This microfiche was produced from documents received for inclusion in the NCJRS data base;· Since NCJRScannot exercise

control over the physical condition @f the documents submitted, the individual frame quality will vary. The resolution chart on

this frame may be used to evaluate the document quality.

111112

.5

2.2

------

111111.25 111111.4 111111.6.

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CH,ART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS·1963·A

Microfilming procedures used to create this fiche comply with

the standards .set forth' in 41CFR 101·11.504

Points of view or opjnions stated in this document are

those of the authorl sl and do not represent the official position or pOlicies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW 'ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE WASHINGTON, D.C~ 20531

'L~ 'a'""'" """"t -"e ---';'-"-f ~i '-m""'""-e ~dJ -:---..........,.., " _ .. _. -~

".'- -~ I

..... ,

j'.,.

: '.~.

-. ~', .... .:f ,

\

. . ...... ~·t.. • "" .... ... ',,~ ,'~~ ... , ~_ ..... ~ __ :_.L.>I''':'_","-,~_~ .. "-.'~~.,.--.~~,,,.; :" i<·,

If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov.

v

.; .' . . " .

~ : '

1,

':-;.

,',-, ....

, ... :

.'

\ 1 ,

'.

" i ,~ .• .: ".' ,~ .;,

,;

,'. , ",'

; ..

" '

'"

, .

,< -... ;"

An'11 Wsr C(l~le.g:;i lk~trsck9, Pe'lmsylvnnia

5 June 1915 ' ,

"

. " ~ " " . , '

.... ' , "

·t. "~

-, ," "\ .t' •

"',.

",II" •

,;,. ,

", ~ 1 •

'.,

1~~~,~r,~d·t~,C:,r~l~~ . di.~~1·~J.i~tior6 U!lUMHed~:/, ' ~ .;,,~~~-.; ',. ~:'

--,~

! , I

.•.... "",

. , ,', 1\ . '

•

~

" "

. , ABSTRACT ---.,... .

" ,

AUTHOR. Vincent C. Lo~ez, LTC, IN" USAR ",

TITLE • Whllt the US Army Should Do About Urban G.uerrilla Wart.

FOIU'.AT, EUBY

DATE: 5 June 1975

PAGESr 31 . ~ .'

th1a ~~7er is addressed to the problem of what the US A~y sho~ld do

f/.bc:-ut urb.s~ guerrilla warfat3. I,t coneentrate~ on Btrategy and broad princi­

ples. It diG cusses someob8~rvntions on and theories or 8u~rrl11a warfare,

the urban environment, definition of ',and conditions for urban guerrilla W.!lr-

faxe, strategic. goals, operational objecti'/eBand mUltsry character!~tica

and typology of the urban gu~rrilla movt:ment, phases of urban guerr111~ war,

cOllVerse etTategic gOlils. opel'lltion41 objectives and policies of g;)\"ernmElnt:

~~&~ge~ in stability operations. ~t susgeatB the pOGsibility o[ 9t~ategic

\'rbt.!o guerrilla WArfare as a for.!! of wax'. It:' d1sCUSlletl legal r.od doctrinal

conB!der~t1on~ for t.he US Anr! and the possible US Army roleD ~\ urban st~·

M.Uty opet'aticll/l nnd Gtr;;.tegic guerrilla warfare. It conclud~)s: that the

US Army should develope strategic ~nd t~ct1csl doctrine £o~ th~ conduct of

urban l!ltability operations: that the US Army Inotitut/lI for Hilit!Jt'Y Ausist:lloce

be MQi,gned the tfl.sk of devel,?pil1g doctrine lU1d training for m:bs.n gU>!ll,"r.1.116

WI.!1:f~lC'~; th~t ,6 type US Army orgoll1ucion be devdor.~d for ~ploym~nt in !'.rl:>l1\i

s~8hHity ofH!rstiol)s. that odd doctrine ltnd tt.'£llning progl:limS ~tre80 edw:a­

t!OQ Bnd tt'iI:!a1:r.g ill. the beh.2vioral I\lci~Il'cefJ; that: Q; US Al~1 lJl..'l.nual be pt),b-

; A \

1

i

1

_~~~~;~&dk""~~'~;:"'~k~;.i~;'~"",'~~

f;.r.."';.'I,":!r·~''''''''"!':'~f~~~·r~~{..l~t:r.;"3~'C1''''·J:''''~Yf::~7~;::: :~~\"~~':'::~~1:':";~~.'t'S't·~f1:,":',ft'P't':v~''t:.~'"l'.;<' ~~~,~"~\~'t\,'"'.rI,~r·;rlr~'t.T,~~}.r-tfN7-f ~:rJ;'!t~\;""'f':ioW"'t ,,"'1 "Wt"""r .~,...~.,,,~ ~.... 'Of .. ' .r.~

, I' " ~:' :\' •. :' .:: ' ,','':", <:;:. :,:,.~ ~' >' '::' ":'.: .. :'.:', .. ~. ":':"', . : :"'t; :" .... ~.;. >;' ...... '.<: :<. ii~:~,r?~? .. !. :':::~/t~?·,:,.::,:<·),~~ , ", ,," , '; ... : !I!!t !.h! ~ ~ .§hOUM .!?!? ~ !'ueT.!l1la ~tlrfara' . . ~'",", <.,." '.. . .-

" ...... , ~-

~, It·.~·' !,~ ,.' ~".'~ ", ~>,:.

.' ••

, Guerr!ll& warfare 19 a g~~~ anyone e&n play. • ~ .<, • ~ ~

it is chesp and' th~rcfore . '

uny play ~,t.' It requLres' no ra80~'" of troops. ermament.equlptnent, spec:l~U.&ed'.

~~1t6 ~f co~l~ 'organization. It 18 a)~o played for 8 variety of r2~DnG.

,OuerrUla warfare ,.~~ elW'uyo occupied" ctintral 'role 1u'tom:nun!8t theory

~ ,8 'vGhicle of revolution and C~~1zQt1on of ~he world.' '!'be "b~i~nce '~f" ." , ','

terrort; 'Ih!ch, for nesons both morel end practical, b~ end p~ob3bly ':'U1 pr~ ,

vri:nt both us ~~d USSR f~03I ud~8 nUC1~a~ w~apons OJ:' oth~r force tlhf.ch m1gh~" uUlte !;luclear' ntalUUC!D. han ~dft 'guerdllB ~arfAr~ eve~"~r~ p;~bablc' as a'" "

wcapnn between the free and cO~wQ1St worlde. I'~ ". ""'.

... , .... . .: ", ','< ':.

~ ,Qlol:le~tGlI5 0'" the VOl'l~ I'r08r~fl~' toward Ul'b~nity..~ ~dc~i~~n~ i~ter-', "

depcrndenc~~' ur~an 8Uerrill~ v~rfaro becomes °more,l1.kely. we~~ali'examlDe and , '

an!.llyzel Beme aGPe~.t:8 of ~he urban envir~ent. urban gUert11.la warfare Wl~ , ,J

indicate GO~ &trAtegieo and o~jectlvea and suggest what ~hould be the role of

the US Amy in urban guerrillA werfare. We "hall cClnUne oureel.velJ to b~Qad

strategic principles Iolnd to considerations which should.,apply to ~11 urban

sUIilt'r1,1h situations and e:itelude cOil8iducS'tion of t~ct1cs and tcc:hn:tques ~h!~h

",111 V&u:y according to euiture. geography, means wailable. acd pol1t;lcal.

Bodal Ilnd eeonol'ld.c organ!:ut1.on. " l ' ,,<~ •

(hink~,ng on guerrilla v&r!era bas come t~ us as th<! ~eodea of COltGun1at o 2: .

writertJ~ tis. Marx, Lenin3 tl'ad !W,ol! ob~ervattots and th.!!odes. etlst in the die ..

c1pl.iue of aO(;101ogy~ land t.he pro.gt:ratic observt\tionGan'd, direc'/:1onR of conteill'"> It ..' , 6 7 e.

llorary ~utll<)r8 much as HoGS: , 'Ihmllpaon, ~nd ~..!\righel1~, All of theee vritinga

COl.'Ill'iJer,: g.1J~!:t!lla \:iar.fare ,~8 an.- inl;.ltr\"'ment of reVOlution.·

•• Co~\\Zli(Ha 11M g~nan~~ct tw'o ruthe: a'~podte thraoriea of gUErrilla tfarf,gra

".

,~

1 ,', '~

1 !

/

1

:~~~~=,~~£ZJ·~(r~:::~:":::::~::r:":;;:~.~:,,,~ ...... ~~~-,,-"-, ;;:;;.~~7~"~""f~~:i.7W;\~'\~'~~'~"~-::-'.r:'."" 51]

," dependlng on differe,nccs in bade theotles of l'evo1ution.Ma~'s 'v~~ .. lwa8 that: ,.\

....

";'

'.

1) The bourgeoisie would destroy tlie r.emnants of monarchy and feudalism and

would cr~ate ita own stete. 2) Revolution 6gnins t the bourgeois B tate WOUllf~

be undert.aken bl the u.pper class (industrial work'3r.o) of the proletarbt, wh:lch

would eventually re.1lU1ke society into a classless organiam and the ~tat0 ";,ouhi

eventually wither 4P'SY D its function of oppressing the working (:.~asse8 no longer

b~~ng operative, Han ~rnpha6ized the neo!d for violence and armed struggle b'1

the masses of thc,ind~trip.l proletllt'iat, which, to thO'! cxc~ilBi011 of othet'

classes, would bear the burden of malting the revQluticn 'and remaking ao-::iety.

Marx recognized that this struggle took place in the urban setting •

Lenin adapted M8~'X'8 1deos t.o"{:he Russia of 1911. Then Ruse:1a \>IllS a pre-

\ t'ourgeois atate, l.;~ving disposed of its monarchy but not having s'Jbstituted

therefor a truly well developed Following ~t~IS tr.eory it

coulc1 be said that. not d~veloped capitalism 8ud

therefore err,largt.\(\ nnd developed the ind\,lStrisJ. proletariat, it would follO'itl

th&t tht'! indWltd'11 prolctar1,J)t was not ye.~t prep :red tc take over the stah

and thex-cfore no further revoll.ll:!on would or could ·.~e had at that time. th1.,s,

\ " was indeed the podtto;;t of the lllenshevU..s. Lenin1s p~pphet-l:f.ke opp~ttUi'd.slll

\ ceused him to ~and the bolshevil<..s to ally wlith tho peasants a.nd ser:tlra the

supp"rt of the lUJUprut-proletsl:'iG t, all of whom' w8.nt~d .!& t'evolutio6 ratcher

than .t.!2. revolution. In crd1!r to g~V<lrn the rt\6ulting a tllte. ;J.enin and his

heir Stalin, ,to make up for the weakne8s of tll,l! pr.cli:':ltllt'iat.' worked in the

nome of the prol.ete.r1at through n Ilt'nl elit:f.l of theorists, bandits and payeho-

patho t='hich \las lnter to devch,p into (j, nml burHaucrlltic class. Under Lenin

the 8tru&alu vas platllidd, to and did take placcln' the city but the intelligent

eoving llnd dll'ecting force~ of thE:! revolution we.a .a much (JJl.laller group than

I \1

I I 1 1 I

I 1

i ~

1 '/ ,~

'J ., l iI I

..,.

; I

of ~ue.tt111a warfare hh8 been promulgated by MBo Teo . '1

Tun, of the Chinese Co==unlat Party and h10 follow~r8,1 The ~~lat theory 1s

that the revolution begins in the co",ntr)'side' and the pe~8~ntry 1, the uta :.:".

Armed at>:,ug~19 :b begun by slIlall guerrilla bands who Bre 81v'-'~

BUppl11l5 end re.!uge hy the loeal population, Ther~ 6ra rrmote aafe areso where

guerril1c8 ceQ train on6 reate The. gUl'1rril1aso by their mlUtaTY B.c:t~v1.t1e9 " .

Gradually ~rode the Dt~ength of the g~vernn!nt forcao and the government forceD

gJ.:i.duaUy withdl's" from the cO\:l\t'lysida to· the l.ar.ger villages and their 'citles,'

at ~~ch Qtop being hBraS3ad by the guerrl11o~. Th~ vill~gce are used tu auf-

. rouuci the city Mel immobUizo the governtr,ent. Th10 ia, of course, a p1ctu,re of

South Viet Nam or Cal:lbodin. 'fbI! fina'_ B'te,? is to att.ack the Cit)', its supply'

£ro\l1 the countryside 1,nterd1cted. and it fall~ easily, 'ne presence of govern­

tlu~nt tactical air pOIIer Ilnd en s1,rl1ft (as Pnom Penh X'OCI;~U)') ma\tes e-x6cuUon

tlf the find I!It:ep oHHc.uH for the guerrilla move:~:~t.

oppemhdmc~2 annl~'zQa urban revolution 1n Rociol()gled terma covGr1ng lliuch

of thCll ground of ·t'.an:. I"lanin and tw.o, and poin.ts out some diffio!\.'.!t1es in urban

g~e~(illll war.. One d1ffic"1~y is ideologlenl. Theorists are often unable to

adapt· to co·nd1t:t,cl.\s in tha fiold, th'.t11 their theories, while effectivo as

guides to ~.nlti~.tins. guert'illa iladi\t'S, at the o,s.me tiV\8 they are followed are

pre·v~nt1vG of nch1Qving the fillSl object, ~hnt of lIinl!'ing the Vllo'C. N1 ~e.mple

b th'~ \:.'E)cc.nt e~pedeneo iii Crur:bod:ta. 'Ihe r\1tal. baaedcommunbU 6urr.~unded

Fno1'l! Penh, c.otlt:ainins I!lo:ro than hlilf of the popubtion. It appears thtlt there

U<,Ul not:: uueh if en)' gl.l~l'dlll!1 acth11ty \dthin tho doty itaelf. Tba £Iupport of

PnCt'.t!. I'ozlh. dth tsct3.c~42, tdt pwer e.nd GUfiPUaa from outside tor 8S long as 1t

l~~tlO'!ld produced ~1 9 tL:1.rmatlll.

• "

1 .J 1

! . i ~ i ~ . # 3

I)

\1 'J

!\ ;, II

!i Ij k 1

~ , )

~~~~~r.nl::r:;;;-o,a;AV ••. - .1 '.J.-~~"~·~"""f"T':':~7~"52"~:,,~~r"'~;R:~~,"o:"->#I~!~;"7i~;;1)~-r.:~-rr;?'t!~:~'r .... ~~'tO\-'"l~F""1f;,~'!.l···~';fi.~ ...... ~·~)o;a

\ .... '\t'~.'\\;':.;.~ .. ~ .. ,'l- ... ~~ "'~:I~~1'j ·t ... ".~ :"':'~"~!·H":):j,:::· :\: .. ~. " ...... ~:.\,:: .. ~.'::~: . ..,~.~;I .• "I' .. ':, , .~ •• '" .'..:,.'" ~,r.~ ••• ~; ..•• '.:: •. ,~."~"". '~."' .... '.:":'.,,_''':'' ~ 'l. •• !~ "'~ I !~ .~.' .:'\~ ';'I-~'~."'''''\' t .. :t,.,. ... "'l·J..,\, .. ,.~l~"...". "" ... I';:':""~· ~'~"'Ir'\\~~"'-\.'~.'~/t~\!

" 'I" t<-··~ttra~t.it: ~dj~tto ,the atrlOt:ture 'of meSG support noccl'jury to .. ·w1n the f:f.n,al ,,' :~.;; • • , .... • • ~. ~', .' • : ,"~ . ~ t'" ~ '" ~ ~ ~. • . ."t. .~

'.

battle a.td the war. The people who besin guerdl1awar are l1kelyto b.e editli- ,- "'~;;I \'\01&: and rad1.:-.ala liiho _ are hnaically ~~mbat-ori0ntcd' ~,~~ -ant1':'Mtructural 'alnd : .. ,' ~;""/:'~,;:J

.• '. ' " • ." ..... ~ .. ' : .,~ .. '~l-

'cannot: l~tnr s'tei> back into a ntruetured e.itv1rOnm~n~ ~hen they have dedleatfld' " /"";, . . , ..... '.: ., ,.'. ~ ,.' '.;,

th .. roSe1.vM to do~tt\)y'1nll structure. Thair eoinbllti\ra orientation 8bo g1.,48 '."

cli~f1 •• lty in la... ..adaPting to. p •••• f.l .ocioty. ' .... . .' ':"::~ .~ ,'~ thl~d difficulty d~e~'hj ()ppenh'~1Ul~r-r~bteis to.otgQtii~Qt~onal "r~~l~a •. ""'L~~

l'r:eFJBUr~ on, th~ r,e:~lut,~~~a~ o,rgani~?t1on, re8~~U in ~Hf~c.-ul~1es of t~~ m~~ .::,:~ .~.:,J

bersin trustin~ and ~e1~t1~g .. t;~ on~. anotha~ ~d ~~:, ~~. ~"~g~nh~;:~~~ ~~, ~~wt\Y~ .. ': ".,}J ,vulr.vJrebb to penetration by police tnformen.. '" :. . "'; :".'. ·::n

. :Ciu: .. nt '.rri ting •. ~~ urb.. gue«i~' ';~.f;'i~ \" .~.;;; a. ~ •• !'~~1iP ~~4 <.:J "wuiS Ar~ deb 'bd~~(;dP~i~n of guer~~lI.a warf~re o1tUl.t~~DJJ ;ind, ~ac:t1c~ ~n!J ': :,,\>1 ~ ", tf;cbn1~ue and thdr thittking and some current US .. Army doctr.~ne on rural gusr- '.,' j :, .1.114 warfare •• d othe" oour ••• ,. f.r<e~ to b ... · ali b .... helP,fd" in ""n.t,~ .• t- .... :1 it ing the fol1wing anslyd&. ,..." .' :.' ",. " ;1 1 ~ .' .": : ' . '.' : . '. ' ';1 ll' '" ;(.

r ~ ., .',' The Uthan Env1romnent ,." \

ii, 1 •• bo.t .30 l~ .. r. eit, ;::;:::: tho ~or1d ,,111 for tho Ur;,t tim.o~t~ " . :':l r y nwbe.r villagers. In tlta ~aQt. cities lie~e ·el.;hbG~hed and 'gr~~ f~t' bf~'l'e.s.~iy .1 ~G 1'" ' ." .. , ,i i i~ eeonom1.e reI.l.9onG.· In .~he city, ,",h~rra p~OPle tire ."n .cl~.S.fI P~OP1t\\1uttY, they "~ , H· ' . i 11 ' 1 f \.~" ti' d ~~ot\omie orgt\n~.- ,. ., ~ ~ are able to effect a ·opec a :tat on.~ ta,,~, occ\:pa ems an . :;1 Hj . !. , 4 ni . utl?nti tio tha~' a sivcmeUort produce,. tv.l'li~ goods 1" return. Incl:0nSf:d 1:'13- • ,:.~ •• ,j .~

~ ~~ tlJrn 11m} produced eurpi\~s goods to 1nv(>~t 6..'J capital, f~t~ho1." 1nCl:'euB!ng the . 1 ; ~ 7:l,t:U1'U from b.b~r. Ov'tli:' .'~ny y~ars 'the typTcal city :llnd i1:0 coUtlt~aida de" . J ~ , v6..tcped 6nc;.x~h&nge. of 11:1~~nu.fl1etU!lcd p::·oduc.ts~o£ the c;ity fo'l: the O,gdeUl-~~1 . t~ tuu,l. and GXV;~Il~U:;,e P~("~.UCt:s.., of ~h6l :ei;)tlQ\:~Yd~~. 111. th1'$<~r.chi1u$e rall.4tion- .. ~1 : ~~ ~hi!f tllllt <:.:1 ty &nd, til,~ ~(;l\ult:.7':VBida "'~l"~ e~ch ~'.i1erti:J,.al PS1.'tf1C!t';;;, (!apondiog on 1

t~ • ' .• .' ~

; 9 the otI\(~r f.or pa.,;" of 'c:l:,IlJ.r: ~1eli)ds. . Thll ~dty ~ Ocr\iO\··i.lt ~ h(l,~ If.'!,1f.a a.b.OJ, l::1 to 60 ~

; n wiCho\lt the e;':cli(l~8~' 'rc,l':'l:;l.onnn.ip t.h.sm <:ita tao (!om"!.tl';'Y!],i!e~ 'M a l"iilHllt <'! i :~ ~ ; f; J l ;{l' . :j • ')

~ 'J' ... ~ . .:,:{ , ... ~. • J

1 j. '., ;:~'~-~',~ ::::~, ,~;:~,~ '.,,:::,.,~;;.:::: .; ',c', ;', " :·v,.;~.:" ,.,,' '. ..; .•. :. ~,.,: " •• ;.:~~;~, ,;,,: ,:~ ,~'., ~.~:.; ':<.,:: ;'.: ,.\';', , •. ', •..... ~.~ ',:.~ ..•. ;~ .. .::~.:.;,,) L . .:.. .. '-~~,;J,~ .... ~:,;.t:'i.!i~ ... 'il~~~v~,b~'w~lt,~H~~f:1,{W:rL::.'.t::DiL~~~~~~~kw.J;.t:l1~ ..... ~~ji!A\;.,li.~lfJ

,:! ., '[!

I

,'"7:''''"''~~,''':o.'''':'' ... t.:~'~·:,\~tor':~ ',''''',' ;) .. 1?':....,;"~ •• /':'\~;-;~ , ".~

i ,. "

popular method of warfare starting in tha middle ages haa been the siegQ of the

cit Yo . The scenario being the.,t the eiege bt:oke the links of the ~it.y with the

ct>untrysic1e on. wb1.ch the city depended for sUlItcnanee and the d~ fell.

Another reason for the growth of cl~'les in t~e 19th and 20th centuries has

b~en the great advance in medical care, c,Qusing tho survival of many who would

otherwiae have perished of di6~nsc. These survivors have Bwelled tbA ,1:e of

the dty by being born in the cl ty . acd also by being driven from the country--

Dide to the city by a Ghortage of agricultural emploYMent. These seem to be

inportsnt factors in the pre,ent grouth of cities of South America.

A further aspect of the historicdl development of the d.t)' ha~ been the

intellectual. 80cial snd political ferment. ~&useJ by the mutual propi~qulty

of the population and tbe availability of discretionary time released to indi-

v1duals because of the productivity of their labor.

, While economi~ and population g~owth have been o~curring for many centur-

ios. there has been a rather steady incrense in the rate of growth in tho 18th,

19th .'1nd 20th centuL'leG. This increase in the rote of growth has D.9SUltted

ge.(:metric proportions in t.he last' 30 yehn and haa produced some new Rnd en-

·h&p,ee.d some old features of the \l'Cban environment which may bave importatJ.t

18 c~£ecu on military strategy.

Incremsed growth haa made city workera more productive, has therefore

increased the muOUllt of discretionary tillle nvailable to city residents and as

a further result has il\Crensed the intellectual, Gcc:~al and political !erment

of the cit)". Combined with til!!' :lncl'Cil8e in cOlI!Dtunication and transportation

tJ:tiB lv;u, caused B great increase ill the pen<!tl:'lltion by the eity into the

Ooce tht l1fe style of the city had-not

\1'~cl-. ·,Hect on the rural popl.11ntion, but nw' the;: life 6tyle of the city is

the; 1110(le ,in the count.ryaide of almNlt any dtweloped n2'.tion.

'- 5 ...

I , i

"

.. ~~fr~~;:~~1'?~~~'~~~~~~W?t~;~~~~~~7r~~~~~~~1?,9f~!;7~~~r.~t:l~tm,#~t~''f:'~~~~~~~~~,"::l~r~

.~~ ~··:~·,~~~1t~:":~~t7~·~;t.·~r,;' ~>~,.,:.~. ':~'~:;~;'\:~. " ~:·\~:T"?' ,r2z.0~{;:~;,~:,.{~~t:Jff~7.::!;f~:j!~~~t:~:.,~:~:,:\:i\

I.

"

, .

.:, j' . and interrelating economic and soc1n1~inkases .. ~ What hapi'E:ns in 'London 8ffeets.~ ,';'~,,:,;~. . . . ..~ " . " .:~, . . . " .~. . ~: ~ .-, .,: .:':~~. ...~~. , .. , ~;:.~ .t., ,. . ': :/.~':: ~ ,.:. ~",' " ,"~ .:'.., ... ;" .,',,' :~ ~, ~!':;" ~'~"','t . ..: '!-/ ,?:·r ,.<; ~:': >J~~;:."'; .,l ~ .. ' .. :' , iqaw York. whieh 9fhctilChieago. wh~~n in tun ~fh(:ts Cleveland.' Louisville . ":_"},{ "" . ' ; '.~ ~'~.~. : "' .. ,'~~ .. <.;." 1 :~" '~~.'~:' . :".' ~.:.'> , .. ~"~;·~ .. "'·I " ';'~"~"',"l. '.! .• ," ',. / '·;;·t~!:'j

, Gnd BO (.In~ ~. Thio aippliea eV(lU between cities: ~.f the free ,and c:omniuniat parte .'., ,;,,) .. ~ :.~,': ;'-. ' .• ~:... :- ~ ,:~ -; .. ~.- '" .;~,~,:":,,,"-,,,,,,, .. ,"',:' •. :, ",.*;,';~~'< "'.f~ ,,:.:'.,' ;> .. ..:;· ... ,·,~~;· ... ,i "'H'- .;". ",-.~ ..... ;

", '. of the \,"O:::ld. right' thro~gh·poild.~ai b~uncfriries and even bon cui:tain barriers '. ::;'y

and scems' t~ be. a' precess wM.cn 1e 1ncreootni:l1t itti :'~c~'~~~;~t1ng r.ate.' 'The .'. :~,:;, ': ::<J exC}Ul1,g8 of S~~d8~ ~·ervlce .. ,. end Ideas. ~e'~~~' d1t~es hae c~'~o'be 1.'I10;e; impot'~: " ~';, :;'J

, .. ," ',". "..,' " ' :: ' ,~"j".,. , .", .. ,.~

t~t\t than· the :~~~~ng~:~~"i~~d~·~·,~~.~i~~8.'S~d· ~d~.~~"~f. ~~*~:pa,~~~i,~.~~ar,.· ~i'ty, .~tl:h,~:· '-.~.,; ;(:::~ . ".1t.h·!ntel'lllnd. '1. co~anion eff~ct to th10 :interdopendence of dtleo. has be"::' .. ,. . 'J

__ • '~~. , .. ~ . ,. ~). ',.., •• ' '.,' . ~,!' ~" ,'," ~ .• ";""," ~/", .4, -:. .~)I' Ii. ::4;: ,,:1

::~. ~01Ii~. t~e'~n~~e'i~~$ e~ono~~~:~D·~e~~~d~~~G~o.f ~Y ·p~~i~u.l~~' ci;~yi.t'O~ i~IJ' .. / ' .. : ,~?~:···.:~iJ countryside, even in' te~' ~f a~~'pl;' of st~pl~~~" Tbb 'l~due to:the fa~f\b~t .. \ .\~

'f,,' " .• 'l4 "~'~'~:,,~:',"''''''''~' ''';"f,;- .J ...... -,. •• 1'" ' .... '.,,~ .... ~.:'.~·~$,·.,.1~'·i

;~, .8I1Y p&fUeular ciey' cad b~ ~u~taltied thr'Ough' ex~b~ni~4 of' B~oda andservlc~~ " "c:j

. -, with other dti~~ ~at~~~ than Wlth:"itG ~ co~~t~~!d~> ~ . ~'!~ .. :.:;' t';~::: ; ·.;/~>1~ , ~'ra1seco~ll~~ ~'d' ao~l~ '~n't~fd~~en~e'll~e' of citt~~':~~~ '~c~~ci4ic'~~d :~:D:~:~l:'; ",::. ;;~~

" 1nc!~peCdence of e:c:!ty from ito e~U~~;~a1d~ haa 1~ the pa~r~een di~trctcdby"<'i ,thf," city COIO"l~~'; of Uong Ko~i and Singgpore. vh! ± ~~v~ been s\ip~rtQd by ;ea .... ~>,j

, ",,', l1nes of COVlUlunict\t1l)u. Here recen'~l~. the 'eme~gence of air p~,w~~" illS ,. tact~cal

• .t

and 'logiet1c.a1t~~trutlOnt hll~ pE'.rm~.t'ted th~ survival of both W~st B~r1iu llDd . ~ ; " ~;:. " '.. , :, - .' . ,:~... . " " ' -'

hO\1l Penh. The BerUn aidift ~Uaed a ate!atnata in the USSR effort to captut'e

: Berlin by the ehosic method of 'b,ying s1ag~ 'to t.he city. bre~klng its links' "

with 'th~ outside voTld. The siege ~a6 ent!e'd, b~ the pol~t1cal deei~!O~ of the !. .:":w·.<"

USSR after the '8tnl~mAte had been ostablished forao!!lG tme~· Most r.eeently, .'

US tticc1.cal 'aiL' andddift QUP1')(.lri: ercated n l)tde~te in which the Khn\el:'

ilcptiliU.c held tho dt1 of PoOl! i'enh Mel the '1O:1Iller RoUR\) hel'd nmu:iy ~li of the ". ,-

~ .. This IIU,iCllU!tta wet: broken by the US deddo" to

1 •

1 ·;1

':. :~ . -,< ~

, \~

'.j

"'t '. '\ , <1

. ",:.~ ·,'t

""" -;:J ' .. : , .... ~~:(

"i ·d

" ,~

1 '.\ ~

{ ;'~

J (

:) • .I ,

·1

:1 ,

•. . ; :I • "~I

J :. ~ :,'" . , -t}

""6ca' "*I;i

'~~;~ci:d~"~~4~~ij'i~~~~~;,~~~~,~~;VQh4;1~i'iik~~~~~~h~~~~i~

j .'

.' ~··-"""-~~J\1'~··~'~~.l:1~9'~~;,,,,'!t";""~·7,!tl"""".'<:'''!:''''~''~~~'!'';'".t\1·"-:j;"'t".t.:'~''-:~~''·'If'l1''''!F'''.''''·''~ -""'''''',.( .. ,.~·.c~~',7t'f':,,,,,"·!-.r~r:-1"''''f~~'''''''m''lt''''J'''r.'-{'J,·r'''--'.-~,II'''U1r-t.:r-::z!.1.:v.!~~':t.:"I:I • .. ..... ,. ~_J, '~-..6 __ .'___ ' .......... ~~,.,.,~-.:~:..::~~~8~ ':.:l:.:.~::..~,~~~~~.:i.~~lj~.-~U:

Ci 'Yo true ture depend. on opedaU.o t~on :. '·':.i of :lte .1nhabitan.ts ~nd on thef.r use of capital, which' is aloo specialized •. The . ~

of the functions of the countryside.

de8~ruction.or impoirmeat of specialized economic or.gano of the city will cause

a gl:cater disruption to the city than thl'l similar in scale destruction of a

portion of the economic organization of the countryside. Thus, destruction of

the 1;:U'Apingstat!\.on for the vater oupply of li city could be accomplished by ex­

plos!!.ves carried by ona lDD,n, l-thilethe ~a.tn~ expiosives employed in the country ..

d<&C! under the moat opUmal conditions liIould:1.nflkt far less d<UIIsge.

the pteceding features ~f the city lead to certain aajitional conclusious.

One J.s that if ths Eoconorl11.c and BOrial links hetwee.t a city it'! n highly d.!weloped

• ugt1011 and its c()untryside are broken. the opedaiized cash crop and agriculture

IUld 8lt.tractive induotrif!8 will be unable to subsist wii.'~out supplies from the'

city, markets in the city end cOMunic!ltion m.d transportation provided by the

city. The deleteril)utJ effect of loss of its links with' the city 011 the ~ouni:ry-

~~lda of sn underdo~~loped nation in which agriculture is organized into small

"family oube18tcnc~ op"rations is much less pronounced.

It ia alao clear tilat the rx:oder"" i ... c ty, if' its ecor.O!IIlc: lillttllges with ite

countryside are broken, or its ecol·o"'ic organs i i d . - are mpa T~ ~ has a better

.wility to survive than does the countrySide. This 18 hecause the modern city ~.

has economic linkages ~ith othp-r cities tin '"hich it .QC1n depend, toget:her ~ith

mode~ communic~tion and tran9po~:·. Thl i l' h -~ . S BUrv va, awever, 1s at the price of

lO\ri'eriog the contributicil. of the particull1t' c1t~ to the filconom::'c:; sYf.ltem o~ the

network of r.:i.tica of ,-hic'h the cit ~ $ • - Y ~.S a part.

F!~lilly f the populal:1on of thp cf ty is g'l!.1erplly more depcnciellt: on the

functioning of tho city Uij an entity "-d. th f 1 • ..... " ere ore B Ulora ,Jdepen.dc:nt on the

~ovct:nment of thl'l city th~n .i5 the pop~,latlon' gf the c("unt~s1dc.Th.'\.s 1a

because of th· (lnp-R~ f ~ . f ... .... ....... ence- 0 Lr.Calocrs (I the d.t:y population on the ayat?m cof

api;cb.1izn.tion of !abo"C' tl!lDk.-n r't· f ti 1 h e "~l:..l 'tme Orl3 n t. e city.

- 7 -

;1 s

·4 '1 ]

i

" '.

i 'j .,

·1

,:

"/ 1

-......... ~-""'."'"' .. -",~ ..... '. f """"d.",~\,·.~. ,', .~.' .. ,'.,,'./t-' .... , .. ~,.,.tOj'q .. : .• , ... \,:·,·_-·;" .'~·:';~'~~~"'.'~:'i I,., 1/ .... ,,".,:" \i!' 1_.", .~:.~ ,. ~'. . ...... ' ....... ' "', _,. I : ... t' ~ t-..l~ .... ~" ~;.,(~:S.;J~~ ..... ~.h.--~~.r~~If....L\_~~~}M.Jt~~~.3.tt"~~~'(:'~":';"~~~~)~:.d.tl~l~~~~~..u:~"~~~itl.;~~~,~~:.5}~.~

"

,~~-:-:;1f'..,''.;.?if\!''~~,.m~~:ji!cur'J$~''~''!f~~~'6~~~·J~,!::f:~l1t1~~ .. :ro;:~~~~;:~~'"'ff.~\7 ~'.~."'l''''n:''''r.1f~~':~~~~~~~'T.'"'JI~~I''~~~m;?l t1\C~~~r':'1('~~'~~~~'f~l

(~~t~:·:7~~::~~~,:~~:r·:··~~~:;;::;:~,,: ." ,~:. ~": .. :=~ .... '.~ ,~.~:':~~~::L: \' .. ::'>t!~:~J ~. ,'.', ~'.': .', ,': Based on the above dis::U8Siotl it IllIlY therafore .be concluded th:~~ the ~:rban . J :' . :' ~.'> ~~~l~on~~t ~!" b~co1i:.1! an' a~ena 'f~r gu.~~;d.~~a ~arfa~e for any of the ICJllO'.o1ing ~ ,:. , ] • ,!, ....... ,.~ r

1 reasf,ms'. First, the vulnerabiiity o( tb.e~ity ~s described. invitos exploita- . , "~i

.• !' ~ .~:'. i10~':;; s'~:o'n~t 'in a hi~hir ~ev~'lopCd c~c~ety sud~ as the us~ Britain, We5t'~) '. ":, .' ,Cannany or Franco,' the dependence of.' t.he cou~trys:tde on the city as tlto fOCU3"1

': . .., .. . . , J :, ':,.·:.·of e~onom1r. and social activity makes it ex'creme1y unlikely that Il Mao .T00 Tung .1

" .' ", . ~l " .

: style rurd £uerril1a movement couli p"7evall over I:hc ciUes in ft Vlll' of 8'.lElr-· 'l

r ~.' <, _. ' • ~. , ' • .: .;~

.,.,'. ~lHa at,. dUon. Therefore, 1£ t':~re were to be & revolutior. in 8 well devel-........ ,.~~ .. ' " ':J ." '.; •. ,> ..

', . . ,""

:

opud soc:Lety, it would have to take' place, Thir"', , ",

in an~mLter~eveloilcd state in which a gu~'~r:1~la IIlOVelr\ent has ~,.,l\rte.d 1n rural ," ',"

areBll '1t may be impossible. to b1:1.ng the revoiution to l& satisfactory eoncluaton . ... . ~ , ~ -

;w1t:bout guerr111~ warfare in the urban environment. , .

'rhus, it 'was c:ecessar.y to' " .. :

.#f •

:. cond,'ct g~~rril1a wariare i~ Algie.-s ~ven after guerrilla warfare h4d be~r.. .

: 'initiated in the Alger1~n hinterland. .. ' . . A1~iers, e s~8port. WIlS dlvoree~ {rom

. ~1' of its Hnks" with ita hint~r.land· a~d yet' did nDt fall to the guerri11.e.

,,',' .

movement, partly' because of 8\.1pport by sea from France. I

Fourth, it appenrG to

be KlirXlst-I.enlnlst doctrine, never abrogated. 't:h'at revoiutton must 'be carried

on in the city. Fifth, the particular participants, in sgecial caGes. may not . . ,

~e acquainted with possibilities for gueI'ril1a warfare other them 1n the u:cban ~. " .... 1. ' ., , gnvirom.lent.

" . " '.' ,

~ ',' . '. ...' '"'" ' ..

-~ - '

-'. '. ~ ~finition' of ,Urban Guerrilla ~larfsT.e -- --,.- - - - ---- ---

Guer~!.lla warfare i~~"'eHni::d as "saJ.l1tary and paramiHtary operations - .. ',. ,,"':~'" . '. .

,conducted' in ~n'1llY held or hQstile tcrrito1.,}' by irregular,' pre.~ominantly bdi-.. ' '. 19 . ~ ,

ganous forces." Sublfer6lion 10 def.inod 8.0 "Action deaignt"d to vn<lel"lL.nC\: ~4 -:

.\ \. the mUitary" cC'.onom1: ~ psychological, ~oral~' or po1:!.ticd B trt.:ngth of 4 .... '

. . .... 20 . MUJn. 2. r.ha lo,dty of its r.ttbjecta." In this pl~per it is cot1llidered that

" ',' "," '.~'-

"

...

; l , ,{ '.'

1 l I

·l I

Ell

/

"

r)il@fil'i!oo."t#'!'!;fj":!.!'$$~~m'lWiWl$.\f\W1~~%1f¥X't'!'il?4Jfii,"ItAlI'~PI~{jP'i%!f,SM' t:;J~~#'WIf!}f!w.~~f'i!,t;l'lf."i'r~}':1::·y.'\~~l· -'""ii·, . .. ,; " !f't'fI~~~~V'>~1"~"~"~'iJ,'" r: .., .... ~- ~ .. .;;, "_"'-"MD:~~""".-."'. ~ '"' ,.;.:t":""'-':!~-.'t'·:......!--\"~ __ "''l~-:'''' __ --''!'-----'I·'

4 - ..... ~ .. ~.-:..I -" '. . ..... ~ - ., . .r" :I.~·~' ~' . ,-~~~. It' .: <-

'. :" "~;~B~m~/':~d';'~h}:~8-~~t :; '~~~~~~a:'a~qui~~'c~'~:~"~~" ~h~' r'cet :~~;:··~i::.'·~:~o~~~t~~·;'·~<';' ':':,:,', ;:' ':," ." ,~

..

• ··t.' '-,

, src.'up., ' A~coll!?l1Gh:rl~nt, ,of th1's god increases the power base of the gu'err-Ula

. 1l0vemant and prgp~re9 for illl?leaulatat1.on of tlie third 80a1~·' The 'th1r~' 8~al 1s

to cn:odethoe'~~~~~'th' of ~~e"8~~e'r~ment'~ a~p~r~t~s :of ~~~trol': (~~~ ~:m:.,'~ th~' poUce, 'ete. ~ by detaChing loydl iu of its members, by 1nflict1nscamueltul!I

" ... t· • • ., \ ". ; . ' . ~ ..••. , .

~ its memberfi' by redu~lngthlt 106iat1.cd', intelligence a~dflecurLty'baoe of ~ I' < \ •• • , ,'. " ,~;.

the &pparatuEJ and finally by nett.1i1g the appel'rtltus to ove're)tte~4 ·ito~lf. At:-· . '., . . . • . ;~'., ••• :~ •. : •• r-',.I<" • , ••.•••.• ~'t~. ,.,', ..... !,.., ,~ ..• ";.

~omPli~hme~t of 'this g'oal ch~m~es the rel~t1ve pcNer of the 8uer~Ulalll·ov~e~t " • : ";.: " \ '.':. ... ,~-. •• • ,~ . ~ .~ ..... '. ,..)~ ,;, ... l.~

',' ,'vt.u-a.:'vistbe government ~o that the guerr111amovemcnt becomes more powerful ',,: ::: ~.' ,'" ; •. ' I. • 't.... .,~.~ " '-, .•. ,;', ,"~,. :;'.~', '~> .<,:; .. ~:~;

. tban the government.. The final goal i; to dAstroy the gove~ent as' an entity . ,,' '.: '., " '. . ~ ", " ~ .. . .... . . : : end. replace 'it with th~. guerrill.a lIlovemPnt~ .... ..

. ~ ',,, -. . . . Thllil·soala ·of.· the urban guet'c111amcve~ent: diff~r frcr.n

conventional lnilitnry force. The conventi~nal forceh1etor1caliy has had

. tory; th~se are IJilllilur to the tidrd goal o~ the guerrilla movement. The r.on-

, .

~ .,." . . "

, " "

.. ,

vent1cnal force b~s h~stor!cBlLY net often had the goal of destruction of the

'enemy government 'such 88' W8S. the goal in World, War Il, while .everyautr.cntic

revoluUonary guerrilla movenumt must have this 30"'::'. The first two guerrilla

goals, of detaching the population li~d securing Coopflrtlltion of e portion of the

population have much 1~98 significance ~n conventional varfnre. Thie ll1us-

' ... '.~

II I'

.... .'~' ,

trateo t..~61 primacy 1'£ politic;,\l. cacon~ic and Bocial atratGIlY in urban suer-

r111~ ~arfarQ. Conventional warfare is fought on tha eerrain of tho earth's

topography "'hU~ urban gunrrilla warfare is fought on the t~rrdn of th0 hun:an

mind und thaooeial organi~.

, "

., , . i. r ,

",:, ,: 'f'.' ' \' •. , , :<,~ "', \. ,.t ;" , • , * " . ~ .':",,'1 'J~' ~f.;",j~· ., , •. ~ ...... ';. ~ If ~,}: ,::''"'','

, ... 'britt6~;to dasdCy overt guerrilla operatioN! 8ccorCun& 'to'tact1c~1 or opara:'" .' .,', :~"'~~.'-..,,' ."", ",',:" _ :~>:r., . .': >~,i., "" •.• ~\ ',.; ~ " :<J,<~~~:, ; .. ~"':"\~;,~:::' '. '.~ .. ~'" ,

,;. :',,' .tiOMl. objectives. ,Those tl~ct1C:Ql.or operational objac::~~vllliiere meMO 1)1"; :;.; ',,<,'" ;" " .. ;:<','~ .. " ~~ ~ '~~:

.,' '.' a11etJton6ocn tho vay t.o· cu:cOlIIpliilbmont of IJtrat~8!c object1v~1 ~ jw.t ':11 uet:l.~·· .... ,',

•... : :':: e&.i'· obj~et!~e ~~~tX:1bu~'6' t~. the' ~C~CI~pi15hwcn'e; ~f ~trat~a~~' ;;bj'6~~~i~~' ~f ~~.~~ >" ,,' '~.;',~::"'~' ':\ \,(~ ...... 'j-. • ~ T k'~' , '.~ ': ~ ".' I~"" (.t~" M" .'~',,~ "'",r", " ... 4;, ,', .~ .. • J", ... ' 't.'\".~":'. """~~'.'.; , .. '~! ".""~ ;~"~' ,. .;,,:J . ~ •. ': .:. vMt10nlll forces •. Hera we ebGs1fy OVC!lrt operQU:01~d obj~ct1veo by the dfec:ts ..•... ;: .. j

t·" (. ;:->" ,~. ' <:'.~ :""~'.,' _.~,:,. " '.,.,' '. 23' . 'j. '. ' .: "';:'" ! """,,,' ":.(:>.~ .. ~-',., ;',,:~' ':~;·~.tl";: ,>': ,. 'SoU8btan4.fiud them tci'be'ot sb typesl .1) p&'ops.S8n~.' 2)' c'1v:U d1oturbaucc,' .'~~~ ,',

,~'.~' .>.<0:' .~".:"~:". ~:"". ~ 4~1!,' , .',., ;" ~ ;' .... ~. ': ", ~ )~'~'?:-'~'" ."'~: ":,,,!,./, ': ;/' ,t .. ~·! ,', '~ .... _.: ~ ':. :,.~ . ..,.~~»< , .. :.;~:'~':"'~'~.,,':\>'-.. '-:"" '.;:' .. :~:!'~):'!~' ~:,~:~~ !. .,:: .... '; 3) logutic., 4) sabotage. 5) repreollive terror and 6) otrlu:tural terror. " '." ', .. '~;"~:i;; " ;. . .. , ~.' .. :. .:. :,.<.;.;'" .,,'> ;'; .,' . .'> .... "" ,,::-:>,.' ,':: ',:',<.:~: ,.:.~i.' '\;,.; :.j,<~. ,;: ,..:. ,,,;' ).,,:·:'·:·'<',:·;:·:·;,.h).~ ~' ... '"~., ,:~.< ,1'~opaB4llda 18'~an)' informatlon, 1desa,·, .. doctr1.oe or"siJeclal' ,appecla,dieCh\m- ··:",~:".~·;',~'t"Z L, :,;::·~::·:::,,,: .. :;:~,i. :.,;.;~::::.: .. ' .. ;:~~:,»:>,.,~.;. }; ,;.'~::>,.: ... :;,.'. ')~';" :;~ ':.~,..)::/":.:;I:,;:·:.:',;··:;~:~·::~:,~:·.r:~S.,,>(·)i, ~ ~. " ... ,:1.u&tGcl to.1nfluence theop:1n1ollS o ~~t~oniJ~', ott1tudeti or b~hSV!or' of .. thGt&rg~t·",;'.'i<;;'1 :' '_ ',' ' . \,,>-,.~ ~(~~ .~: :.~, >" "_', . .:. ~,,,,", \.. '. ~ ~;.: ~ .. ~ '. . -:~ t',: ;~, •. , .. , ' .... ' ': '\~ ~: ~ '24 ' ~ :,~',' : .~,:.:~<~.. .'" .,\ .~. ~; . ,t', : '~:" ~·r. :~.'. ~" :,.::·L ~" .• ~~~ :.::~ ~.~>:: ' ,:: \ ~<~ .. ";:'~ ~ ~-~~~,,~~'~>:; ~~"i< .. ~,;'\'

PO!~\Illet1on of· the. -"rban guerrilla •.. It m.. ... l;·.be d~,rt:.ct or 1nd1r~ct 8ndlUUl,con-:' . ""'. ;,'

i. i·

; I,

.'

.. ' " .. :' .~. :"0: '~,':'.: ';:, ',: <:,'\~ .... :'~~ . I.~.~:~~>~.~:\:~'~ :...:'~ ,?~,~,7.~:.:,~ ~.~''''~ ... .:<:'~~~~~; ... ~ .. ';,\~.~," '.:. .~~ Ues or .rworGi but ul'ilaya tdes to perguad,,; . Examplos of propaganda

... ~'~:<~".t:' .. ,.:' .... :_'~ ... :-,'~.~ .. :. :,.': ' .. : ~~~.:~ '" .... ~'r,,;,. "'::"'~"\"", :":\ .. '",;·':~-i··i"\~'.':;c:.;/,-:. ;., .. ~.' .. /'.,,>:.~.~! t-' '"f

6j~is the procllMllations and cormnuuiquC!:s of the Irish ~publ1c:£'.n·'Ar.t'3Y 1n Nor.thern ' .' ~ .~:. .' '. ~:- .;; ~:-~. .~ .. '-, ~.:.:! '.;- '. ,. , ...... :-. '.,10 ... ,,;.. ", ..' ',' :,' ~"";~': .. , '/'i':~: ' ::.~ '>~:!' .... ~; "

'·.:.irel~d orthGli' t~k~n3 'o';1'er of i1 crm"ci~d··the.~Jtta in ~krlltevldeoby TUP~Ul:O .... :.,:.' .. ' ~~O~~~;l4S.'~a 't~~t ~hey tD~~'~lnran~~;~~: ~~tdien'~i~ ,: '(,>:::~;'{:'': ,':,),;,:;:' .i\/.,,'· ... ':~~: ... . ~

.». ., _,,". t ..• ' ..•. :~ :"'-' .• ,,'.~;;:-:~.:. :",'" ':.' .::. >"·'::';~":';~.:r:~:·",;,:' .. ~,>,. ':::"~::' , .. ' ~.: 1,,/ .. :, ·t:.~ :.: .~".,., '~':"C1.vil dil."t~rhn.:)e is detfined u group ,,~ts of vi"lenee 01" dh'oZ'der prej\t"

:-~ ... < ... :: , ... " , "-', 25'·:: .. '':'' ,,':' '.' ',',';, .,:.,): .. ~ . .':,~ ::,' .. ' ';"'/.< .. ,': .\. died tc public law. Wa~~e~.athlfl1definit1on for the purpos'e 'of a:naly~tG to

~" ... ~. .~. '. -#. ':' "';.~ ",:.: .'~''!''. ~:..,',<,,,'~''f'.,:. -,>" •• I.<~,.;.-..~ ... ,.;'~~'t"""

: . ir,cl11da public. de~tru'tloil!., asa:!mb!ie~fUld ~td.kC9~I·h~n 6~nduct;1l for t~e~ .., ' . ,,, . ~~.: .. :I.>. ~":" ,.':,:~;.-'. ;:~~~'.' .", ;~ .. '! ........ ' ~~:. :,:.;~ . ":'~.<J.:.,~~-:~~.; . . ',,~ ·~l-··~'·':""~;:'~':\· .. ~"",~'".:'·~lt, _,

ri.!lapuipQ~QG.. A .dvU 'disturbance !e planMil and 01'ganited 'by the suerr1l1a~,.I, r ~ ;:

':'., .-., . ';, ';~~~·:i:. .. ;":, ',' " ~::':""·':h::/"~·:':~~·'<>·':"":~~"" ,:,>i \··;'·~;;~;·~\}:'~,~"i~··.~:t~\ .' ~veminl~, sndi

• haa . aD its' purpose the. production of tUJ:ilIOU. heignteiled emotion' .• '~I' .•• :,;

.. '-'. 'in ~1.~~ p1pulsce and t~o~:,e~~'r&i~iOn'Of e6nf1d~~~,; j.~ t~e,"~~t'1~il~~~t!J1~t~ei;>;' .,: .:.: , ~...!It ... ,.. ..~'~-,;'~",. , ,i.',' ',' ..... ',

'" IU;S~ns of a~t!tudea wh~eh fnvor the zuerril14 ~yeliJent:.· Tho purpoee of G'. ,:.' .~. ,-, . , .'." ',' ,,', '.'

'~ , .'.:': c:;1vU ·d:ist~rb&nc!3· itJ 3~V~lrtJ to dlt'e:ct~ 1.nUuencQ al'!!itJi.'ietl of~~h€l popul~tiori..

" ,~.

!xampl';s ti~a the ni;;:r;ero~ ~tl:'1kes ,am!:Oonet.raeilIltlS rmd :\'~tl1f!J prcr.e~ted 0;1 the , .' >', . • '. ~. • i ..... ';"" -',". ' .. , ',., ,

bc.bheviks ~,u Moc:ccr'" Bnd ;:~t. PQts:r~burs in 1911,."n<1 th(j.dt.1iIonf.,~l:llt:!.on8 l!t~d , . .' . -: ,~ . .' . .' - , ~ ,

. :,1':lcrJ at thQ Dt.'.ll.."Jcr..atic J-1'Rtional Conw::ution in CM .. cugo p I1linoiu. 1968.

'.' r .... p~;t8ti.c cpel:ad~u,d Objillctiv~1l a1:~ dI!!G~£fte~ to 2lu:;,p~:ct the 8U'2.1:::1..1.10

. , -' . , "

" I..

. .' • ~, ,. I. ~ . , -'1 , • \ " .!

, .. "'1 " " " . I _ ~ , 1 ~ ~ •

. . ~>w.;'~"d~l;.i~~~~~~~d~:~1o:~;<~,i\i.~~~~:'i.itti~;~.I,,;';'~:~jI>W·"~~~~ .• 'ii~"~;J;;'"~:'li.>}J~";.:;,,,-~~;~ .. ~i:d:'~~~k;;~~:l!i.~i,;.~ij~f.'

. -

, . . . ulatlon. Theset are directed towartiseclJrins cl.':ltlcal high va~ue :f.Cel1\8 aueh e.

mouey and arms. r~4mplQ9 of operations with logistic objectives are bank rob­

bariee in pr6-revolutiou aUGsia by lOGef Stalin or the pilferins ~f & police

bOl; 1.1 Japan \;y Hun Sn-Kwang to get the .38 caUber Smith and Wesson revolver

he later us~d in the at~empted aas&ss1nat1on of th~ President of KOr0& iu . 26 • j;,'

August. 1974. -, , ,

E&botsg~ is ~n act wl~h ir.tsnt to d~4ge, interfere with or obot1uct by

wilfully damaging or dfi!l'Jtroi!ing materiel, ft1rCl!11.SUo or utlliUesP The purp~ec

of cUi.botaze opentiOftB can he to directly 'ir.od\\ce the effect1ven6~a of the

0ovetS'Ullent. to tGduce ita logistical baae, C-f to reduce the ability of the

clt7 to perform certain funeti.ons in support of other outside ~orces. Example"

of sabotage ar .. ths.blowing up of urbsn electric power " transmission' facilities

f)'t the destruction of a hijacked airliner by. the Bla~k September movement.

Repreoei-v6 terror is direc.ted by the suerdlla movell'.ent 8g8il:l3t Members of I.

the populntlon for the putposc of enforcing guerrilla dircctives. It is de-.

dgned to force, th~ population to support the guerrilla movement. EXBtI1ples are:

Viet Cong killing of 8 vlllll&iZ!r who gives information to the government or the

f:nfOrcelll~nt of ,8 "i:SX coll, ~::ion" by the Irish Republican Army in Ulatet'.

Structural ten'or is the terrOl' e:mplnyeC: aga:tnst the governlllellt. police,

army alld c!v:tHan Btructure which suppor-ta' the government. It iE. designed to

cystemat~cal1y terrodZ2 mc11!he.rtiI cf the estDbHDhlla"lnt in order to paralyze ita.

opet'41tions. ~ tructure.l terJ;oj," also t138 the long run affect of unl.eashing re'"

puaGed resentl!l6ot8, tneldng it eeaier for hitherto uncmmnitted persons to carry

out vlolelt'>!cc 6g~1fitH: the goverl'Jilcni: l1nd it~ control sppar.!ltua.

, h$ .. j~ckin& of ~j rHaeto, er,m.n8rsiulltioll of p,'j1icsn!0tt s.nd I'H'l.:!..l'i!'i~ at st'Qy per~(muel.

"

.r

, .

r 1

I i

,

t.l ~: i t t. .; r t. I

} I f \' r r

.~ .

. ".

bImC$~ ubot~ge and prop~l&and6 objC!lctivciJ • , .

1t8Porta~t ffllltura of moet: of tha 1911: e~tesodea of sue.trilla oPQ'Cat1one1 objec:"

tiVClt 10 that they can be. cfelisu"d to pro'Joka retpnuive mauuru 'by the

Thll 1d(&Q toto set the govornment to 'oVl!rteact. anel in DO dolns:

. .. 8o"!em1:1~l1t •

d1ss1~~t0 or overext~nd its forces bY,lncraas1ns th~ proportion of troops on ..............

alert, or ~Y obtioning "ore troopo 1,n I3meller unice lite mora lo·cations.

!h~ Urban Guerrilla Movc~entf ---....-......-- q ..... --

The urhllD Guerrilla movement di8/)lays certa1.,n m1.l1t.ll'CY· characterbtiCIJ in

its organi£~tion 6nd operations wh11~1 enhance its ~bility to survive end aecom-

pUsh it.; goalr» in the face of ",het at the beginning is ,.the 8trongor gover'llU1ent

28 force. Thel':1e military c.'laracteritit1ctl D:"e:

I

'I' I:

!

:

" ,r2t~nU~n o~ terrain, ·"hicll uri-an guort:~lla~ cannol.':' do.

:"t~~! t!.'-'! £.~re;c.t~.! ~f' urbar. 8uerr111a~ emanatca from otl~~~'chsr~~ter18t1C9' a~ove. SU~h,a.$ Z!loti~ati~I~' . d1s~lp1ine, "c~v~rt, and coUular otgan1~ae1on and

ueeu.:-1ty 0 'th~e c:ha.ractc~rist1cs IIlJ.l.ke. entr&~c~ into guerrilla ranks 'd!fficuil:'

and time consuming;, ,,'fth v~rious '~~D-t.s applied to t'~e entrant 39 he pr~gresseQ , ' ~ :, ". ',' . . ,

to b;e::oming " full fledged 'mernbar of the 8ue~rlllA or8~~b~t!on. . .' : . . . : " . '.; . ~ " . : -,' ,,: '," . . . , .. . " ."., '"

• ,'"<'

"" ':~,

, ....

.l!!!,!~.91.~.!1 c~~x:r.ill.'! ~.!!!!~ ; .. ' A phM8 16 a ~ ,

diRtinc~ period of an ope~atl~. at the conclusion of wh1eb

tl;~ oatu,t'(TJ,' I!nd cho.,ract, erit,lUes of, 'the ,et1o", ch,ll~t.",2,9 6_ ., "0" or & ,atep oU1 the develop.

.... l.'tllitnry ch.\U:'actll.lr.t~t1c:;:" purBu~ thdrstrllt(!g!i goaltJ, by accc;mplishl~g' o~~r.n-

t~].olld Qhjo.ct::tvtl~ .. .Ind tho l'ihol,~ i6 1.~~tai::'.!lt:e.d il~~O ph.a13l~1lI in orda!:" to prCtdue~ ,. ri'll :ld!!nUfy thrc~~ phUI5M

, '

Fr·;'W~iff;~~~~~~, .. ~"':k~f£.'"'''?t.''!':'."·~""".',,, ~~""VlZ.'!:!.~~"~'"i"~~:!]t"J::~~$;';1;i";:i)i., :,' :,~' ..

t .' .. ~

• •

of urban guorrilla w"rfare: . . 30

subverBion. insurgency ~nd inu~t~ectlo~o

SUbV0t'uion Pha'ae: In which the guerrilla movement organizes itself and ........ - .. , ... --davdopOB Us bade lIItruct,ure. In th1a phue the! military characteci,lticlJ of

the urbal1 guerrilla movement appear. Ilne! the firet. two s~ratogl'" gonb of dCl;­

t~chlng the'uacommitted 6rouP from the government end of s~c~r!ng to the urban

IUGrrUla tI'.:Cv~ment the lilYalt,y of some .and the pau1ve llcq~Jieocenca of the ~rest

of 'the uocommittgd sroup ~re puroucd. Operationc are typically undurtak~n,vith

prupagandm, civil dlaturbance and porbaps logieticsl nbject1vGs. Tnia phase

llUlIy prevail over a long perlod of tiite end 19 char~,,~ter1zec'j by a rat~,er lOtI "

level of violenco. In this phase the government way have d difficult timet

1donUfylng the urban guerrilla activities as 8ubverBion phaGe varftlrG and -,I

m,&1 51e:ld4lnttfy these activities 8S ItJ.inply unorganized politic'a! unrest or a

riao in tha crime rate.

Insur~ncl~: In which the urban guerrilla movement conducts syste-

maUc. 10\!i1 intensity violent aggression against the goverr.rueot, short of civil

3' wat'. .. Here the thlrc! G trategic goal of eroding the goverrunerlf:' 8 cont:,:>l tippar-

stUB 1& sought. MiHt:al1' ~h3.racterj,stic;:a ,are reinforced, as adherence to th~m

enhances GUr7iVlll of tha guerrilln movement~ Typically operations have objee-

tlves of 63.botage, repressive terror and strueturel terror, with other opera-

tional objectives a18~ pur2ue~ to a,leaoer degree. ThQ'l~vel of violence 10

controlled by th,;; lJrblln gnerrillB "TJovcmenl: t and has escalated £l'om the low

level of the tluoversion phase. The insurgency phase. being contrclllad by thtl

guerrilla movement, lests as ~.o.tg aa necessary to prepare fo": successful exccu-

tiou of the inaur.rection phasl3 p lind thug way prevail for IllOre than a f~w yell~~ '.'

11'1 time •

"

·'''''(i··':7:~Jfj~s'~~,;.;,;1·:!!h1::~:);;;!._[~;;;;~ri,\i?;{~1;¥~~{~~?;~~1:~~4f~~~~1l~~~h~j '{', 'vUt:h t~. QuerdUa m(jv(~~ent ac;compH~hos Ii trans1t:i~ t.r.0!4 .. 8u~r~111a" .t~,~o~-:,: ',;".~'::',?~ .. ~;.

<.f ,,'! "',! " .. ~'" ' ~ e .',~" ".,#:~~.~ ... ~. ,'~ .. ,f >-';<;":~):>.' .... :~S·I"'~t'~~. vIiDt!o~d vlu:fAre •. The 1)puetiond objecthu of s~rdl1. wai:~Qre' afe 'otUl ".' ,.\:i.;;\ ,;, " ••.• '."~." .,<.' •• ~' .~ •• ,..: _·:~':'"'':l''' ~ «~,' , :~:';:"·:·::;·'~:j<~_>,~::.~';f':~;//;i'-:'~~~·:~;"~>'" .:"\(/:.'~::'«' :~':;!:L~:<'r

, ~,'. eouel',t. but addad to ehntlo ~:r(!\ the' ecmvcntio::td o~jGt.t1,'V(!41·coneembs Sdl!olr8d

". ~ ; '.' ;\;;;,~~. .. y ; '. :.:. ," ,"' .. '" '.:'." ,'," ";.~~. ···\!,t:··.·t~·<':.~~;, ···:_·h .. ~~'\r'.·:· .. i,;",i:·. .<.'I~;~~~

of te~~dn '.lItlddcwtrlll:tlon ot!en~~(J tt'oopo bythlll UG~ ofq~'Grto mabsed £111:'6 ,,' \~7!;i; , .,. ,- ':"l '.'."':, (. ~ " ~'<. ~~.~.) ':.~' ~. ~";,"',:\ \'::6~··f\;'·~'~,

.. , PC'.'U'o VLc1cJUCCI eleedtlte8 to tha ,p:\a~ lIve! if n(!r.~uJlUlry to l3~ta!a e ,,~fj)d';',.~ :',::. " •• :;, ;,:

don fot ~1.fhU" 'th9' Govorl\M~~ o~ 'tb~ nuarr111s fifi~$!.'li~;.i~ir~h·~~~ :~~~~' k.~~:""',:?:J:r(~~ • ". , .,' . " , ,,',:; ':t:-', '. . .. ' -.. ~: .i ',:.i~-'.1 "":\ ',\<;)~ '.? .. :, .' .... ,'-.. '~ >·"-.~I;:·~:;;:

turdn ouch eQ W8tfl!NOt'~Qj j ~j~lQvhoM c:entnls e radio atRt:1ong ~" police ~ me':;:': ~:'/:':':.~ '::~<y .. . ~~" " .. :. ""1,1 ~" . ":' :'\.,: ~'~;Jf,'.",:~>-.J ' .. ,'. :'~~~I~,,,~"tl:"':"'::;\ .l~'~'l';~·"<,i;:t~r:~1,A

.~. ,tiQl\8 0 arrll)' ba~rQ~k0 aTe gc1i:UQ an\\ held. : 'Slo~k by bloek·,Q~nti'OloYal:.·t~Q ,':'~{::·~/:;;;::f/ ~ \ ~:.t,., .. ." ,;,: " ~~,,';'.~ ,~, .. ,:, I,' ~.' .' ~" :-"'~' ~~,; '\!/)~!.~~(.:" .. ~:"_~.>' ~t-':.~~~:I?·~;'.~:': .. :'_/<f ~ ... ~;;~~~;,,:_n~~~".";:;,~i.,}~,~.i{

ctty 18 GUf'ftQd by tb~ $lJerr:tllQ moveMut. Tb~ 'llQf;\U:fil '~f, t~e ,oi:GI'A?~iail!~~1 ~f ,; '.' .-::,:':~ yl • ..~ t', • ', ... \ ' •• "", .... ~.,~ " ,.:~·:~t.::·~·,~,".:<~"-~~ 't~~ :,':.'~~~\ :~.'f:·. ,:,".~,.!<,~>1.: ... ,~ .• ,\:\~.~., ..... ~~:! ':{,;'~l'

tbo dt)' b ~IJ~~ th~t' without th~ p~&Q6nCa of outB1d~ conv$tlt~oMl: forcet .. ·llSub7""./<,,~;,:~:>+i: " " '. "~:; • ".' & _.-- ." ", : ••• ' •••• ' \ ..... :':·,.~.~-.:;',;,·:~,;~">~';~;,':·::.-.:t:·".!,{~.~.\·):J:It:;~-~~-~.:·.i.,.~·"'·~~:;\"~~~

","" IIIt4l!)t'hll" .t:h.endfG dty will be cl;lptur.ad by tho SUlllrdlla t\'Ovollle'nt' within' A '::';;'~'~J

bitt 11&)00 '0': ~~t.II. fJr che ,~etrU~~ rwvomeilt vill ~e·d9h~~~;d. '~I~~' ,~;4;~~~·:::f.c.· ,<' ~'~'(}~~f:i~l "c~ar{;}liS} t~ th:l~:r '()f ~~~~tt1t .'PI;~~~ of 7:U;~l' ~~s~~iiiQ,'~~r'i:~e~2 ;~u~';:~,',>,;;,,::'.;·,~//U~

• ~,., .,", ".,' ~". :. t". ' • '.~; ~ _ ~" . ". ;l't :', .. '1.':·f.":).~' ':; ~ <i.::.~::(:~~ .. <' ': / 'f>"~.,;.·'~ .'~<-.: ';:.~:~;.~ wbUtt '.:h~ urban ~n3UrrGlcticn phas8 is short in Ume. tlll!! iurnl wa1: .of movement ,', : ..... :.'. ;':~:I

· phu~ 'mel)' hI! e~pli!r10~e~d over tl~ axtci.~~d reri~d ~t h~e~' 'Pil'rh:p~: ~~t1t~~: ~r". " ".-":~.:'>.r::~ yeartJ. ...,. ' ,,': ~.: ', .... ,:.: :';';.::. " ". ;'!'::/'.~" .. ;{,;~:;~.:?'~'~J.~~~:}~

WhUu phafles ,ere deSCdbe.i in ..t·4t;11~r dlDt1n~t ~e~., ;~~.~ ,d~.~~~.~~t¥~n}.~:, " ... :,.:.:{~ .. )~ I\DI: 'ii1tHmt eovreclude the pimmit of any part1culttr 8tr&t~gf.c goal or ·opera .. ' . ,:' ",;",,>J

.. .<. ~! ":' ,":'.,"of ': .~ './ '~-, ::~~

::O::::J ::::::11:u:: ::r:::U::d:h::.: •• ::.;e::::::: :!4/::~,~~~ ~{' ':.'<~;~1 . '1.t 1& not: 1'I0eG9~a1.:'Y .f{llr the urb~l\ guerrilla ~~~~~en~ to ·~o ~hrough ~11>'·'~."(· ',: ~,~,,:,::: .. ~~

pbM.. i. ",de. to <0"" t. p~. r.. 141 OX~"Pl.. of d.~.l,,~,,~, tbr~~~h.~; r'~~'.:: ...~ <;;,\~. b thChl~11 bolr..h.wU:, revolution. l'h~,' 1951 .. 59 Cubrul !:Gvolut:lon \mderwent BUb- . ~ .i;;

.. ,1o,r&itrn .md :1.nsu:tBf:ttlcy fj'Ad .. l:hn g(Wet'li~e:i.lt fell vitlU'mt th0 ne,.,d of insurree- ;: ,'"<;1~

\ .. , "

. ' ,. .' • .• ~. ~.' 1J

, ';'.

.... ' ~ . . ' '. ; . ,

....

l' "'1 ' • ~ ".~# '.. , .' \:

~";;::'~~T.5.::~;.--,,::;:':-;';':"~~;;~~~~7.~~~.tt!"-t..~~u~~.u.\~ci.~~l.<:~:~~~~k~;.iIl~~,1";:':~'ri;i,j~d·,j:i~~~d~,~'\lii.' ~~~~

-_/~

I· f, . , I' ~

~ i

II ~, t,

I I t \ i , U . , f f

t r I

II I. "1 q [/ :j ."

:1 ~

or oimply to utinsu1shlllllnt, 811 11'1' the tlaru1I Chitto S.n 1~44.

Not all urban guerrilla mov~~te which m~et tho definitional utandAr~3 of

employunt of force ~" 8 :onv8ntiollally weaker group in e urban setting have . .

the sOaG b~ic pUrpOSQ3, nor do th~y represent tho 6&me societal fore~~. Urblln

fr,sGrdlla groUPG can bo c1l1eaifia~ lIS to typo by th~ir hade, pUTpC' BaS \~nd th&

fArccs they reprflsQot and they can then b", descrihed $.0 tame of their otrata­

,Ie Bodli1. operationsl objec.t1vea Ill1d millury eharQetedi!Jtlu~ as /Jet forth in

the preceding urban guerrilla movement model. . ,~ ,

Criminal Cuer~illa Movements: . ..... --..--. ..-...-.... -- -- Here the baaie purpose is to lIecure an

ecouomic eonopoly of criminal activIt Yo such b8 gambl~o. narC')tic~ or prosti-

tution, snd in later otoges of develo~ment tu enter legitimate business.

etrJilteg1.'-! gaals of the criminal ll1ovemeot never !riclude the destruction of the

govertlIllen~. the erimil1al 1I!Ove~nt may have B.9 a g"~l the erodon of just

enough of ~'le strength of the govel."n1!l.ent to allow it a free b2:nd in its acti­

vities. The ('c1mlnal £lI,erdlla lOOvcment 18 parasitic to the goverpment.

, Opat'&tioD81 objectives emphasIzing repre8Dl~2 terror are importunt. The crimi­

,nal movemant.rl1splaYs the guarrilla~m11itary characterietics. An example of

the criminal guerrilla ~)vement 10 the crime syndicate run by Al Capone in

Chicago in the 192,0'&.

• Cr!.:l:"'~nce Cup.:rrll1a Movements: The basic purpose of a. grievauce! group 1.6 ------- - - - .' to ~chle\l'e stattla to n~gc~t:1Qte, then get conc,cadona fl.·om the government. The

, . str.ntcg1c goal" of detacil111cnt fr<llll tn. government ~nd attllchmcnt to the guel. ...

r.ille grcup are preflent, \~bi1o op::lutionnl objec'tiv!!a of. P~l!gUl;\dil lUld civil ~,

d:i.lJtl!rb8nC~ predom1nai:a. Hilital:)" c:harli1.cter!llt.1.cs llIet forth abc\~e Bo:-a prCB~ut.

Gz:l,c:zvance guardHa llI"ve'tllel.'lts eet>.m Hlcely nClt tel nurvive 1~t1l11O, for <,rHhcr

the !It'ouP is fJC'i: wall orssniz:ed en.Quell to ~urvive • .or' their g:d.e'l1aucell tlte ro"

dt'Oli1$~d and thil group cl.iu,t~l"l!l&·. 'Oh' the group beco~(; r~v;::.ll.ltionary or btH!l~m.~l!l

"

, I

j i 1

~'.'~A ·ff.~t; .. ~ ~}:';4~Vr-..,'~.,~~~;. "·>~;:~t. :~>I.~!4:- ,~:r.f.L·l)i¥.~~ri: ... 5;",~·~~ "~:<,·.t/tr ~." ~""f ~.r: .... .• '; '!'lfo, ~, .. , .:1:1\ ~t .. ".f. , J ,.,~. ,~~J ::I'R~~~ "'_"~:;t 7.f!:' ~J£~m~~~SfJ~~~4'!t .. \e~i~~:

~--:;::'L ',~:,'-;'?:'~~.~;;:;;;''-'- -'-:-):';:L)~~;:~:;,~i:~!S1~;5~;}1:~\~~~~~~7~~

• .iI

. '

..

~ -polit1:ccl. \~con?tli~ or llIodnl ~ycU\~ntb~, nno~nd~t vi~ie,ie~';~}'d ,eri£.~8i~g ,i~ :.:' ::·~~S;;~¥~ . 'poii ~f.e4'!. oeonomic or. seebl' lietl v!t),.·· 'I't'tuY~ ~e 'that" 't:I~e; 'Di~ck . ;~~th~rs ", ::: :;·~· .. r.: .. \;;~:::~~

. 'I, .A ~: : ., . • ." .! ••. ~ :. ' ; '. "~ ~ •. ~. '.~,.' ','" '!o::.<~. /,~<:' .". ". ~"<~.~. ,~; '~,' :~<>, ... ,.:~~. ~:--J"~~,~ ~i · .tl~~t(ld D,8 a grbv19ncft group and hove nt>W changed to 11 pol19!~ul lIlOVf'.JIlElnt. 'An .,' "

• <~.~;- ~ • " ~ • ~ ..... ',,'

'c ". . • ">"" ", "', . ~.~ '.', . '4,'~ ~ "of .~ ... ~:\j~: ,~':c.'

e.~G.\\\pl~. of Bdevanclil Sll~rru.1f1s \jould seem to be a&rly labor union aCdk.ea to .. '.", " , • ' ~ } 10, ~.. ,,' , '; ~, ' •

Achuvo hargllining 8 tstus. : ... :J:"': '.' :' /;'" ;:: ~:~.~::':«:/,:;(,:(~/;C:,;~',;:~: .:~:; , :i ',";, , ,An.»i£hl!! ~srgl! !i~Y~!lcnt.~J' The b88f.,C·P!.lrp~~: o.t ~n~r~lam ,i& . ~ba ~c-.' ~. ,:'; ~;:~

"truc.~ion of tho BtIlt", BO all 8tro.t~ste ~041g GIN. $Ough·~.··~l·l~·o~~~af!~u~i.·ob~" ~ ::;. ...• ~ :,'~II

· j •• t1......~ p~r.u • .i ~.d. th~' • .diit.~ ob.m",~l.t~i:. ~~"~:;~~~t~,/.fttri!.~~L.: ,::',':/ hiotor.f.I:~Ll.y h&v~ hOC/it and are lUt~ly to continue to b~ very IIN1l groups e~.. ' ',: "

." I' • '., .' <I; , ~," "," ...

copt iD Spain of the 1930~e.and the' olitta·t·tr.htinrJ eharact~rt~tic is· ... '· .... ': . .::):/~

e..ph •• hod.· ,i, .. ~ .,;:.:.. '. .... :;:~ i;; :;::!.;;i::/(k,tM~0 !S/);'~(i~;~·:;},;:;~ . !tl~~~~ ~~!l.ci:!. 9~r1?ill! !~o\l~me!;:tl!i: Theb9.Sic .. : put-r0se:o 'of .tfl.~~ ': ".~~":]

• "". '. .. ' > " '. \H "'~'" ,,~ •• ;i ,\..~. ~ .... ~ ~ :r,', 1 '1

Qo'Ve~nt\l tOA~, be .. tLn~~"'.COl~ni~l (nat1~n b~i~dlng) P, ~r .~,:-~P1Y . to. ,~epi~e~, ~b~ .. ex,:, .. ':.~'~. . ~:'J bt1ng go .... ertUl2ent. or to oecede a portion of. t6rritorl' from the existing eoun- ". , ~~

· try and :;ovex-nment •. This type of tleVflrnent"rno3t' cioseii' .. f:i.t~ tho urbnn ~~~~i'~l~ ':'.:.'~ , ." ", . '~ .. : " ..' ., " :,:,' ':i mov(;llent lnodal described tlbovc:\truld dl s·t~atCgic;t~al9. ~perat10n81 ~bjeti:f.~8':~:,J

~d military cilarac\;cn:isties fu:e present.' ;A tioad UUP1~ ,~f .~:~d~~~~'oUS<',:,:j • " ~ <0. , ~

revolutionary 8uerril1~ I!IOV~E!llt i.D the Alge'dLn revolt.~tionary m'o· ... ement of ~ie " " , '" '. , '··:'d .. ~ I : .. .:,'.

1950's. . ,

. Intflrna,tiooal Gller~l1ia Movementsl _________ n _ _ ' ~

"', " . ~ ":'~'4'" , .. :':':' ".,. ' ...... , . ~. "~ :;.,~_~:F.~~~' '. \: .". ': -

. - ." ~.' ~.,~,

Thee-c' g~~nille. tltov~e\lta r.1b{tt'C!sent ~ .; . >~ '.' :. "",-:::

.' ~" :::;:;. ";'~l .:.;. Sj

~ ~ '~,

':. ··.··::z1 '.~ ~

fo:ccas ouUida the country in which th~1 o~er&te.·· Operational obj~~t:ives' aild , .'

HOWVer, tbepr1ucipal d1f~ . .. " ,,:: ~ ~. '. ..' ,~, . .,

, ,,': .. '.. ".,' )

and :f..ndlgcnoa& guerrilla . ,:,\

, ' . ' , ' ~ ...

" ", ''''"1

it 1lUl)' be' to, tho 'iote'y:-' . ··i i .~

. ,~ " r) .', " . " . ,'1

13.0ve .. ;.nut; ttuca at! ~vt=Q!iutl:!.I'i!l'l of. the InO's. to ~ pm:,ilue the Hnl'ilat~l1l;cgit 1 ~ '1 ~ uo<\1. of ,t''CH\:tOlit'l.~ tho. gOVCP,\Inent. l'he i.ntere~t of Ch.i) o~t;side forea b paru":' .... 1

I "'''"'~ ond tM ll'oerti11l1 Var "Ill I •• c";,luct.d in neeo""",,,, "it. that 1nt.~ •• t. ;1 ' 1 / 1 • 1. ' .' - oj i~ ..' ~ " _",' ~ <, ':'.. .'1i

;~~r.·'~~'~~'~<L.~ .. ~~t.,,~,~~".~~~~:j~~~'-'~,:~"'.~~~:.c~~~.:';";~';~~~L<.'0-~.~';;~~~~~~i~J1:~~~~J

l

r !

"

.. '

.'

, . Y1~. commun1sf party 1~ (;enna~y 'in" t~e 1920' So .' ~.: ,'. ,;< • ,.:." .:', , .. ;:';':,::<.<.'~,,'

In'conalter!ng the above types of urban guerrliia ~o~~t~ it must bo . . noted tbat this type classification'is nn Did in analy&ia of anyparticulmr

. "

" • • ~ -. ". "" 'W '.,. _ • ~' , ~. - ..

IIXWem9nt may partake. of several different type' o.nd it also may ehange' 1n t~ ", - -I " ", .' ,," :'.'l,

t" fr:Oi!I or-e type to eDother.. As an axampla' it mlly be tr~ to say that tbeViet ,"

... : H1ftb b~g~n in 'the 1940's B6 nn 1~d1g~n~us 'Ce~;~1.u~~onB.;' gro~.p'·~ut in addition

, " munlat governments.

~.: .'. "

, . ""'~.:' ~ ., ",

, .. '. '. ". :

:The Government: c:---- - - "

·!be 8ove~nt has strategic goals an~ operational objectives ~o~verse to

. ,' ...... ~

.' .., ~-

<"~' ! .' 1

those ~f the urban guerrl!la movement. '.~" . ,-= " " ~.'" .,,' ,.

v,, "

the fears of the' popuiace. by reforms and other action8'~ The se~ond goal 1s to

, ~ecure. the coC?peraticn afthe uncom1tted g~oup. The third goal 18 to identify ,', .. . . ,

'. ~ ..

one'. bolate the guerdl1a movement t whilc!' the fourth 1s ~o destr~y 'the gue';"·1.l1a

movement •. The government i~ its opuatiN\& m~y at any \'~;ticulo.~·t1me be ~trtv-

ing in different parts of the popul~tiol1 to ac~ol!l,lish different &trallgic

goale·. Thu'i •. it may accomplish each f)ucce~siv~ strattlgic: 80al in 'one' ethnic '"

group whilE: it Baa not yet accompl1sh~d the first str.ategic goul in another

ethnic group •

Ci~~c ~togrum i~ deficed &8 polit.ical, social and ecouoruic measures em-

ploycd by the ~('V<:.lrt1Jn2tlt to reduce alienation ~nd c!loa£Cectioa in the population.

'IM.11 is th~ t:10at ilr:lportllnt opeX:l?"Hounl objective of the 8Q.vernn.~nt •

. "

, "

:. "I

"

, .

'.

I

','. " ",', I' 4 .". . .. '

of v!CI,!onca and paywar in which no equilibdum C~D bG mainta1.oed by the 8c<ve;rn-. ,'. ~nt without cenlJ landy ilPPUCid overwhelming forco~

l!f.~~~ 18 a Government operational objective. With ~rOpaeGndR the

gov(!rn~nQ; tllust portray' th~ guorrilla mo· ... emant fiB .:vi():t~t:O!!'o vf local ru,'rGiity,

, . of the entire nre'n of operations. ' This 18 so be(:aus~, 1'a t'tying to Idtmt1ty

t.md hol~r:e tho guerrilla movement t tbe govp-rnment i13 looking fat' the prover ...

binl ne~dle in hnY5tnck. It,

Ir',tel1igell~e must enablo tha gover.unent to deterndnQ

(lnd 4) 6.:'1 odler l!orr?cnti<)\1Bl inforal.'ltion.

. '

. '

" . . , '

, J

r I;

, , " ."- ,~: ". :, .. ~':\::''::':'" ,;;' 'iha Cn~:'~~DU POH';~C& ';-, I"~' -..... -------.. .-

","" "

'"

, ': F!l~w, the foroso1ng dloc~lldon of the f~at\!t'ea of tb~ urb&;' cnvir~runt!ll't the , ,': ' ' ,':. ,'. .,' .. " ," '." ",' • I,

,,'

"

,~tr~t~8i~, 30d"" ope~et~~~al objectives and lIliUtary ~a~.1cter1ati~c o( th~ \1r.bCll

,,' auardlla ,~y8mect. aDd tho converse IStra'teZ1c sods Ilnd operational ·Object1.v~8 . , , 'i ~', '

can ~t:Qt"!! £o~r pOl1c!e'o which if followed by the gOV(lrn­

, ':' ,;'WeDt armed" f~~t:.eo w11l enabl~ tb~ conta1mnent and defeat of the u~hlUl 8~(j!rr111tl of tho sovar.went. "ne

.. ' ,.," "

,", ., forces w11!h ';;le aoot eeonolUic:c1 ~e of forces. These policies. ao w1 tll all Illt-

"'~',atraet idea9, require extens!~c! k~~i~dse and .~ud~r:1e,nt to 'Weigh ltod n~ply anJ.~'Q many w,aya 1n~errelatc. The.y are:

.£!!:t.s t~~~~'l:l .£2E..4Ei!~$:~~5 The ~ civic program 1G the ~~y to l'etcIJtion of tl'!e

U1t~omiuitted and all m.1Utary Ilctivitiea fIlUIJf support and \!omplement i~. Th"

,'armed ,~"rce8 Illust not" pur .. •· .. pr.o~r" hi h 1.1 1 h d ' , ~~u . u uma w C wou ~ a tar. egtade the effec~ of

, t~~ civic 'progrLim or unleash for,ces o:ounterproductivc to tho dv1,c program. A

, b~o1.e pi-oHem, of the ~~en~h b Aiger'f~, ·~aa ~a.t they' ~uraued' both ,d.vic and mili-.'i • -. , . ' .. . ~ " . ~ • .. ,

tar1., pro&!'a~ ~h1.ch ended W denying," '~y fav~r.,"bl(: eft .. ·c t' L , ',', ' ,J... tor b,e civic progr&1:I. ,'<"\

" Discl'bI1nat:lon: _ ... - Emp..lOYOle.nt: of force.t:U8t,be rectr1.cted to urban 8ue:r.r.1:i.l~

~,:-rgetll. ' It the pedphcdes o( for.c~ I.lffcct the Ullconnuitt<:d they will Li! d'?-, ... ",

tnchad from tha iloov'crnment and may become nUilPorto~i!I of thee gu~rrilla mov.'ltr.~tlt. "

Only such fan~e DoG is ,neceatHlry to accO':llpl1eh the object tllusr. . , '

, '

fotco is U!l11tl:1. 'l\'lcof~tt~d OI.H;i!rJQrS may be.:orde dc.tn,chad ,nn:lipoli..t..idt.ud, })~Oduc.·

, ---- - -~

',t

~ \, t

rrffl,~~J%f£rtf.1}tJStilP..$t.~A¥3~~'#li.$;!$··'1~ij!~·fij~ffl~':~~~:~i~~;{,~~~~¥t!i~1f~~JJ.t-:~~tfi::~t~~\~~~~JFf!~~.~

[ ',. ,...' 'Att.dUont The g . ..,~~~nt' mW!t combat the g~err!il~ mq~~~~~'''by, a p~iiq · ... ·::·.':'~,>;i .' "'~ '- • -. • ,';' ",,' " ," .... .' '.':':) '; ,::,,:,', ; : ,:' ,', ;,: .. i, ',: :::' ' :,' /~':l'::~

': ,

.' '1~

L

"

, 4

.. '

'.,'

of' a~trid,~.' If 'tb~ thre'e preceding pC'Heil!s are fol!CI~ .. ed. attrition iss, :'" .,., .... \

!&.ecQuary ~~/;I'ult; It ttike8'~~re time toexer~i8,! d1sc~'~i~~~'lo~"~d'~~~'t1ra1~t' \. "," .• . .. ~. . "" .' -. ~ ." .~ ':;"",. '- ,.,": :' ....... ~.~ 't'< ~>:...' ..... ;. :,:~: .. ;:'

":, aodto l~t the civic pr()sr~ . develope their effecteo: It a1eo~llke8.,dma to. . , , <~".'~ . . - •.. ~.; . ..'!-~.::'J!'i·'.·~ ":',:' .,,'?- ~.,

prOduce 1ntdll:Lge.nee which' !3 adequate to he used to, selectively elim1:~Qt~ the.,

'iu~rdl1~"1UOv~~nt~ T1~"1n ter~ ~'~ years V'.~~t .b",~d~:n.v~11~~1~}t,th~,:::::·',:.,. ;,i;,;;>~',<~ • • • ~ .,"''' ';. '" '... ... ':.- ~~. ..\ •• ~ .' .••.. ' '. '.~ .,;. '.- , .• ,;. ~: ., ..••. :.,:~~. ~':".'" '.~. ',I ; ..... _~.{- ·:Il,.;.·>'~:v! .. "'''''·~ .

'8oVamment~ ; 'lhue'·f.1re no quiclL fixes.' If grand battles are f"ught',' on" O~d6 '<i",Y:!::; • : .' ,"" -: • .' '"" .", • ~. ~ f" • d' (~, - .~!.~. ;' ...... '/; .. ,'-.~ .. ~. :-:;.;~"~,~~.~,:{(",:~~,~~

or the. other io t.'lo l1enefic!ary of, an efX'QI' of jU<!gment of the other Bide. ' " ,,;,', . . •• . ," .. ": "-,' ': :', ,':. .'<.'~<::-'f\;., ': :~:,:.:":.t\ ... ~ :.< \ <::'~ ~;>. ':

The haste of G~mer(jl1-iassu end b19 hlghiy efficient paratroopers cO"mPle~ely, ,. \ '".j ," ',' -', '. ", .' •• ,".::: :-,_~:, •• :;.>.:~._~~ ~'~~'_'~:' '·~\~-:""·:.···1·~' "~""".j-~,(:::~'.:';',: ••. ~:~:.~ •. "."

i'~OVed th~ guem,llu' from Algler6,btit' ,,-1th ~~'ch Uletb,,?ds,t~J:;~h~,~8~!V~., ~~P7' " ,:~,)\.;l , ~AtiOQ waS co=pletely ~110nated and the F~neh ~os~ the war b AlgeriA.:

• .~... ~n • '.: • ..' ~ :;

>. J .'., .... .... • ,,' , .. ', '_. , ~ :,,: " .' .' . , ~

,~' Sti-:iu:ei~ PJb~n G~e~X'U!! Y8.rfare ',' , \ .,'

Fro~·tba for~goiDgdisc~G1on of the urbaneDvironment and the model of the ~.:' .. ".:-.:-: ~ ......

• I .• '. :. ~ .': • J. 10 ~ - ;.'

lil'ban g'~~~illa t<07ement. it becomea clecr that there are posdb111t'":c of

8ttacldng an enemy pow~r not o~lY by the o~vious' nuclearancl" c,onventional means . .. -. ~ . " . . " .

~nd by apf)oeori,ng guerr~ll~ warfare within its citiclJ. but by spOnsoring guer- ". . . , . ..' ,.,' . ~.

1'1118 warfare in cit1~.J '~hich 1utetconDset with citieGof the cnemyp~w6r. . "

:. The Objact is t~ 1~terrupt the del1c~tQ. 1ntcicat~ and eo~pl~x linkages,to tbe' ,

.' . .., .. . .' ',... . ... ' .... " .. , '.. . ... :' .. c!ti~o of the enemy power GO that the cu~ul&tive draIn on the strength of the

,'" 37 ~ ,- ,',",' " . ' e.n~ pO\t"~r becomes dg'cI1f1cant. TMD aPPf/.fre to be a s;tr~tesy eOrltelllPlate.c! by , '

" . 38 t;hs nSSRin' pr.~pt\rat1on fOt''lI1ar Dgdn$t US. 11118 strategy req~r~" thorough .. . prapm:'~U!)n ~~t:endi!lg (Nflt' ,a pt'lt'lod ot )"eerB prior

. ,

to the cmthrca.'It of . ':",

. . .~

'.' ~

See,Ol'ttd, conccnt~At:,!Ot'!. of ~t'I:ba~ '~rueidll~ . '" . " : ~ ': .

.... ,;. ~ , .. ' II: :' 'c~ . _ \

. ,

, '. ~

.<' "";

r' .. ....

.' , ' .. ~,

"

r~"1I'1'1 "~~!§t 'If<#) =:am. mnmzvrw==vs:-; . .,.,1" WSli.'ii2!il'&?~£m" m .. ~~_

II,' '. ',":;;~.' ;L~Jr~~~:::i~~':,:~~.:~l~EL ~:~~ ~~ie~ :an'.b.' ,~ppo:~:::~;:~]·rg~;;;~,0;~~{~ I. }.J. . ,* _ t. - '.' • " " •. , ' ''''. /"~. .'

. , pathetic population. f'hird, d,tNoloplltcnt of the urban' gu~~ril1a ~ar ~1il be:' " ~:. ,vj ma1ntd.nad'~tthe eubvers'ion or insurgency levdO s; ae'to' mai~'t~l~' th'e" ~l~um ".2:!d .. , "~,' "" ',.. ' .'

8teady, drain on the enemy. , . ,", I, '. ~. ~ ... ' '.

If the !nsurrectl~n phase is entered. it is lIkely .' ~. , ,

"

th~t government forces will reaet so ~s to destroy tne ~rban.guer~ll1a movem~ut.

'~~urth~' & ,8t':l1tegy of attrition ~s to be followed. 60 as' to adhieva the

1~J.&!' ~w'!'0f~~X;~~~' " , , "", .. '," . • ':.,' ~,::.,':.::.<~:~.;~":~ ." : ." '.. "!~~~ .... ~ ,": " ~ "

, ,,:: ,: "C ' • ' '," ,: "':~, "". ' ,', " • ,.,:":"':":"

,': ':,', , ~,:, ~ ~ ,.Rele: . Legn! ~~' Uoc.llin& Considerntiont:, ,~ ".'·,:theb~i~·; Ofth~. United' Stat~~ proVide that U'S Armyfo~ces can b~ e~l~Y~d :"'" ,'" .. ~\ .... ~~ .. ; . ... ... :..., " .~ .:~ .,." .;,~~.

>,to~co~trol,d~meBtic v1c:iien~e 'and assist in d1.sQster operations ()n1y 'under' ~h~ " ,~:! prior'd'i~e~tion of civi~ authority. It 1£1 :ontcmplstCd '~h8t ~~~' ~s~18tancc i~ 0":. ':'}

rendered on at~~orary ba~'is'?9 ' ,.' ' ' , , ~S Army doctr1'tuj contemplates thatgul!!rrl11asvii,l operate

foreote, jungleo p !.!IWelllpS t\nQ may operate in 'rural communi tie!?

, . ~.

in, mouutains ~

It Is fu~ther

eontemplated th~t strategic guerrilla operations are conducted independently

" . . 41

~&s1nst tarset complexes deep in enemy territory. St~h111ty opere tiona doe-

tr1n2 eontempia!:cs rurc~ operations b,ut does not mention the urban envi:,onm~nt~ Tho only observed reference in doctrinBl publications to urban guerri11~

warfare ,is a'l1ong m..1ss1orull assigned to Special Forces units. whe~e1.n 1t Is etated . ! • • • ' ". - • '; , .~ .. . ;. . '

that ,they will have the miadon of saDisting local government in neutral1dng

the.iruJtlrg'tlnt poHtical leadership and infrsstructure. It iR specified that . good intelligence 1s needed, but daM not specify "'ho iA to produce t:h:f.o

It 1a clear that.:tf chll US Ar.a.y ia to have B:ny miBs'ioll in urban guerr!lla

w~rf.arri t:hC~G: C:U$t be nw.de ~vni.la.ble a do<:trin~ for opet'ation~l guid.ance and

Smi'i'l thought13 on tihat role th~ US A:t:ro.y rn:!.ght play

?roti rrmqe=y' QQIU~~~etl!trW"!1fM~~~t\;er:' .. &!f:~if!{~~~fJJ!~t~f~t:~.1r.

~"f~::~''Tl~;~:'''~:'\'~''~~;~f:.;,'irb1-~t~~f~i~~':~~Il~;,f':'!f:;i:t':'::;'·"!~'f.1j':';:1£~~~ . ' Tb~~~~ernmentt in combatting the urban gUerr1.11eia~vclllant~"~:~'·t~·a·· t~8k . . .•. ,

-••• I

,", '~) . • -~"" • ~"'c~...' .';.' "'. "t ~"":-'.~' oi ...... ~. '.'" .' •. ,'~."

" . of identifying thaI: th~re 10 a guer~:Ul..U m~velllent. i~1lI .tyPe. tlhat ph~;'IE~' of guer-. ':' ,~' T " ••• ; :,._\~'::"~. :;.',.:. • .... • •••• ,. '

rlllavarfQie i~ being expe~iencad. Gfid'otharmoreconv~ntlonal intelligence re-o , '

lat1ng to·e~re~gth. identification ~d locatiOn ~f'gue~rl1iQ' ~~ts and ~he1~

'Pl~~ thecove~nt ~~~u o~ara~~~f~t!nd~~~Y' agal~~t~h~ '~u~~~1'ila '~~~~ntC' _ .• ;: • ,' •. - "">;'1 "'~ ........ '.~: .• , ' .'" '~j;:,,:'~ ... ;: ..... , ...... " ':"', ,..:, ....... ':~:': ~~

'. bypursu1ng the strategic goals and oporationdobjectiVee and following pol~c1e~ .. " .. .:' .... ,.~. ··,f:·· .:~ t '~~,-. ,.' .~" .-;';';'"

· set f.orth. 1e prece~:l.ng Seiction'~. It will' also QP4!rat~defansively bypreventing,:.

",

:'.

'. ~ ~. .,' . . .' - ',,:. . , .. ,.. . ~ '. .' .,: '..' , .... "" ' '."

tbeaccompli8hw~tof th~ope.ratioual,~bjec~~veo of the ~rbanguerrills movemant~' ,', ,,,' " :. •. ",,' , : • " , ... , •• ~ ~ .. ;.'." , .1::" • ~ ',t" .. . ,

These defetwive ope.rat1o;:).S &~e eSBentiillly reactive and may eon~:io't of' 8~rdin8 '. . '. ""',-, .~ .' .... : ...... '.~ ... \ ... <:f' '<.'.,.' :.-: .. ··.·;-~:···-.,: .. f··:····.:· :::~ .~:"'! . ,~,." ~~:"""\~

~1tal ,installations to prevent sabotsgeand logiaUc objectives Jrom being 1l1C-~. .

, ". . , , '. " ~

comp11shed by the guerrill~ mQvem~nt. or , ." :. t I I t ~ ': .J., + '.f.... ".

patrolling areas to pi'event public' .

· gatbor1ngs which might ripen 1nto!planned civil disturbances • . Military parUe1-

pation in the &ove~e~t's operations may be analyzed as follows I

. '~ .. : .

, Covq.r.nme!!!, .!lli.!.!:. 'p"i'::.-ec:t:~ ~ ~xecutei .!?.l'. .~ivll1al' !''.If.:;.!cal A'Jt.horitt: " .

. The oiie:rdl Bodal and political nature of urba.n guerrilla varfare to-

tether with the neture of the strlitegic goals, operational objectives and poli-

· des of th!! govcnlI!lel1t :ls ouch that the govornlmnt effort 1.9 ideally carried

out by the clvil aut.horities. 'I'he t;ivil autho'r1t'lea have a greater inherent

ability to eoamunlcal:e ."-'1.th the p~pul.&t1onp greater flexibility Slid g~ester, ':., probab1l1,ty c,f b~ing able'to 8UOf.Ullble the inr:ell:f.gollce required ov~r the long

per!.od requ!red for its gntlieri.ng. ,

. " -.

" '. .. "

....

. .. ~ .

In c:ontrnat~ the typical cnll~ent1ortal US Army cotth.1t orgnni,2:4t1on has ile

it", pdllli:\ty miGsion the closing t.,:I.ch enemy.mi.11t:tu:y·fomat1ona and destroying

All t:'aining and oelaction of pers(lnnel !l'ld wec.pona

This orientation

" ~mm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~.~~~~~~~~n~.!~~'B~'=;~.SWi·'~~~~~~ .

':~;::rI~;:~~:~\n~~i)7;!;:i'V~i;k;~~1;::"':,J!;;'ii;~Si~~~·>~~;~~;-:\~;:;~~~;$:~~~~1)~0;;;i\;·i~~!i !,'; '" ,:;:: :,,:: !'~gr~u?~:and of' o~~uri~g" ~o~perstt'on of ' thea' uncoUttl\ittaifgroup'iiro beot'pur8ued,"'; ".~,;,I,<::'f.' ,: ' ...... ;~ .. ' .... ~:~ .> l.:.~" '~., . -_ ~', ,'. ~, ....: . ,'." • • . - .. ,~' ~.' ':~ /1,";',' " <'.' .: ".:' .. " .,t,,' ,.,,~ . .'.~.'! '~·;'~~i'h\'"

\:. . " .:~ ~:~:;~:i,' b~f:~dii tic'~lG~th~1:ity thr~~sh ~per~t1on8' ~1 tll eivi~ pr~~r~~en~rci;l;~a:n~~, '~o~' .. :' /!~:,:~:~,~ ,~ . t ".," ~\ ... ~~.~;./.:~·~·<:>.~'.,_:::.'."1.~ ... ~ ... .:.,.¥'.' :','.~.,; .. ~. : ..... ) ... ;;~( • ":- ,'f •• ~ :. ·;r';··~~: . . :~ , . (' ,,: .. ' ·',.,~:~t:~:·:.~·~~ k. : ,'::'·>?;/'·)i1ation·':r~olirc~ ang 'control objectives. 'Th0 t~1t'd strateg1c:n:.oalo· ~f 'tde.nd.'l.' . '" ~~'~.':<-< <~':'):.",!<~:: .. ::'~'~"'>"J~:.";~ ... -.::.., ;~.~~"'.:~ ..... ~,.' .. ~.:'.' .. '.,'.>' ...•. '~ ".'": """~':'t., ''':::.' , .. ~,!"'.., ,,'/, ... ~~.: .. ~,>," .. ,'.~~,-.''!:'".~':'''

',.;-: ........ :; C-yingaad it-iolat1l'/.8 the urban guardllo TllOVell$ilt, 19 b~8t, pursued b, civilian ," ~A, ""~J'~ .~ .,' ... -, •• ~ .... : < ,.t .... ','" "t ... ~~" .. ,.:, ,",' ".',' "".;~~~. ~',' -.;',;:':' .: .• '~;":'~.'>' .~;~~~

.• ':":~,> .• ' P01.i~~.~hr.o~gb p~~.~1~~1~~ :Ilndres"."r~e control,.' in:el~i~enc~~"r:~~~ f~r~~ ::d:;re.C;S:.~{.'.:i"·::·;; I;;, :"~::~';~', 'ted:~~;tiurt'tha $uut~1l8 movement. ~pero.tio!u'l objecdvee. The.government ~' ..... ,~ ...... ::.':;~,):

~,' ':~:';~~:'~;,f'~~iic~ 'f~~c·~'~~~·'~r~~t'~r:':1~~e~~Qi, t':~abii~'t; ,than '~'~~i',f~~i:~ ~. 9~~etra~~~g' . '>{~~':':~i:~~ f. .~;:.~>,.;~.;.~;'.~_ .:'.: "", 4.·5,;~·~·'.(·.""'" '. '~.'-"".",~, ~'.;' -': ::"~':-:'<.":~" .'.'~, '~~.\::' ..... ' ,.'J':i·i,,<:·:·~,::'~;";: .' : e·! ;·~,~~\,~·f .. /~,<~:::.:::<,j" .. "\.:~~ ... '; .. ~.~~:~~ ... ~ .. _\~>i···\..r~:~Y':~·,:'r,~~ f' . <,~.)~:.,~.:tba·; gUei'dllS'.or8~id~atlon thrCtJgh the,8c.r:een of its militarY'. chAracteristics .: :'~,\./.? t· :::',::~T\i.\:':: , ... ~: ... :,~. ' .. \;' :,<:';; '." .. '::",','"," .:' ',,";::"", "";"'" ,>, ~~"'.;: ",~; ,..: :,'., ~': .. ';.,',:,.:~

. ,.,. aM' \3l\c1ertald,h8 very emdl scale 'tactical oper'ation6 directing force against, './ ,\.~~.;~ ,~,::'-t " -;.~ •• :', ,,' ,'. '. ,",.' '~:·< ... "'i.·_·;·r":·~"~!::' :.\~~.:<:.; '~:~~." ...... :: ... ~": ~'.;i,~.~.::~·~t

; ·:'the/S~e~r1Ua m()~_~nt. 'The '8~ve~a~t 'eiv!l!!m ·t~am·,~8.~ h'a.s· ~n' ~~e~nt,,'ad~ ,'.' . ·"·t··'''~':': -::,~;.::. ". *'.~.': .~<.<"'::, ~ .. ~ ..... ,~. -•. :.",' .,' . ~ "' .. - ........ ~'" .I"~.#, <, ~;', .~ . • =t68Q over', the rod.liter/. unit '1n baing better able to. limt it!! ~er.Qt1ona by

,,~'i~il~l~i ~ i:h~';oi!ci~ "Of~i~~~~1na~1on~r-:~~~ai~t~'~d"~:~~riuo~:' .. . "::)/-:.~ .. \ ::\/.::.~,~ ..f •••• '. ,:."'~' ':.~ ~ • 7.· .. , '.,.:., '., ~',~ •• ' .:.:J,>. "_ . '. . .>. "6 ",.' • .". • ;. • .... ,".~ ..... ',,: • ":·;.~;~>:t,' ... ·' .

~ .. ",.::." .... :£2ierrt1l!envt ~~~ A.rmx.~irect1o!!: Thi& condition is intended to .~.~, " .. . ~ .

(. " I'

~: \

" 1; .

,display tho mOst intense levei~ of ArtIly :Ln~ol\'einent a·~th3' other. erd of tbe, ~.: :: '.'> '"~''' .' ~ • D ' ; "~'" ~ '.~" .'.' .,~ .. " .": ••••• " ,.:': ~ '. ... ''''". ~ .".: "',.'--' , •• "', ':,'~"~ t.

:,.' sn(:ctntta from complete civiUan controL and operation of thtis governmenteifort • . . '. . ,. . - . '. . . ~:I.' •

While it b: Undea':Lr:'~ble tbat' the US Amy take' over the e.nUra 80VermnGnt effort "

' .. ," bwtho US A-~ rdgbt oPElrat~' at tn,is eoll of the Bpf!cl:r~, if it V~t'1S ever

; . . ',':' . ~:. :.' qui~ecl to dQ .~~. ..' ?!! to'·,

: : ; t. ~:.., ."... > .. :'~, A:, ~.';\ L' ~.' , .• • ~. • .• , - •

. , ' .. ; The 'coruHU01\ vhf-cb 'll',ust exist bf.\foi:c

' .....

:".'" .... ">', "'~'~' ":, '; ~ :" ... ·f .~, '.'

the Ju'!J'! &8sumcs' cOlllplote directioll . .,.'

.. " ':' of the sove~~nt ef:Zo:rt.,ag~ill~':: the &Uerril"ll IllOtrement. 1a that ~~er,eitl. sub- '.

.. ,:~~.'. »~lla\tb.llY tt.CO~l~le.t~ ~r(:J,ftkdWn 0"" none~~at:Gllee o'fth~ Ctvi1ia~' g~ve .. ~~cllt aSfitldf:3.: 'ndS' d~~ 'nt)~'!Oe8n that th'g .. civilian 'gbVCrt1;;la~tio op~re.tl.rlt: ·unBL'.iti~- .

'.

t .

. '

..

fuu!! !:1.QI.l!t\S iu any .Q1P\·eciable Gegree.

i<:,$\i:: reso!,truHlcf)u).d Qt'lSb~ juad.f~Gcl by ...

'" . "

.'

. ,'.

. ,

'.

-~--f.iF.m~ ~~~~I~e.tHl,i;;*dJt;; ~ , '~.lAiJt,:S~. ,l,~,"..:, .• ", ............ -!!":n!~~~~~~;..·.;.'!\'f~t~:v~,)-..:.).~.,~'i.1.,~~t,.'''·.v-:J ·~'(;'.,;.\-"~t~;r~;:'X~",>~· .. k'f.'"'l-1ol :~)~"'''''''''}'1i r'~';~~P'~~,; ... \ ~~'!f\~Nfo,:'i"'i!';JJiJ: ~?;~'?,t~~~,;~;;ItJS,~.i~ ~~~;~f.. ;;;;::"., /".!:; :' ;t,%,~rl!~~~::'l; ,:-':,:,';. ;~;;:,~:. .. ".~,.;/~ ;(~'~'i;'J: ~ "''l ,~~:~1f{1:~:~;.,::::jfi~ . · t ":::{: h,:. <;'!~!?;;;~~~:,: ~.: ' .~~:: •. '~;7~{·::.~:~ ,,' ;.r.:~;.~~:.T.\·?-;:::c!~';:!i~e;;~;;it:J

"

:<"'~ '4i(t~;1~!v.e rOle:~b8rc t!?a arm:, t~ oper~t1ns f.lt~u:pPort of ",' gov.er:m;~~t· of·:·~:·'~':.'::·:' i« ',' ..•• ,.; .. :: , ....... ~: .'" /';.;.:,-.,'.,.,.' ........... :;.::,."., •.••••• ~ "'.:\';, «'.';". '.~ ..•. : ...... , •.. :., .. :; .. ":.i.,, ... ,.

" nation wii1(;h 1(i UlIt3erdftVe1oped. which' h~ recentl, been occupld t~r:'dtory. " .>.' ;:, ~~/ ... '" 10 Hh.utO<! by US Aniy 'foreo., O;'~b'.~' tho US ~1,;~~~~;;.i~B~~~t~~::" :// ' .. . . . . . \' . ';;'.

. i " of an OP"Jt.IY ne.t1on •• '1'hitJ condition 1e &tot eqndder~d a practical posstb:tllty ~. ..... ....,.\ '. .. . ...... , .,.... '. ..... .; '.~ " .. ::: .. ;; ~<"'.,>;":. ,':; .'~".:.; '~', :' '''':.'''' ..I

..

,in tha US bec3\WCD of out' t;r~11 developed de1'10Cfatic institutions. .~:,: .. ".',; J::~,;u:"." . :"', . " . .' '. ~ . )". , . .•.. . ::-." ,\/ :·;·:;·~::,;:t-' :11 . the us Amy'ta to op~r:lte 10 sbch a milbu, pursue tho Dtrategic sosld " . ".:' ;,;.\

.• '.,' .' ., .... . i,·: ' .• '>" . . , .. ' ". '.',.. " .... ;.:.:'< .. ".:" .".;' :.; .... " .. , .. ;.:. ".', ;"':i .. :", .,.~ ilnd 01?ar'lltional objaedvea of tt.e government 411d follow the 'p01!cies of the :-: ,: .•... :,.; ,.

"';., ,;;.~':';i';'ni:, '1t ;;";~ l~v • .., oriJ'~1';'~1", ;"1cl;,J!~ •• 1; .~~~f .i.. e~~~i~t~. . ....; • , . ," , '. •. ." ' .• ' , ~ .' ,.' '" • .." , " """"i ; '." ., :. " •

. . . ,.' . of tits dvU10l\' 'asenc1ea of governmeut.. Ia' fAct •. it ~;1IIIt be a"h1gbly ·died., , '.... " . " ... ,:. ' . ," , ...... , ' ·~,:'>·'::i pliuedaov~~eDtcl body: This orsAPizacion cannot GtrGS3 capabi11ct9G of con- ,

' .. '\ ", .•.. ~.4

" ." ~

troll1US 1t~ ~usion-BltUtt1on~·w1th f1repow~r.·bu~ must strose ~a;ablii~~~~ ~f .. , '.',' . . , .' .' ; : "':.' '. . ;r.· ,", '.-.'. '. , . '

~cDtrol11ns tta m1~e!onos1tuAt10n9 with SOCially and politically oriented C~. ~ : ' • I • • '~'\'

, "

t.r:.Ul'i1.c:at.toa with the population •. The orgsnbeUoQ de~~oYt.Il:f fl)r, Iiln)' paft1.culsr (1 ) .

dtuatlou mUllt b~ tall~~'!)dnl)t 0017 to it&:. miss ton s~';J general tack" but to the

p~tt.1cul&t' urbllu ellvirorunent. " ' ,;. e '.- , >;

Overall direction Elnd control of the US Army t!lffo~.~ Bhouli! be aiven . to .

uil!t:G Md c:~nders l'crt1.cuJ.al"ly trdned 'for thb n:1sfl1oa oed with s mature.

und$::t;~sndtlig' of the otrahg1c goals. opene1onal objectives IlUld pOlie1es to '. '" ~ .. , .. , ., '.,'

be f.oll~·ed by the govorni1:ent 1n cOf.'lbatting the urbM l"terrill" 1l10Vfllaent. ,The

f ••• 1&i~'y· of Piaciogthio' f •• ctt';" ~~derth;, ~iv1~ Mfai~. ;'ran~ .... ;: .... ~i.8 the Chil Mfaira brencn en 6et1v~ dut,. branch ehould be' carefully c:onddered.

If this.13 don~1 ie: $:ollows ths.t '~h~ US Ar:rtry organizGotions pl~lImllJd for thtZt.' ..

" ~. ,~. : .....

~ . .' '. ,,',

. Oth~X' bl'4tI1che!! nnd \!nits tffitch tihould be r~pr~sent&ld in the Civil Affaira

'. "~ .

. [ "/1;

\,

l~

[. ., . ~ ,

I .

t· . ,. , , , .

• ,<: . co'';' ;.0, t of f'!'''oV~,r~4 .. .,. only "ra:!!ll~1l tl;!:;'~ ~or ee.rUin of cbs. 6pt1ctrurll .it 1M}' ....... .1._ If" -"''''''0 .. " ,. ..... . . . '~'

"

.;; . , ': t ~ ,

<,' '.'

: ,~

l!';m~~~~~B~~~1\'t-"~1f2>!~#:np·~~~~~!~tJ,j~f.!Mt#l&tttJ:tU~~~~t~~ \ )

t: ... ;~!;. ;'::'~;;:\::,5'0;f:':i;,~d~'v:~~:~rr;{{~!?/'::;(';"1~?H>::~~~piJ~ii,~~~;l~:~ir~f~i~i¥~i~~i~~~:S'·. L . '~'. '; a19c:trt~1 pc.Wsr. 11.nu6 . at' tai~pbone oy.c:htmges " :.~·Tb~' IMY ~ ei~~'h~: Uii'~~r~~\,~t'ri;r~:::;'::~::::~t;~~~' : f ' ,', ":'4t~t,urb~d ;61r~~.,,·.1:11e~B ~0~'{~~1~117 dafen~~v~>~r' '~~'~e~£vt~'~~i~~'~~"~~J\~~~~r~:~;t~7{j:~~1:; t .' ',', ... : ;.':;.' ,,:: ','; • .'. .' ,:: ..•. , .. .::.;. .', .';;';:'. '~.' ' .. , .'. :' ~.>::"~.:"./ . .: ;, •• ' ~.~'·/'~·';i>',." . • ~ "'t"""~:'{{;' i' :::: .' :'~~.,~ndct't'!ken~for tbiil,!,oh~~tefJ.t :Per~~dB' of. time. : in ordu: to'''~v~ii'~ily:;~~(ul~e~~; '. ': .~::<;~~T . 1" , • ";';:' ':'" " . { .', ' ..... '. ,.'...., ";,;, " '. ::.' J.; '. " : .. ".' ..•.. ".:~ .• :l"".,,:':':.'.'::j~.;.,.'.;:" ,\\;.:::' ;'~'··7·:~·,':·.,:~,.';:;.ik.

I.... . .. ', p~oduet:f,,?C!i effect in tits l'OPulatiol1o' . '. ..':' .' .• ' ... ,',>. ",,: ;';, : .... :::<: ... ,:.~?,\:t ',:,:' :.;,:.\. :;..~: .. '.' .' .. ;';

.. :', :.:,."'/.'" ", ' .. ' .. ", ;',\ ..... ;/.-. :~', ,:.,' ',': .'·;:·:!::,J::,;y/'::~J:.::L;~~':·:~:·';'~;'·:::;-',;·;~;··(.5~( ~,. . . It.::l~ ~~~"i, ~h~t. e.on~~.ationd combnt. un~t,ti hsve nOI!l:ub~.t'~ani:~Qf ~~ptd,liity< :'~.'.' :;; 1 .~, . ",::10. i'M~ed,u3 "'gff~~ive;'''orerationa \~~:'1flfl t tb~ ~~b~~' n~r~lii~"~:~!~~~:>;~~~:~·;~:r:~.>ir;~~;·: /. ,;,:,;',.;:;~ , ,'" • :';'''; ''', :.' .,~ ,,' ....... :; .. ,";':' . ." .. '. ', .. ' .. ,.:-:' r:':,.,: :.·'~'·''''':'''''::··;i'::'··''>'; t·:::·" ... ·~,·"i;·:·::~J>:,:·:::;:.,·· r, ; .. 1 .. ~H·icIM.1P.Jlth.y are ftrlapowl?;r 'orl(nit~d~si1l '!!Iet forth' 4tbovO··~~~atieii:"tli~rl6-'·~~~',·r:,\:,'~::~'\::;": ,. t·· ~'.;.'~ ',:", t1l1~e;'th,~ '~~;~?1.~i8~~e~:·~~!'~·ii~~~··'~~:~:~I~{~1"~b; .~~:. ~~tC:l1~~t~~~l~"~l;~~;~~f~;h~~~~R~~fj!~;, ~

. : '., ,.' .. ;, .. ' ... , .•• :.;, ..... ' .••• ; .. !'::' .. '):,'.'.,", ".' .:.. ". ".,,,, .. ~, '." .•.• ,' .•. :. ';l,; ,:. , '~::;'.:t.!,;~.~ ~ > ,~filQtd.red, to .ew.b8t~~.\~ g\lan:l11ee.' they do not ha\'OMa·ar~.'~t 'tfa1~~d"fu thcg· '::'.:~{;::;:., . .'.' :' . , ..... ' ',,',, :.' .', ".;.;.:' .' .' . ,' •. > ,:.: " . '. '~: l. " : ; .:. , . .'''..' .. ' .• : .... '.-:. :, .• :.:,: ' ;;',;'. ; • .;. ~ ••. ",·t·.· .• ~ " .v.:i<; ;-:.,:\,~" ;~:" •

'''~:~QVdo~Il~. o~, ~?:Imluu!cat:i~.n .. 11~Q ·w~~~tbe. p~pul~t1til( th~o~'il'~hicltth~ : pdpui~.;';··':·;::·~;:~;·~: • ' '.,f • ~.' '",: / l • '":, • "'.. ~ '.~' ~ •. ~ ... ,: ~.. ,,''- .: .' .>~ '.' .. " ',' . >-", ': .. ,.,: 4 . ~ ~ ;:', :. '.;":~>?:' . ~,.;oj.;':';: ... ,':~'.;' .•. ,. :;~<r!~ ;;"''':.'~' ."" ~.':;..,." ~ ',~ '~,'k~ .,.:>.· .. ~i~:.':~· .. :l .

. UODCt.lll .. bt controll.c~. , It ~e abo' wa.otcaful ,to c!splt1y ~ very. h1g~, cOat 'l~rsc;"'~!:J?"':::;;{)'~'~'f~ I

. ' ,,'. ' ) . .." . , •. ':' .• .-:.( ... ,' .. ' ~.'.,' ' ... ;, ': .'. ~" ',J': •. , .. ~ ..... ,. :.,'., " ;', '.:,,':"<~'('.".~,'.".:;,: ~ '~ .. ' convenU,on&l unit .1~· durban' gUGk'dl1a warfRre 'dtu~t1cmi":'fJi: 1t~'i'G:tP~&i~e'~';:~'~:: L" ~~,>:~" '.

~ .,.,~<." '~'a • ~'~"··-"·"··"·~>'·h<'.:''''"' ,'.~l',·J"<_"·".~':_·i/~:'"

equipmont rule! many . QpeclslbCld cOmbAt, combat '~~PPO!t ;~u'.., c:~mb~t '~e~i~e"~~p~l't"·'~ ·",;,,:,.·{l~:.

... ttur •• ~t vall utilized,', ,":: ," ,'::",." .', ';/j';;,(;~'/';!~ P0rh6p~ the mo§t importo).'lt 1'&aacn. that coi\V~ti~·~al.C:~Qt force. filhoul~

oot bl! employed in urotln gU2!1!'dlla warfaro ~.e thet;heir pr~~Gnc~"i~' ~h'~' ~1Jii~" ,"' ,.

. '.

.. \.

~~~:'(~~ ~~~. ~~~ ~~ "I • ~ ~~'I~~~" .' ~;':"""~~_hor __ :":;;'_~._~'..;.~"O):!-~ :~';~~~~~.:-~""';.:-::":''' . ,"'«, !:L.:.:....;... :,.,:;,,,:..., ~i-'~'~:'" \~I~""""'~" ~t;d'".~ ... ~* <.;: '.i:."':f\.'fi.(i~~r>or~' Ij;·:r;~":r,}~ol'·· ~-- -:--"':--oO.A'~'~'_~~._~_'~":_"'~ ~ ...... "~:: ~ ~ .... " ''Z: .... -. ,to f .. :: ',: :-::I~ ~-- f" ~.\ :"",·::,,:.,,;~~.~"!:.:'·0-:::: I~~"'io.;j·~..;.;~<~ ... ;~~·,. .

• ~~lJ~ I, 1),"..:t "~j'" "~~~}/~\·~.1""'~1'."'. ,oI<"'~,,~<;'j~h~,,~~".J''''''·'''''·'''1:'':''''''\~'''''Ii·(

... :' ... :\,< ','~: /::;'~;' :' ~ (,;::':. '/\ 'J :!!:~.;:,'::\;:;;~~:':, ,:~f::':~'i',;~~~m~~i).;t];:'i·,t;~~~ :~%i.:f1if;1i;~:~ I

f:

I I

I

I r i

r

i· • t .

': ~. i,~~ ,:','lhe US A'Kmy is traditicl1J..llly od\i'ntcd' t,bua~d'~ccep\;ing: civilitin' pouti.cd .. :.};'·:':·f\~ ' ••. .:;::. ',:: '.' .... ",:, ... ~, .. , .' " .'" .. ;, . ::... .... j' . . ' .. ,::,,:> .. ; \,,~;~::,.,'"".; ""' :.':/~<;" ::. ·~;i~;·,·~:~t~~~.) ." and eachl direction sod not towlird 'f'oro\llating 1ti5..wn 1-'ol.$,tir..41 ar.4 6ocl.iil ;:' .':~;.'{.

';';\io~~rine' f~r fnl~h '~ th1~8'~~"@trll~~~~~ U~b2~' 't~i~~d~i~"~~i'~a~'~:o" ;0\1 t~~"~th~r ~~> ;;:\'; V::~ , . ~ ,\' '.' . ' ~'~ " 4 ' ~ ~ '. , ' ~~.~

hand ~ .~ civilian int~lli8en~e 0lt'$f:Ln1~8t.ion· ouch, ct\s '~he Ce~trai" Inl:cii:f.s~ri~a . '\i, , • . . .oJ;, '" • > ..'. '" ,", .. "..., • • .. ~' __ .... : .': _:. r," .• ~~ ,." _, ". ': ... :.~ < .' _'. (:. ~.:.' -'11

": A$0t1C1 sdsht be' httcr auj,t'e'd o ·b('.el!!~8e' of lts ~gre&te~' dt.~1bilitY 'ill,' o~~u.·ut:t!la· . :7' ~~' ill tbepollt{(,~land' &o~~~i~hiet1, to a~~~~f~~~a11"dir~'~ti~~::;~~~"'~~~~~"i Of"

• t,;.' , ... :":' .",:' ' . ' " 'c ' h.Y.. ','. '. r.,. >~,'~" / ,:: .~" •. :" -- :,~,,~,,- ,.:.,,,~'~{"~j!~"""" ,,::.:,'~'., .• : .. ~~~-"~'",,~,~~::~ t ., .. Il.ltre.t«::gic\irbab· guerdl16 w!rfsX'o, ".': :.,.-l~'<'.'~:':' ... ·.:f:,;·/'···. :::':" '.;"::i:\"'>, ,:.:'."

,.... ;:" "':;'" " ' ...... " . . . , . ·>,t·,' :' ~:',l:';::':'~( ~l't: .;;: ;:~/ .. ~ ....... ,(:'; •. ~','~,:'~~) . .. " ", .' • : .:'11ta. l'ol~ .of tho US Army ill then to train ind!gdnous 'parQOMd 1ft thf'A uti. ": . .;.~ \.

':'. ~i:"~b~ '~~ei~illa' ~~d&t:G;' ~d p~~~~~iy t~'C~~~1i:' s~~~ili~~~;f~~; t:~~'to the '~~,:~/:'.; OP~~~~iond arCli. It appe~igt~l~~~~~' S~~·ci··~~ '~~rc~/S' b~m~~ is" b~$t'm~,i~~d ;,~'~ '. ,.::.(:J

, ..••• i>mios tho US A_ mi~.io •• "d funetion. in th,1s area': ' .. ,' ;:.0'):;, .. , ,::''';:\l o. ~. _ :~,.~ ~:','.J,. ,,~,-~' -~~~: :'~'" .. ,,!~~ ,.;- ..... " '(', ''}J

.' ~on:'."·u .... ,'0 ... " '::-od r.'~~o"'..:. .. "'.1" .. 1"''''.. ' .' .... ,." '. .... : ,\,."<,, . '.. ~, .. ~::;;...~ ~~_~.!:. .... ~t~~ ' .. - :~~: ," ""'~';~r

" ;: . '. ~

tr:tns: for the condu!!t of urb~n etab:U1I:.y cporEit1oljS or uxob8n s~urUh. 1Q!.l.t'~tl.1!'~

(J~ta!;ions uh:1.cil takes' bto account. the peeuHaritiea 'of th3 'urban "p@ntiva$l ., f ~ . ' ..

. ,~nVir~Dment. It iB rec.~mmendcd chat such a doctrine b0 dV810ped and promulGntad.

20 Th~ US A~/ Institute for Military A6tJiatl.lnl!~ is fitted ta 6.G&we tbe' . . .

. ',' t'()le' of devdofllUent of doctrine arid tfsining for US Army m:.\"l)iOtl8· and funct1on~ ' ... " '\ ~ . "f " ' ,.":, ~

. in f:'o'\e 0.t'oa ()f urbell gu~rdl1o u!lt'iaro.

theg)~ m:r.GSlJ,on!l &nd funcc1ona, . "

,.: .. ' "t' ,

"', .. '

" ":.0. ... ' ~ '. "',-',. ' .' ; .

.'

" 3 •. ' Th~' us AT:my doeG l).()t~lcV howe avn:U~ble e. typ~ orgenbation .~o bo em-.....

.. ,. - ..' .. ~~. ~. , ,.'

41,)~tdn!~1 do!!l'{ul(Jpl1I~nt .ill ddt: ill'(Il~ such Elf'. organbntiotl he de.v1l1c;pe.d.·.

4: tTrhml (:lJ~r:t'i1h \iarf51r.~ :1l> 0IJ9(,mtial1y floHt1c<'ll aud Qodd in cont~~'t.

'.'

.'

. ",,'

i ,,~

... \ d ".~ -'1

" , .~

L ... .:."'-~,..:~~:.;i;,';.:-..l"'i~~;" • ...,.,(i~_'\);}~iO;;~;Jl..:ri.i;l;i~,,}.;;~~~,_-:;;;:,~.}~~.,;:::£t!iil':il',k,i .j;J::x;'<~ii.:.v...,,~\~ •. ·;:,:~:;·~:.;:;\':l:'ji;:ii';;;;~;ill;;,JJJf;',t.,j~;~~~~i.0!J~~J

,. ,

&1l$u1U~ \Tarf4rl'!i be. 6tud1e4 furthal'. . '~ ~ , " ·'t'

I""' .~" ,

"

:-, .~. " .. , '.

" . , , ' .

" . , "

.: '. '.' ~. . '

"

",

.. "

'.

. ,; ~. "

" .:.',

> ' . :-"

. .'-.

",'

C' " , . '"

. " ",

." .," v,,

. ' .'

'"

.,"; . ' , f

'"

" ";,

I,

'"

,.' ,"

, '

• >

'. -.

, ',: ..

"" ",

"

'" ..

',-

. I, I

" , ~ f. '

l. " , ;

t· I ! ,

I "

"

'"

.~' <

.... "

\

"

fl. MotUI, Rob(lrt~ It!~~.!!!!. !!!lrfal't1. Adelphi Papor No. 79, \11th appand1x. Min1m~nu~1 of the Urban Guerrilla. by Carloe tiroTighella. ~he Inter­Mi:1(Jud IWlt1tute fo'! Strates1c Studiell, London, 1.~12 •

9. H~nt. ~~ ~.t p. 94-108.

10. ~ •• p. 172-179.

'11. Oppoilhe!mel', sa· ill· t 12. Ib1.d~ -- .... "

" , .

..... ',.j

" & .. '

StUd!M No.8, The

'. ., 2.40 Rc1l1,y, DC:l11s1d E. f J!ill!l ~:!.:'U.:.~ .!.u .!E.~~,~t ,fEU9t'lS ~ Q<2.Q.3.e.9..~~,.

USJJiC RG9¢t/.rc:h ~nper, US J..:nny W.:\l: College, C.Qrliole B~rrlickao Pennsylvanin. 1972. < ~ • • '. •

15~ Will. Cl€'''.lant U. ~ lLrh~3! £~Jll!. £.a'Sf~~·.~~ .tQU~l .s.ha!.'g~ J~ ~ .l1.?~~.t.~~. Ship?£!nl,loczg Stat;:: Collegn, Shippensbu:rg p Pe~lJsylvauill~ 1971.

, '. t:., . \)\ .

. 16 0 " '1iede~~)o RO~0.rt, Ctl!., USA gi:ld .a\~:nnel1,;' ~lE'll.'1.eg Sr. 0 COL, mmC.-l1i1it!t!'V . ~~,l~.c.:.~::.SJ:::?~!~ ,£! §.£c~.:~~d .£t~.£I.&s1t I' Purarr:CJt'f.:l:9) Voiulll$ ru. Humb~r 1_ us ~r;r~? C.oll~ge, c,"l'';U.t11e' BS'l:r.ack18 11 Pennaylvnnia p p. 6. ,'l'

~:;:. ~t,;I~ Uocll.:

, ,

lG~ 'L:1.odr:tit liiild nutm~l:~~ ,~?.~ ~:.ll' t ~f!<l clit.lt'!\.>f.1~d.6!.lp entire urt1.cle •.

. ~1l\ ' .&. ..... iU~ 31o.-~3. tiiCt:t:.;'n',IIL'j" 'of 'th.:dted St:atc~ .\.'{;IJt:'j 't(f;1~rs9 1.972, with Cl~' 197~\ •

\ ..

':

"".,

.. ', '; .~ .'.

;

( .'"

/

fi# f.?M,~~~$~~fj~~t"'!'''>,V~·'*~·~¢l¥i!tt~''''ft'tll!'1LriW.ii'1'i,~@ill.J2"~~~~:J;~.~:-

. ." '. '. .. ",.

~ . ~ '. .~" "'- ,. " ~

I

i l

. '

. "

"

\,to:. ~ .......

,,~o. '~.

"

.... ;' 24.

~.

" • ~ '. ..; • .' ... :~: - ~ " .. T

• 'j , '",~,

', .. -,-~ .

~, .... ! "

'. ~ .. '

, . .,( . ; ~

.. *,. '.;~., \, ....

", , ~ . -. ~:

26. ,CopdSlld, Milel t t'!! Th~r~.!~1!~~~tur..!.,If~ NationaiJt:tvie.,," ~1~e~ l~t 197~, p. 279~

:tat

AS. ' 310-25.' E,2, • .!:!!.

DOClIll 6lnd Histt • .9~. ill. Opr-~nllf~.ha~t ~ s.e.. .s!t.. Mou t .'1!.l?S..11 E.!!.eEgl~'.!

j. .~ .~ • ." .. " .. ,r ~:! '.:. "~":'" >-'.~~'

lIo. ~ "

.' " . ' . '.' \ ..•. f ,

' .

'.

,.t ... ,:.:" .. ~ .,";',! -

. '''',-

.), " ,"

30" 'H 31~23. Stability OpantioM, US Amy Doctrino. hr. 14 at ~.9.. ftflUG ph.!!!1oIU 1) ?'MeI1Ve &\;{{ge (3tt8.tElgic dehnee IJtage) ~ 2) AeU'-1!I ets,g0(Strateg1e liit.llt7.l1U11te tH:age); 3) Counte',:offcndvlS fftl\ge; and later refer~ to theu0 8S PhulllQ J: !nc;utgency, PhMa H Innu:c:gc!\lcy D Ph3.SlG III Inliurgcncy.

!'Jl ,31"'10Q. Voltut11tt I. r.nt~rne.1 Dcf.ons>!!, US An;ry COmulnd ond GBl..u'd Stdf CI)Ucg6. Fort t,ol~V~n"Jorth, K,une&;;-mI~-pp:-r:8 and 1-9 "Mias phtU'J~o ao Phase I. La~~nt G~d Iucipi6nt~ Vhe&a II. ~uQrril1n WarfAre sud Phno8 III, War of Muvet~nt. fj~~cdpt:!ons of thl'!sephl1GI;'," at'c eSfienthlly applicable to rural goorrilJ.t& warfare. \1ill, l1t':~!! .£~1£.~~g~~ ~~~ m:!.1.1'_'?1.~j:2.!1 s.:h~nS! il'! .t!2.~ !!.n...ll!.<! §lli~ deGedbaB ti.eoO) trha!:H~1i a~ FhllSE! I, Revolutionary War, Phl\9~ :iI, Kavolut1onmry War and

;'.

meitH' lIt, Moh:l.1a )V1U. Dons fl.ud Hiett, "Tha Problem of Urba.n Insurgency", d1.Ill\!US3ea df!lfit'iitionG e.nd phv,iging.

',' Sl.

cp.,,"

32.

, 3.5~ ~ipPl!:l'lhdt:l{~l" f .22.' .~ .. ~., 1'., 100-101. Dt~ctll1tleQ dilt!lt!:.~ of ccn.:.urrent f~t:s:~tr.JSi(;G (Sf ?efm:;J g1l.;l l;:(l)?r:,-::ofl5.Cln.

l};.'itlil) :"~'s,o. li~.Clt:t~ 0ilo ~l!;,.~. p" 1:>.2··139, Ad\~cc.t:e2 prind.p1,e~ of d:t£lcr:1:w.i­rtr,tj,I\'l\1 ant! ~ct1-tJ:,'li':i~t Cll~t.1 ~"i';o se>tc f.ol.'tl~ a pt:'incip1.-;l {)of pati1mccs x'elnted to the' ~'!r:hj,:!i!.;1.o of al:tr1.tion. .:

"

"-,

,(

, . i

l~"'''~:;''!~J~''·'''~~l\ • .;.~ ... ~.:;:.,Lc.j!;~~;.~~;.;,:'''~~;;~'':££~~~;i~,.1~-eZ;i~;~Li~';:~~;l..~~~'''''M'ik~~:':i~6~~'i.';'';''.\:~~~;,J

J i i,

f I ! : t: ~, '

l i, f

. '

! "'!-;'A~~~~!t{1t~t¥!¥.f·7~t!1lf:tti~*!m ~;:~.~!7·.\t,\ ',·,J;.~~~~~:ti&i#¥$=H!&ft!¥"t'1S!~',,~~.mtt~~i ,. j<l! ~ t?;., . ~ ..

: :::~:)~.:~,!~.: .. '~ ·:~/r~~~;i':,.X~t~ ~~{).~:'i:~~~:;·XiS:,~:t ~~~!l~.;~ f~·:f\~~~~'~{~f~:)~{:~~~:~ :\t;,f~ ~?t%::ifi8~;~;~:U .. 2:~~~ .~~i'~:~~~~\~~~:;~~:j:~:/ ~Y.,. • ":' ':. ,,~. ~r'~":: i'~t J. ~ ";:'~ / .. " r' ~~t ;~:i""\" ': > ........ ". ". ~ ... ~ :;1 ~~~. ... l ':... ,~;..~*:,.-;:~ ... *-"':.~ ,t. I n •• /'~:'" -: ·'t-:;1l~·'f"f .t.,~4, .. ''e.:...'~,.: .~. ~ • .j,i "ti <;. I'~. ' .. ... i:., 'j t:; {..t'~,.:~,.> • ..c <b ~(~ , '.t~~~~

" ~ ~ ,;, ,:.J.:,~, •• • :.\~ :'.~:~~~~~"; ~":(~\\:::: ::. ';::;.:) .~t ~~.: < .~; .;: 'i.~ : \,~: ~,;.:;' .\; .i 'i::'::ii:~~~'~: ~.~> .. !~~;\:;; r.,~::,t: itl.:,;,;,t:· ! i~ .. i? ;C',. '.~ ~~/\~&~:;~Yr~:~ ~. ~:: 1 '~..,.. ,)~.t ':~ 36 ~ ~ :. Ibid. ~ : P. < 89--9-6~~" .. : ~':' . p.. ~r;:'::' 4' ~ ~l.: ~;. ~?~. ~"l~:: ',~ '~': '~'.~~~ ~~ ~~'! v . {~~~ .. : !~ ~; •. ~~l' \ 'r~ .. < .. :: :~",:.;\~ '~~;:t.:~~.1:I~::\';h

, , .' ',' '~>ii}.,.:~\;;i~;:.k~~.';>~/:~~~~: ',.,,' ~,;~(,ii,t~::,~;::·.~;~~fii.L.:,;t.;~~i;'.~:::i.·,,;f;. ::'~ ", . ~~.'.'. "!:;:f'\)i~~f;il?~'~ .~; ";':':;; <,'38.' Copdand. EJ?.'· dt •• p. 274· ... I~ Bt,1~J.·'·" }":>:':.',;':" :;.,;':' ' .. " ';;; .. : ~,:.::~',;:: .,' ~ ""~~~)

.i 'l~ie,th~ net1onto preventit be1n& 'eff t!.' u the eO:1Dun1at phn 10 to pnra-' '';:.') • ,.;,.tr1i~USSR eOIlf!1et. d ec VO .. ,C8,:~l~r ally in thtt event: of a "\:':f~

~.~~. :',;t ...... ~. lw'''j : _ •• '::.~.~ ,'.. .: • ."~ .. " :">::,.~',,~ .. ~":;s-~::.:~'~'J,'.: .. ::.~;~j ;'~~~>".~:~.:.':~,~: .: .. ~~.~~:~1~1~.~;:~.~~'::7 .. ~ .' '39 I'M 19 1 " . . ,'-'. ' " . ", .,), .. " .' ,.,' ·f, .. , " 't.:I

·:~".'..")<?~O;·:·>'· ..... :.;~ S, ~~v1~"·D~~U~~~~,?~ .• ~~,:~!~~~e·~~~~~,~~~~~~~~·~~~ ~A~.:,::~'.:;:':;.:> '~l}~)/::<\:.'~,i*~ .~,~ \. ,"~\::'... ~.10o-~~. oP'e~~.~~~:~·.:~!, ~~f!~,~;~:~.;~~:,~h(.!~.:.~,~.~,·!~.~8.~~o.,p~?~, i,l~U::~·.:,·,; ~,:\.:~ ~i

',"', ... , ... :: 41.' :'Ibtcl'''~' Par. 11~13d. " .. ', ',- ."'. ". "/:' ;.:.:7' f~·::·.'';·;·;';~·· :,:'· ... ·','l~, ; .. ~.:.:.:, 'N' .;:~.;',," .:.:,' ;;~ , '.. '.. . i: ~ ~', :';~ '. : .{.~~~ :,,:~,~!~_;,'~"'''~ .... : o\!,:..>I: :~': ," '; .. ~,.,' f~: , ~.'J:,' ~: ~ : •• ~'.' .:.:'; ";. t.~,'" ': ;~.: ~~. :-"'~.~.·,Y".~.~\'>'l '. ,:~A," .:.:_',:,4':i~.: .1)'.'~v.',.',.:.~;~:;;Y.: :.:,~.\f<.'~'S'~' "~!:".,l~ .. ~~,.','·.:.'~;.: .•. \·.f'!~:·.t:·,; ••. ~.:.'~~~, ;")~"'>"I ' .... ,;.)':<~',~.:.:::" .i'M :h;-23.StabiUtY; Operations,' 1961 ';! '~':'')-'"'' .····:,,·.~~··k,1";. , ... :,,,~ .. ~,c' .,: .. : . ...: .... :. '1:'1

."~ I' .. ' :~*.t -',. ' .• ~. >~ . " .. '. ~~. ~ .04, .,.~", .. ~ ... ~ _"~. ,·:./~.:l':~(;:; .. ;: .. ~;:fI'~"~;:i~:~:\ .. · .·t .. ~:,;l<:;~:~ti:\:'.i~t~~:.~: .. ~ ~)::: .... ..' ;;. ~' ... ~- .

~ .. ~. ,', ~Ilr.

, ',:>

. . "

, ... ,!:"

, ;' ":; ...... , ~; .. '. "

"\ ''$

'{-.

'. '

"

"I

l . ~ •

:",

"

'~, , "

". '.

".',

• ' ',.- 0

;

! .... ~ , ~".,

'. . , . .1' : •

.'.

. \.

"'.

.•..

,'. ,

'. ,

" ;'. ,. ~'

~.' . ',. ~.

, ; ,'I, ~'.

. 0" ':""

"~ -.;::.

:.' ,"" .. " . ."

'~ "

~. '

." . ~,.

~ "., .

' ... : .,.' Ii,>' .. "

",' ,".

"

" .",'

"",

.. ' '.,

-. "

' ..... ,

.. ~; >01 .""

.'-0" ,;,

., ., '. .:"~' ... " -,

.• ~ ! •

. , , .. 1>.-

",

'.

. ".~ ... ,. ......

~ .. . '

." .. :"

"

,.' .... '

' ..

" ','

-. " .

, .,'

'.

~' ... '

, .~. "

' .

,- ,,'

." .. ";.. "

'.:' ',' " .

.~. '.-" ... ,' I" .;. :'~

~,- .

.,'

.', of

..I i •• if\

" , , . . " . . ',' . J J

., \:

J, :: "," "'. '·":7'''~:''A.;' ,:': . > ,,:,'.. '''.' '" ,:.~,,' ,< '.:.: .. .' :,.,',: '~., :', ", ~< ... ,.·!,(..e:il,~';;'Mt:~~~;t~.tJ.l~~:,~~~{,. ... il..~...r'~.~;£.~ .. !.tJ:~~·Lr.lS"~.t~)i~ .... r~~Jsi.~k~~~J.~i:.:it;i...1.w:. •

~~*"N;~&:0!~?t+.*&.t~iX·f~.~~~~\f~!Q~~~~~L~~~~W!~~:M~~Wlo/.!1~r~ft~~$~~~·.~·

;~?2~,·:;··:,~~···:t':; :'~T:}::; ... · .. ,,. .'~.' "~T:}:l-~nB:'~ ;'?~;;~~~:~~~:ft~k~~{t

" f:

,:,,' ;: SnUCTED lJUUOOJt~HY . ' . . ..' '.' . ';:~:: .~; ~ ...... ~ .,;.;:.:r::", ~"·'.:.:;I .. ..': •. : .. . \ . , .' , ~. ,'>: '. ": ;' ',:,;!,:. : ~:.': ,,:-:.:~.: .. : ...... : ',>.:":'::?~;{

:'::',:(Listed in order ~f impol:tancc to th:"1!1 ol:udy) ",'.', " ;.\ .';_ :".:", •. :,~

. '" .

"

, ," " ,' .... ,'" ;: ,'.}~.''': :, ~" ;.~, :"::;::N~

·i'. Doael, S~l8\e R.·,~L', m3 VSA1t .• and Hiett.", ·~o;~~i~. '~p~~" IN, u~~>;;;·.:' :"";~;~:::<~~ !~l2.b.~ .. ~~!!l.. .!l~?!. .!n2.u£B~:!!$X,» International and C1vH Affs.1~~ D1t'ectotAte. Of~i(!e ,'< ,···.;1. of tho Deputy Chj~d ,of S I:",ff for- HiHtary Ope.rst.ions. iieCioquartelrc. DepartrMn~ :. , ': .:;::i"j of the Al:ti.7, ~JaBhJ.l1gtoll. D. C., April, 1973. (Art ou.tstB~',d,in8 st~~1 comb1.n~,8 :',',\/.:: .. ';P::';~ rdl1.t4:ry and oc:hollzr.ly knO'ol'le~ge. (!one by a S':aduate of USJlWC) ":~:":: :';: ,. "',~; , 'l1:;';~·'\' .. A

, ,~.,,~. oppenh~~e~: ~~t:t1"\. The Urb:",,' G~r~1;1~'~' QU~;~~·Jht~'B~O~~;:-'!~,:~i~~,~,~r~i\'::~F~.':.<~,:,1~~1. , __ ~_ _____ ,. . . .. "",,~,

1969 (~la1ns And andy:,uG in nociol.Dgical tams, Qssant1.id to um.lentand1ns ".";;, '~,~: .. ~ thfj urbd goordlln. problem)' '.~ ,', ,:~~~.;, .~;:/!;:,.;" ":;'~"',' . ;;. ·;t;· :-~';~

,~ ,~ ",.,." '"\''' " , :,,' .... ).,.~ \r" ~ "J.~

3. ~~8G1, Robert, Orban Guerrillas, TE!mple tnd~hD LOnd~~~"1~'72~I~f~'~~'~~:'>;':':~"~~~~ . (,D moot curr0nt g\!crrilla '·mOven;;;tf.iiBhowo good insight. into urban 8~ar~1~1G .'" ._~~ ;~; ~~ ~E'4UQUO) • ",' .••• ;::~ ::." " ,:,',: : .• ,~~ . .t '\. ~;.r:"; .. :. ':i:~~,:::~:?,~j

4~ Moas, Rob-ot't. Orbl'ln Cuot'dlle ~rarfllre. Adelphi 'Paper No. 79~ With ii, ,2 4l,.,pend1", H1..n1manual of thO Ur~Gij~rrn:la:""'by ~rlos Muighella, the Intr.:~ , .. ,.,~.j ~ttot\lll IMtitutC. fer Stt'8t~g1c St.udha. Lo;d,:m, 1972 (This pllper 18 a tlut;mo.ry :':~

:!n:~·:. b:~~!~~l·~:~!~~~i The app."di< 1. • my Valt>nb~: su.rd~l~".\J:·: :'<,1.1 s. tm 31 ... 100. VolUlllc :to I\1t~r.nt.\l Deienl'lo, US Army and Car.6rd StAff Col'" ',.l

11\Ue. Fort LUVClnl10t"th, KnnXl'm;;-,r97r'r~mtIf'";:h'lt thl< senior f1.o1d grade offi..'.~ esr ncadlf to par.tiiJ.tpat:o j.el itJeer.nel defence 1." an u.,dol:developtid country. It . ~ i:lt5 zt'tll;G!o G:.c:io!?5!cd prS.nc:1p1ea with I.!lilii:&l")' tactics &nd t.achn1quGs) ".~J

. ~

6 •. Lil'.!dar, Rob~rt. COL, USA nnd Dunnell, Charles, Jr., COL, USHC, !t.!..l:f.t~..!Y ~;e!~~,t!.'a!!9. 2£ !g!'~!"~, .9.11!.nr&t ParLUllt-li:1S ~ \'olume I::t; N~~r 10 US I.my War Ct)l1,.ll~es i':.:a.rliG.!.e Ii&L'ra~ks 0 !;'~auQyl\"an:!.f! (1)." "xc:ell~nt .!u:ti~le t(h1\~ c:onta!ns mucb of i:t1tarelt em foal:'lJna of' the tide£) relev~nt to ,v.reuo)

~ , . .

7. f.i'b~PMOri. SIr !l'.jbcl't • .P.!fs.~ ££.~l!E.1.81.!~.8!£l~. Pruger. York, 1966 (B cO~lPh'ote m"mutll CSil hC-:i Ch$ Bdt1(j~ WOQ in Malays;

J .~ .. .) ,. ;;1

, ',~ , ;')j

. '~""~ !<,;.~ t,' • ~r .. ~, V

yt.~:t ~.~.~:~'~~

s~ Copoll2nd o H!le9 n Is TiwrQ :t etA in Your 11lit:lIr.:1 Nlle~onAl Rcw1wp , . . ",i~

I

Maret. i.4. 1975, p. 210 . ~-"---'------It . '" ",;1

,~~i " ";;1 .,' .: ";"'~l 10. ~1oJ;:':!.. Robort ~ U!illln GI.<I'lr.'t'111~ in I,lltin ;.J:rl~d<..9..

aT !b~1 Inet:i!:uta for thi"':[rt.ud}::--(;i-C'Z~;f.lj:C·f,1,d;t!-:oruron6 (ill urb.:\n e;U~f."!::1lla acp;ivh:y ia.L~t'iu Ali1~dt:&)

Conf:l.iC!t St",~les No. 1970 (&0011 a.t:llll!a1'Y A _.'

" 12., it~i1.h· ~ DOHlll(1 t" •. R~~1±.~!!?gl~· iE.l1l£!t;~V'.: !~~~. ~~.!! f~e;.s...~~jt~t t1~J\m; l1GCi-t'.srcn l'·:!.;V~r~ ~rs Ilr:ny tiar con~S~, Gad::"sJ,i! lJart'llc\.:t;_ P,mMy-lvsnil.1. '!';i'Z (*h''''.:1~~ ~<hut hll.Pl:.~!..\e~ to ~l!;I'~.nt': l\l~d <;o.d thll Buer.:i:tll:l t"iul!6!.11':fli: in TI.H:'!t~y) . : ~

'".' :. ".~ ,- '-'

, ":i , 1

,: J

. ' ;'.

," ,'" !. ,..' '~".~ .

. ~ .. ;: , ,.:'r'

" .;

I

!

, I , 1 ~'

f ,.

4 ,

!

.. I ~ . . ,

I ',.

" ','

. ,

, , .' i i

~ l :,.Ii!.~l(J"":1\1l'.O>:"~z;:.~"'.il>"''''''~I''~~ .. tN\~'''''':'!"ol.'''1S~ .. allQ~~'St.~~)t;:r<'7~t_~''::wtr.:..4-~~W'''''p.\:""'~*l"..au.~'H<""""'ff~~'O;"' .... ':W.~~.t"~1:./J

........

, " 't

'.