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SOCIAL SCIENCEDBH4 2018-2019 school year
POLITICAL REVOLUTIONSNapoleon Bonaparte & Congress of Vienna
(1799-1815) First term
FRAMING THE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS
PREVIOUSLY ON… (FIRST TWO WEEKS OF CLASS)
➤ Introduction to the revolutionary mentality.
➤ Arturo Perez Reverte’s interview:
➤ Leadership, ideas, pulling the string,…
➤ The Protestant & the Catholic mentality (Guillermo Fesser’s presentation on El Intermedio).
➤ The French Revolution.
➤ Key aspect in any revolution: desperation.
➤ Politics = society’s organization.
OUR LAST CLASS…What did we do?
➤ Read pages 5, 48, 49, 51.
➤ Re-read pages 5, 48, 49, 51.
➤ Analyze what we read (& re-read) in pages 5, 48, 49, 51.
➤ Underline the most relevant concepts in pages 5, 48, 49, 51.
➤ Ask concepts we did not understand from pages 5, 48, 49, 51 to the teacher.
➤ Organize the most relevant concepts from pages 5, 48, 49, 51.
WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW?
The most important aspects
NAPOLEON BONAPARTEPaes 59, 60
THE COUP OF 18 BRUMAIRE
How Napoleon got the power
THE CONSULATE (1799-1804)
THE CONSULATE (1799-1804)
➤ Napoleon was appointed as First Consul (by himself).
➤ He was the savior of the revolutionary spirit and he kept the social order.
➤ His main goal = total political control.
➤ He strengthened the changes by the revolution.
➤ Bye-bye Ancien Regime/Welcome bourgeoisie.
MAIN CONSULATE ACHIEVEMENTS➤ A new constitution written.
➤ No rights established.
➤ All the power is for Napoleon (executive & legislative).
➤ A true dictatorship.
➤ A new state-organization.
➤ Power centralization (one location, Paris).
➤ Public education established.
➤ State controls it = a propaganda tool.
➤ Civil code developed*.
➤ Religious affairs solved**.
*CIVIL CODE
➤ Napoleons’ code (1804) = example for the contemporary states.
➤ Basic rules established:
➤ Equality in terms of law.
➤ Private property.
➤ Civil marriage.
➤ Divorce.
➤ Market code (sell-buy).
➤ Criminal code.
**RELIGIOUS AFFAIR➤ Napoleon followed the Enlightenment ideas of limitation of
the church power.
➤ The French clergy must accept the constitution.
➤ Church was not ready to assume that position and they refused to accept “the rule of men”.
➤ Problem solved: 1801, a concordat was signed.
➤ The clergy accepted the state’s law.
➤ Napoleon could appoint the bishops.
➤ Catholicism was the only religion in France.
➤ It got economic benefits and control over education.
NAPOLEON IFirst French Empire
THE EMPIRE (1804-1814/1815)
THE EMPIRE (1804-1814/1815)
➤ He crowned himself Emperor.
➤ His political attitude described in two steps:
➤ Imperialist & aggressive.
➤ One big goal: become Europe in his empire.
➤ Three main settings:
➤ Russia.
➤ Spain and its American colonies.
➤ Great Britain.
HIS BEST YEAR: 1812
HIS WORST YEAR: 1812
Napoleon was defeated by the Russian winter.
THE BATTLE OF LEIPZIGThe beginning of the end, 1813
➤ In his retreat from Russia, a coalition of armies (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden) defeated Napoleon in Leipzig (Germany).
➤ Napoleon’s weakness lost control over France. It was invaded.
➤ He abdicated (let being the emperor).
➤ His first exile was served by 1814.
ELBA (1814), 100 DAYS (1815), ST. HELENA (1815)
Two exiles and a brief return
NAPOLEON’S INFLUENCE ON POLITICS (HIS LEGACY)
➤ Revolutionary ideas were spread all over Europe.
➤ Centralized governments were established in the new-born countries.
➤ The French invasion flourished the nationalist movements in the defense of their boundaries.
POST-NAPOLEON: THE ORGANIZATION OF A NEW
EUROPE (1815-1830)
Page 64
TWO RELEVANT ASPECTS ABOUT NAPOLEON:
TWO RELEVANT ASPECTS ABOUT NAPOLEON:
➤ [1]: An extraordinary man. He made History.
➤ [2]: Spread revolutionary ideas and institutions.
➤ He made the change possible: the Ancien Regime was over forever. A new time was about to begin…
NO WAY BACK TO THE OLD DAYS:
NO WAY BACK TO THE OLD DAYS:
➤ [1]: Feudalism (Middle Ages) gone.
➤ [2]: The Church losing power, less influence.
➤ [3]: Linking of the concept of state and the concept of nation.
➤ [4]: the bourgeoisie, the most powerful social class.
TWO IDEOLOGIES EMERGED AFTER NAPOLEON:
TWO IDEOLOGIES EMERGED AFTER NAPOLEON:
➤ [1]: the Absolutism (the old).
➤ [2]: Liberalism and Nationalism (the new).
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1814-1815
➤ The four major powers defeating Napoleon met.
➤ Austria, Prussia, Russia & Great Britain.
➤ The main goal: reverse the “Napoleon effect”.
➤ The French frontier back to 1789.
➤ Restore the old monarchies, beaten by Napoleon.
➤ Create a balance of power to avoid another Napoleon.
➤ Support monarchies with internal issues.
➤ The “Congress system” to solve the problems:
➤ Meetings better than wars.
