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PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH NORTH AMERICAN ROCK MECHANICS SYMPOSIUMNARMS 2000/SEATTLE/ WASHINGTON/USA/ 31 JULY - 3 AUGUST 2000
Pacific Rocks 2000'Rock around the Rim'
Edited by
Jami GirardNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane, Washington, USA
Mark LiebmanU. S. Heritage Group
Christopher BreedsSubTerra, Preston, Washington, USA
Thomas DoeGolder Associates, Preston, Washington, USA
iNRV;,
A. A. B ALKEMA/ ROTTERDAM/ BROOKFIELD / 2000
Pacific Rocks 2000, Girard, Liebman, Breeds & Doe (eds) © 2000 Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 155 4
Table of contents
Preface XIX
Organization XXI
1 Mechanical excavation - Cutters and bits
Correlations between punch test results and rock physical properties 3G. L. Dollinger & H. J. Handewith
Measurements of cutter forces for a TBM machine in Aspo underground excavation 11ZX.Zhang, S.Q.Kou & P.-ALindqvist
Increasing drilling rate in deep boreholes by impulsive depressurization 19JJ.Kolle
Analysis of particle distribution of debris and detritus 27W.Chen, KFukui & S.Okubo
Stick-slip vibrations of PDC bits 33T.Richard & E.Detournay
Fracture process in rock by wedge indentors utilizing holographic interferometry 41AW.Khair, SAddala, C.Pezowicz & M.Bernakiewicz
Primary excavation of rock with an impact tool 49H.J.Handewith
Precision and profile cutting with plain and abrasive waterjets 55D. A Summers
Development and applications of very small disc cutters 63J.EFriant
2 Weak rocks
Modelling of anisotropic elastoplastic damage in claystones 69A £ Chiarelli, J. F. Shao, N. Hoteit & O. Ozanam
Static and dynamic Poisson's ratio of weak sandstones 77LLarsen, EFjcer & LRenlie
Characterization of soft rocks in Taiwan 83AB.Huang, J.J.Liao, Y.W.Pan, M.H.Cheng, SJ.Hsieh & J.K.Peng
A study on modeling of the hydromechanical interactions and swelling behaviors of clayey 91rocksJ.Yamatomi, S.-T.Kim, G.Mogi & K.Sugiura
Rock-support interaction analysis using a model with a pressure-dependent deformation 99modulusD.J. Reddish, M. R.Asef & L R. Stace
Detection of rock mass weakness ahead of a tunnel - A numerical study 105F.Tonon & BAmadei
Tunnelling in fault zones - Innovative approaches 113G.Riedmuller & W.Schubert
Construction example for tunnelling under and adjacent to complexity condition 125in weathered rockM.-J.Choe, S.-H.Baik, S.-H.Baik & P.-K.Kim
Tunnelling in swelling ground 129M.CSeifabad
3 Petroleum - Poroelasticity, hydrofracture and dynamic effects
Coupled geomechanics-fluid flow modeling in petroleum reservoirs: Coupled versus 137uncoupled responseD.P.Yale, SLLyons & G.Qin
Pore pressure change due to shale-fluid interactions: Measurements under simulated 147wellbore conditionsR.T.Ewy & R.J.Stankovich
Effect of pore fluid composition on fault reactivation 155ASantagati, T.E.Scott &J.C.Roegiers
Stress induced by production from a fractured well in a horizontal reservoir bounded 161by impermeable layersAASavitski, KDetournay & CDetournay-Piette
Implications of static poroelasticity for reservoir compaction 169R. W.Zimmerman
A novel experimental technique for investigating pore pressure effect on mechanical 173and acoustic properties in sands and shalesA /. Mese &AN. Tutuncu
Effect of fluid penetration and pressurizing rate on hydraulic fracturing 181K. M. Degue & B. Ladanyi
Finite element modeling of an inclined wellbore in a fractured porous medium saturated 189with oil and gasR.Nair, M.Bai, Y.Abousleiman & M.M.Zaman
VI
Comparisons between effects of linear and nonlinear deformational behaviors of fractures 197on P-wave attenuationJ.G.Cai & J.Zhao
Tensional failure and solid-fluid interactions in high porosity chalk 205R.Risnes, T.Berg, AFuruvald & T.Paulsen
Stress wave-induced damage of sandstone for dry and wet conditions 213R. P. Swift, C. R. Hagelberg & M. HUH
Hydraulic fracture propagation in elastic rock with large toughness 221D.Garagash
4 Wellbore stability
Effects of thermal osmosis on shale instability 231AGhassemi &ADiek
Swelling and softening behaviour of clay shale around a drilled hole 239R.C.K.Wong
Effect of initial pore pressure distribution on deformations around wellbores in shales 247X.Chen, C.P.Tan & C.M.Haberfxeld
Porothermoelastic solutions for an inclined borehole in transversely isotropic porous media 253S.Ekbote, YAbousleiman &M.M.Zaman
2D and 3D elastic and poroelastic stress analyses for multilateral wellbore junctions 261H. Bargui & YAbousleiman
5 Sand production
Factors affecting borehole breakout dimensions, and the potential for sand production in high 271porosity Berea sandstoneJ.R.Kovacich & B.CHaimson
Direct simulation of particle-laden fluids 279B. K. Cook, D. R. Noble, D. S. Preece &J.R. Williams
Relationship between thick-walled cylinder and unconfined compressive strength 287for application in sanding predictionB.Wu& C.P.Tan
Strong support for significant productivity boost through sand production 295H.H.Vaziri & LLemoine
A volumetric sand production experiment 303EPapamichos, ASkjcerstein & J.Tronvoll
6 Rockbursts and seismicity
Ground conditions and the May 13,1994 rock burst, Coeurd'Alene Mining District, 313northern IdahoJ.KWhyatt, T.J.Williams &B.G.White
VII
Methods to address stope face area support in South African gold mines 319EAcheampong, N. Reddy & A Daehnke
Simulated rockburst - Source, design, seismic effect and damage 327AM.Milev, S.M.Spottiswoode, M.W.Hildyard, AJ.Rorke & G.J.Finnie
Distress blasting on a mining face in high horizontal stress environment 335B.Tang, H. S.Mitri & J.Marwan
Geomechanical aspects of the 1999 Golciik earthquake 343M.A Karaca
7 Rock mechanics in underground mining
Caving induced by hydraulic fracturing at Northparkes Mines 353Avon As & R.GJeffrey
Evaluation of the stability of fill in longhole mining 361S. J.Jung, S.M.Lee & H.U.Lim
Development of a centrifuge facility for modelling mining problems 367EDeSouza
Stability analysis of an underground mine stope near a major geological discontinuity 375R. Simon, H. S. Mitri & MAubertin
Static and dynamic loads in a scaled ore pass 381V.Scott, ADrescher, SAverson & M.Beus
Monitoring of reinforced cemented backfill in an underhand stope 387T.Williams, D. Denton, C. Peppin & D. Bayer
8 Coalmining
Electromagnetic emission from fracture of coal saturated with gas 397Liu Mingju & He Xuequi
Rockf all hazard risk analysis and mitigation in an area of coal mine subsidence 403CD. Breeds &R. Mills
The relationship between stress in coal and rock 409J. R. Enever, R. G. Jeffrey &D.A Casey
Progressive roof failure in Breakdown Mountain Room, Salamander Cave 415T.MJharp & J.N.Foster
Hydraulic fracturing applied to inducing longwall coal mine goaf falls 423R.G.Jeffrey & K.W.Mills
Physical characterization of disturbed coal to assess outburst conditions 431L Mingju, SHarpalani & H.Xueqiu
Utilization of geomechanical properties of gob to enhance gob gas recovery and purity 439D.Brunner, S.Harpalani & K.Schultz
VIII
9 Pillars, abutments and subsidence
Case study: Prediction of coal mine subsidence below clubhouse 449A L. Jones & M.J. Bailey
The forgotten denominator, pillar loading 457K. A Heasley
An update on the scaled span concept for dimensioning surface crown pillars for new 465or abandoned mine workingsT. G. Carter
A review of crown pillar stability assessment and rehabilitation for mine closure planning 473D.J.Hutchinson
The impact of abutment relaxation on stability of underground mine openings 481M. S.Diederichs, P.K. Kaiser & F.Suorineni
10 Slope stability
Modeling of volcano edifice and flank stability and implications for hazard zonation 491I.R.Firth, R.J.Watters & SD.Bowman
The use of slake durability as an indicator of slope stability of weathered rock 497H.D.Park, J.Y.Lee & Y.S.Chang
Design and installation of a rock block monitoring system for the sculpture at Mount 501RushmoreD.ABlankenship, D.M.Schiermeister & R.P.Barry
Shape and mechanical properties of slope material effects on the coefficient of restitution 507of rockfall studyR.H.-c.Wong, K.-w.Ho & K.-t.Chau
Analysis of deep-seated slope deformations by paleoseismic technique 515M.Onida, ATibaldi, F.Forcella & F.Galadini
Back analysis and stability prediction of highwall steepening in weak rock 523D.R.Brox&J.Levell
Preventing collapse of a quarry wall 531MA McCaffrey & E. G. Sacco
Computer modeling of catch benches to mitigate rockfall hazards in open pit mines 539SMMiller, J.M.Girard & EMcHugh
Mine, community and agencies rely on numerical modeling to assess sensitivity of highwall 547movementD.J.Berger & M.Laurenti
Numerical simulation of complex slope displacement 561/. Cremeens, R. Cellan, A Cox & L. Gilbride
IX
11 Blasting and rock fragmentation
3DEC modeling of a small-scale field explosion test5. G. Chen, J. G. Cai, J. Zhao &Y.X. Zhou
Dynamic strength and fragmentation of selected rocks under impact loadingU. Prasad, B. Mohanty & J.A Nemes
Ground vibration in tunnelling by blasting and its effect on surface structuresH. S. Shin, K. C. Han, C. Ryu & J. H. Synn
Response of heritage buildings to excavation-induced vibrationsT.G.Carter, G.Pernica & M.V.vanBers
Blasting and excavation in sensitive rockLLOriard
571
577
583
587
595
12 Ground support
Steel set loads analysisMJ.Mrugala
Overall elastic properties of support system of rockmass and rockboltsX.Li,M.Liu&R.Zhu
605
613
Design of ground reinforcement and support of shallow tunnel in heavily fractured rock mass 619J. H. Synn, H.S. Shin, K.C.Han & Y.H.Choi
Analytical study of the behavior of rock boltsCLi
Lessons in control of mine costs from instrumented cable bolt support case studiesW.F.Bawden, S.Dennison & P.Lausch
Assessment of grouting effect using experimental and numerical approachesJ.S.Lee, C.S.Bang, S.H.Lee & I.Y.Choi
625
633
641
13 Joint distributions and analysis
Experimental study on the dilatancy behavior of single joints under constant x / a loading 651conditionsKKishida, H.Yasuhara & T.Adachi
Standardization and weighting of variables for the fuzzy tf-means clustering of discontinuity 659dataR. E. Hammah & J. H. Curran
Discontinuity data analysis from oriented boreholes 667N.H.Maerz& W.Zhou
A practical application of borehole data to determine in-situ block size distributions 675J.Hadjigeorgiou, M.Grenon & SNickson
Development of a methodology for the automatic construction of discontinuity trace maps 681based on digital imagesJ.Hadjigeorgiou, F.Lemy,P.C6te ScXMaldague
Study on the estimation of joint length distribution using window sampling in statistical 687joint modelingJ.-J.Song &C.-I.Lee
14 Rock mass characterization
Application of mechanical crack model to numerical study of rock mass behavior 695D.H.Park, S.Jeon & Y.G.Lee
Estimating the deformation modulus of rock masses 703LZhang & H.H.Einstein
Estimating earthwork factors for roadcuts using surface geophysics 709M.LRucker
Borehole estimates of fracture size 715M. Mauldon
Evaluation of angle of internal friction of fractured rock mass 723B.ZAmusin
15 Fracture shear mechanics
Mode I and mixed mode fracture mechanics testing of WIPP salt 731N.SBrodsky
Faulting in an anisotropic, schistose rock under general triaxial compression 737MA Kwasniewski & K. Mogi
Buckling of a near-surface parallel crack using the beam approximation 747S.Mitaim, E.Detournay & J.Labuz
A new model of joint shear strength under dynamic loads 755S.G.Chen, J.Zhao, CMadsahus & AMakurat
Energy-based evaluation of rupture processes for polycrystalline materials 761EG.Gaziev
16 Modeling: Cracks and fractures
Analyzing discrete rock crack growth and interaction 769AC. Mueller
Modeling contaminant migration under a landfill site 777M. Bai, J. Zhang &ZShu
A mathematical model for flow of Bingham materials in fractures 785BAmadei
XI
A mechanistic approach to the management of uncertainty in reservoir characterization 793R.Ghanem, A Sarkar, YAbousleiman & M.Bai
Realization of analytical integration for triangular crack edge element of 3D DDM 801H.Li, CLLiu, Y.Mizuta & M.AKayupov
Fractal properties of fracture surface of brittle rock material 805T.H.Yang, Y.KCheung, LG.Tham, P.KK.Lee & Y.Tsui
17 Fractures and fluid flow
Coupled stress and permeability behavior in fractured media and its application 811J.Zhang & J.Wang
Experimental determination of stress-permeability relationship 817J.Zhang, M.Bai, J.-CRoegiers, J.Wang & T.Liu
Estimation of block conductivity and scale-dependency on groundwater inflow into a tunnel 823in fractured rockK. Chang, E-Y.Lee, C-LKim, J-W.Park & S.Kwon
Discrete fracture fluid flow simulation of pumping tests in a fractured rock mass 831M.Wang, P.H.S.W.Kulatilake &B.B.Panda
Fracture closure in extension and stress dependent permeability of jointed rock 841D.KAstakhov & LN.Germanovich
Fracture intensity measures in 1 -D, 2-D, and 3-D at Aspo, Sweden 849W.Dershowitz, J. Hermanson, S Follin & M. Mauldon
18 In situ stress
The poroviscoelastic solution for anelastic strain recovery 857M.Bloch, C.AM.Siqueira, YAbousleiman & J.-CRoegiers
Maximum and minimum horizontal stress evaluation based on the geometry of a single 865borehole breakoutLLi, MAubertin & R.Simon
Influence of valley form on the subsurface state of stress - Application simple elastic models 873to understand modes of Appalachian coal mine rock failureW.CHaneberg
Laboratory verification of a new dilatmeter tool for stress measurement 881T.Ito.ASato & KHayashi
Stress measurements from cored rock 885MSeto, E.Villaescusa & GBaird
19 Plasticity, creep and time dependent behaviour
Mechanical effects of water content in the creep parameters 895J.Liu &R.Zhou
XII
Spall formation in solution mined storage caverns based on a creep and fracture analysis 901D. E. Munson
Modeling the post-failure relaxation behaviour of hard rock 909D. F. Malan & K. Drescher
Equivalent properties approach to jointed viscoplastic rock slopes 919W.G. Pariseau
On creep flow of natural slopes 927N. D. Cristescu & O. Cazacu
20 Discrete element modeling
DDA back analysis of large block test data 937M.R.Yeung& S.C. Blair
Modeling drift stability in fractured rock mass at Yucca Mountain, Nevada 945- Discontinuum approachR.Chen, G.I.Ofoegbu & SHsiung
The effect of varied joint set orientations on keyblock size 953/. S. Kuszmaul
An efficient displacement discontinuity method using fast multipole techniques 959J.P.Morris &SC.Blair
An investigation of drift stability in moderately jointed rock mass 967M. Grenon, J. Hadjigeorgiou, J. P. Harrison & R. Banas
21 Constitutive modeling
Theoretical strength of a granite under dynamic uniaxial compressive load 977H.B.Li, J.Zhao, T.J.Li & J.G.Gao
Virtual poromechanics rock testing and rock deformation: PCORE-3D 985M.Kanj, YAbousleiman & LCui
Modelling brittle failure of rock 991V.Hajiabdolmajid, C. D. Martin &P.K. Kaiser
Non-uniformity of stress and deformation in axisymmetric finite element models 999of Tennessee marbleRAAlbert & J.W.Rudnicki
Constitutive modelling of partially saturated clay stone 1007F.Bourgeois, J.F.Zhao & O.Ozanam
22 Design of underground structure
Heterogeneity, anisotropy and scale effect in geomechanical properties of rocks in and around 1017the Abejorral Marble Body, Central Cordillera of the Colombian AndesFA Gil Escobar
XIII
Comparative study of rock support system design practice for large-scale underground 1027excavationsM.Cai, P. K.Kaiser, H. Uno & Y.Tasaka
A comparative study on the performance of back analysis procedures for identification 1035of nonlinear deformational behavior of a rock mass around a large undergroundpowerhouse cavernSAkutagawa, K.Takeuchi, T.Shimura & S.Sakurai
A concept for earthquake-resistant design of underground structures: Stress response 1043spectrumAKurose & P.Berest
Coupling analysis of deformation and flow in jointed rock mass during cavern excavation 1051H.Yoshida, Y.Itoyama & H.Horii
Rock structure stability as viewed from experience of 3D modeling 1059SAYufin & O.KPostolskaya
23 Hydromechanical and hydrothermal modeling
Hydromechanical behavior of shales - Application to the Tournemire site, France 1067N.Ramambasoa, Due Nguyen Minh & ARejeb
Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of deep argillaceous rocks 1073N.Hoteit, O.Ozanam, KSu & ASChiarelli
RATDAMPER - A simple numerical procedure for coupling mechanical and hydrological 1079properties within the disturbed rock zone at the waste isolation pilot plantJ.S.Rath, T.W.Pfeifle & U.Hunsche
Behavior of rock mass around openings affected by thermal hysteresis due to low temperature 1087materials storageY.Inada & N. Kinoshita
Poroelastic modeling of drying effects around deep cavities excavated in shales 1095AGiraud, F.Homand, M.Souley & O.Ozanam
24 Acoustic emissions
Effect of grain size in granitic rock on crack extension in hydraulic fracturing 1105T.Ishida, I.Matsunaga, S. Sasaki, Qu Chen & Y.Mizuta
Borehole AE monitoring during in-situ hydraulic fracturing stress measurements 1113Y.Nakayama, M.Tanaka, H.Nishimura, M.Ueda, T.Ishida & Y.Mizuta
The advantages of hydrophone applied to AE monitoring 1121M.Teshima, K.Michihiro, H.Yoshioka & HAboshi
Acoustic emission imaging of induced asymmetrical hydraulic fractures 1129T.E. Scott Jr, Z-W.Zeng & J.-CRoegiers
Acoustic emission as an indicator of macrofailure of rock 1135AGhosh & S.M.Hsiung
XIV
25 Laboratory testing - Sandstone and shale
Change in permeability for Shirahama sandstone under true triaxial stresses 1145X. Li, ZWu,M. Takahashi & K. Yasuhara
Micromechanics of compaction in an analogue reservoir sandstone 1153AADiGiovanni, J.T.Fredrich, D.J.Holcomb & W.AOlsson
Plane strain effect on strength and deformation of hollow cylinders of shale 1161B.Wu, CP.Tan&XChen
Cap plasticity models and compactive and dilatant pre-failure deformation 1169A F.Fossum & J.T.Fredrich
Microfracturing in the brittle-ductile transition in Berea sandstone 1177SKMuhuri, T.E.Scott Jr & D.W.Stearns
Hydraulic fracturing experiments in highly porous Berea sandstone 1185/. Song & B. Haimson
26 Laboratory: Physical modeling
Physical and numerical modeling study of jointed rock block strength under uniaxial loading 1195P.H.S.W.Kulatilake & H.Gao
Coalescence of multiple flaws in uniaxial compression 1203M. Sagong & A Bobet
Experimental study on failure behavior of tunnel in jointed rock mass under excavation 1211R.H.CWong, P.Lin, KT.Chau & C.ATang
Discrete particle and laboratory modelling of core mechanics 1217R.M.Holt, T.Brandshaug & P.ACundall
Experimental study on the stability of dam foundation in consideration of the effect 1225of the concrete plug treatmentsSNakashima, K.Kishida, TAdachi & Y.Izu
Dynamic and static compressions of rock-like spheres between two flat platens 1233KT.Chau, X.X.Wei, R.H.CWong & T.XYu
27 Nuclear waste
Suggestions for data analysis of in-situ deformation measurements from salt 1243and potash minesS. Kwon
Probabilistic key block analysis at Yucca Mountain 1249D. C. Kicker, M. Lin, J. M. Kemeny & C. A Stone
Geological radioactive waste disposal project in France: Conceptual model of a deep 1257geological formation and underground research laboratory in Meuse/Haute-Marne siteN.Hoteit, O.Ozanam & K.Su
XV
Sensitivity analysis of THM simulation for high level underground nuclear waste repository 1265S.Kwon,BXPark, J.W.Choi, CKKang & KChang
An integrated approach to excavation design - A project within Canada's used fuel disposal 1271programN.Chandler, R.Read, P.Cundall, D.Potyondy, E.Detournay, R.P.Young & J.S.O.Lau
Structural stability analysis for a high-level underground nuclear waste repository in granite 1279S. Kwon, B. Y. Park, C. H. Kang & K. Chang
28 Physical properties: New testing methods
Relationship between the critical dissipated energy per unit volume and the mechanical 1289properties of different rocksB.Vdsdrhelyi,A.Deli, M.Gdlos & P.Vdn
Determination of the fracture toughness of rock materials using the modified hoop test 1295HBaek, S.U.Park, KW.Min &I.KCho
Uncertainty in basic properties of intact rocks 1301F.H.Kulhawy & WAPrakoso
A new test for rock strength: Double-punch test 1307KT.Chau &X.XWei
Durability of some building stones in Korea 1315KW.Min, J.Kim & G.J.Yim
Rock strength determination using a new true triaxial loading apparatus, and the inadequacy 1321of Mohr-type failure criteriaCChang & B.Haimson
29 Novel site investigation
AMT survey in high mountain area 1331LKCho, J.HKim & H.J.Baek
Development of an interactive 3D visualization program for the analysis of geotechnical 1335informationW.-K.Song, K.E.Kim & H.D.Park
A back analysis method based on virtual work principle - Application to some geotechnical 1339problemsD.Deng & Due Nguyen Minh
Application of GIS and remote sensing to geotechnical characterization of slopes 1347W.Greuer&D.SYoung
Assessing the Disturbed Rock Zone (DRZ) around a 655 meter vertical shaft in salt using 1353ultrasonic waves: An updateR.D.Hardy & D.J.Holcomb
XVI
Blasting optimization using seismic analysis and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 1361D.Hopkins, R.Haught, M.Karaca, D.TUrler, L.Myer, J.Kemeny, P.Lever & M.LLowery
Discrete fracture network analysis of foundation grouting 1369DA Shuttle, W.Dershowitz, E.Glynn, S. Burch & T. Novak
Author index 1377
XVII