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1048698 Tools In Nanotechnology
ndash The main tools used in nanotechnology are four main microscopes1ndash Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)2ndash Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)3ndash Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)3ndash Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
NANOMATERIALSbull Nanostructured materials have been successfully used in the last
years for the construction of fast accurate and sensitive sensors as they have excellent properties
bull Carbon nanotubes nanowires and nanochannels Quantum dots nanoparticles are all examples of nanomaterials
(The small size of allows for a greater surface to volume ratio)
Carbonnanotubes
Fullerene
Dendrimers
Nanostructures Map
Graphene oxidebull Graphite when treated with strong oxidizers gives rise to the Graphite oxide
which is a compound of carbon oxygen and hydrogen in variable ratios
Manufacture of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene Oxide is formed by oxidizing crystalline graphite with a mixture of
sodium nitrate (NaNO3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4 )and potassium permanganate (KMnO4 )The oxidation method is also known as the Hummers method
bull Structurally the Graphene Oxide is similar to a graphene sheet with its base having oxygen-containing groups Since these groups have an high affinity to water molecules Graphene Oxide is hydrophilic and can be easily dissolved in water
Conthelliphellipbull Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using
heat light or chemical reduction most of graphenes properties are restored Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine
bull It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate and then convert it into a conductor These coatings may be used in solar cells flexible electronics chemical sensors liquid crystal devices
bull Graphene which is a conductor graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications
conthellip
bull Applications of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene oxide finds application in the
following fieldsbull Transparent conductive films bull Paper-like and composite materials bull Energy-related materials bull Biological and medical applications
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
NANOMATERIALSbull Nanostructured materials have been successfully used in the last
years for the construction of fast accurate and sensitive sensors as they have excellent properties
bull Carbon nanotubes nanowires and nanochannels Quantum dots nanoparticles are all examples of nanomaterials
(The small size of allows for a greater surface to volume ratio)
Carbonnanotubes
Fullerene
Dendrimers
Nanostructures Map
Graphene oxidebull Graphite when treated with strong oxidizers gives rise to the Graphite oxide
which is a compound of carbon oxygen and hydrogen in variable ratios
Manufacture of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene Oxide is formed by oxidizing crystalline graphite with a mixture of
sodium nitrate (NaNO3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4 )and potassium permanganate (KMnO4 )The oxidation method is also known as the Hummers method
bull Structurally the Graphene Oxide is similar to a graphene sheet with its base having oxygen-containing groups Since these groups have an high affinity to water molecules Graphene Oxide is hydrophilic and can be easily dissolved in water
Conthelliphellipbull Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using
heat light or chemical reduction most of graphenes properties are restored Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine
bull It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate and then convert it into a conductor These coatings may be used in solar cells flexible electronics chemical sensors liquid crystal devices
bull Graphene which is a conductor graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications
conthellip
bull Applications of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene oxide finds application in the
following fieldsbull Transparent conductive films bull Paper-like and composite materials bull Energy-related materials bull Biological and medical applications
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Nanostructures Map
Graphene oxidebull Graphite when treated with strong oxidizers gives rise to the Graphite oxide
which is a compound of carbon oxygen and hydrogen in variable ratios
Manufacture of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene Oxide is formed by oxidizing crystalline graphite with a mixture of
sodium nitrate (NaNO3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4 )and potassium permanganate (KMnO4 )The oxidation method is also known as the Hummers method
bull Structurally the Graphene Oxide is similar to a graphene sheet with its base having oxygen-containing groups Since these groups have an high affinity to water molecules Graphene Oxide is hydrophilic and can be easily dissolved in water
Conthelliphellipbull Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using
heat light or chemical reduction most of graphenes properties are restored Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine
bull It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate and then convert it into a conductor These coatings may be used in solar cells flexible electronics chemical sensors liquid crystal devices
bull Graphene which is a conductor graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications
conthellip
bull Applications of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene oxide finds application in the
following fieldsbull Transparent conductive films bull Paper-like and composite materials bull Energy-related materials bull Biological and medical applications
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Graphene oxidebull Graphite when treated with strong oxidizers gives rise to the Graphite oxide
which is a compound of carbon oxygen and hydrogen in variable ratios
Manufacture of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene Oxide is formed by oxidizing crystalline graphite with a mixture of
sodium nitrate (NaNO3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4 )and potassium permanganate (KMnO4 )The oxidation method is also known as the Hummers method
bull Structurally the Graphene Oxide is similar to a graphene sheet with its base having oxygen-containing groups Since these groups have an high affinity to water molecules Graphene Oxide is hydrophilic and can be easily dissolved in water
Conthelliphellipbull Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using
heat light or chemical reduction most of graphenes properties are restored Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine
bull It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate and then convert it into a conductor These coatings may be used in solar cells flexible electronics chemical sensors liquid crystal devices
bull Graphene which is a conductor graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications
conthellip
bull Applications of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene oxide finds application in the
following fieldsbull Transparent conductive films bull Paper-like and composite materials bull Energy-related materials bull Biological and medical applications
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Conthelliphellipbull Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using
heat light or chemical reduction most of graphenes properties are restored Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine
bull It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate and then convert it into a conductor These coatings may be used in solar cells flexible electronics chemical sensors liquid crystal devices
bull Graphene which is a conductor graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications
conthellip
bull Applications of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene oxide finds application in the
following fieldsbull Transparent conductive films bull Paper-like and composite materials bull Energy-related materials bull Biological and medical applications
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
conthellip
bull Applications of Graphene Oxidebull Graphene oxide finds application in the
following fieldsbull Transparent conductive films bull Paper-like and composite materials bull Energy-related materials bull Biological and medical applications
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Graphenebull Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of carbon
bull It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice
bull Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together
bull The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0142 nm
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Graphene production
bull Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals
bull Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100degC) to reduce it to graphene
bull Graphene has excellent properties like Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding High electrical conductivity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
The functionalized graphene biosystems
Nucleic acids
Avidin- biotin Peptide
Cells
AptamersBacteria
Proteins
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Nanofabrication methods
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
BIOSENSOR AND CANCERbull Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth
due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects
bull Biosensor technology has the potential to provide fast and accurate detection reliable imaging of cancer cells monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer
chemotherapy agents
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods includebull (1) the CA 153 test and mammography to detect breast
cancer in womenbull (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood
sample for men to detect prostate cancerbull (3) blood detection for colon cancerbull (4) endoscopy CT scans X-ray ultrasound imaging and
MRI for various cancer detection
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Conthellip These traditional diagnostic methods however
are not very powerful methods -bull as they can not detect cancer at very early
stages bull some of the screening methods are quite costly
and not available for many people so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers
in serum has spread widely
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Biomarkers
bull In terms of cancer the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker
bull A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease
bull Biomarkers can be DNA RNA or protein (ie hormone antibody oncogene or tumor suppressor)
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Fig Application of the biosensor The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin 2011)
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
OBJECTIVESbull Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by
graphene oxidebull Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous
membrane by SEMbull Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membranebull Characterization of immobilized nanoporous
membranebull Fabrication of nanoimmunosensorbull Detection of samplebull Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method
bull Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane
bull A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM
The membranes categorized in two different classes-
(1) PCTE membrane was used as such
(2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over
the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating
method
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
contbull Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in
dimethylformamide (DMF)bull The linker-modified graphene then incubated with
antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 90) overnight at 40C followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS)
bull Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
Conthellip
Fig 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film The map isconstructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band asthe pixel intensity Scale bar frac14 08 mm (B) AFM image of the graphenefilm Scale bar frac14 500 nmThis journal is ordf The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J Mater
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE
Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells
(B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit
(C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab-
Ag actions
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR
(A)Recording of amperometric data
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
CONCLUSION
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
conclusionbull In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track
Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens
bull The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor
bull This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity
