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National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 1/45
Attacking Internet …
Hannu H. Kari
professor, research director
National Defence University
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 2/45
Solution alternatives
Technical solutions
Policies
Legislations
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 3/45
History
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 4/45
Technology enhancements
(www.daimler.co.uk) (decorateyourgarage.com)
(www.macarthurcoal.com.au)
~100+ years
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 5/45
Technology enhancements
(www.route79.com) (www2.jsonline.com)
(www.openfire.us) (www.eia.doe.gov)
(www.pennways.com)
(en.wikipedia.org)
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 6/45
Technology enhancements
The same thing has happened in Internet in 10…15 years!
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 7/45
Doomsday’s prophecy
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 8/45
Prediction 28.5.2004:Future does not look very good!
• V. 2003: Increase of garbage– The dramatic increase of viruses and junk mail
• V. 2004: Deterioration of network infrastructure– Attacks on infrastructure has increased
• V. 2005: Manipulation of content– Systematic manipulation of content in Internet
• V. 2006: Internet collapses– People and companies do not tolerate any more the load of garbage– We don’t trust on the content on the net– Malicious attacks on the network infrastructure deteriorate the usability
of Internet Internet will cease to be place to make business We go 10...20 years back before the time of computer networks
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 9/45
Internet collapses?
• What I meant by ”Internet collapses by 2006?”– Not a sudden and total breakdown, but
• more and more problems, e.g.:– viruses, junk mail, DoS attacks, network criminals, forged mails/WWW-
pages, utilization of vulnerabilities of commercial programs/operating systems, phishing attacks
• more and more ”protection money”– firewalls, virusprotection SW updates, operating system updates, junk-
mail filters, backup routes/systems, training• unreliability of the network
– works, doesn’t work, works, ...
If your business depends on Internet, you must be prepared
• Risk for major problems is imminent
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 10/45
Holmlund: Verkkohyökkäys voi uhata rahaliikennettä
{10.11.2008: MPK 187:n avajaiset} • YETTS: yhteiskunnan elintärkeät toiminnot tulee
turvata kaikissa tilanteissa• Myyrmanni, Jokela & Kauhajoki:
* syrjäytyminen sisäisen turvallisuutemme suurin uhka * monia ei-toivottuja kehitystrendejä
• Tarkoituksellisin verkkohyökkäyksin saatetaan heikentää valtion päätöksentekojärjestelmien tai esimerkiksi rahaliikenteen toimivuutta
• Ikävät tapahtumat tulevat eteemme aina jossain määrin yllätyksenä* varautumisesta ja riskianalyyseista huolimatta.
Asymmetrinen maailma, asymmetriset arvot ja motiivit Kaikki uhkat eivät välttämättä tule ulkoa
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 11/45
Scenario ”20xx”
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 12/45
Scenario “3/2011”
• Election in a small EU countrya country famous on ICT usage, including electronic voting
• During the election days, a massive DDoS attack is launched against the election system
Electronic voting system is unavailable for several hours
As a back up alternative, people will use ”traditional paper voting system”
No harm done????
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 13/45
Scenario “3/2011”
• Report for the Council of Europe: Internet voting in the March 2007 Parliamentary Elections in Estonia
– Internet attacks, such as DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks, could have hampered the ability to run the e-voting application. An extension of the e-voting period could potentially make it more difficult to launch such attacks.
• ... But will anyone really seriously think electronic voting as a viable alternative for paper voting after this???
• NO! We have lost the game permanently
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 14/45
Threats
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 15/45
Main threats of Internet
1. We loose our confidence
2. Internet does not work
3. We loose data/money with Internet
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 16/45
Who and Why?
WHY
Motivations:1.Social behavior2.Vandalism3.Money4. Ideology5.Military strategic
interests
WHO
Amateurs are just tip of the iceberg• Hackers: Fun, can-I-do-it?,
show-up, ... (1, 2)
The real problem: Professionals• Mafia, organized crime (3)• Industrial espionage,
competitors (3)• Cyber terrorists (2, 4)• Terrorist-countries (4, 5)• Military (5)
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 17/45
Internet problems
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 18/45
Security problems in Internet, samplesOctober 2002, Scientific American
”9 out of 13 root DNS –servers were
crippled by DDoS attack”
November 2004, Damages caused by
worms/viruses, Mikko Hyppönen/F-Secure
Slammer: Intranet of nuclear power plant in Ohio downBank of America ATM network down
Blaster:
Electric power network down in NY, USA
Several SCADA systems down
Sasser:
All train traffic halted in Australia
Two hospitals in Sweden infected
January 2005, FBI/Tsunami
”Net criminals used fake web pages of American
Red Cross to get credit card data”
September 2006, Scientific American
”Attack on DNS (Domain Name System)
allows cybercriminal to hijack ordinary
netbanking sessions”
January 2007, www.idg.se
”Almost 1 Million € stolen from a
Scandinavian bank by a Russian hacker
with a trojan distributed with spam mail”
”The biggest so far..”
January 2005, BBC News”Internet gambling hit hard by the attacks.Extortionists are targeting net-based bettingfirms and threatening to cripple their websiteswith deluges of data unless a ransom is paid.”
May 2007, IT-Viikko
”Attacks on Estonian governmental and commercial net sites”
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 19/45
Security problems in Internet, samplesDDoS attacks
Design flawsDoS, DDoS attacksCriminal intentions
Viruses, worms, mallwareCriminal intentions
DNS attacks
Design flaws
DoS, DDoS attacks
Design flaws
Phishing
Users’ stupidity
Scams
Users’ stupidity
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 20/45
Why Internet is so buggy?
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 21/45
Internet design criterion• Primary goals
– Multiplexing of channel– Various network archtectures– Administrative boundaries– Packet switching– Gateways (routers) between networks
• Secondary goals– Robustness (loss of routers and links)– Multiple services (reliable or realtime data)– Usage of various networks– Distributed management– Cost efficient implementation– Simple attachement to network– Resource usage monitoring
Based on David D. Clark:”The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols”
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 22/45
Implicit Internet design criterion
• Silent assumptions– Benevolence– Openness– Low level of dynamicity– No mobility– Limited computation capacity– High cost of crypto algorithms
– Limited bandwidth
AS
SU
MP
TIO
NS
NO
T
VA
LID
AN
Y M
OR
E !
!!
STILL VALID, IN SOME CASES !!!
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 23/45
Modern problems
• Today we have– Internal problems– Eavesdropping– Packet manipulation– Privacy problems– Viruses– Network criminals– ...
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 24/45
Internet design flaws
• Original design principles: The enemy is out there!– ”Everybody can send anything to anybody”– Security measures are introduced afterwards
• The new design principles: The enemy is among us!– We must be prepared to pay for security/reliability
• in form of computation power, bandwidth, energy, etc.
– Strong security as the fundamental building block– Legal sanctions against malevolent entities
Every packet must have an owner!
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 25/45
Solution alternatives
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 26/45
Four security domains
2. End-to-end secured communication(Data integrity and confidentiality)
3. Content integrity/authenticity/timelyness(information sharing)
1. Reliable operation of the critical network infrastructure
PGP, S/MIME
Restricted caller groups
IPsec, TLS
PLA, MPLS, Physical protection
4. Virtual communities(Knowledge sharing)
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 27/45
Four security domains
2. End-to-end secured communication(Data integrity and confidentiality)
3. Content integrity/authenticity/timelyness(information sharing)
1. Reliable operation of the critical network infrastructure
PGP, S/MIME
Restricted caller groups
IPsec, TLS
Partial solutions: MPLS, Physical protection
4. Virtual communities(Knowledge sharing)
GOOD
“BRAND”
MANAGEMENT
IS M
OST IMPORTANT
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 28/45
Weakest point: Infrastructure
• Info-bulimia– Flooding, DoS/DDos, Smurf, Sync, ...
• Info-anemia– Link breakage, data corruption, rerouting
packet, router attacks, DNS-attacks, ...We don’t get vital information in time
We can’t make decisions or we do decisions with incomplete information
Reliably operating network is a MUST
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 29/45
Society and warfighting
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 30/45
(R)evolution of War
Evolution of societies and their relations with war
?
AGRARIANSOCIETY
INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY
INFORMATIONSOCIETY
The war is fought for/with/against the most valuable assets of the society
VALUESOCIETY ?
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 31/45
The dilemma is that the military have to cope with all the different types of conflict at the same time some of which they are not suited to do.
Definition of War and Enemy?
Rhizomethic War
“WAR” and “ENEMY” in the future?
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 32/45
unmanned weapon ?
Managing Military Transformation and Future Soldier
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 33/45
4 Warfighting strata
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 34/45
4 Strata: Physical
PHYSICAL
GROUND
AIR
SEA
SPACE
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 35/45
4 Strata: Cyber-space
PHYSICAL
GROUND
AIR
SEA
SPACE
CYBER-SPACE
”INTERNET”
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 36/45
4 Strata: Mental
PHYSICAL
GROUND
AIR
SEA
SPACE
CYBER-SPACE
”INTERNET”
MENTAL
VALUES
ATTITUDES
BRAND
TRUST
BELIEVES
OPINIONS
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 37/45
4 Strata: Time
PHYSICAL
GROUND
AIR
SEA
SPACE
CYBER-SPACE
”INTERNET”
MENTAL
VALUES
ATTITUDES
BRAND
BELIEVES
OPINIONS
TIME
YESTERDAY
NOW
TOMORROW
2030
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 38/45
OODA-loop
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 39/45
Decision making based on OODA-loop
OODA-loop by Colonel John Boyd – Model for human
decision making
Right information delivered to right place at right time
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 40/45
OODA-loop
WE Others
To disturb and slow downTo protect and speed up
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 41/45
Internal decision making
Externalworld
Wrong info
Old info
Missing info
Info bulimia
Compromized source of info
Tender points
Attacking decision making process
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 42/45
War of values
CulturalTraditions
ORIENT-phase
GeneticHeritage
Newinformation
Previousexperience
Analysis & Synthesis
OBSERVE-phase
DECIDE-phase
VALUES
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 43/45
Systems of Systems
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 44/45
CAP
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 45/45
Management of Information
Availability(saatavuus)
Consistency(eheys/ajankohtaisuus)
Privacy(yksityisyys)
C&A-P
C&P-A
A&P-C
Pick two out of three(C,A,P)
=> 3rd is unmanageable
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 46/45
NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY
”Do the work that has a meaning” Thank you for your Questions? attention!