Name Roy G BivWED beginning practice test

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Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below.

Old Man’s Loss Felt in New Hampshire

  FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday tomourn the loss of New Hampshire’s well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountaingranite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell becauseclouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered thecollapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain’s history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man’s face, and it eventually became New Hampshire’smost recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News,May 5, 2003

1) running water 2) glacial ice3) wave action 4) mass movement

1 Which agent of erosion is most likely responsiblefor the collapse of the granite profile?

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Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the effect thataverage yearly precipitation and temperature have on the type of weathering that will occurin a particular region.

1) moderate chemical weathering2) very slight weathering3) moderate chemical weathering with frost

action4) slight frost action

2 Which type of weathering is most common wherethe average yearly temperature is 5°C and theaverage yearly precipitation is 45 cm?

1) Pebbles can become cemented together toform a rock called gabbro.

2) Pebble is the name given to the smallest-sizesediment.

3) Any large rock that weathers couldbecome a pebble.

4) Magma is composed of pebbles.

3 In the cartoon below, Lucy gives Linus incorrectinformation about pebbles.

If Lucy wanted to give Linus correct informationabout pebbles, which statement would be mostaccurate?

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1) Water dissolves many earth materials.2) Water expands when it freezes.3) Water cools the surroundings when it

evaporates.4) Water loses 334 Joules of heat per gram

when it freezes.

4 Which property of water makes frost action acommon and effective form of weathering?

1) cementation 2) erosion3) metamorphism 4) weathering

5 The diagram below represents a naturallyoccurring geologic process.

Which process is best illustrated by thediagram?

1) large caves in limestone bedrock2) a pattern of parallel cracks in a granite

mountain3) blocks of basalt at the base of a steep slope4) the smooth, polished surface of a rock in a

dry, sandy area

6 Which geologic feature is caused primarily bychemical weathering?

1) hydrosphere and lithosphere2) mesosphere and thermosphere3) hydrosphere and atmosphere4) lithosphere and atmosphere

7 Chemical weathering will occur most rapidly whenrocks are exposed to the

Base your answer to the following question onThe diagram below represents a sedimentaryrock outcrop.

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

8 Which rock layer is the most resistant toweathering?

1) decrease due to a decrease in surface area2) decrease due to an increase in surface area3) increase due to a decrease in surface area4) increase due to an increase in surface

area

9 As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks intoseveral smaller pieces, the rate of weathering ofthe sediment will

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1) compaction and cementing2) weathering and biological activity3) faulting and tilting of rock strata4) mass movement and deposition of particles

10 Lichens are usually the first organisms thatappear in barren, rocky areas. They use rootlikestructures to split bedrock into smallfragments. Lichens also secrete acidic solutionsthat help break down rock. The cross sectionsbelow represent an area when lichens firstappeared (time 1) and that same area hundredsof years later, after it was changed by lichensand exposed to air and water (time 2).

The soil shown in time 2 was formed mainly by

Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the landscape features associated with a meanderingriver. Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on the floodplain.

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1) more rounded 2) more dense3) heavier 4) larger

11 During transport by this river, a sedimentparticle will most likely become

1) running water 2) wind3) gravity 4) ocean currents

12 Unsorted, angular, rough-surfaced cobbles andboulders are found at the base of a cliff. Whatmost likely transported these cobbles andboulders?

1) river deposition2) glacial scouring3) mass movement4) chemical weathering

13 A landslide is an example of

1) It will become jagged and its mass willdecrease.

2) It will become jagged and its volume willincrease.

3) It will become rounded and its mass willincrease.

4) It will become rounded and its volume willdecrease.

14 What change will a pebble usually undergo whenit is transported a great distance by streams?

1) a decrease in mass and number of angularedges

2) a decrease in density and size3) an increase in weight and hardness4) an increase in volume and number of

cleavage planes

15 A sediment particle transported by a streamover a long period of time will most likely show

1) 2)

3) 4)

16 Which quartz sample has probably undergoneabrasion in a stream for the longest period oftime?

1) deposition on the inside of the meander2) deposition on the outside of the meander3) erosion on the inside of the meander4) erosion on the outside of the meander

17 Trees growing on the edge of a river's meanderare most likely to fall into the river due to

1) pebble 2) sand3) silt 4) clay

18 A river’s current carries sediments into theocean. Which sediment size will most likely bedeposited in deeper water farthest from theshore?

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1) A and B 2) B and C3) C and D 4) D and A

19 The map below shows a meandering stream as itenters a lake. The arrow shows the direction ofstream flow. Points A through D representlocations on the surface of the stream.

The greatest stream velocities are foundclosest to points

1) 2)

3) 4)

20 Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the discharge of a stream and thevelocity of stream flow?

1)

2)

3)

4)

21 The map below shows the bend of a largemeandering stream. The arrows show thedirection of stream flow, Letters A, B, and C are positions on the streambed where erosionand deposition data were collected.

Which table best represents the locationswhere erosion and deposition are dominant andwhere an equilibrium exists between the twoprocesses? [A check mark represents thedominant process for each lettered location.]

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1) slower, causing deposition2) faster, causing deposition3) slower, causing erosion4) faster, causing erosion

22 The diagram below shows a section of ameander in a stream. The arrows show thedirection of stream flow.

The streambank on the outside of this meanderis steeper than the streambank on the inside ofthis meander because the water on the outsideof this meander is moving

1) chemical weathering2) wind action3) mass movement4) rock abrasion

23 The diagrams below represent four differentexamples of one process that transportssediments.

Which process is shown in these diagrams?

1) less than the amount of erosion2) greater than the amount of erosion3) the same as the amount of erosion

24 Dynamic equilibrium between erosion anddeposition in a river exists when the amount ofdeposition is

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

25 The graph below shows the general pattern oferosion and deposition for a small tributarystream. Points A, B, C, and D representlocations along the stream.

At which location is the erosional-depositionalsystem of the stream in dynamic equilibrium?

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1)

2)

3)

4)

26 The block diagram below shows a landscaperegion.

Which stream drainage pattern would mostlikely develop at the surface of this region?

1)

2)

3)

4)

27 The block diagram below shows a region thathas undergone faulting.

Which map shows the stream drainage patternthat would most likely develop on the surface ofthis region?

Roy G Biv

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Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the drainagebasin of the Mississippi River system. Several rivers that flow into the Mississippi River arelabeled. The arrow at location X shows where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf ofMexico.

1) levee 2) watershed3) meander belt 4) floodplain

28 The entire land area drained by the MississippiRiver system is referred to as a

Roy G Biv

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Base your answers to questions 29 through 33 on the information and diagrams below.

A mixture of colloids, clay, silt, sand, pebbles, and cobbles is put into stream I at point A.The water velocity at point A is 400 centimeters per second. A similar mixture of particlesis put into stream II at point A. The water velocity in stream II at point A is 80centimeters per second.

1) Stream I will move all particles that areadded at point A .

2) Stream II will move all particles that areadded at point A.

3) Stream I cannot move sand.4) Stream II cannot move sand.

29 Which statement best describes what happenswhen the particles are placed in the streams?

1) The greatest deposition occurs at point B.2) Particles are carried in suspension and by

bouncing along the bottom.3) The particles will have a greater velocity

than the water in the stream.4) The velocity of the stream is the same at

point B as at point C.

30 Which statement is the most accuratedescription of conditions in both streams?

1) increase for stream I, but not for streamII

2) increase for stream II, but not for streamI

3) increase for both streams4) not change for either stream

31 If a sudden rainstorm occurs at both streamsabove point A, the erosion rate will

1) Clay particles will settle first.2) The largest particles will be carried

farthest into the lake.3) The sediment will become more angular

because of abrasion.4) The particles will be deposited in sorted

layers.

32 What will most likely occur when thetransported sediment reaches lake II?

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1) decreases 2) increases3) remains the same

33 In lake I, as the stream water moves from pointC to point D, its velocity

1) Elmira and Binghamton2) Riverhead and New York City3) Massena and Old Forge4) Buffalo and Watertown

34 Which two cities are located in the InteriorLowlands?

1) Erie-Ontario Lowlands2) Tug Hill Plateau3) Allegheny Plateau4) St. Lawrence Lowlands

35 The longest portion of the Genesee River inNew York State flows through which landscaperegion?

1) Tug Hill Plateau2) Adirondack Mountains3) St. Lawrence Lowlands4) Champlain Lowlands

36 A plane traveling in a straight line fromWatertown to Utica would fly over whichlandscape region?

1) mountain regions 2) coastal plains3) lowlands 4) plateaus

37 In New York State, both the Delaware Riverand the Susquehanna River flow over landscapesclassified as

Roy G Biv

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Base your answers to questions 38 through 42 on the passage and map below. The mapshows the generalized landscape regions of Vermont.

Landscape Regions of Vermont

Most of Vermont’s landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains thatwere covered by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand,cobbles, and boulders were deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into sixlandscape regions.

(1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlainmoderating its temperature.(2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400million years ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is knownfor its deposits of talc and asbestos.(3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble arecommonly mined in this region.(4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Mostof the bedrock in the region is limestone and marble.(5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This regionconsists of rolling hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry.(6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granitebedrock.

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1) sulfur 2) magnetite3) olivine 4) halite

38 Some of the bedrock in the Green Mountains isactually green in color because of the presenceof the mineral chlorite. Which other mineralcan cause rocks to appear green?

1) compaction and cementation of sediments2) cooling and solidification of magma3) uplift and weathering of bedrock4) application of heat and pressure to shale

39 Which processes formed the granite that ismined in Vermont?

1) climate, vegetation, and surface features2) bedrock type, structure, and elevation3) state boundaries, streams, and rivers4) nearness to mountains, lakes, and oceans

40 The classification of landscape regions isprimarily based on which factors?

1) Vermont Lowlands2) Valley of Vermont3) Taconic Mountains4) Green Mountains

41 Which Vermont landscape region is acontinuation of New York State’s ChamplainLowlands landscape?

1) Cretaceous 2) Permian3) Devonian 4) Ordovician

42 During which geologic period did a majororogeny form the Taconic Mountains?

1) an arid region that experienced mostlyuplifting forces

2) an arid region that experienced mostlyerosional forces

3) a humid region that experienced mostlyuplifting forces

4) a humid region that experienced mostlyerosional forces

43 The sequence of bedrock cross sections belowrepresents the same landscape region over aperiod of geologic time.

This sequence best represents

1) Silurian 2) Devonian3) Carboniferous 4) Permian

44 The graph below shows the average change inthe elevation of a mountain range over time.

According to the graph, the rate of upliftingwas greater than the rate of erosion duringwhich geologic time period?

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1) glaciation 2) climate changes3) erosion 4) faulting

45 Which Earth process most likely formed thedepression now occupied by the lake shown inthe diagram below?

1) Rocks are weathered and eroded evenly.2) Folded rocks are more easily weathered

and eroded.3) Deposits of sediments provide evidence of

erosion.4) Climate differences affect the amount of

erosion.

46 The diagram below represents a cross sectionof the bedrock and land surface in part ofTennessee. The dotted lines indicate missingrock layers.

Which statement is best supported by thediagram?

1) time2) climate3) human activities4) bedrock structure

47 The maps below represent four differentstream drainage patterns.

Which factor most likely caused thedifferences in these patterns?

1) The Lockport dolostone is an evaporite.2) The Clinton limestone and shale contain

many fossils.3) The Thorold sandstone and the whirlpool

sandstone dissolve easily in water.4) The Rochester and Queenston shale and

the Albion sandstone and shale are lessresistant to erosion than the other rocklayers.

48 The diagram below shows a geologic crosssection of the rock layers in the vicinity ofNiagara Falls in western New York State.

Which statement best explains the irregularshape of the rock face behind the falls?

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1) resistance of the rock layers2) thickness of the rock layers3) tilt of the rock layers4) age of the rock layers

49 The diagram below represents a cross sectionof a series of horizontal sedimentary rocklayers.

The variation in the steepness of the erodedhillslopes in the diagram is most likely due tothe

1) type of soil2) amount of stream discharge3) weathering rate4) underlying bedrock structure

50 One characteristic used to classify landscaperegions as plains, plateaus, or mountains is

1)

2)

3)

4)

51 Which landscape region probably resulted fromthe erosion of folded rock layers?

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Base your answers to questions 52 and 53 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows part of the NorthAmerican coastline. The present coastline is shown as a solid line. The symbols on the keybelow indicate the inferred coastline 18,000 years ago and an inferred future coastline ifglobal warming continues.

1) total amount of global precipitation willdecrease

2) thickness of the ozone layer will decrease3) concentration of carbon dioxide in

Earth’s atmosphere will increase4) rate of uplift of the North American

continent will increase

52 The inferred position of the future coastline isbased on the assumption that the

1) The climate of Earth was extremely hot anddry.

2) A large amount of Earth's water wasstored in large continental ice sheets.

3) The east coast of North America was beingsubducted under the Eurasian Plate.

4) North America had just separated fromAfrica, and the Atlantic Ocean was forming.

53 Which statement best explains why 18,000years ago the coastline was at a differentlocation than it is today?

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1) topographic maps2) geologic time scales3) tectonic plate maps4) planetary wind maps

54 An environmental scientist needs to prepare areport on the potential effects that a proposedsurface mine in New York State will have on thewatershed where the mine will be located. Inwhich reference materials will the scientistfind the most useful data with which todetermine the watershed’s boundaries?

1) become richer and deeper2) become residual3) develop more horizons4) be eroded

55 In recent years, the trees in large areas oftropical rain forests have been cleared. As aresult of this activity, the soil of these areaswill

1) crustal uplift has altered the landscape2) human activities have altered the

landscape3) the climate has become more humid4) the bedrock porosity has changed

56 The diagram below shows a highway road cut.

The water well has probably gone dry because

1) the availability of the most advancedtechnology

2) the Earth's ability to restore itself3) public awareness and cooperation4) stricter environmental laws

57 The process of developing and implementingenvironmental conservation programs is mostdependent on

1) Mountainside highway construction causesa landslide.

2) Lightning causes a forest fire.3) Shifting crustal plates cause an earthquake.4) Changing seasonal winds cause flooding in an

area.

58 Humans can cause rapid changes in theenvironment, which may produce catastrophicevents. Which statement below is the bestexample of this concept?

1) composition of the ozone layer of thestratosphere

2) wind velocity of the tropopause3) location of continental polar highs4) air movement in the doldrums

59 Some scientists believe that high-flyingairplanes and the discharge of fluorocarbonsfrom spray cans are affecting the atmosphere.Which characteristic of the atmosphere dothey believe is affected?

1) high temperature toward regions of lowtemperature

2) high pressure toward regions of lowpressure

3) high precipitation toward regions of lowprecipitation

4) high humidity toward regions of lowhumidity

60 Wind moves from regions of

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1) sorted fine-grained particles incross-bedded layers

2) a range of particle sizes from 1.0 to 10.0 cmin diameter in thick layers

3) flat, angular boulders in unsorted piles4) shells of varying size, shape, and

composition in isolated mounds

61 A sedimentary deposit produced by wind erosionis most likely composed of

1) U-shaped valleys containing unsorted layersof sediment

2) V-shaped valleys containing well-sortedlayers of sediment

3) terraces of gravel containing unsortedlayers of sediment

4) cross-bedded sand deposits containingfinely sorted layers of sediment

62 Which landscape features are primarily theresult of wind erosion and deposition?

1) activities of humans2) wind erosion3) physical weathering4) a changing climate

63 How could a local landscape be changed most inthe shortest amount of time?

1) wind erosion2) volcanic eruption3) earthquake vibrations4) plate tectonics

64 The picture below shows a geological feature inthe Kalahari Desert of southwestern Africa.

Which process most likely produced thepresent appearance of this feature?

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Base your answers to questions 65 and 66 onthe diagram below, which shows severaldifferent landscape features. Points X and Y indicate locations on the streambank.

65 Explain why the stream meanders on thefloodplain, but not in the mountains.

66 Identify which point, X or Y, has more streamerosion and explain why the amounts of erosionare different.

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Base your answers to questions 67 through 69 on block diagram below, which shows thelandscape features of an area of Earth’s crust. Two sedimentary rock layers, A and B, arelabeled in the diagram. The rock symbol for layer B has been omitted.

67 The graph below shows the particle sizes thatcompose the clastic sedimentary rock in layer B.

In the area below, draw the map symbol thatrepresents rock layer B.

68 Describe how the caverns formed in rock layer A.

69 Identify the most abundant mineral in rocklayer A.

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Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows a meanderingstream as it enters a lake. Points A through D represent locations in the stream.

70 Draw a cross-sectional view of the generalshape of the stream bottom between points A and B. The water surface line has already beendrawn.

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Base your answers to questions 71 through 73 on the diagram below, which shows igneous rockthat has undergone mainly physical weatheringinto sand and mainly chemical weathering intoclay.

71 If the igneous rock is a layer of vesicularandesite, identify three types of mineral grainsthat could be found in the sand.

72 Describe the change in temperature andmoisture conditions that would cause anincrease in the rate of chemical weathering intoclay.

73 Compare the particle size of the physicallyweathered fragments to the particle size ofthe chemically weathered fragments.

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Base your answers to questions 74 and 75 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The map shows the location ofSandy Creek, west of Rochester, New York. X and Y represent points on the banks of thestream.

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74 The symbols representing four sedimentparticles are shown in the key below. Theseparticles are being transported by Sandy Creekinto Lake Ontario. On the cross section below,draw the symbols on the bottom of LakeOntario to show the relative position where each sediment particle is most likely deposited.

75 Draw a line represent the shape of the streambottom from point X to point Y.

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Base your answer to the following question on the block diagrams below, which show threetypes of streams with equal volumes.

76 Explain how the differences between the type 1and type 3 stream channels indicate that theaverage velocities of the streams are different.

77 New York States Adirondacks are classified asa mountain landscape region. Describe onebedrock characteristic and one land surfacecharacteristic that were used to classify theAdirondacks as a mountain landscape region.

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Base your answers to questions 78 and 79 on the data table below, which shows thepercent and uses of different types of salt in the United States.

78 Shaded areas on the map above represent somecounties in New York State where salt is mined.State the name of one New York Statelandscape region in which all or part of thesecounties are located.

79 On the pie graph provided, complete the graphto show the percent of each salt usage. (Thepercent of salt used in industry has been drawnand labeled.) Label each section of the piegraph to indicate the salt usage.

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Base your answers to questions 80 and 81 on the passage and the cross section below. Thepassage describes the geologic history of the Pine Bush region near Albany, New York. Thecross section shows th bedrock and overlying sediment along a southwest to northeastdiagonal line through a portion of this are Location A shows an ancient buried streamchannel and location B shows a large sand dune.

The Pine Bush Region

The Pine Bush region, just northwest of Albany, New York, is a 40-squaremile area of sand dunes and wetlands covered by pitch pine trees and scruboak bushes. During the Ordovician Period, this area was covered by a largesea. Layers of mud and sand deposited in this sea were compressed into shaleand sandstone bedrock.

During most of the Cenozoic Era, running water eroded stream channelsinto the bedrock. One of these buried channels is shown at location A inthe cross section. Over the last one million years of the Cenozoic Era, thisarea was affected by glaciation. During the last major advance of glacialice, soil and bedrock were eroded and later deposited as till (a mixture ofboulders, pebbles, sand, and clay).

About 20,000 years ago, the last glacier in New York State beganto melt. The meltwater deposited pebbles and sand, forming thestratified drift. During the 5000 years it took to melt this glacier, theentire Pine Bush area became submerged under a large 350-foot-deepglacial lake called Lake Albany. Delta deposits of cobbles, pebbles, andsand formed along the lake shorelines, and beds of silt and clay weredeposited farther into the lake.

Lake Albany drained about 12,000 years ago, exposing the lakebottom. Wind erosion created the sand dunes that cover much ofthe Pine Bush area today.

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80 How does the shape of the sand dune atlocation B provide evidence that the prevailingwinds that formed this dune are blowing fromthe southwest?

81 What evidence shown at location A suggeststhat the channel in the bedrock was eroded byrunning water?

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Answer Keybeginning WED practice test.

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1 4

2 4

3 3

4 2

5 4

6 1

7 3

8 3

9 4

10 2

11 1

12 3

13 3

14 4

15 1

16 1

17 4

18 4

19 2

20 2

21 4

22 4

23 3

24 3

25 3

26 1

27 3

28 2

29 1

30 2

31 3

32 4

33 1

34 4

35 3

36 1

37 4

38 3

39 2

40 2

41 1

42 4

43 2

44 3

45 4

46 2

47 4

48 4

49 1

50 4

51 3

52 3

53 2

54 1

55 4

56 2

57 3

58 1

59 1

60 2

61 1

62 4

63 1

64 1

65 — The stream beganto flow over a nearlyflat landscape. —Stream velocitydecreased. —Gradient decreasesfrom the mountains tothe floodplain. — Thestream flows moreslowly on thefloodplain.— Thefloodplain iscomposed of loosesediment.

66 — Point X is on theoutside of a meandercurve. — Streamvelocity is greater atpoint X. — Moredeposition occurs atY.

67

68 Examples: —Limestone reacts withacids in groundwater.— Acids in watercause limestone todissolve. —Chemical weatheringof limestone —Water flowingthrough cracksremoves limestone.

69 Examples: – calcite –CaCO3

70

71 plagioclase feldspar –biotite – amphibole –quartz or pyroxene

72 – Moisture andtemperature shouldboth increase.

73 – The physicallyweathered sedimentsare larger in particlesize than thechemically weatheredparticles. – The sandfragments are largerthan clay fragments. –The sand fragmentsrange from 0.006 cmto 0.2 cm in diameterand the clayfragments are lessthan 0.0004 cm indiameter.

74

75

76 Responses include,but are not limited to:The type 3 streammeanders more; Thetype 3 streamoccupies a widerfloodplain; The type 1stream has a straightercourse.

Answer Keybeginning WED practice test.

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77 Bedrockcharacteristics: – TheAdirondacks havefaulted, folded, anddeformed bedrock. –The Adirondackshave intenselymetamorphosedbedrock. – The oldestbedrock is near thecenter of theAdirondacks.Land surfacecharacteristics: – TheAdirondacks havehigh elevations. – TheAdirondacks havesteep slopes. – TheAdirondacks are apartially eroded dome.

78 Credit forErie-OntarioLowlands orAllegheny Plateau orAppalachian Plateau.

79

80 – The gentle slope ofthe dune is on thesouthwest side. – Thewindward side has aless steep slope. – Thesteeper side isleeward.

81 Examples: –Thechannel at A has aV-shape. –Runningwater producesV-shaped channels.