) 2015 .

ASTM E2072, Standard Specification for Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent) Safety Markings, 2014.

ASTM E2073, Standard Test Method for Photopic Luminance of Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent) Markings, 2010.

ASTM E2307, Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale,Multi-Story Test Apparatus, 2015a.

ASTM E2404, Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Textile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) and WoodWall or Ceiling Coverings, Facings and Veneers, to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics, 2015a.

ASTM E2573, Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Site-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess SurfaceBurning Characteristics, 2012.

ASTM E2579, Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood Products to Assess Surface BurningCharacteristics, 2015.

ASTM E2599, Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier, and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics, 2015.

ASTM E2652, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750Degrees C, 2012 2016 .

ASTM E2768, Standard Test Method for Extended Duration Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (30 min TunnelTest), 2011.

ASTM E2837, Standard Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of Continuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems InstalledBetween Rated Wall Assemblies and Nonrated Horizontal Assemblies, 2013.

ASTM E2965, Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using anOxygen Consumption Calorimeter , 2016.

ASTM F851, Standard Test Method for Self-Rising Seat Mechanisms, 1987 (2013).

ASTM F1085, Standard Specification for Mattress and Box Springs for Use in Berths in Marine Vessels, 2014.

ASTM F1577, Standard Test Methods for Detention Locks for Swinging Doors, 2005 (2012).

ASTM G155, Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials, 2013.

Submitter Information Verification


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Submitter Full Name: SAF-FUN

Organization: [ Not Specified ]

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Submittal Date: Wed Jun 29 11:29:32 EDT 2016

Committee Statement

Committee Statement: The SR corrects several of the submitted updates.

Response Message:

Public Comment No. 119-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. 2.3.6]


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Second Revision No. 3011-NFPA 101-2016 [ New Section after 4.2.3 ]

4.2.4 Physical Violence Mitigation.

Where buildings are designed to mitigate physical violence against occupants, such measures shall not compromise compliancewith other requirements of this Code .




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

Lock-downs and other security measures lead to disabling or compromising free means of egress. See CommitteeInput No. 3046.

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4.2.3* Hazardous Materials Emergencies Protection.

Fundamental safeguards shall be provided to reasonably prevent or mitigate events involving hazardous materials as addressed in4.1.3 4.1.4 to allow the time needed to evacuate, relocate, or defend in place occupants who are not intimate with the initialemergency incident.




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

NOTE: This Public Comment appeared as CC Note No. 2 in the First Draft Report. The Correlating Committee directs theTC on Fundamentals (FUN) to revise the reference embedded within 4.2.3 from “4.1.4” to “4.1.3”.

This action will be considered as a public comment.



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4.5.1 Multiple Safeguards.

The design of every building or structure intended for human occupancy shall be such that reliance for safety to life does not dependsolely on any single safeguard. An additional safeguard(s) shall be provided for life safety in case any single safeguard is ineffectivedue to inappropriate human actions or system failure rendered ineffective .




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Committee Statement

Committee Statement: SR is for consistency with NFPA 5000.

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4.6.14* Limited-Combustible Material.

A material shall be considered a limited-combustible material where all the one of the following is met:

(1) The conditions of 4.6.14.1 and 4.6.14.2, and the conditions of either 4.6.14.3 or 4.6.14.4, are shall be met.

(2) The conditions of 4.6.14.5 shall be met.

4.6.14.1

The material shall not comply with the requirements for noncombustible material in accordance with 4.6.13.

4.6.14.2

The material, in the form in which it is used, shall exhibit a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu/lb (8141 kJ/kg) where testedin accordance with NFPA 259.

4.6.14.3

The material shall have the structural base of a noncombustible material with a surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 1⁄8 in. (3.2mm) where the surfacing exhibits a flame spread index not greater than 50 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84, StandardTest Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface BurningCharacteristics of Building Materials.

4.6.14.4

The material shall be composed of materials that, in the form and thickness used, neither exhibit a flame spread index greater than25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion when tested in accordance with ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for SurfaceBurning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of BuildingMaterials, and shall be of such composition that all surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the material on any planewould neither exhibit a flame spread index greater than 25 nor exhibit evidence of continued progressive combustion when tested inaccordance with ASTM E84 or ANSI/UL 723.

4.6.14.5

Materials shall be considered limited-combustible materials where tested in accordance with ASTM E2965, Standard Test Methodfor Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter , at

an incident heat flux of 75 kW/m 2 for a 20-minute exposure and both of the following conditions are met:

(1) The peak heat release rate shall not exceed 150 kW/m 2 for longer than 10 seconds.

(2) The total heat released shall not exceed 8 MJ/m 2 .

4.6.14.6

Where the term limited-combustible is used in this Code, it shall also include the term noncombustible.




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

The technical committee has stated that it would like to see more data and would perhaps consider a lower heat release ratethreshold once it understands what the criteria are based on. I attach information on tests conducted on a variety of materials withthe equipment (and with slight variations in testing which will not make a significant difference for limited combustible materials).

The proposed test (ASTM E2965) is a variation of the cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354) with a much larger test specimen (150 mmx 150 mm instead of 100 mm x 100 mm), a larger radiant heat source and a slower duct flow rate. This test has been developedspecifically to identify materials that are of very low levels of heat release. If a material has very low levels of heat release it willhave very low levels of combustibility. The scope of ASTM E2965 includes the following: "This test method differs from ASTME1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, and volumetric flowrate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only smallamounts of combustible ingredients or components e.g. test specimens that yield a total heat release of less than 15 MJ/m2." The


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significance and use states as follows: "This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, afire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materialswith a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heatrelease rates of more than 200kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 seconds. Also included is a determination of theeffective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke

production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended enduse. "

In this public comment I also propose a lower threshold, of 150 kW/m2, as this would be the first cycle where the proposedapproach would be used. I don't want to repeat all the information provided earlier, during the public input, as this information isclearly already available to the committee. Please note that this is not intended to replace the NFPA 259 test for the assessmentof limited combustibility but is an alternate approach and will, thus, have no influence on any material or product assessed in thetraditional way in the past.

Information in terms of the abstract from a study made with the cone calorimeter before developing ASTM E2965 by J. Urbas(2002) and from a follow-up study by M. Janssens and K. Carpenter (2005) follows.

Attached tables from Urbas indicate that (out of 16 materials assessed) 1 material would qualify easily under the criteria shown,namely SPRF (sprayed fire resistant material on non-combustible backing), and that 5/8" Type X Gypsum Board would mostlikely qualify (in 3 out of 4 labs) while several other materials would fail primarily on total

heat released (the most severe property). On the other hand paper-faced glass wool would fail on peak heat release rate and noton total heat released.

Attached tables from Carpenter & Janssens (one of the labs used by the Urbas study) indicates similar types of results as above.

This shows that the criteria used are consistent with what would happen for limited combustible materials under the presentcriteria and that nothing unacceptable would "sneak" in. The data in the attached tables was taken at exposures to 75 kW/m2 for20 min, just like the proposed new criteria.

BDMC interlaboratory cone calorimeter test programme by Joe Urbas (Fire Mater. 2002; 26: 29–35)

Abstract: In the spring of 1997, seven companies and industry associations from the USA and Canada decided to sponsor thecone calorimeter interlaboratory test programme. Reproducibility and repeatability were determined for the scalar variablesmeasured in the cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354) according to the protocol developed by the Board for the Coordination of theModel Codes. The main requirement of the protocol was that the sample irradiance should be 75kW/m2. The purpose of theproject was to assist the model building code organizations, NFPA and various other groups in the development of a system todetermine degrees of combustibility of building materials. Three US and one Canadian laboratory agreed to conduct tests on 16materials.

The results of this round robin show that the cone calorimeter, following the Board for the Coordination of the Model Codesprotocol, can provide precision similar to that cited in the current cone calorimeter standards. It is recommended that furtherimprovements of the standards are pursued and provisions are made to improve the quality of operation of the cone calorimeterin commercial laboratories to maintain and possibly improve its repeatability and reproducibility.

Using Heat Release Rate to Assess Combustibility of Building Products in the Cone Calorimeter by Karen Carpenter and MarcJanssens (Fire Technology 41 – 79-92, 2005)

Abstract: Building codes generally permit unlimited use of materials that contribute negligible quantities of heat in the event of afire. These materials are referred to as non-combustible. Whether a material qualifies as being non-combustible is generallybased on performance in a small-scale furnace test, or on its potential heat content measured in an oxygen bomb calorimeter.However, furnace and oxygen bomb methods to assess combustibility have serious limitations. The most significant limitationsare that materials cannot be evaluated in their end use configuration, that test conditions are not representative of real fireexposure conditions, and that the test results do not provide a realistic measure of the expected heat release rate.

These limitations lead to the idea of exploring the use of small-scale heat release calorimeters to assess material combustibility.The Cone Calorimeter has emerged in recent years as the most widely used apparatus for this application.

In this paper, an overview is presented of past efforts to assess combustibility based on heat release rate measurements. Themain results of the most recent Cone Calorimeter round robin conducted in North America are discussed. It is concluded from theresults of this round robin that the Cone Calorimeter is indeed suitable for measuring heat release rate from materials andproducts with low heat content. Limitations due to Cone Calorimeter specimen size can be alleviated by using a largercalorimeter, such as the Intermediate Scale Calorimeter or ICAL

(ASTM E 1623.) However, more research is needed to extend the correlation between Cone Calorimeter and ICAL data to awider range of materials. The biggest challenge is perhaps the implementation of a system to assess combustibility on the basisof heat release rate in the building codes. Implementation could consist of a classification system that is accepted as analternative to the present prescriptive requirements and/or promoting the use of heat release rate data in performance-baseddesign.

The SR editorially revises PC-132 for consistency with NFPA 101 formatting.

ResponseMessage:


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Second Revision No. 3005-NFPA 101-2016 [ Section No. 11.8.2.1 ]

11.8.2.1 Reserved.

Emergency lighting in accordance with Section 7.9 shall be provided.




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

This requirement was taken from the emergency and standby power section since it is really a means of egressrequirement and not an emergency power requirement.

ResponseMessage:

Public Comment No. 67-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. 11.8.2.1]


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Second Revision No. 3002-NFPA 101-2016 [ New Section after 11.8.4.2 ]

11.8.4.3

For high-rise buildings with a total occupant load of 5000 or more persons, or where the floor of an occupiable story is greater than420 ft (128 m) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access, a risk analysis for mass notification systems shall beprovided in accordance with Section 9.14 .




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CommitteeStatement:

The thresholds (5000 occupants and 420 ft building height) are intended to correlate with information from NFPA 5000,A.4.2.1. The building height measurement is consistent with the definition of 'high rise building'.

See the submitter's statement on PC-164.

ResponseMessage:

Public Comment No. 164-NFPA 101-2016 [New Section after 11.8.4.2]


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Second Revision No. 3006-NFPA 101-2016 [ Section No. 11.8.5.1 ]

11.8.5.1

Emergency lighting in accordance with Section 7.9 shall be provided.




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

Emergency Lighting was removed from the title at the first correlating revision. Emergency lighting is referenced to 7.9 whichis a section that addresses emergency lighting for the means of egress. The section for emergency lighting is relocated to themeans of egress section of 11.8, specifically 11.8.2.1.

ResponseMessage:

Public Comment No. 66-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. 11.8.5.1]


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Second Revision No. 3007-NFPA 101-2016 [ New Section after 11.8.8.4 ]

11.8.9 Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing.

11.8.9.1

For high-rise buildings, integrated fire protection and life safety system testing shall be in accordance with 9.11.4 .

11.8.9.2

The integrated fire protection and life safety system test shall be performed prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy and atintervals not exceeding 10 years, unless otherwise specified by the integrated system test plan in accordance with NFPA 4 .

11.8.9.3

Where an equipment failure is detected during integrated testing, either a full integrated test shall be executed following the repairor replacement of equipment, or a limited integrated test(s) shall be executed to address only that equipment which was eitherrepaired or replaced.




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

To address integrated fire protection and life safety system testing in high-rise buildings, a new Section 11.8.9 has beenproposed. New Section 11.8.9.1 states testing shall be in accordance with Section 9.11.4 and provides specifics when suchtesting shall occur which is based on a similar International Fire Code proposed change that was approved by the ICC FireCode Technical Committee in April 2016.

The SR editorially revises PC-209 for clarity.

ResponseMessage:

Public Comment No. 209-NFPA 101-2016 [New Section after 11.8.8.4]


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Second Revision No. 3008-NFPA 101-2016 [ Section No. A.4.8.2.1(3) ]


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A.4.8.2.1(3)


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It is assumed that a majority of buildings will use a total evacuation strategy during a fire. It should be noted that evacuation from abuilding could occur for reasons other than a fire, but such other reasons are not the primary focus of the Code. As used herein, totalevacuation is defined as the process in which all, or substantially all, occupants leave a building or facility in either an unmanaged ormanaged sequence or order. An alternative to total evacuation is partial evacuation, which can be defined as the process in which aselect portion of a building or facility is cleared or emptied of its occupants while occupants in other portions mostly carry on normalactivity. In either case, the evacuation process can be ordered or managed in accordance with an established priority in which someor all occupants of a building or facility clear their area and utilize means of egress routes. This is typically done so that themore-endangered occupants are removed before occupants in less-endangered areas. Alternative terms describing this sequencingor ordering of evacuation are staged evacuation and phased evacuation.

Table A.4.8.2.1(3) illustrates options for extent of management and extent of evacuation. Some of the options shown might not beappropriate. As noted in Table A.4.8.2.1(3), either total or partial evacuation can include staged (zoned) evacuation or phasedevacuation, which is referred to as managed or controlled evacuation. It should also be noted that the evacuation process might notinclude relocation to the outside of the building but might instead include relocation to an area of refuge or might defend theoccupants in place to minimize the need for evacuation.

Table A.4.8.2.1(3) Occupant Evacuation Strategies

Managed Sequence Unmanaged Sequence

Shelter in placeNo movement — Shelter in place upondirection

No movement — Shelter in place per priorinstruction

Relocation or partialevacuation

Managed or controlled partial evacuation Unmanaged movement

• In-building relocation on same floor

• In-building relocation to different floors

• Occupants of some floors leave building

Total evacuation Managed or controlled total evacuation Unmanaged or controlled total evacuation

The different methods of evacuation are also used in several contexts throughout the Code. Though most of the methods ofevacuation are not specifically defined or do not have established criteria, various sections of the Code promulgate them asalternatives to total evacuation. The following sections discuss these alternatives in more detail:

(1) Section 4.7 — Provides requirements for fire and relocation drills

(2) 7.2.12 — Provides requirements for area of refuge

(3) 7.2.4 — Provides requirements for horizontal exits

(4) 9.6.3.6 — Provides the alarm signal requirements for different methods of evacuation

(5) 9.6.3.9 — Permits automatically transmitted or live voice evacuation or relocation instructions to occupants and requires themin accordance with NFPA 72

(6) 14.3.4.2.3 (also Chapter 15) — Describes alternative protection systems in educational occupancies

(7) 18.1.1.2/18.1.1.3/Section 18.7 (also Chapter 19) — Provide methods of evacuation for health care occupancies

(8) Chapters 22 and 23 — Provide methods of evacuation for detention and correctional occupancies, including the five groups ofresident user categories

(9) Chapters 32 and 33 — Provide methods of evacuation for residential board and care occupancies

(10) 32.1.5/33.1.5 — For residential board and care occupancies, state that “no means of escape or means of egress shall beconsidered as complying with the minimum criteria for acceptance, unless emergency evacuation drills are regularly conducted”

(11) 40.2.5.2.2 — For industrial occupancies, states that “ancillary facilities in special-purpose industrial occupancies where delayedevacuation is anticipated shall have not less than a 2-hour fire resistance–rated separation from the predominant industrialoccupancy and shall have one means of egress that is separated from the predominant industrial occupancy by 2-hour fireresistance–rated construction”

The method of evacuation should be accomplished in the context of the physical facilities, the type of activities undertaken, and theprovisions for the capabilities of occupants (and staff, if available). Therefore, in addition to meeting the requirements of the Code, orwhen establishing an equivalency or a performance-based design, the following recommendations and general guidance informationshould be taken into account when designing, selecting, executing, and maintaining a method of evacuation:

(1) When choosing a method of evacuation, the available safe egress time (ASET) must always be greater than the required safeegress time (RSET).

(2) The occupants’ characteristics will drive the method of evacuation. For example, occupants might be incapable of evacuatingthemselves because of age, physical or mental disabilities, physical restraint, or a combination thereof. However, somebuildings might be staffed with people who could assist in evacuating. Therefore, the method of evacuation is dependent on theability of occupants to move as a group, with or without assistance. For more information, see the definitions under the termEvacuation Capability in Chapter 3.

(3) An alternative method of evacuation might or might not have a faster evacuation time than a total evacuation. However, thepriority of evacuation should be such that the occupants in the most danger are given a higher priority. This prioritization willensure that occupants more intimate with the fire will have a faster evacuation time.

(4) Design, construction, and compartmentation are also variables in choosing a method of evacuation. The design, construction,and compartmentation should limit the development and spread of a fire and smoke and reduce the need for occupantevacuation. The fire should be limited to the room or compartment of fire origin. Therefore, the following factors need to beconsidered:


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(a) Overall fire resistance rating of the building

(b) Fire-rated compartmentation provided with the building

(c) Number and arrangement of the means of egress

(5) Fire safety systems should be installed that complement the method of evacuation and should include consideration of thefollowing:

(a) Detection of fire

(b) Control of fire development

(c) Confinement of the effects of fire

(d) Extinguishment of fire

(e) Provision of refuge or evacuation facilities, or both

(6) One of the most important fire safety systems is the fire alarm and communications system, particularly the notification system.The fire alarm system should be in accordance with NFPA 72 and should take into account the following:

(a) Initial notification of only the occupants in the affected zone(s) (e.g., zone of fire origin and adjacent zones)

(b) Provisions to notify occupants in other unaffected zones to allow orderly evacuation of the entire building

(c) Need for live voice communication

(d) Reliability of the fire alarm and communications system

(7) The capabilities of the staff assisting in the evacuation process should be considered in determining the method of evacuation.

(8) The ability of the fire department to interact with the evacuation should be analyzed. It is important to determine if the firedepartment can assist in the evacuation or if fire department operations hinder the evacuation efforts.

(9) Evacuation scenarios for hazards that are normally outside of the scope of the Code should be considered to the extentpracticable. (See 4.3.1.)

(10) Consideration should be given to the desire of the occupants to self-evacuate, especially if the nature of the building or the firewarrants evacuation in the minds of the occupants. Self-evacuation might also be initiated by communication between theoccupants themselves through face-to-face contact, mobile phones, and so forth.

(11) An investigation period, a delay in the notification of occupants after the first activation of the fire alarm, could help to reduce thenumber of false alarms and unnecessary evacuations. However, a limit to such a delay should be established before a generalalarm is sounded, such as positive alarm sequence, as defined in NFPA 72.

(12) Consideration should be given to the need for an evacuation that might be necessary for a scenario other than a fire (e.g., bombthreat, earthquake).

(13) Contingency plans should be established in the event the fire alarm and communications system fail, which might facilitate theneed for total evacuation.

(14) The means of egress systems should be properly maintained to ensure the dependability of the method of evacuation.

(15) Fire prevention policies or procedures, or both, should be implemented that reduce the chance of a fire (e.g., limiting smoking orproviding fire-safe trash cans).

(16) The method of evacuation should be properly documented, and written forms of communication should be provided to all of theoccupants, which might include sign postings throughout the building. Consideration should be given to the development ofdocumentation for an operation and maintenance manual or a fire emergency action plan, or both.

(17) Emergency egress drills should be performed on a regular basis. For more information, see Section 4.7.

(18) The authority having jurisdiction should also be consulted when developing the method of evacuation.

Measures should be in place and be employed to sequence or control the order of a total evacuation, so that such evacuationsproceed in a reasonably safe, efficient manner. Such measures include special attention to the evacuation capabilities and needs ofoccupants with disabilities, either permanent or temporary. For comprehensive guidance on facilitating life safety for suchpopulations, go to www.nfpa.org. For specific guidance on emergency stair travel devices, see ANSI/RESNA ED-1, Emergency StairTravel Devices Used by individuals Individuals with Disabilities.

In larger buildings, especially high-rise buildings, it is recommended that all evacuations — whether partial or total — be managed tosequence or control the order in which certain occupants are evacuated from their origin areas and to make use of available meansof egress. In high-rise buildings, the exit stairs, at any level, are designed to accommodate the egress flow of only a very smallportion of the occupants — from only one or a few stories, and within a relatively short time period — on the order of a few minutes.In case of a fire, only the immediately affected floor(s) should be given priority use of the means of egress serving that floor(s). Otherfloors should then be given priority use of the means of egress, depending on the anticipated spread of the fire and its combustionproducts and for the purpose of clearing certain floors to facilitate eventual fire service operations. Typically, this means that the oneor two floors above and below a fire floor will have secondary priority immediately after the fire floor. Depending on wherecombustion products move — for example, upward through a building with cool-weather stack effect — the next priority floors will bethe uppermost occupied floors in the building.

Generally, in order to minimize evacuation time for most or all of a relatively tall building to be evacuated, occupants from upperfloors should have priority use of exit stairs. For people descending many stories of stairs, this priority will maximize their opportunityto take rest stops without unduly extending their overall time to evacuate a building. Thus, the precedence behavior of evacueesshould be that people already in an exit stair should normally not defer to people attempting to enter the exit stair from lower floors,except for those lower floors most directly impacted by a fire or other imminent danger. Notably, this is contrary to the often observedbehavior of evacuees in high-rise building evacuations where lower floor precedence behavior occurs. (Similarly, in the most


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commonly observed behavior of people normally disembarking a passenger airliner, people within the aisle defer to people enteringthe aisle, so that the areas closest to the exit typically clear first.) Changing, and generally managing, the sequence or order in whichegress occurs will require effectively informing building occupants and evaluating resulting performance in a program of education,training, and drills.

When designing the method of evacuation for a complex building, all forms of egress should be considered. For example,consideration could be given to an elevator evacuation system. An elevator evacuation system involves an elevator design thatprovides protection from fire effects so that elevators can be used safely for egress. See 7.2.13 and A.7.2.12.2.4 for moreinformation.

For further guidance, see the following publications:

(1) SFPE Engineering Guide to Human Behavior in Fire, which provides information on occupant characteristics, response to firecues, decision making in fire situations, and methods for predicting evacuation times

(2) NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 20th edition, Section 1, Chapter 9, which provides good methodology for managing exposuresand determining the method of evacuation

(3) NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 20th edition, Section 20, which provides further commentary on methods of evacuation fordifferent occupancies

(4) SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 3 Volume II , Chapters 11–13 58–61 , which provide an overview ofsome of the research on methods of evacuation and methods for predicting evacuation times




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

Proposed change editorial in nature, submitted as a result of new edition (5th) of the SFPE Handbook of FireProtection Engineering

Response Message:

Public Comment No. 117-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. A.4.8.2.1(3)]


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Second Revision No. 3009-NFPA 101-2016 [ Section No. D.1.1 ]


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D.1.1 NFPA Publications.


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National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2018 edition.

NFPA 3, Recommended Practice for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems, 2018 edition.

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2017 edition.

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2016 edition.

NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2016edition.

NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies, 2016 edition.

NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 2016 edition.

NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, 2013 edition.

NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 2017 edition.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2018 edition.

NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages, 2018 edition.

NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2017 edition.

NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities, 2017 edition.

NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting, 2013 edition.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2017 edition.

NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2016 edition.

NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives, 2016 edition.

NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures, 2015 edition.

NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, 2018 edition.

NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems, 2015 edition.

NFPA 99, Health Care Facilities Code, 2018 edition.

NFPA 101A, Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, 2016 edition.

NFPA 105, Standard for Smoke Door Assemblies and Other Opening Protectives, 2016 edition.

NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, 2016 edition.

NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2015 edition.

NFPA 204, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, 2015 edition.

NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel–Burning Appliances, 2016 edition.

NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 2018 edition.

NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations, 2013 edition.

NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, 2017 edition.

NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2015edition.

NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies, 2017 edition.

NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, 2013 edition.

NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of UpholsteredFurniture, 2013 edition.

NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignitionby Smoldering Cigarettes, 2013 edition.

NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl WallCoverings on Full Height Panels and Walls, 2015 edition.

NFPA 269, Standard Test Method for Developing Toxic Potency Data for Use in Fire Hazard Modeling, 2017 edition.

NFPA 275, Standard Method of Fire Tests for the Evaluation of Thermal Barriers, 2017 edition.

NFPA 286, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth, 2015edition.

NFPA 289, Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Packages, 2013 edition.

NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2016 edition.

NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars, 2016 edition.

NFPA 501A, Standard for Fire Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, Sites, and Communities, 2017 edition.

NFPA 551, Guide for the Evaluation of Fire Risk Assessments, 2016 edition.

NFPA 601, Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention, 2015 edition.


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NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films, 2015 edition.

NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-Retardant Coatings for Building Materials, 2018 edition.

NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, 2018 edition.

NFPA 850, Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating Plants and High Voltage Direct Current ConverterStations, 2015 edition.

NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Emergency Services Communications Systems, 2016 edition.

NFPA 1600®, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs, 2016 edition.

NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code®, 2018 edition.

Fire Protection Handbook, 19th edition, 2003.

Fire Protection Handbook, 20th edition, 2008.

SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 4th edition, 2008.

Waksman, D., and J. B. Ferguson. August 2008. Fire Tests of Building Interior Covering Systems. In Fire Technology, 10:211–220.




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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

The SFPE Handbook is no longer published by NFPA and is no longer an NFPA document. A second revision was addedto place this document under SFPE documents.

ResponseMessage:

Public Comment No. 127-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. D.1.1]


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Second Revision No. 3010-NFPA 101-2016 [ Section No. D.1.2.13 ]

D.1.2.13 SFPE Publications.

Society of Fire Protection Engineers, SFPE, 9711 Washington Blvd., Suite 380, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. www.sfpe.org

SFPE Code Official's Guide to Performance-Based Design Review, 2004.

SFPE Engineering Guide — Evaluation of the Computer Fire Model DETACT-QS, 2002.

SFPE Engineering Guide to Human Behavior in Fire, 2003.

SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection, 2007.

SFPE Guidelines for Peer Review in the Fire Protection Design Process, 2009.

SFPE Guidelines for Substantiating a Fire Model for a Given Application, 2011.

SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 5th edition, 2015.




Street Address:

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Committee Statement

CommitteeStatement:

The document was previously listed as an NFPA document. The 5th edition is now an SFPE document. SR alsoincorporates PC-129 (revises "Society of Fire Protection Engineers" to "SFPE," as requested by SFPE staff).

ResponseMessage:

Public Comment No. 128-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. D.1.2.13]

Public Comment No. 129-NFPA 101-2016 [Section No. D.1.2.13]


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Documents

National Fire Protection Association Report · 2.3.6 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM C1629/C1629M,