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DECLARATION

I, NANCY NJERI CHEGE admission No 006 BEMA COLLEGE 2010 hereby declare that,

this researcher study paper is my own original work and not a duplication of similar

published work of any scholar for academic purpose as partial requirement of any

college or otherwise. It has therefore never been submitted to any other institution of

higher learning for the award of a Certificate, diploma or degree in any field of the

study.

I therefore declare that all the material cited in this write up which are not mine have

been duly acknowledged.

Name: NANCY NJERI CHEGE

ADM NO. …………………………

SIGNATURE: …………………………………. DATE: ……………………………………

This study proposal has been presented with the approval of college supervisors.

SUPERVISOR:

NAME………………

SIGNATURE

DATE……………….

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

I wish to acknowledge all those individuals who have assisted in compiling this work in

various ways. I particularly acknowledge lecturers at Bema College and my colleague

teachers and my family who supported me financially. I also acknowledge my employer

who has been supporting me through giving permission whenever I need time to write

this research proposal which made the work easier.

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DEDICATION.

I wish to dedicate this work to my Principal Mrs. Mbugua of Bema College and my

family members who unfailingly assisted me.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Preliminary section PAGE

Title …………………………………………………………………………………………………. i

Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ii

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………….. iv

Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………………… v

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………… vi

Acronyms and abbreviations ……………………………………………………………… vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 1

1.1 Background of the study ………………………………………………………….. 1

1.2 Statement of the problem ……………………………………………………….. 2

1.3 Purpose of the study ……………………………………………………………….. 3

1.4 Objectives of the study ……………………………………………………………. 3

1.5 Research questions ………………………………………………………………….. 3

1.6 Significance of the study ………………………………………………………….. 3

1.7 Limitations of the study …………………………………………………………… 4

1.8 Delimitations of the study ……………………………………………………….. 4

1.9 Operational definitions of key terms and concepts. …………………….. 5

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CHAPTER TWO.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.

2.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 6

2.1 Effects of HIV/AIDS on enrolment in ECDE centres …………………….. 6

2.1.1. Management …………………………………………………………………. 6

2.1.2 Environment Conditions …………………………………………………. 7

2.1.3 Medical Services …………………………………………………………….. 7

2.2 Effects of HIV/AIDS on academic performance in ECDE centres……. 8

2.3 Effects of HIV/ AIDS on ECDE attendance …………………………………. 9

2.4 Summary of the related literature review …………………………………… 10

CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………10

Research methodology………………………………………………………10

3.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 10

3.1 Research design …………………………………………………………………….. 10

3.2 Location of the study ……………………………………………………………… 11

3.3 Target population ………………………………………………………………….. 10

3.4 Sampling techniques ……………………………………………………………… 12

3.5 Sample size ………………………………………………………………………….. 11

3.6 Research tools ……………………………………………………………………… 12

3.7 Data collection procedures …………………………………………………….. 13

3.8 Data analysis ……………………………………………………………………….. 13

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ABSTRACT.

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus which eventually develops to Acquired

immune deficiency syndrome AIDS. Since the first cases were reported in san Francisco

U.S.A in 1997, HIV/AIDs has been rising steadily worldwide.

In 2002 people livingwith HIV/AIDs globally were 42 million. Sub-saharah Africa

countries leading with 28 million people infected. Countries like Botswana, South Africa,

Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique have the highest infected rates World Wide. Kenya

is among the highest affected countries. By 2002, 2.2 million people were infected from

the time the first case was reported in 1984 in Kenya. The most affected ages is

between 15 -45.

HIV/AIDs has been decleared a national epidemic in Kenya. HIV/AIDS has affected the

most productive population of Kenya thus affecting the economy of the country, the

health of many people, the enrolment in Schools, Increased Child abuse stigmatization

and neglence of many ECDE children education. The purpose of this study, therefore is

to provide data that Will contribute to critical needs of the affected and infected by

HIV/AIDS.The objectives of the study is to explore the effects of HIV/AIDS in ECDE

programs on enrolment,attendance and performance in Ruiru zone Ruiru division.The

target population will be ECDE teachers,children and parents.

It aims at collecting information from about 30% of the target population using the

simple random sampling technique. The researcher will use papers written Yes or

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No,shake them to mix and select someone to pick them. Those selected for yes will be

sampled for interview and will assist in data collection.

The study will attempt to utilize at least three data collecting tolls and instruments.

They will include questionnaires for ECDE teachers, parents and children, the interview

schedules and observation schedules. All of them are accurate in information gathering

since they engage a one to one interaction between the researcher and the

respondents.

The finding will be significant in that it will provide valuable information and ideas which

will considerable help in improving standards of education in ECDE programme. It will

also assist the government in developing a clear policy towards the HIV/AIDS affected

and infected children, parents and teachers in the zone and country wide.

 

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CHAPTER ONE.

1.0 Introduction.

The chapter is comprised of background to the study, statement of the problem,

purpose of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, limitations of

the study, operational definitions of the Key terms and concepts.

1.1 Background of the Study.

Human Immuno deficiency Virus transmits AIDS. HIV/AIDS among other issues in the

world such as poverty, food shortage and terrorism has been the world’s most

catastrophic predicament. It has been declared a National disaster in Kenya. Globally, it

is estimated to have affected approximately 42 million (2002) people, women and

children are the most affected. According to WHO (2002) genders of all ages are

affected and very busy campaigning for people across the world to change behavior

and sexual promiscuity to reduce infection.

Africa for instance, takes the lions shame in the number of the most infected and

affected in the worlds. Countries such as Botswana, Swaziland, Uganda and South

Africa have the biggest number of AIDS victims, either because of their cultural

upholding, poverty and lack of awareness as well as sensitization programmes (Siringi

2009) Unicef (2005.)

Although in Kenya effects have been made to create awareness to the people still.

Research shows that quite a good number of Kenya’s total population does not know

the existence of HIV and AIDS and so they continue to transmit and infect others. This

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trend has narrowed down to the children either by sexual defilement, rape and breast

feeding by the infected mothers or other mechanical and social-cultural practices like

F.G.M

The study therefore aims at exploring the effects of HIV/AIDS on the ECDE programs in

Ruiru zone Ruiru Division in central province of Kenya.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

H.I.V/AIDS is an intensive and a serious health problem which has left many ECDE

children as orphans since many parents have died due to many optimistic infections

which come along with AIDS.

In some other causes, parents many be alive but too weak to be economically

unproductive. Those who work much of their earnings are spent on drugs and

medications leaving children with too little to educate them or meet their needs.

Where parents may have died, their elder siblings may seek employment which

translates to child labour in odd jobs such as baby sitting, quarry mining, coffee picking.

Therefore they are unable to care for the ECDE children.

Ruiru zone has high members of orphans who are vulnerable to all manners of abuse

hence affecting their attendance, enrollment and academic performanceilm view of the

above the task of the study will be to explore the effects HIV and AIDS in ECDE

programmes in Ruiru zone pre-schools.

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1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of HIV/AIDS in ECDE centres in pre-

schools in Ruiru zone. Ruiru Division, Ruiru District.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The research study will be guided by the following objectives

To explore the effects of HIV/AIDS on enrollment and attendance in pre-schools

in Ruiru zone.

To explore the effects of HIV/AIDS on academic performance in Pre-school in

Ruiru Zone.

To examine various strategies for intervention to reduce negative effects of

HIV/AIDS in ECDE programs.

1.5 Significance of The Study

The study finding will be beneficial to schools: parents, teacher’s education

administrators and government investigating and mobilizing resources to assist the

infected and affected children in realizing their future. It will also help them draw

practical programs to reduce effects of HIV/AIDS in ECDE programmes and improve

education for young children in the country

It will provide basic principles for further research as far as HIV/AID in ECDE is

concerned.

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1.6. Limitation of the study

The research is likely to encounter the following limitations.

Limited time to carry out the study due to other duties at the place of work while

conducting the study. Harsh climate factors as well as lack of enough funds due to

economic constraints may also hinder effective working and data collection.

1.7. Delimitations of the study

The study researcher will visit about five sampled pre-school although theme are many

pre-schools in Ruiru zone due to lack of time and finances.

1.8 Operational definitions of key terms and concepts

Child

Any person undergoing development stage in early years and is in ECDE

centre

Vulnerable

These people who are at the risk of abuse, exploitation

or oppression in one way or another.

Stigmatization

A negative effects as a result of knowing ones HIV status.

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Opportunistic infections

Other diseases that take advantage of the bodys weak immune system.

Pre-school

Day care centre where children spend their early years learning the basic foundation of

education catastrophic-problem, predicament.

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

E.C.D.E - Early Childhood Development and education

W.H.O - World Health Organization

U.K - United Kingdom

U.N - United Nations

H.I.V - Human Immuno Deficiency

A.I.D.S - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

M.O. E - Ministry of Education

M.O.H - Ministry of Health

F.G.M - Female Genital Mutilation

J.K.U.A.T - Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Introduction

The chapter reviews related studies done by other scholars about HIV and AIDS and its

effects. This chapter is organized under the following subheadings exploring the effect

of HIV/AIDS on ECDE attendance and outlining the effects of HIV/AIDS on the

performance in ECDE in pre-school in Ruiru zone.

2.1 Effects of HIV/Aids on Enrolment in the ECDE Centres

Enrolment is the numbers of Children registered in an institution or Pre-school.

The enrolled learners are supposed to meet certain or minimum requirements for them

to be fully enrolled and registered in that institution.A decline in pre-school enrolment

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is one of the most visible effects of HIV/AIDS epidemic.This is because of the many

challenges the children face.In this context,the devastating effects that aids is having

remains a big concern.In swaziland and the central African republic,it has been

reported that school enrolment has fallen by 20-30% due to AIDS AVERT Africa.

The ECDE centres in kenya have not been spared either, the rate of enrollment has

gone down due to the death of parents, Children and other care-givers. The affected

children face discrimination even if they are not infected themselves, This discrimination

often results in the children being denied the special attention and care that they are

desperately in need of. (Tata Mbugua 2004)

In some cases the infected and affected parents who are expected to enroll children in

pre-school may lack funds to meet their children’s education demand economically.

They spend much of their money on drugs and medication leaving very little for their

children’s education. According to obai (2003) some cane-givers may die resulting to

orphan-hood and eventually affecting enrollment, indeed such children suffer silently for

being denied their rightful need to be in pre-school although they have attained the age.

Some of these children end up being street children and other in orphanages and

homes and may be enrolled when over age.

2.2 Effects of HIV/AIDS on ECDE Attendance

Attendance involves regular going to school or participating in a regular process, It may

also mean attending sessions without missing.

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This however is not the trend always.As parents and gurdians and members of the

community increasingly become infected by HIV/AIDS and eventualy succumb to

deseases,children are increasingly lacking basic needs such as food that force them to

be out of schoool regularly UNICEF. Attendance in the ECDE programmes has been

affected thus deterioration the quality of services offered in schools. According to

Ndurumo (1993) some infected children who are already enrolled in the ECDE centres

do not regularly attend school. This is because of the opportunistic infections such as

Malaria pneumonia whopping cough, T.B which comes along with AIDS. Therefore

children from homes with higher level income and with higher levels of education are

not much affected by this opportunistic diseases unlike children from parents with low

income and low level of education. The children infected may remain at home until the

time they regain strength to attend school. Some are on and off the hospital that makes

it almost impossible to attend school according to siringi (2009). Children from low

income single parent may remain absent from school to attend their ill parents as there

is nobody else to do so. Some other children from poor families do not attend school

because they have nothing to eat and lack energy to attend schools. Some families are

large thus they lack enough resource.

Some children are left with old grand parents after death of their parents. These old

parents are unable to help their grandchildren in school work as they are illitraye. This

hinders the children performance academically. This is according to Maisha Newsletter

(2005)

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Other infected parents may have lost hope in life and they do not care about anything

not even the performance of their children. These children continue to perform poorly

in school. Maisha Newsletter (2005)

2.2.1 Stigmatization

Many affected children become subject to psychosocial impacts such as stigma,

fear,worry,depression and hopelessness for instance neighbours keep a distance for

fear of infection,gossip about infected parents,peer groups tease and isolate

them,teachers send them away for school requirements without considering they have

no one provinding for them and guardians finding them as a burden.All the above

imparts negatively affecting their attendance.

2.2.2 Poor health of children

According to the research which was done by centres for deseases and control in

Massachusetts(1994) infected children often miss school due to lack of

medication.These children are out of school for 2-8 weeks annually.In Kenya childrens

health deteriorate due to poverty,lack of knowledge,health facilities in some areas and

ignorance due to cultural beliefs.All these contribute to absentism and poor

performance.

2.3 Effects of HIV/AIDS on Academic Performance in the ECDE centres

According to Lydia (1994), irregular attendance in the pre-schools adversely affects the

learner’s academic performance achievement. This is so because many curriculum

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activities are carried out in the HIV victims absentia as they are away seeking

medication as well as tralima of losing parents or loved ones. Others face stigmatization

from the community.

In some other notified instance other peers laugh at them hence making them feel un

accepted in the group ( BCC 2009) such cases eventually result to victims having every

low-self-esteem. The end result being very poor and low academic performances

chanced by dropping out of school. (Githumo, 1994)

Nutrition is essential for normal brain development. The infected or affected children

from low income families do not get a balanced diet thus they are often at attacked by

the opportunistic diseases resulting to poor performance.

Physical activities help in the development and growth of a child This is not so to the

infected children because must of the time they are not very strong to participate in

psychomotor activities hindering their performance in out door activities some of these

infected and affected children who live with their infected traumatized and they

continue to perform poorly.

As there are no laid down programmes to support the infected children they continue

facing more challenges in life and this affects their performance and their daily life.

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2.4 Summary of the literature review.

Having categorically explored the effects of HIV/AIDS in the ECDE programmes; much

effort should be put in place to assist the HIV/AIDS children develop and grow, feel

accepted in the society and more significantly establish self esteem. Care givers should

rise to the occasion and see the need to advocate for the enrollment attendance and

provision of other basic services as well as campaigning fo allocation of special

programmes such as home based care to reach out the HIV/AIDS infected and affected

needy children who have no where to air their grievances.

Forums should also be formulated to educate the members of public on handling and

giving care to HIV/AIDS children everywhere in the country.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

The chapter encompasses research design location of the study target population and

sampling design and size, It further deals with research instruments (tools) data

collection procedure and ends with data analysis.

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3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This has adopted the survey method in the collection of information. The method will

allow interaction of the research with the infected and affected persons who can give

first hand information which is an advantage and precise for effective study.

3.2 LOCATION OF THE STUDY

The study will be carried out in the sampled ECDE centres in Ruiru zone, Ruiru division

Ruiru District of the central province of Kenya. The most probable location being the

Gitothua area where the victims who run illicit breweries Chang’aa dens and few other

who work in coffee estates and flower factories as well as those who work in

construction sites live in Ruiru.

3.3 TARGET POPULATION

The target population of this study will be pre-school teacher, ECDE managers and

other educational stakeholders.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The research aims at 30% of the target population using random sampling being the

technique, The research will write ‘yes’ and ‘no’ on small pieces of papers with yes will

be included in the sample. It is with this so that the researcher with collect his data.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE

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The researcher will target five ECDE teacher, twelve parents with children in ECDE

centres and about thirty pre-school children, These will assist in getting information for

proper data analysis.

3.6 Research Instruments (tools)

The research will engage three tools in collecting the data. These are:

Questionnaires for parents, ECDE teachers and for ECDE children. This tool will give

accurate data since it covers a large population spread out in a large area. It is also

cost effective

Interview schedules for parents with ECDE children, ECDE teacher and for ECDE

children This will give more reliable information and data collection.

Observation schedule for ECDE children parents with ECDE children and ECDE teacher

This will involve a naturalistic observation of the sample for the targeted population, It

is suitable for this study because the researcher will observe the infected and the

affected in their natural settings hence reliable information

3.7 Data Collection Procedures.

The researcher will visit the schools to book appointments. She will introduce herself

and then present a letter of authorization to conduct the research.

Data will be colleted by the researcher using the questionnaires for the ECDE teachers

parents with children in ECDE and pre-school children. These will assist in compiling the

research findings.

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3.8 Data Analyses

The data will be qualitatively and qualitatively analyzed guided by research objectives

and presented using tables pie charts and graphs will be plotted to easier

understanding and making necessary recommendation.