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MISLEADING GRAPHS Category 1 Categor y 2 Category 3 Category 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 Series 1 Series 3 Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

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ANSWER: VERTICAL AXIS DOESN’T BEGIN AT 0 SO LOOKS AS THOUGH HOUSING PRICES HAVE TRIPLED. This graph makes a truer comparison.

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Page 1: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

MISLEADING GRAPHS

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Page 2: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

Page 3: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

ANSWER: VERTICAL AXIS DOESN’T BEGIN AT 0 SO LOOKS AS THOUGH HOUSING PRICES HAVE TRIPLED. This graph makes a truer comparison.

Page 4: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

Page 5: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

ANSWER: INTERVALS ON VERTICAL AXIS NOT EVEN . ALSO NO LABLES SO NOT SURE WHAT GRAPH IS TALKING ABOUT.

Page 6: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

Page 7: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

This 3D bar chart might look very attractive, but it is also very misleading. There is no scale on the vertical axis and, because of the perspective, it looks as though sales for 1995 were far

greater than those for any other year. In fact, they were identical to those in 1997.The data would be better represented on a 2D-bar chart, with appropriate labelling on each

axis:

Page 8: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

What is wrong with this pictogram showing the number of people who own different types of pets?

Page 9: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

                                                                                                                                                                             

On this pictogram, there is no category for people who do not own a pet. The pictures are different sizes, and it appears that more people own a horse than any other animal.An improvement would be to redraw the pictogram, with each of the animals the same size and aligned with one another like this:

Page 10: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

What is misleading about these graphs?

Pizza Hot Dogs Hamburgers950

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Graph 2

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Page 11: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

SCALE IS TOO SMALL which makes it look as though Hot Dogs are the favorite food by 3 times over Pizza and 6 times over Hamburgers. If the SCALE IS TOO BIG, its hard to make a distinction as to which is the favorite!

Pizza Hot Dogs Hamburgers950

955

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Graph 1

Favorite Food

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Favorite Food

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Page 12: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?
Page 13: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

Look how small the scale is!!!!Also, it doesn’t begin with 0.

No wonder Gold stores are cropping up all over!

Page 14: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

3/1/2011

4/1/2011

5/1/2011

6/1/2011

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8/1/2011

9/1/2011

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Series 3Series 2Series 1

Comparison is much better.

Page 15: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

So, what are ways that a graph can be misleading?

Page 16: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

SCALE IS TOO SMALLSCALE IS TOO BIG

Pizza Hot Dogs Hamburgers950

955

960

965

970

975

980

985

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Graph 1

Favorite Food

Num

ber o

f Vot

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Pizza Hot Dogs Hamburgers0

100

200

300

400

500

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Graph 2

Favorite Food

Num

ber o

f Vot

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Page 17: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

Pictograph pictures not the same size

Page 18: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

3D MODEL CAN BE MISLEADING BECAUSE IT APPEARS THE BAR IN FRONT IS MUCH LARGER THAN IT REALLY IS.

Page 19: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

VERTICAL SCALE IS NOT EVEN or doesn’t begin with ZERO.

Page 20: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

To sum it up:

Page 21: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

GRAPHS CAN BE MISLEADING WHEN:

• DOES NOT BEGIN WITH “0” ON THE VERTICAL AXIS

• VERTICAL AXIS HAS UNEVEN INTERVALS• 3D MODEL CAN BE MISLEADING• PICTOGRAPH HAS PICTURES THAT ARE

DIFFERENT SIZES• SCALE IS TOO SMALL• SCALE IS TOO BIG

Page 22: MISLEADING GRAPHS. WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THIS GRAPH?

WHY ARE GRAPHS INTENTIONALLY MISLEADING?