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NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
PART 4
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
Recent Fire Incidents
Recent Major Fire Incidents
December 29, 2017 - Kamala Mill
14 died
Oct, 2016 - SMU, Bhuvneshwar
22 Died, 120 Injured
December, 2011 - AMRI Hospital ,
Kolkata
89 Dead
April, 2006 – Meerut Trade Fair
65 died, 150 Injured
Fire – The Scenario
Between 2001 and 2014, a total of 3.16 lakh fire accident cases
were reported in the country
Fire – The Scenario
The data on fire accidents in India reveals that close to 3 lakh people lost
their lives in fire accidents between 2001 and 2014, averaging to 59
deaths a day.
About 22,500 fires per year
On an average 59 deaths per
day
Huge property losses
About 69% fires are
caused by electricity
Fire
All these can be prevented
Major Causes of Fire
Electrical 65 5 %
Drop light 18 3 %
Naked flames 03 1.5 %
Fire works 1.5 0.5 %
Others 12.5 %
Loss of life
Damage to property
Loss of business
Loss of goodwill
Environment pollution
Fire Accident – The Cost
Loss Due to Fire
LOSS OF PROPERTY
Direct 40% (Damage due to fire)
Indirect 60% (Damage due to heat, smoke, water &
breakage)
LOSS OF LIFE
Due to inhalation of toxic gases
Burning of body tissues
Nervous shock
Reasons for urban Chaos
NBC – 2016
Reasonably achievable
measures to provide that
degree of safety from fire.
Avoid requirements that
might involve unreasonable
hardships or unnecessary
inconvenience or interference
with normal use and
occupancy of buildings
Lack of foresightedness in city planning
- Continuous migration
- Pressure on services
Inadequate Resources / guidelines
Lack of political will
Failure of enforcement agencies
Lack of fire safety education
Multiplicity of authorities
What NBC Part 4 is all about
NBC Part4 Basically
Deals with Safety from
Fire
Fire Prevention
Life Safety
Fire Protection
Fire Prevention
• Building Classification / Mixed Occupancy
• Fire Zone Demarcations
• Type of Construction and Selection of materials
• Fire Performance of materials
• Maximum height of Buildings and Floor Area Ratios
• Open Spaces
• Horizontal & vertical compartmentation
• Planning of services - Electricity/water-supply/drainage/ventilation/approach/air-conditioning
• Minimization of fire load.
Building Classification
All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected shall be classified according to use or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups:
Group A Residential
Group B Educational
Group C Institutional
Group D Assembly
Group E Business
Group F Mercantile
Group G Industrial
Group H Storage
Group J Hazardous
Mixed occupancies are more prone to violation of fire safety
norms
Building Classification
In case of mixed occupancy, so far as
fire protection is concerned, all the
occupancies/the entire building shall
be governed by the most stringent
provisions of the Code among those
applicable for individual occupancies.
Mixed
Occupancy
Fire Zone Demarcation
The city or area under the jurisdiction of the Authority shall, for the
purpose of the Code, be demarcated into distinct zones, based on fire
hazard inherent in the buildings and structures according to occupancy
Fir
e Z
on
e 1
• Residential (A)
• Educational(B)
• Institutional (C)
• Assembly (D)
• Small business (E-1)
• Mercantile (F)
Fir
e Z
one
2
• Business (E2 to E5)
• Industrial (G1 and G2)
Fir
e Z
on
e 3
• Industrial (G3)
• Storage (H)
• Hazardous (J)
Type of Construction – Fire Resistance
STABILITY
• Ability of building components maintaining their load bearing capacity for specified duration without fail during the conditions.
INTEGRITY
• Ability of building elements to withstand fire conditions without cracking through which heat and smoke can pass through.
INSULATION
• Ability of a building element to prevent transfer of heat from one side to another.
Type of Construction
For the purpose of the Code, the types of construction according
to fire resistance shall be classified into four categories
– Type 1 Construction
– Type 2 Construction
– Type 3 Construction
– Type 4 Construction.
The minimum fire resistance ratings of structural and non-
structural members for various types of construction shall be as
given in Table 1.
Type of Construction R
estr
icti
on
s o
n t
he
Typ
e of
Co
nst
ru
ctio
n f
or
New
Bu
ild
ings
Fire Zone No. 1 - construction of Type 1, 2, 3 or 4.
Fire Zone No. 2 - construction of Type 1, 2 or 3.
Fire Zone No. 3 - construction of Type 1 or 2.
Selection of Material
Non-combustible materials for construction of buildings,
internal walls of staircase 120 min rating.
Protection against failure/collapse of structure in case of fire
- Load bearing steel beams and columns of buildings
having total covered area of 500 m2 and above.
Non Combustible - The false ceiling, including all fixtures
used for its suspension.
Selection of Material – Surface Materials
• May be used
in any situation
Class 1-Surfaces of very low flame spread
• Cannot be used on walls, facade of the building, staircase and corridors
Class2 - Surfaces of low flame spread
• May be used in Living room and bed room (but not in rooms on the roof )
Class 3 - Surfaces of medium low flame spread
Openings in Fire Resistant Walls and Floors
• Vertical Opening –
Doorway or opening in a fire resistant wall on any floor shall be
limited to 5.6 m2 in area with a maximum height/width of 2.75
m.
Every wall opening shall be protected with fire-resisting doors,
having the fire rating of not less than 120 min.
• Horizontal Opening –
• Provision of smoke barrier and sprinklers around the opening.
Fire doors in exits shall have required fire rating to meet the
requirement of integrity and stability; and the insulation criteria
shall be 20 min.
Insulation element was not a part of certification.
Fire doors in exits shall be provided with intumescent seal.
Fire curtains shall not be allowed as fire exits. If so provided for
compartmentation, independent fire door shall be provided meeting
the requirement for fire door in exits as above within the
prescribed travel distance requirement.
Fire Door
Service ducts and shafts
• Fire Rated Service Shafts with equally fire rated inspection
door
• The space between the electrical cables/conduits and the
walls/slabs shall be filled in by a fire stop material
• For plumbing shafts in the core of the building shall have
inspection doors having fire resistance rating not less than
30 min.
• Cable Barriers
• Fire retardant Painting on power cables
Electrical Installation
• Wiring and cabling are with flame retardant property.
• Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts, and
within false ceiling shall run in metal conduit.
• Any 230 V wiring for lighting or other services, above false
ceiling, shall have 660 V grade insulation.
• The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in a
separate shaft. The shaft shall be sealed at every floor with
fire stop materials
Emergency power - Fire & life safety systems
• Fire pumps.
• Pressurization and smoke venting dampers and actuators.
• Fireman's lifts
• Exit signage lighting.
• Emergency lighting.
• Fire alarm system.
• Public address (PA) system
• Magnetic door hold open devices.
• Lighting in fire command center and security room.
Lighting and Lighting Protection
Lightning protection of buildings - Routing of down Conductors
(insulated or uninsulated) of lightning protection through electrical or
other service shafts are not allowed as it can create fire and explosion
during lightning. For details, see Part 8 .Building Services, Section 2
Electrical and Allied Installations.
Escape Lighting and Exit Signage - Exit access, exits and exit
discharge shall be properly identified, with adequate lighting
maintained in the elements of the egress systems so that all occupants
shall be able to leave the facility safely.
Fire Command Center
• Fire command Centre shall be on the entrance floor of the building
having direct access.
• Shall have the main fire alarm panel with two way communication
system, P.A. System and details of all floor plans, details of
firefighting equipment and installations.
• Fire command Centre shall be constructed with 120 min rating walls
with a fire door and shall be provided with emergency lighting.
• All controls and monitoring of fire alarm systems, pressurization
systems, smoke management systems shall happen from this room.
Life Safety
• Fire Exits, Exit Routes, Exit Staircases - Open and enclosed, Fire
Exit Doors and Exit Requirements, Number of Exit - Occupant
Load, Egress Component, Travel Distance and Capacity Factor
• Refuge Area
• Signanges
• Smoke Control – Openable window in façade
• Fire Alarm and Detection
• Third Party Audit, Evacuation Drill, Training and Awareness
To calculate the number of exits required in a building the
capacity factor (width per person) for different occupancies
introduced in NBC 2016 version.
Sketches and Figures for better understanding of various aspects
of means of egress, corridors, Passageway, stairway and exits.
Conditions to fulfil for providing access control doors,
electromagnetic doors, revolving doors and turnstiles
Provision of Handrails on both side of stairs and ramp required
if width exceeds 1500mm.
Exit Requirements
• The number of risers shall be limited to 12 per flight. Earlier it was 15
per flight.
• The internal stair width for residential A1, A2 and A4 category
increased to 1250mm earlier it was 1000mm.
• The External stair width increased to 1500mm earlier it was 1250mm.
• Each fire rated door will have marking on the product of its
certification.
• The doors and assembly shall be certified with all prescribed
hardware such as hinges, locks, panic bars, door closer, and door
viewers.
Exit Requirements
Refuge Area – Additional area to accommodate one wheelchair
of an area of 0.9m² for every 200 occupants.
For Assembly occupancy (D-6) refuge area (10% of floor area)
to be provided immediately above 18m and then after 24m.
The refuge area may be divided into two or more separate refuge
areas with each having area not less than 100m².
Refuge area for apartment building of height above 60m while
having balconies shall be provided at 60m and thereafter every
30m.
Refuge Area
Fire and Life safety audit –
– shall be carried out for all buildings having a height of
more than 15m.
– Such audit shall preferably be conducted by a third party
auditor having requisite experience.
– Frequency of such audits shall be once in two years.
Third Party Audit
Fire Protection
• Passive Fire Protection -
• Pressurization of Staircases, Lift lobbies and Corridors
• Compartmentation
• Smoke Control
• Fire Doors
• Active Fire Protection -
• Minimum Requirement for Fire Fighting Installations Table 7
• Fire Suppression Systems – Gas Based, Foam Based, Water Mist
Facade sprinkler protection
Compartmentation criteria in different Occupancies
Provision for fire / smoke dampers
– At the fire separation wall
– Where ducts / passages enter the vertical shaft
– Where the duct pass through floors
– At the inlet of supply air duct and the return air duct of
each compartment on every floor
Passive Fire Protection
Pressurization and Smoke Exhaust System
• Pressurization (Smoke control of Exits) for lobbies and Corridors
• Smoke Exhaust and Pressurization system for floors above ground
floor and below ground floor
• Requirement of smoke exhaust system having make up air and
exhaust air for theatre and auditoria.
• The smoke exhaust fan in mechanical ventilation system shall be
fire rated i.e. 250º C for 120 min.
• Alternative option of impulse fan (Jet fan) introduces for basement
smoke extraction.
Ready Reckoner for Minimum Requirements of fire fighting Installations in
various occupancies. Table 7 is first of its kind.
Table 7 is designed in such a way that even a layman can get to know the
minimum fire protection requirement for various occupancies with different
heights.
All buildings depending upon the size , height and occupancy shall be
protected by fire extinguishers, hose reels, wet riser, down-comer, yard
hydrants, automatic sprinkler installation, manual/automatic fire alarm
system, etc, in accordance with Table 7 and the provisions of various clauses
given in NBC part4.
Active Fire Protection - Table 7
Underground Water tank Capacities are revised for various occupancies.
Requirement for Capacity of Pumps near Underground Water tank are
revised.
Requirement of wet riser system added for Educational Buildings for height
above 24m to 30m.
Sprinkler shall be fed water from both underground static water storage tank
and terrace tank. ( earlier this was required only for basement area exceeding
750 m².)
Institutional Building C1 ( Hospitals, Sanatoria and Nursing homes ) are
permitted up to 45m height.
Table 7 – Updates and Changes in 2016 Version
Fire Fighting Installations
• One set of pumps shall be provided for each 100 hydrants.
• In case of more than one pump set installation, both pump sets
shall be interconnected at their delivery headers.
• In high rise buildings 60 m or above are likely to experience
high pressure at lower level and therefore, it is recommended to
consider multi-stage, multi-outlet pumps (creating pressure
zones) or variable frequency drive pumps.
Fire Fighting Installations
• Alternative to provisions of additional set of pumps - the objective
can be met by providing additional diesel pump of the same
capacity and doubling the water tank capacity as required for one
set of pumps.
• Pressure at the hydraulically remote hydrant and at the highest
hydrant shall not be less than 3.5 bar. The pressure at the hydrants
shall however not exceed 7.0 bar, considering the safety of
operators.
• Use of Orifice plates and pressure controlled hydrant valves at
lower levels
Fire Protection Requirements for New
Occupancies
Fire & life safety requirements for specific occupancies
included for the first time. These occupancies include -
– Multilevel car parking
– Atrium
– Commercial kitchens & cooking places
– Metro rail stations
– Metro Train ways
We Believe in Continuous Improvement
Excellence in fire safety standard is not a destination , it’s a
continuous journey of improvement.
The objective was to make sure that the document cover wider
range of fire safety provisions, looks practical in context with
current scenario and easy to adopt.
To achieve the objective the discussion on various aspects of Fire
and life safety provisions must continue.
Comments, Feedbacks and suggestions with regard to any
opportunity of improvement of this code are most welcome.
THANK YOU