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Name_____________________________________ Date__________________________Biochemistry Regents Review
A) hydrogen and oxygenB) nitrogen and oxygenC) nitrogen and carbonD) hydrogen and carbon
1. Which elements are present in all organiccompounds?
A) Mg(OH)2 B) NaClC) Cl2H22O11 D) NH3
2. Which formula represents an organic compound?
A) organic compounds, onlyB) inorganic compounds, onlyC) both organic and inorganic compoundsD) neither organic nor inorganic compounds
3. Most organisms contain
A) They are used to store genetic information.B) They are complex molecules made from smaller
molecules.C) They are used to assemble larger inorganic
materials.D) They are simple molecules used as energy
sources.
4. Which statement describes starches, fats, proteins, andDNA?
A) glucose (C6Hl2O6)B) carbon dioxide (CO2)C) ethane (C2H6)D) stearic acid (Cl8H36O2)
5. Which compound is inorganic?
A) percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphereB) number of plant species in the areaC) variety of scavengers in the ecosystemD) amount of time that water is present
6. Wildflowers grow and reproduce during the springsnowmelt in the desert region of Death Valley,California. Which environmental factor would mostlikely have the greatest influence on these activities?
A) Carbohydrates B) ProteinsC) Nucleic acids D) Water
7. Which of the following is not one of the main classesof macromolecules within cells?
A) water B) glycogenC) glycerol D) maltose
8. Which substance plays a major role in most of thechemical reactions that occur in a living cell?
A) glycerol B) glucoseC) water D) cellulose
9. In a living cell, which compound serves primarily as asubstance in which most molecules and ions aredissolved?
A) nucleic acid B) glucoseC) fatty acid D) water
10. Which chemical compound makes up the greatestpercentage of a protozoan?
A) They slow down the rate of breathing.B) They are the building blocks of polymers.C) They speed up the conduction of impulses
along a nerve cell.D) They influence the rate of chemical reactions.
11. Which statement best describes enzymes?
A) a lipid B) a carbohydrateC) an enzyme D) a hormone
12. A scientist plans to cut a segment of DNA so that itcan be inserted into the DNA of a bacterium, asingle-celled organism. The scientist needs to use aspecial type of organic molecule to perform thiscutting process. This molecule is
A) enzyme in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxideB) enzyme in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxideC) emulsifier in the digestion of hydrogen
peroxideD) indicator in the detection of hydrogen peroxide
13. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product ofcellular metabolism in aerobic organisms. Thereaction below occurs within the cells to prevent theaccumulation of hydrogen peroxide.
In this reaction, catalase functions as an
A) 10 B) 20 C) 1 D) 100
14. How many different kinds of amino acids are there?
15. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents events involved asenergy is ultimately released from food.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
Which row in the table above best represents the chain of Xs and letters A and B in the diagram?
A) They are replicated in the nucleus.B) They are acted on by enzymes and release the
energy they contain.C) They are changed into tissues and organs in the
cytoplasm.D) They enter chloroplasts, where they can absorb
light energy.
16. What happens to certain nutrient molecules afterthey pass into muscle cells?
A) enzymes and synthesisB) amino acids and glucoseC) antigens and immunityD) ribosomes and sugars
17. The diagram below represents a series of reactionsthat can occur in an organism.
This diagram best illustrates the relationshipbetween
A) Changes in pH and temperature will cause the enzyme reaction rate to be too fast.B) Temperature and pH determine amino acid sequences in enzymes.C) Changes in pH will change the genetic instructions of enzymes.D) Increasing the temperature and pH can alter the specific shape of enzymes.
18. Which statement explains the importance of maintaining a constant internal environment to ensureproper enzyme functioning?
A) specific type of molecule it interacts withduring a reaction
B) rate at which the enzyme breaks down during areaction it regulates
C) pH of all body systemsD) temperature of the products of the reaction it
regulates
19. A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged ina complex three-dimensional shape. This shapedetermines the
20. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation in the diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology.
A) photosynthesisB) synthesis of enzymesC) a building block of starchD) a genetic code
In a heterotrophic organism, substance A could beused directly for
A) reactions that are controlled by catalystsB) enzymes that are stored in mitochondriaC) the production of catalysts in vacuolesD) enzymes that have the same genetic base
sequence
21. All chemical breakdown processes in cells directlyinvolve
A) an enzymeB) an inorganic compoundC) a hormoneD) an antigen
22. Experiments revealed the following informationabout a certain molecule:
— It can be broken down into amino acids.— It can break down proteins into amino acids.— It is found in high concentrations in the smallintestine of humans.
This molecule is most likely
A) the amino acid sequence of enzyme CB) the amount of substance W produced in five
minutes at various pH levelsC) the shapes of substances X and Y after the
reaction occursD) the temperature before the reaction occurs
23. The equation below represents a chemical reactionthat occurs in humans.
What data should be collected to support thehypothesis that enzyme C works best in anenvironment that is slightly basic?
A) the pH of the solution in which the reaction isoccurring
B) the concentrations of starch and enzymeC) the temperature at which the reaction is taking
placeD) the wavelength of light illuminating the
reaction
24. Which factor would have the least effect on the rateat which an enzyme breaks down starch?
A) are not affected by pH B) work best at different pH levelsC) work best in an acidic environment D) work best in a basic environment
25. The graph below represents the effect of pH on three different enzymes at normal body temperature.
The graph illustrates that enzymes 1, 2, and 3
A) below 0°CB) between 0°C and 38°CC) at 40°CD) at 68°C
26. According to the graph below, at what temperaturewill the denaturation of lipase begin?
A) 3-5 B) 4-6 C) 6-8 D) 8-10
27. Since salivary enzymes normally operate best at apH close to neutral, the optimum pH range for thehydrolysis of carbohydrates in the human mouthwould be
A) enzymes B) toxinsC) antibodies D) antigens
28. One effect of uncontrolled diabetes is that the bloodmight develop an acidic pH. As a result, cells maynot be able to regulate their internal pH. Withinthese cells, this could cause a disruption of thefunction of biological catalysts known as
29. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation and diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology. A student conducted an investigation onfermentation. Yeast, molasses, and water werecombined in a fermentation tube and left for severalhours at room temperature. The results are shownbelow.
A) ADP molecules are destroyed at 60ºC.B) High temperatures denature enzymes.C) Molasses turns to starch at 60ºC.D) Gases cannot form at high temperatures.
If the fermentation tube had been maintained at 60ºCinstead of at room temperature, the substance in area X would not have been produced. Which statement isthe best explanation for this?
30. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below and on your knowledge of biology. Thegraph shows the relative rates of action of fourenzymes, A, B, C, and D.
A) remain constantB) increase, then decreaseC) decrease, then increaseD) decrease constantly
A solution with a pH of 6 contains enzyme C and itssubstrate. If a base is gradually added to thissolution, the rate of action of enzyme C would mostlikely
A) decreasing the temperature of the reaction by5°C
B) enzyme concentrationC) maintaining the pH of the reaction at 6.7D) substrate concentration
31. Salivary amylase is an enzyme in humans thatbreaks down starch. The optimum pH for thisreaction is 6.7. The rate of this reaction would not beaffected by
A) genetic material in the nucleus stops replicatingB) size of the cell is increasedC) enzymes involved in the reaction become
deaminatedD) concentration of the reactants is increased
32. The chemical reactions taking place in a cell willmost likely speed up if the
A) shape of their moleculesB) DNA they containC) inorganic molecules they containD) organelles present in their structure
33. A characteristic shared by all enzymes, hormones,and antibodies is that their function is determined bythe
A) specific shapeB) small sizeC) concentration of carbon and hydrogen atomsD) high-energy bonds
34. A characteristic of hormones and enzymes thatallows them to work effectively with other organicmolecules is their
A) a hormoneB) an enzymeC) an antibodyD) an inorganic compound
35. The diagram below illustrates a biochemical processthat occurs in organisms.
The substance labeled "catalyst" is also known as
Base your answers to questions 36 and 37 on thediagram below which represents an enzymecontrolled reaction and on your knowledge ofbiology.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
36. Which number indicates the enzyme-substratecomplex?
A) dehydration synthesisB) aerobic respirationC) hydrolysisD) fermentation
37. This reaction best represents
A) These chemicals must have a specific shape.B) These chemicals must be able to replicate.C) Body temperature must be above 40°C.D) Body pH must be above 10.
38. Which condition is necessary for enzymes andhormones to function properly in the human body?
A) protein hydrolysisB) enzyme specificityC) active transportD) polypeptide ingestion
39. Which concept is illustrated by the reaction shown inthe diagram below?
A) control transport through the cell membraneB) have a specific shape related to their specific
functionC) remove wastes from the bodyD) speed up chemical reactions in cells
40. Antibody molecules and receptor molecules aresimilar in that they both
A) are the same size as the enzymeB) are the same size as the substrate moleculesC) have a shape that fits into the enzymeD) have a shape that fits into all cell receptors
41. Enzyme molecules normally interact with substratemolecules. Some medicines work by blockingenzyme activity in pathogens. These medicines areeffective because they
A) water B) saltC) oxygen D) glucose
42. An energy-rich organic compound needed byorganisms is
A) maltose B) DNAC) maltase D) ATP
43. Which organic compound consists of the elementscarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and has hydrogenand oxygen atoms in a 2:1 ratio?
A) Proteins B) LipidsC) Nucleotides D) Carbohydrates
44. Glucose molecules are the building blocks of whatclass of macromolecule?
A) 1:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 1:2
45. What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atomsin a molecule of glucose?
A) starch B) PGALC) ATP D) glucose
46. Which compound has the structural formula shownbelow?
A) amino acids B) fatty acidsC) starch D) nucleic acids
47. Plants store carbohydrates in the form of
A) 1 and 5 B) 2 and 4C) 3 and 2 D) 4 and 3
48. Some structural formulas of organic molecules areshown below.
Which structural formulas represent carbohydratemolecules?
A) CH4 B) C3H7O2NC) Cl2H22O11 D) CO2
49. Which chemical formula represents a carbohydrate?
A) enzymes B) simple sugarsC) amino acids D) minerals
50. Most of the starch stored in the cells of a potato iscomposed of molecules that originally entered thesecells as
A) in the bonds between atoms B) in the oxygen found in the moleculeC) when the carbon atoms break off D) when water breaks this molecule apart
51. The energy in this molecule is stored
Base your answers to questions 52 and 53 on "the diagram below. For each of the following phrases,select the molecule, chosen from those shown below, which is best described by that phrase.
"
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
52. An example of a carbohydrate
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
53. A molecule that results from all dehydration synthesis reactions
A) converted into starch by dehydration synthesisand stored in roots
B) converted into cellulose by hydrolysis andstored in leaves
C) used as catalysts for metabolic activityD) used as a raw material for photosynthesis
54. How are glucose molecules produced by greenplants usually processed?
A) Peptide bondB) Glycosidic bondC) Phosphodiester bondD) Ionic bond
55. What is the name of the bond linking sugarmolecules together?
A) glycerols B) amino acidsC) simple sugars D) proteins
56. Starch molecules are hydrolyzed into smaller unitsknown as
A) carbohydrates B) lipidsC) proteins D) nucleotides
57. Butter and oil are examples of food composed of
58. Base your answer to the following question on "the diagram below, which represents stages in thedigestion of a starch, and on your knowledge ofbiology.
"
A) simple sugars B) fatsC) amino acids D) minerals
The products would most likely contain
59. Base your answer to the following question on the chemical reaction represented below and on yourknowledge of biology.
A) water B) plant hormonesC) glycogen D) nucleic acids
Letter Z most likely represents molecules of
60. Base your answer to the following question on theequation below.
A) a glycerol moleculeB) a peptide bondC) a carboxyl groupD) an enzyme
What does x most likely represent?
A) simple sugars B) amino acidsC) fatty acids D) nucleotides
61. What are the end products of the hydrolysis of apolysaccharide?
A) dehydration synthesis of a dipeptideB) hydrolysis of a polypeptideC) dehydration synthesis of a lipidD) hydrolysis of a disaccharide
62. Which chemical reaction is represented by thediagram below?
A) genesB) organic compoundsC) chemical bondsD) mitochondria
63. More energy can be released from a fat moleculethan from a glucose molecule because the fatmolecule contains more
A) Lipids B) CarbohydratesC) Nucleotides D) Proteins
64. What is the major component of plasma membranes?
A) sources of stored energy and transmitters ofgenetic information
B) sources of stored energy and components ofcellular membranes
C) transmitters of genetic information andcatalysts of chemical reactions
D) catalysts of chemical reactions and componentsof cellular membranes
65. In living organisms, lipids function mainly as
A) chains folded the same way and the samesequence of simple sugars
B) chains folded the same way and the samesequence of amino acids
C) chains folded differently and a differentsequence of simple sugars
D) chains folded differently and a differentsequence of amino acids
66. Two proteins in the same cell perform differentfunctions. This is because the two proteins arecomposed of
A) whether it is organic or inorganicB) changes in temperature or pHC) the number of genes found in the nucleusD) the number of chromosomes in the cell
67. What is the shape of a protein molecule influencedby?
A) interact with each other at a high pHB) interact with molecules that can alter their
specific bonding patternsC) contain amino acid chains that fold into a
specific shapeD) contain identical DNA base sequences
68. Many biological catalysts, hormones, and receptormolecules are similar in that, in order to functionproperly, they must
69. Base your answer to the following question on "on the chart below and your knowledge of Biology.
"
A) B)
C) D)
Which belongs in section G ?
A) amino acids arranged in a specific orderB) simple sugars alternating with starches arranged in a folded patternC) large inorganic subunits that form chains that interlock with each otherD) four bases that make up the folded structure
70. The diagram below represents a protein molecule present in some living things.
This type of molecule is composed of a sequence of
A) Proteins B) LipidsC) Carbohydrates D) Nucleotides
71. Amino acids are the building blocks of which classof macromolecules? A) cellulose B) chlorophyll
C) protein D) hemoglobin
72. Every living cell contains molecules of
A) sequence of amino acids B) sequence of simple sugarsC) sequence of starch molecules D) sequence of ATP molecules
73. The diagram below provides some information concerning proteins.
Which phrase is represented by A?
74. Base your answer to the following question on "the chemical reaction represented below.
"
A) an amino group B) a carboxyl groupC) a polymer D) a monosaccharide
The portion of the molecule in box F is known as
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
75. The diagram below represents the synthesis of a portion of a complex molecule in an organism.
Which row in the chart could be used to identify the building blocks and product in the diagram?
A) carbon B) hydrogenC) oxygen D) nitrogen
76. An element found in all proteins but not found incarbohydrates and lipids is
A) a double bond B) a hydrogen bondC) an ionic bond D) a peptide bond
77. The bond that joins two amino acids together isknown as
A) ribosomes B) mineralsC) chloroplasts D) mitochondria
78. A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with theproduction of proteins in the insect would mostdirectly affect the activity of
A) Ionic bondB) Phosphodiester bondC) Glycosidic bondD) Peptide bond
79. What is the name of the bond linking amino acidstogether?
80. Base your answer to the following question on Thediagram below represents a process that occurswithin a cell in the human pancreas.
A) digestion by enzymesB) protein synthesisC) energy productionD) replication of DNA
This process is known as
A) protein synthesisB) waste disposalC) transport of materialsD) breakdown of nutrients
81. Researchers use a variety of techniques to learnmore about the function of a specific gene in anorganism. In one type of experiment, called aloss-of-function experiment, the gene beinginvestigated is eliminated. In a gain-of-functionexperiment, extra copies of the gene beinginvestigated are inserted. The cell process mostdirectly affected in both experiments is
82. Base your answer to the following question on Theequations below represent two biochemicalprocesses, A and B.
A) Process A requires energy, but process B doesnot.
B) Process B requires enzymes, but process Adoes not.
C) Processes A and B are examples of hydrolysis.D) Processes A and B are examples of dehydration
synthesis.
Which statement about processes A and B is correct?
A) amount of energy available for synthesis of theprotein
B) kind and sequence of amino acids in the proteinC) type and number of DNA molecules in a cellD) mistakes made when the DNA is copied
83. The shape of a protein is most directly determined bythe
A) salt B) hydrochloric acidC) water D) fatty acid
84. Which substance is most likely represented by letter X in the equation below? amino acid + amino acid ® dipeptide + X
A) an oxygen atom of a glucose molecule and acarbon atom of a lipid molecule
B) a carbon atom and a hydrogen atomC) a variable side group and a nitrogen atomD) a nitrogen atom in an amino group and a carbon
atom in a carboxyl group
85. Where does a chemical bond form when a dipeptideis synthesized?
A) nucleic acid-glycerolB) carbohydrate-fatty acidC) protein-amino acidD) lipid-nucleotide
86. Which organic molecule is correctly paired with anend product of its digestion?
A) glucose and water B) ATP and waterC) dipeptides and water D) alcohol and water
87. The reactants represented by letter B are
88. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.
A solution of an enzyme normally found in the human body was added to a flask containing asolution of proteins in distilled water, and then the flask was stoppered. This mixture was thenmaintained at a temperature of 27°C and a pH of 7 for 48 hours. When the mixture was analyzed,the presence of amino acids was noted.
A) amino acids, onlyB) amino acids and polypeptides, onlyC) polypeptides, amino acids, and enzyme moleculesD) polysaccharides, amino acids, and enzyme molecules
Which substances would most likely be present in the solution in the flask after 48 hours?
89. Base your answer to the following question on the information below. A student completed a series of experiments and found that a protein-digesting enzyme(intestinal protease) functions best when the pH is 8.0 and the temperature is 37°C. During anexperiment, the student used some of the procedures listed below.
Procedures (A) Adding more protease (B) Adding more protein (C) Decreasing the pH to 6.0 (D) Increasing the temperature to 45°C (E) Decreasing the amount of light
A) A B) E C) C D) D
Which procedure would have the least effect on the rate of protein digestion?
Base your answers to questions 90 and 91 on "the chart below which gives incomplete informationabout certain biochemical reactions and on yourknowledge of biology.
"
A) ATPase B) lipaseC) sucrase D) amylase
90. The enzyme represented by letter C is known as
91. Base your answer to the following question on "the structural formula below and on your knowledgeof biology.
"
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
Which group of atoms varies from one type of amino acid to another?
92. Enzymes and antibodies are molecules that have specific shapes that give them different functions.Select either enzyme or antibody, and explain how the shape of the molecule you chose helps it carryout its normal function.
Molecule: ________________________________
93. Base your answer to the following question on the statement below.
The work of a cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles. Mostof these molecules are proteins. Explain how the cell is able to make the many different proteins itneeds.
Identify both the cellular structure that assembles these proteins and the kinds of molecules that areused as the building blocks of the proteins
Base your answers to questions 94 and 95 on the information below and your knowledge of Biology.
Nutrients in a diet, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals, play an important role inhomeostasis within the human body. Lack of these nutrients can lead to malfunctions that disrupt thisinternal balance. Explain how diet can influence homeostasis. In your answer, be sure to:
94. Describe, using one specific example, how a decrease in this nutrient can alter homeostasis
Nutrient: ________________________________
95. Select a nutrient from the passage and write it on the line below and state one role this nutrient playsin the body.
Base your answers to questions 96 and 97 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
96. If the sequence of building blocks were changed, what effect could it most likely have on the protein?
97. Identify the type of building block represented by the letters A, B, and C.
98. The table below lists enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and thetemperature and pH ranges of these locations.
Different enzymes are secreted in each of the three locations. Ptyalin digests carbohydrates. Pepsinand trypsin both digest proteins. Discuss the activity of these enzymes. In your answer, be sure to:• state how the activity of pepsin will most likely change after it moves with the food from thestomach to the small intestine• support your answer using data from the table• state how a fever of 40°C would most likely affect the activity of these enzymes and support youranswer• identify the characteristic of enzymes that prevents ptyalin and trypsin from digesting the sametype of food
99. The diagram below represents stages in the digestion of an organic compound.
Explain why substance X would not be likely to digest a different organic compound.
100. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below that represents a human enzymeand four types of molecules present in a solution in a flask.
Which molecule would most likely react with the enzyme? Why?
Base your answers to questions 101 through 104 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.
The Control of Transpiration
Plants normally lose water from openings (stomates) in their leaves. The water loss typicallyoccurs during daylight hours when plants are exposed to the Sun. This water loss, known astranspiration, is both beneficial and harmful to plants. Scientists believe wind and high temperatures increase the rate of transpiration, but the size ofeach stomate opening can be regulated. Reducing the size of the openings during droughtconditions may help reduce the dehydration and wilting that would otherwise occur. A leaf may lose more than its own weight in water each day. Transpiration also lowers theinternal temperature of the leaf as water evaporates. On hot days, temperatures in the leaves maybe from 3° to 15°C cooler than the outside air. With stomates open, vital gases may be exchangedbetween the leaf tissues and the outside environment. Researchers have also found many plants that use another response when leaf temperaturesrise. Special molecules known as heat shock proteins are produced by plant cells and help to holdenzymes in their functional shapes.
101. Explain why it is important for plants to "hold enzymes in their functional shapes."
102. Identify the specific leaf structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomates.
103. Identify two of the "vital gases" that are exchanged between leaf tissues and the outsideenvironment.
104. State one way transpiration is beneficial to plants.
105. Photosynthesis and respiration are two important processes. Discuss one of these processes andexplain its importance to an organism. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the process being discussed• identify the organelle where this process occurs• identify two raw materials necessary for this process• identify one energy-rich molecule that is produced by this process• state how organisms use the energy-rich molecule that is produced• state how a gas produced by this process is recycled in nature
106. The energy demands of a cell or an organism are met as a result of interactions between several lifefunctions.
A. Identify two life functions involved in meeting the energy demands of a cell or an organism.
B. Explain how these two life functions interact to make energy available.
Base your answers to questions 107 and 108 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.
Carbon exists in a simple organic molecule in a leaf and in an inorganic molecule in the airhumans exhale.
107. Identify the carbon-containing molecule that humans exhale and the process that produces it.
108. Identify the simple organic molecule formed in the leaf and the process that produces it.
Base your answers to questions 109 and 110 on "the information and diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology.
Two test tubes, A and B, were set up as shown in the diagram below. Bromthymol blue, which turnsfrom blue to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide, was added to the water at the bottom of eachtube before the tubes were sealed. The tubes were maintained at the temperatures shown for six days.(Average room temperature is 20°C.)
"109. Identify the life process responsible for the change in tube A.
110. Explain how the temperature difference could lead to the different results in tubes A and B after sixdays.
Base your answers to questions 111 through 113 on the two different cells shown below. Only cell A produces substance X. Both cells A and B use substance X.
111. Identify the type of organelle found in both cell A and cell B that uses substance X.
112. Identify the type of organelle in cell A that produces substance X.
113. Identify substance X.
Base your answers to questions 114 and 115 on the summary equations of two processes below.
114. State one reason each of the two processes, Photosynthesis and Respiration, is important for livingthings.
115. a Choose one of the processes.
b Identify the source of the energy in the process you chose.
c Identify where the energy ends up at the completion of that process.
Answer KeyBiochemistry Regents Review
1. D2. C3. C4. B5. B6. D7. D8. A9. C10. D11. D12. C13. A14. B15. B16. B17. A18. D19. A20. B21. A22. A23. B24. D25. B26. C27. C28. A29. B30. B31. C32. D33. A34. A35. B36. C
37. C38. A39. B40. B41. C42. D43. A44. D45. B46. D47. C48. A49. C50. B51. A52. B53. E54. A55. B56. C57. B58. A59. A60. D61. A62. D63. C64. A65. B66. D67. B68. C69. B70. A71. A72. C
73. A74. B75. B76. D77. D78. A79. D80. B81. A82. D83. B84. C85. D86. C87. C88. C89. B90. B91. B92. – antibody: The
antibody binds to aspecific pathogen, or, – enzyme: Anenzyme has aspecific shape thatmust match theshape of themolecules withwhich it interacts(lock and key orinduced fit).
93. – Ribosomesconstruct proteinsout of amino acids.–Ribosomes useamino acids toassemble proteins.–Ribosomes useamino acids.
94. — Decreased levelsof carbohydratesmight result infatigue/less energy.— Lack of proteinin the diet mightlead to muscleloss/enzymedeficiency. — Lackof minerals mightcause loss of bonedensity.
95. — Carbohydratesare a source ofenergy. They can beused to produce theATP needed forcarrying out bodyactivities. —Proteins arenecessary for growthand repair. —Minerals are neededfor strong bones andteeth.
96. — The shape of theprotein couldchange. — Thefunction of theprotein could bedifferent. — It mightform a differentprotein.
97. amino acids or peptides
Answer KeyBiochemistry Regents Review
98. –Pepsin will eitherstop functioning orslow down. –This isbecause the pHrange in the smallintestine is 7.5 to 9.0and pepsin normallyfunctions at 1.0 to3.0. –A fever of40°C couldslow/stop enzymefunctioning, sincethese enzymes workbest at around 37°C.–Ptyalin and trypsincannot both digestthe same type offood becauseenzymes arespecific.&-ndash;They havedifferent shapes.
99. Examples: — Adifferent organiccompound wouldhave a differentshape. — A differentorganic compoundwould not fit withsubstance X. — Theactive site of X doesnot fit a differentsubstrate. —Substance X isspecific to onlycertain materials.
100. Molecule D willmost likely reactwith the enzymebecause Molecule D is the only one thatfits the shape of theenzyme.
101. —If the shape of anenzyme changes, itmay not function orit may functiondifferently- .—Keyactivities may slowdown or stop.—Theshape of an enzymedetermines itsfunction
102. Guard cells103. -oxygen -water
vapor -carbondioxide
104. —Tra- nspirationhelps plants cool offon hot days.—Whiletranspiration isoccurring, thestomates are open,allowing theexchange ofimportant gases.
105. (essay)106. A. Examples: —
digestion —transport —respiration —photosynthesisB. Examples: —Digestion breaksfood down intosmaller moleculeswhich can passacross the lining ofthe intestine andenter the blood andbe transported tocells for energyrelease. —Photosynthesisproduces food that isbroken down byrespiration to makeenergy available.
107. carbon dioxide and respiration.
108. Examples: glucose or sugar andphotosynthesis.
109. Examples: —cellular respiration— respiration
110. Examples: — Theshape of enzymeschanges at hightemperatures. —The rate at whichthe enzymes work isaffected by thetemperature. —Tube B is too hot. —The beans will notgrow at 60° so theywill not respire andwill not produce CO2.
111. Mitochondrion112. Chloroplast113. Examples: oxygen
(O2) or glucose (C6H12O6) or sugar.
114. Photosynthesis: —glucose produced isbasis of all foodchains— released oxygenis needed by aerobicorganisms —changes light energyto chemical energyRespiration: —supplies energy formetabolism —supplies CO2 forphotosynthesis
115. Photosynthesisenergy source: sunlight Where energy endsup: glucose(carbohydrate ormonosaccharide) or sugar or chemicalbonds or C6H12O6 Respiration energysource: glucose(carbohydrate ormonosaccharide) or sugar or chemicalbonds or C6H12O6 Where energy endsup: ATP or high-energy bonds or heat
Answer KeyBiochemistry Regents Review
105. Identify the organelle where the process occurs:Photosynthesis: — chloroplastRespiration: — mitochondrion•Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:Photosynthesis: — CO2 and H2ORespiration: — organic molecules and O2 — sugar and oxygen•Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:Photosynthesis: — glucoseRespiration: — ATP•Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:Glucose: — to produce ATP — to produce starchATP: — to provide energy for metabolism•Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:Photosynthesis: — The gas is used for respiration. — provides O2 for respirationRespiration: — provides CO2 for photosynthesis — The gas is used for photosynthesis.
