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Nancy Pares, RN, MSNMetro Community College
Relate specific pathophysiology and nursing process specific to postpartum.
Idenitify specific post partum complications and nursing management◦ Placental issues, uterine issues, vaginal issues
Fundal height and tone Vaginal bleeding Signs of hypovolemic shock Development of coagulation problems Signs of anemia
Cesarean delivery Unusually large episiotomy Operative delivery Precipitous labor Atypically attached placenta Fetal demise Previous uterine surgery
Uterine atony Lacerations of the genital tract Episiotomy Retained placental fragments Vulvar, vaginal, or subperitoneal
hematomas
Uterine inversion Uterine rupture Problems of placental implantation Coagulation disorders
Uterine massage if a soft, boggy uterus is detected
Encourage frequent voiding or catheterize the woman
Vascular access Assess abnormalities in hematocrit levels Assess urinary output Encourage rest and take safety precautions
Health-seeking Behaviors related to lack of information about signs of delayed postpartal hemorrhage
Fluid Volume Deficit related to blood loss secondary to uterine atony, lacerations, hematomas, coagulation disorders, or retained placental fragments
Adequate prenatal care Good nutrition Avoidance of traumatic procedures Risk assessment Early recognition and management of
complications
Fundal massage, assessment of fundal height and consistency
Inspection of the episiotomy and lacerations if present
Report:◦ Excessive or bright red bleeding, abnormal clots◦ Boggy fundus that does not respond to
massage◦ Leukorrhea, high temperature, or any unusual
pelvic or rectal discomfort or backache
• Clear explanations about condition and the woman’s need for recovery
• Rise slowly to minimize orthostatic hypotension
• Woman should be seated while holding the newborn
• Encourage to eat foods high in iron• Continue to observe for signs of
hemorrhage or infection
Risk factors◦ Overdistension of the
uterus◦ Uterine anomaly◦ Poor uterine tone
Assessment findings◦ Excessive bleeding, boggy
fundus
Management◦ Fundal massage◦ Blood products if loss is excessive◦ Medications
Oxytocin, methergine, carboprost tromethamine (Hemabate)
Risk factors◦ Mismanagement of third stage◦ Placental malformations◦ Abnormal placental implantation
Assessment findings◦ Excessive bleeding, boggy fundus
Accretavilli attach to the outer layer myometrium
Incretavilli attach within the muscle layer of the
myometriumPercreta
villi attach deep within the myometrium
Management◦ Manual exploration of the uterus◦ D&C◦ Blood products if loss is excessive
Risk factors◦ Operative delivery◦ Precipitous delivery◦ Extension of the episiotomy◦ Varices
Assessment findings◦ Excessive bleeding with a firm uterus
Management◦ Suture if needed◦ Blood products if loss is excessive
Identify nursing process for post partum psycho social disorders
Depression scales Anxiety and irritability Poor concentration and forgetfulness Sleeping difficulties Appetite change Fatigue and tearfulness
Occurs within 3 to 10 days of delivery Generally transient Usually resolves without treatment Assessment findings
◦ Tearful, fatigue, anxious, poor appetite
Etiology◦ Hormonal changes and adjustment to motherhood
Longer than two weeks in duration requires medical evaluation
Onset slow, usually around the fourth week after delivery
Assessment findings◦ Depressed mood, fatigue, impaired concentration,
thoughts of death or suicide Risk factors
◦ History of depression, abuse, low self-esteem Management
◦ Psychotherapy, medications, hospitalization
Generally after the second PP week Assessment findings
◦ Sleep disturbance, agitation, delusions Risk factors
◦ Personal or family history of major psychiatric illness
Management◦ May lead to suicide or infanticide◦ Hospitalization, medications, psychotherapy
• Help parents understand the lifestyle changes and role demands
• Provide realistic information• Anticipatory guidance• Dispel myths about the perfect mother or
the perfect newborn • Educate about the possibility of postpartum
blues • Educate about the symptoms of postpartum
depression
Signs and symptoms of postpartum depression
Contact information for any questions or concerns
Foster positive adjustments in the new family
Assessment of maternal depression Teach families symptoms of depression Give contact information for community
resources Make referrals as needed
Ineffective Individual Coping related to postpartum depression
Risk for Altered Parenting related to postpartal mental illness
Risk for Violence against self (suicide), newborn, and other children related to depression
Components of grief work◦ Accepting the painful emotions involved◦ Reviewing the experiences and events◦ Testing new patterns of interaction and role
relationships
Four stages of grief◦ Shock and numbness◦ Searching and yearning◦ Disorientation◦ Reorganization
Symptoms of normal grief
Inability to conceive Spontaneous abortion Preterm delivery Congenital anomalies Fetal demise Neonatal death Relinquishment SIDS
Review nursing interventions associated with◦ DVT, Hematoma, hemorrhoids, endometritis,
wound infections, urinary infections and STD
R: redness E: edema E: ecchymosis D: discharge A: approximation
Fever Malaise Abdominal pain Foul-smelling lochia Larger than expected uterus Tachycardia
• Risk for Injury related to the spread of infection
• Pain related to the presence of infection• Deficient Knowledge related to lack of
information about condition and its treatment
• Risk for Altered Parenting related to delayed parent-infant attachment secondary to woman’s pain and other symptoms of infection
Infection of the uterine lining
Risk factors◦ Cesarean section
Assessment findings◦ Fever, chills◦ Abdominal
tenderness◦ Foul-smelling lochia
Management◦ Antibiotics
Breast consistency Skin color Surface temperature Nipple condition Presence of pain
Infection of the breast Risk factors
◦ Damaged nipples◦ Failure to empty breasts
adequately Assessment findings
◦ Fever, chills◦ Breast pain, swelling,
warmth, redness Management
◦ Antibiotics◦ Complete breast emptying
Proper feeding techniques Supportive bra worn at all times to avoid
milk stasis Good handwashing Prompt attention to blocked milk ducts
Importance of regular, complete emptying of the breasts
Good infant positioning and latch-on Principles of supply and demand Importance of taking a full course of
antibiotics Report flu-like symptoms
Health-seeking Behaviors related to lack of information about appropriate breastfeeding practices
Ineffective Breastfeeding related to pain secondary to development of mastitis
• Home care nurse may be the first to suspect mastitis
• Obtain a sample of milk for culture and sensitivity analysis
• Teach mother how to pump if necessary• Assist with feelings about being unable to
breastfeed• Referral to lactation consultant or La Leche
League
Homan’s sign Pain in the leg, inguinal area, or lower
abdomen Edema Temperature change Pain with palpation
Inflammation of the lining of the blood vessel due to clot formation◦ Can occur in the legs (DVT) or pelvis (SPT)
Risk factors◦ Cesarean section◦ Prolonged bed rest◦ Infection
Assessment findings◦ Pain, fever, redness, warmth, tender
abdomen/calf Management
◦ Anticoagulants◦ Antibiotics for septic pelvic thrombophlebitis
Avoid prolonged standing or sitting Avoid crossing her legs Take frequent breaks while taking car trips
Condition and treatment Importance of compliance and safety
factors Ways of avoiding circulatory stasis Precautions while taking anticoagulants
Pain related to tissue hypoxia and edema secondary to vascular obstruction
Risk for Altered Parenting related to decreased maternal-infant interaction secondary to bed rest and intravenous lines
Altered Family Processes related to illness of family member
Deficient Knowledge related to self-care after discharge on anticoagulant therapy
Large mass in abdomen Increased vaginal bleeding Boggy fundus Cramping Backache Restlessness
Frequency and urgency Dysuria Nocturia Hematuria Suprapubic pain Slightly elevated temperature
Risk factors◦ Urinary catheterization◦ Long labor, operative delivery
Assessment findings◦ Dysuria, frequency, urgency◦ Fever◦ Suprapubic pain
Management◦ Antibiotics
Good perineal care Hygiene practices to prevent contamination
of the perineum Thorough handwashing Sitz baths Adequate fluid intake Diet high in protein and vitamin C
Good perineal hygiene Good fluid intake Frequent emptying of the bladder Void before and after intercourse Cotton underwear Increase acidity of the urine
Frequent monitoring of the bladder Encourage spontaneously voiding Assist the woman to a normal voiding
position Provide medication for pain Perineal ice packs
Risk for Infection related to urinary stasis secondary to overdistention
Urinary Retention related to decreased bladder sensitivity and normal postpartal diuresis
Pain with voiding related to dysuria secondary to infection
Health-seeking Behaviors related to need for information about self-care measures to prevent UTI
Activity and rest Medications Diet Signs and symptoms of complications Importance of completion of antibiotic
therapy
May need assistance when discharged from the hospital
May need a referral for home care services Instruct family on care of the newborn Instruct mother about breast pumping to
maintain lactation if she is unable to breastfeed
Instruct family members on care of mother and newborn
Referral for home care if necessary Provide resources for follow-up or questions Teach all families to observe for signs and
symptoms
Assessment findings◦ Severe perineal pain◦ Ecchymosis◦ Visible outline of the
hematoma◦ Blood loss may not be visible
Treatment◦ Surgical drainage◦ Antibiotics◦ Analgesics◦ Blood products if loss is excessive
Hypotension Tachycardia, weak,
thready pulse Decreased pulse
pressure Cool, pale, clammy
skin
Cyanosis Oliguria, anuria Thirst Hypothermia Behavioral
changes (lethargy, confusion, anxiety)
Pg 664- table
Monitor vital signs frequently Large-bore IV for fluids, blood products Administer oxygen, assess oxygen
saturation Assess hourly urine output Assess level of consciousness
Administer and monitor fluids, blood products
Draw/monitor laboratory results Assess quantity and quality of bleeding Provide emotional support to patient/family
Fever > 100.5 Severe pain, redness,swelling at incision
site Passing of large clots Increased bleeding Burning on urination Insomnia Impaired concentration Feeling inadequate