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NAMIBIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL 8330/2PAPER 2 2 hours 45 minutes

Marks 100 2013Additional Materials: Ruler Protractor 1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this question paper.

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES

Write your answers and working in the separate answer book provided.•Write your Centre Number, Candidate Number and Name on all the work you hand in.•Write in dark blue or black pen.•You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs.•Donotusecorrectionfluid.•

Answer • four questions. One each from Section A, B and C. Section D is compulsory

All working must be clearly shown. •

Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.•

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.•

This document consists of 10 printed pages, 2 blank pages.

Republic of NamibiaMINISTRY OF EDUCATION

8330/1/13

HIGHER LEVEL

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SECTION ONE: THE PHYSICAL WORLD

Answer one question from this section.

Study Fig. 1, which shows a synoptic weather map of Southern Africa.1 (a)

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9

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26 501

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262

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21 425

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Fig. 1

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3Using the map, identify the season and give (i) two reasons for your answer. [2]

Describe and explain how the atmospheric pressure cell at the east coast (ii) ofthesubcontinentinfluencestheweatherconditionsofthatarea. [7]

Using an annotated sketch, name the type and explain the formation of (iii) precipitation in the weather system located to the southwest of Southern Africa. [6]

Fig. 2 shows the earth’s pressure belts. (b)

high pressure

low pressure

high pressure

low pressure

high pressure

low pressure

high pressure

B

A

Fig. 2

In which (i) one of the planetary wind belts A or B, in Fig. 2, do temperate cyclones (low pressure systems) develop? Explain your answer. [3]

Describe and explain the effects of large continental areas upon this pattern (ii) of air movement in summer. [3]

Name the (c) twomain characteristics that defineairmassesanddescribe thefactors that determine the type of air mass. [4]

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Explain how the clearance of natural vegetation has a damaging effect on soils 2 (a) in equatorial areas. [6]

What can be done to ensure the continued sustainability of forests? [5](b)

Fig. 3 shows the factors affecting the formation of soil. (c)

SOIL

HumaninfluenceTime

Parent material

permeability•mineral content•texture •nutrients•

Climate

weathering•precipitation•temperature•

Organisms (biota)

organic matter•nutrient cycle / recycling•mixing and aeration•

Topography (relief)

altitude•aspect•slope angle•

Fig. 3

With the help of the factors in the boxes, explain how climate and topography influencethedevelopmentofsoil. [8]

World maps of climate and vegetation have many similarities. If climate and (d) vegetation were to change, soil would also change.

Describe how and why these components are interrelated. [6]

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5SECTION B: ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Answer one question from this section.

Fig. 4 shows the sector model of economic development for an MEDC.3 (a)

1800 1850 1900 1850 2000 2050 2100

employment%

0

20

40

60

80

100secondary industries

tertiary industries

primary industries

quaternary

industries

time/economic development

Fig. 4

Compare the trends in the percentages employed in secondary and in tertiary industries between 1800 and 2100. [4]

To what extent is it true that the environmental consequences of industrialisation (b) arenegative?Supportyouranswerbygivingexamples. [7]

Suggest how industrial change in the form of growth of high technology industries (c) inNICs,suchasMalaysia,couldbenefitthepeopleandtheeconomy. [5]

For a named area you have studied, give an example of a motor vehicle (d) (i) assembly industry. Explain the reasons for its growth at that location. [6]

Whatfactorsmayinfluencethesizeofthemarketareaforthemotorvehicle(ii) assembly industry named in (d)(i)? [3]

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AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganisation,anestimated1.7billionpeoplehaveno4 access to clean water. While the demand for water is on the rise, the supply is shrinking.

What causes the shrinking supply of fresh water available per person in some (a) areasoftheworld? [7]

Identify and explain the problems associated with scarcity of water and the (b) possible impact this can have on the people and the development of an area. [6]

For a named example, describe and explain why water control projects aimed at (c) the supply of water for human and economic activity can be both advantageous and disadvantageous to people and the environment. [8]

Fig. 5 shows the total yearly water use per person for several countries (d) including MEDCs and LEDCs.

0

1000

200300400500600700800900

100

110012001300140015001600

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

of A

mer

ica

Can

ada

Aus

tralia

Italy

Fran

ce

Brazil

Ban

glad

esh

Bot

swan

a

Bur

undi

Cha

d

m³/y

ear

Key MEDCsLEDCs

Total water yearly use per person

Fig. 5

Outline the factors which help to explain the differences in water consumption between more economically developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically developed countries (LEDCs). [4]

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7SECTION C: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES

Answer one question from this section.

What have authorities done to discourage the further development and spread 5 (a) of large urban centres in one or more of the countries you have studied? [6]

Fig. 6 shows two processes occurring within a large urban area in an MEDC.(b)

CITY

minorities moveinto city

upper income groupsmove from city to suburbs

upper income groups moveto secondary suburbs

middle income groups moveto secondary suburbs

upper income groups moveback into renovated old housing

middle income groups moveto primary suburbs

Fig. 6

Name the process shown in the diagram where upper income groups move (i) back into renovated old housing. [1]

Explain why the movement of middle income groups into better housing (ii) (primary suburbs), shown in Fig. 6, might occur. [4]

Why might newly built housing be located within the existing urban area (iii) rather than on its outer edge? [5]

In many less economically developed countries (LEDCs), rapid rural-(c) (i) urban migration has been taking place since the 1960s. The reverse trend of what is happening in many LEDCs takes place in more economically developed countries (MEDCs), with people leaving cities and moving into the countryside areas (counter-urbanisation).

Suggest reasons why people in MEDCs move from urban areas into the countryside. [6]

Describe the consequences for the countryside caused by counter-(ii) urbanisation. [3]

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Fig.7showsworldpopulationdensity.6 (a)

(Source: http://edu.servloci.com/stuides/698/)

Fig. 7

UsingFig.7,describehowtheworld’spopulationdensitydiffersfromarea(i) to area. [4]

Explain how physical conditions cause some areas of Africa to be more (ii) densely populated than others. [4]

What are the effects of the migration of large numbers of people on the (iii) area to which they move? [6]

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9Fig. 8 shows the percentage of populations that experienced food shortage in 2009.(b)

0-5%6-14%

15-24%25-34%

35-49%50+%

no dataKey

Fig. 8

Fig. 8 shows that food shortages are more severe in Africa than other parts (i) oftheworld.Explainthefactorsresponsiblefortheseshortages. [7]

Aid may be one way of helping people with poverty and food shortages. (ii) Two types of aids are listed below.

A Food aid – basic foods supplied free of charge.

B Development aid – money and equipment given for sinking wells, buying high-yielding seeds and providing new machines.

Which type of aid, A or B, do you consider to be the best and which the least useful for people with food shortages? Give reasons for your choice. [4]

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POPULATION DENSITYPER KM2

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SECTION D: INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

This section is compulsory.

Study the map extract provided, which is the Newcastle area of South Africa, on the 7 scale 1:50 000, and answer the following questions.

In your opinion, what is the use of the row of trees to the northwest of the (a) Newcastle suburbs of Fernwood and Lennoxton? [2]

Explainhowreliefandwatersupplyinfluencethedistributionofcultivatedland(b) in the Valse Fontein, Hope and Eagles Cliff areas to the west of the Main Road. [6]

Calculate the average gradient along the Main Road at the western edge of (c) (i) the map between the spot heights 1321 and 1255, both located at junctions with other roads. [3]

Comment on the steepness of this slope. [1](ii)

Account for the presence of railway lines in the northeast corner of the map. (d) Why are there so many of them? [4]

Describe in which way the street plan of Newcastle is different from that of Arbor (e) Park,southeastofNewcastle.Whichpatterninyouropinionwilleasetheflowoftraffic?Giveareasonforyouranswer. [4]

Comment on the site and location of the aerodrome east of the built-up area of (f) Newcastle. [3]

To what extent does the mapped area cater for tourists? [2](g)

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