National Defence University, professor Hannu H. Kari Page 1/51 Attacking (wireless) Internet Hannu H. Kari professor, research director National

National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 1/51

Attacking (wireless) Internet

Hannu H. Kari

professor, research director

National Defence University


... a short flashback ...


Yksityisyys langattomissa verkoissa

Hannu H. KARI

07.01.2003

virkaanastujaisesitelmä


Yksityisyys nykyaikana?


Yksilö ja yksityisyys


Yksityisyys ja sähkömagneettinen aura


Esimerkki: Ketkä ovat kavereita?


Esimerkki: Ketkä ovat kavereita?

Solu 1:

Solu 2:

Solu 3:

...

Samassasolussa

...

...


Yksityisyyden viisi/kuusi luokkaa

• Informaatio (data privacy)

• Kohde/lähde (identity privacy)

• Tapahtumapaika (location privacy)

• Tapahtuma-aika (time privacy)

• Olemassaolo (privacy of existence)

+ Tapahtuma (transaction)


Yksilö vs. yhteiskunta

Yksilön oikeus yksityisyyteen

Yhteiskunnan valvontatarve


And now back to our original program ...


History


Technology enhancements

(www.daimler.co.uk) (decorateyourgarage.com)

(www.macarthurcoal.com.au)

~100+ years



(www.route79.com) (www2.jsonline.com)

(www.openfire.us) (www.eia.doe.gov)

(www.pennways.com)

(en.wikipedia.org)



The same thing has happened in Internet in 10…15 years!


Need for privacy?


Analogy for identification: Pets

(news.wisc.edu)

ID database

Owner

ID


Human identification

today


Human identification

some 60 years ago ... and ... today


Need for privacy


Need for privacy


Need for privacy


Need for privacy

++

remote readable passport


Need for privacy

++



Need for privacy

++



Need for privacy

++



Wireless network eavesdroppingBlueTooth Sniper rifle: range 1500+ metersWiFi Sniper rifle: range 10+ km(http://www.tomsnetworking.com/2005/03/08/how_to_bluesniper_pt1original page deleted, found still from Internet archive:http://web.archive.org/web/20050309033208/www.tomsnetworking.com/Sections-article106.php)


Privacy

• Definition of PrivacyPrivacy is the claim of individuals, groups, and institutions to determine for themselves, when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.

Alan Westin 1967


Threats


Holmlund: Verkkohyökkäys voi uhata rahaliikennettä

{10.11.2008: MPK 187:n avajaiset} • YETTS: yhteiskunnan elintärkeät toiminnot tulee

turvata kaikissa tilanteissa• Myyrmanni, Jokela & Kauhajoki:

* syrjäytyminen sisäisen turvallisuutemme suurin uhka * monia ei-toivottuja kehitystrendejä

• Tarkoituksellisin verkkohyökkäyksin saatetaan heikentää valtion päätöksentekojärjestelmien tai esimerkiksi rahaliikenteen toimivuutta

• Ikävät tapahtumat tulevat eteemme aina jossain määrin yllätyksenä* varautumisesta ja riskianalyyseista huolimatta.

Asymmetrinen maailma, asymmetriset arvot ja motiivit Kaikki uhkat eivät välttämättä tule ulkoa


Main threats of Internet

1. We loose our confidence

2. Internet does not work

3. We loose data/money with Internet


Scenario ”3/2011”


Scenario “3/2011”

• Election in a small EU countrya country famous on ICT usage, including electronic voting

• During the election days, a massive DDoS attack is launched against the election system

Electronic voting system is unavailable for several hours

As a back up alternative, people will use ”traditional paper voting system”

No harm done????


Scenario “3/2011”

• Report for the Council of Europe: Internet voting in the March 2007 Parliamentary Elections in Estonia

– Internet attacks, such as DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks, could have hampered the ability to run the e-voting application. An extension of the e-voting period could potentially make it more difficult to launch such attacks.

• ... But will anyone really seriously think electronic voting as a viable alternative for paper voting after this???

• NO! We have lost the game permanently


Design flaws of Internet


Security problems in Internet, samplesOctober 2002, Scientific American

”9 out of 13 root DNS –servers were

crippled by DDoS attack”

November 2004, Damages caused by

worms/viruses, Mikko Hyppönen/F-Secure

Slammer: Intranet of nuclear power plant in Ohio downBank of America ATM network down

Blaster:

Electric power network down in NY, USA

Several SCADA systems down

Sasser:

All train traffic halted in Australia

Two hospitals in Sweden infected

January 2005, FBI/Tsunami

”Net criminals used fake web pages of American

Red Cross to get credit card data”

September 2006, Scientific American

”Attack on DNS (Domain Name System)

allows cybercriminal to hijack ordinary

netbanking sessions”

January 2007, www.idg.se

”Almost 1 Million € stolen from a

Scandinavian bank by a Russian hacker

with a trojan distributed with spam mail”

”The biggest so far..”

January 2005, BBC News”Internet gambling hit hard by the attacks.Extortionists are targeting net-based bettingfirms and threatening to cripple their websiteswith deluges of data unless a ransom is paid.”

May 2007, IT-Viikko

”Attacks on Estonian governmental and commercial net sites”


Security problems in Internet, samplesDDoS attacks

Design flawsDoS, DDoS attacksCriminal intentions

Viruses, worms, mallwareCriminal intentions

DNS attacks

Design flaws

DoS, DDoS attacks

Design flaws

Phishing

Users’ stupidity

Scams

Users’ stupidity


Who and Why?

WHY

Motivations:1.Social behavior2.Vandalism3.Money4. Ideology5.Military strategic

interests

WHO

Amateurs are just tip of the iceberg• Hackers: Fun, can-I-do-it?,

show-up, ... (1, 2)

The real problem: Professionals• Mafia, organized crime (3)• Industrial espionage,

competitors (3)• Cyber terrorists (2, 4)• Terrorist-countries (4, 5)• Military (5)


Internet design criterion• Primary goals

– Multiplexing of channel– Various network archtectures– Administrative boundaries– Packet switching– Gateways (routers) between networks

• Secondary goals– Robustness (loss of routers and links)– Multiple services (reliable or realtime data)– Usage of various networks– Distributed management– Cost efficient implementation– Simple attachement to network– Resource usage monitoring

Based on David D. Clark:”The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols”


Implicit Internet design criterion

• Silent assumptions– Benevolence– Openness– Low level of dynamicity– No mobility– Limited computation capacity– High cost of crypto algorithms

– Limited bandwidth

AS

SU

MP

TIO

NS

NO

T

VA

LID

AN

Y M

OR

E !

!!


Internet design flaws

• Original design principles: The enemy is out there!– ”Everybody can send anything to anybody”– Security measures are introduced afterwards

• The new design principles: The enemy is among us!– We must be prepared to pay for security/reliability

• in form of computation power, bandwidth, energy, etc.

– Strong security as the fundamental building block– Legal sanctions against malevolent entities

Every packet must have an owner!


Security domains


Four security domains

2. End-to-end secured communication(Data integrity and confidentiality)

3. Content integrity/authenticity/timelyness(information sharing)

1. Reliable operation of the critical network infrastructure

PGP, S/MIME

Restricted caller groups

IPsec, TLS

PLA, MPLS, Freq.hopping, Link encryption, Physical protection,...

4. Virtual communities(Knowledge sharing)


Four security domains

2. End-to-end secured communication(Data integrity and confidentiality)

3. Content integrity/authenticity/timelyness(information sharing)

1. Reliable operation of the critical network infrastructure

PGP, S/MIME

Restricted caller groups

IPsec, TLS

Partial solutions: MPLS, Physical protection

4. Virtual communities(Knowledge sharing)

GOOD

“BRAND”

MANAGEMENT

IS M

OST IMPORTANT


Securing network infrastructure


Traditional Internet usage

R

R


Short term solution:Secured Infrastructure Router (SIR)

SIR

SIR


Secured Infrastructure Router (SIR)

SIR

QoS control,duplication

SIR

QoS control,duplicateremoval

QoS reporting,management signaling


Alternative SIR operation

SIRSIR

SIR

SIR

SIR

SIR

SIR

SIR


Conclusions


Conclusions

• Privacy in Internet is vital– Especially in wireless environment in all 5/6 categories

• Risks with Internet are imminent – ...due to original design flaws of Internet

• Architecture with several levels of security• Plan-B: ”What shall we do, when our network

doesn’t work?”• What is the minimum level of service?• How to handle ”Internet brand”


NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY

”Do the work that has a meaning” Thank you for your Questions? attention!


Good/Bad things of Internet

• Google.cn: ”tiananmen square” – 12 first image hits


Good/Bad things of Internet

• Google.com: ”tiananmen square” – 12 first image hits

Documents

National Defence University, professor Hannu H. Kari Page 1/51 Attacking (wireless) Internet Hannu H. Kari professor, research director National