NAM-UP HKUM SUMHPA - Hparat Panglai

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2017 Volume III, No. IV Established 2015.

Laikaman (3) de

Laikaman (19) de

NAM-UP HKUM SUMHPAJJ Lum Dau (4th July 2017)

Myutsaw Shadang Nsang Awng La

Mungkan kaw ram htum nna magrau grang ai, Nsang Awng La gaw myit hpaji ninghkring rai nna, n-gun atsam hte shingjawng ai kaw sum mat sai raitimung, hpang jahtum myit hpaji hte apyaw sha bai dang la lu sai. Jut shagu kaw na shi a tai hpyen wa ram ai hpe azin ayang hkaja la nna, aten kadun laman atsam htum hte nji n-gu, nhkring nsa shaman ai marang e, tai hpyen wa hpe tsa htam hpring dang la na sai kam nga nu ai.

Anhte a awngpadang, Yehowa Karai Kasang hpe kamhpa nga sai kaw, ngang hta hpaq raq jat, majan pa de sa mahka, KBC ningbaw Sara Kaba ni ta mara nhtawm Yehowa kaw kyu jawm hpyi ya dat ai marang e, ga lahtum n shut

awngpadang shu la lu wa sai. Ta tut shadik shatup sa wa ai hta awngdang wa ai hpaji ninghkring hku nna shi tsawra kamhpa nga ai mungkan ting kaw chyambra nga ai myutsaw hpu nau ni hpe nja nhpra myit dum kumhpa hku nna htet dat ai matsun maroi mung nga li ai. “Tinang hta n-gun atsam grau kaba ai tai hpyen wa a ntsa awngdang wa lu ai gaw tinang a atsam hte awngdang wa ai n re. Myusha ni yawng e, jawm madi shadaw ai n-gun hte Karai Kasang kaw na lu wa ai chyeju a majaw awngdang wa ai rai sai. Shing-rai, anhte matut nna galaw

ai. Shi aq Naga mying majing gaw, "W. Shapwon" rai nga luq ai. Laika ningka mying gaw, "Wondin" rai saq. Ndai lang gaw, "A summary of the Naga conflict with India and Burma" hpe mung, English hku nna ka bang tawn nga ai. HPJ Editor Hpung.)

Anhte Myu hte Mungdan a matu galaw shakut nga ai shaloi, anhte Myusha ni gaw kaning re mungdan amyusha ni rai nga ai ngu ai hpe hkrak sha tsun na matu mung,

ahkyak nga ai re. Hpa majaw nga yang, maigan amyusha ni gaw anhte tinang hpe kaning re mungdan masha ni re ngu tsun ai hpe hkan nna anhte hpe hkapla chye ma ai. Lama, anhte tinang amyusha u-hpung hpe rawtmalan hpung ni ngu yang, maigan mung ni

(Naga Wondin gaw, Naga amyusha langai rai nga ai. Shi gaw, Naga National Council - NNC aq Joint Secretary langai mung, rai nga ai. Yaq yang, shi gaw Thailand mungh, Chiang Mai e nga nga let, Naga amyusha bungli yiq-ngam shang taw nga

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Established 2015. Volume III, No. IV 2017

nga ai hpe hkrang woi shawq dat ya ai ninghkan, gumhkawng ai ningbaw ninglar rai matwa nga ai. Dainih, Myen mungh nah rawtmalan wuhpung ni yawng aq pandung mung, "Federal" rai nga maluq ai. UNFC mung, Federal pandung hpe shading ai, rai nga ai. Dingdung pawnghpawm hpung ngu ai "FPNCC" (Federal Political Negotiation Co-ordination Committee) mung, "Federal" hpe ningshawng tawn ai yawshada pandung rai nga maluq ai. "Federal" ngu ai hpe Myen mungh e, aten ladawq galu langai mi, grau nna Myen hpaji jawng hku nna lung wa ai ni, n chyena maq masai. Tsun gaq nga yang, masha ban lahkawng ram gaw, chyipchyap raiwa manuq ai. Rawtmalan ni aq laika sharin jawng hkan e mung, Federal hpaji hpe n sharin ya lu shi nga maq ai. Dainih nah Myen mungh rawtmalan shamu shamawt e, mungh shawa dawqwa dawqtsa ni hpru-hpru rai nna n ka-pang lawm wa ai mung, shanhte ni nan "Federal" aq namchyim namtaq, hkrang, masa, lailen ni hpe n chyena ai majaw, rai nga ai. Bai nna yaq galaw, yaq tam shah mungh shawa masha malawng ni gaw, myit n lawm nga maq ai. Raq lataq sindan pa (me) sa bang ya na hpe pyi, myit n lawm nga maluq ai. Dai sha n-gah, rawtmalan muh gun ni nan mung, Federal lam hpe bumba batba guji guyang zupzi chye ai ni shau laq nga ai. N chye ai ni sheq, lawq nga ai. "Federal" ngu ai hpe na yu ai sha, rai nga maluq ai. Kadeq e meq, wunkat jawq sharin ya hkawm ai nga ai mung, n rai nga ai. Nkau gaw, Myen lailen (Tatmadaw) hpe n raq ai. Amyusha myit rawng wa ai. Ndai gaw, Tatmadaw Myen ni aq roirip, jahkrit shamah, sat zing-ri ai ni majaw sha, prut pruwa ai amyusha myit ni, rai nga ai.

Myen shadip magam ni mung, 21st Century Panglong mungh masa ahkyen aren galaw nga maq ai. Federal hpe mung, shanhte shadip magam ni nan, tsun shaga pruwa nga ai. Myen mungh rawtmalan ni mung, "Federal" hpe tsun tik-tik rai nga ai. Rawtmalan hteq Myen shadip magam yan jailang shajang nga ai mungh masa kasat masat (dazik) gaw, "Federal Seal" hkrai rai nga maluq ai. Masha malawng gaw, ndai htaq, bri dauyin ai ni mung, lawq nga maq ai.

Kachin amyusha e, "ngwipyaw ai" ngu ai mi, n nga yu mat sai. Jamjau ai, yak-hkak ai, ruyak ai, shoichyum ai ni hkrai-hkrai rai taw nga ai. Mi-moi, Christian sasana n shang shi ai shaloi gaw, Kachin amyusha ni hpe myihtoi ningwawt, dumsa-jaiwa ni woiawn lam masan ya ai hku nna yaq nga nga ai lamugah du hkra, woi gawnhkang yuq hkrat wa masai. Christian sasana bai dushang wa ai hteq, Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng ting hpe Christian makam hpaji hparat hteq, matut woiawn shachyai matwa ya ai gaw dainih du hkra, rai nga sai. Amyusha gammaka hpe dawqdan ra wa ai shaloi pyi, Christian jasat hteq, mungkan katsi majan (Cold War) aten e Kachin yawng yawng chyawm dawqdan shalai wa masai.

Myen jawng lung wa nna Myen hpaji ni (parliament prat hpaji, MSL prat hpaji, NWT prat hpaji, ...) sharin laiwa ai mi nga tim, Kachin society ting hpe woiawn masan sa ya lu ai hpaji ningli n tai ya lu nga ai. Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng ting aq myit masin e ngam rawng nga ai hpaji gaw, Christian hpaji sha, arai nga ai. Gara mungh masa hpung party ni mung, Kachin society ting hpe myihtoi ningwawt, dumsa-jaiwa, Christianity ni zawn, n woi ka-nawng shachyai lu nga maq ai sha n-gah, Kachin amyusha ting aq myit masin salum e kaplawm matwa lu hkra re ai hpundah hpaji philosophy ni mung, n ginlen ngam ya lu nga ai. Kachin myit masin concept e, myihtoi ningwawt, dumsa-jaiwa ni na matsun maroi ni, Christianity hpaji lam ni gaw, ngang-ngang kangkang jung taw nga ai hkrai, rai nga gaq ai. Ndai concept, philosophy hteq sha, Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng ting asak hkrung shamawt nga ai re.

Mungh masha ni "hpa bawq ra nga ai, hpa bawq raq nga ai" ngu ai wuhkya yiq-ngam hku nna shamu shamawt rawtmalan ai gaw, mungh shawa shanglawm ai lam grau masan sa nga ai. Mao Zedong hteq Gandhi (Non-Violence) yan aq rawtmalan awngdang matwa ai mung, mungh shawa dawqwa dawqtsa ni aq "ra ai, raq ai" hpe gabaw shawq ndau dat jang, yawng gaw dai kawq hkyawm rai mat nna ninggun kaba jat wa nhtawm, awngdang ai hpe lu magraq matwa ai, rai nga ai. Deng Xiaoping mung, Miwa shawa dawqwa dawqtsa ni hkyak-hkyak raladawn

Editorial Mahkuh Dainih nah rawtmalan awngdang wa na mahkau, Kachin ni yawng "Federal" ngu ai hpe atum apaw hkren, guji guyang shawng chyena tawn ngut yang, Mao Zedong, Gandhi, Deng Xiaoping ni bungli awngdang matwa ai zawn, padang ninglaw lawan lu wa na rai nga ai. Kachin ni sha n-gah, Kachin ni hteq rau nga, rau pra ai Sam, Miwa, Kala, Myen, ... ni hpe mung, Federal hpaji wunkat lu shachyam dat yang gaw, rawtmalan shamu shamawt grau nna hkrumhkrum rara lawan walu na nhten! Ndai gaw, Federal gabaw aq yiq-ngam magam bungli ni nan wa, rai nga sai. Nkau achyen kaji kajaw lachyawk sha, akawk ai gaw nsen n jaq nga ai. Myen mungh ting nah rawtmalan shamu shamawt mung, ndai zawn re ai gawngkya lam ni hteq kri taw nga ai hkrai, rai nga ai.

B.D. MaranEditor-in-Chief

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AdvisersJJ Lum Dau (Bangkok)Wang Hkang AwngEditor-in-ChiefB.D. MaranManaging EditorKareng Tu JaDeputy EditorDumsa Lawt Awng

Foreign CorrespondenceStella @ A Naw (Chiangmai)

Computer SectionSumlut Roi SengSumlut Bawk HkawnLayout hte DesignGumring Zau Mai (Hkaq Shang)Website MasterHkangda Brang San Awng (California) Manager forFinance and DistributionHkangda Hkam NyoiColumnistsAll staff members of HPLNContact InformationHparat Panglai Laika NauraLawk - V, Munglai Mazup,Laiza Mare, KachinlandEmail : [email protected] : www.h-panglai.com

Hparat Panglai Journal hpe laning mi htaq, kruq lang shaprawq ai.

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Dainih nah ramma ni gaw, galai shai matwa ai mungkan satlawat htaq hkan nna shara shagu e "Phone" langai hteq, bungli kin taw nga maq masai. Dik-kadik, namdum sa lung yang sha pyi, phone hpai nna sa shajang nga maq ai. Nawkuq jawng hkan e mung, hpung-woi ni Karai Kasang mungga hpe hkaw tsun shaga ai shaloi, phone hteq hkrai lawklek let, dip hkrawk-hkrek ahpre nga maq ai. Nawkuq jawng gaw sa ai. Myit gaw n hkanlawm nga maq ai. Shiq myit htaq galaw mayu ai hpe sha, buklik taw nga masai. Laban bat mi htaq, hkying hkum lahkawng ram sha pyi, aten n lu garan jawq ai tai matwa nga ai. Ndai amyit satlawat gaw, shara shagu e kaprip nga sai.

Katha Mare e, 2017 March 30 yaq kawq nna April 2 yaq du hkra, lawuq gah Myen mungh (13) lang nah "L.G.Z" zuphpawng ahkyak aten e, ramma ni phone hteq hkrai bungli n rau taw nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Tingtsi sha mi, kalanglang wa galawlaw re ai "Hkrumzup Sanglang Hpawng" (Mungh Masa) ni hkan wa mi rai dam tim, phone kawq gum ta-ngwi ahpre nga ai ni mung, lawm shajang nga ai. Shiga yu, sumlar yu ai rai kun? snr game kasup ai mi rai kun?; langai-ngai gaw rai sana re.

Dainih nah ramma, hpawtnih gaw masha kaba, htawm e gaw ningbaw ninglar tai shajang wa na ni rai nga maq ai. Kachin aq gammaka gaw

YAWNG GAW ATEN AHKYING N LU JAWQ MAQ MASAI!Bum Shingnoi

ndai zawn re ramma ni aq bawnuq, lagaw lataq ni e rawng nga ai. Dainih nah laknak hpai rawtmalan lit mung, shanhte ramma ni aq lahpaq e, rai nga ai. Dinglar ni myit ai amyu mi, ramma ni bai pyau yawng lawm matwa ai hkrang alak mi, wuhkya lam lagaga rai shajang nga ai. Kachin amyusha wuhkya matut ra sai. Kachin IDPs tsin-yam kata nah lu lawt wa na mung, ramma ni aq lahpaq e maraq nga taw sai.

Dainih nah ramma ni tinang shadaq-daq tsun shaga hkat tim pyi, tinang amyu ga hpe n tsun manuh mat, Myen ga hkraihkrai shaga lang manuh mat shajang nga masai. Tinang Jinghpaw laika hpe kadai e mung, n kam htih mat maq nga masai. Miwa Jinghpaw ni gaw, Jinghpaw laika hpe "Shousu Minsu Dakkasu" (School of Ethnic Minority Cultures, Yunnan Nationalities University, Kunming, Yunnan Mungdaw) e, lu du, lu shang jang sheq, Jinghpaw laika hpe sharin mayu yang, lu sharin lah nga maq ai. Ndai pyi gaw, Jnghpaw laika kanu ningpawt kawq nna sharin hpangwa ai, rai nga ai. Jinghpaw laika chye wa tim, bungli n byin nga maluq ai. Dai majaw, Jinghpaw laika hpe gaw, atsi lak-hpoi (hkamhpar) zawn, kyem mazing dah ai; n htih nga maq ai. Indian Jinghpaw ramma ni gaw, Jinghpaw laika n chye ai daram, raiwa nga masai. Chye htih ai ni gaw, English laika chye nna chye htih ai sha, rai nga maluq ai. Jinghpaw

laika ka na matu, grai tutdang yak nga maluq ai. Jinghpaw laika hteq, lu lah na hpaji hparat ni hpe laga amyu laika ni kawq nna aloi ali lu magraq lah mai nga ai ginjang mung, ramma ni amyusha myit kawq nna a-ngwi ngwi htingnut tsan matwa ai satlawat ni, wa-tai nga ai. Ndai (vacuum) satlawat e, dainih gaw phone (I.T) bai shara shang lah nga masai. Ndai gaw, globalization mungkan aq "I.T Fashion" langai warai nga sai. Branglang mungkan masa (globalization) satlawat e, "amyusha rawtmalan" htaq grau nna "shinggyim masha ahkaw ahkangh" kasat ai wuhkya deq shamu shamawt shanang wa nga ai. Dainih nah Myen mungh laknak hpai rawtmalan mung, amyusha rawtmalan shamu shamawt htaq grau nna shinggyim masha ahkaw ahkangh (Federal Democracy Rights) hpe kasat ai mungh masa wuhkya (trend) ntsa e shamu shamawt krichyai wa nga ai, re.

Phone sawk-sek nga13rd L.G.Z Zuphpawng

Katha Mare (2017, March 30 - April 2)

sa wa na magam bungli shagu hta awngdang wa lu na matu mung, shing-re ai kasi lang sa wa ga law” nga ai.

Ndai matsun maroi ga kumhpa gaw, myusha kaji kaba ji nban yawng hte a matu nachying manu rawng ai rai nna, magam bungli shagu hta shadik shatup sa wa ai kaw myit hkrum mangrum rai ahkyak tawn saga, ngu nna matut lajin dat nngai law.

KIO Hte KNO Hpung Lahkawng Yan UNFC Kaw Na Pru Sai

Thein Sein shadip magam lung wa ai hpang, rawtmalan hpung ni yawng hpe BGF nga nna kum tawn ai ulawng kaw sharawng tawn nhtawm, angwi ngwi lasi mat hkra shakri tawn

nna ginchyum dat hkyen nga yang, KIO kaw nna rawtmalan hpung ni hpe lam woi shawng nhtawm UNFC woi hpaw ai masing hte hkye la wa sai. Raitimung, Tai wa gaw aten dep UNFC hpe tekjum kau lu na matu, Nippon Foundation hpe gawai ai ladat lang nna shadawn sharam ya ai shakum hte masat tawn ya sai. Shadip Magam shada hku nna gaw diplomacy hte loi mi grau dam ai nhpan hte kum shingdang kau ya sai. UNFC hpe ni kahtep ai hku yu reng kum tawn da ai gaw, Chiangmai nta madu ni rai nga ai. Shing-rai, sun nhpan hpe htap 3 hte kum tawn hkrum nga ai majaw, UNFC a matu wanglu wanglang shamu na matu n manu mat ai.

Tai wa gaw UNFC hpe mungmasa ladat hte Federal ahkaw ahkang woi shalat ya na mahkrun tam ai zawn galaw ai raitimung, shanhte yawshada ai daram UNFC a ushoi n kya ya ai majaw, hpang jahtum hpyen masa hte jahkrit shama la na maga de bai shanang wa sai. Tsaban 21th Pang Lung myithkrum lam hpe madung tawn nna shalen wa yu ai raitimung, dai zawn re ai ladat ni gaw UNFC a matu jin mat sai ladat dingsa rai nna tai wa a matu chyamchya nga ai ten hta sha, KIO hte KNO gaw UNFC kaw na pru mat wa ai hpe tai wa mahtang myiman bai jahtuk la na matu hkinjang pru wa sai. Ya gaw UNFC kaw “Kachin” ngu ai KIO hte KNO yan n hkan achya lawm sai majaw, ya

Laikaman (1) "NAM-UP HKUM SUMHPA" matut

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na zawn branglang rai matut hkat na matu manu mat ai majaw “Everything happens for the best” ngu myit la na lam sha nga sai.

Lani mi na nhtoi hta, KNO ningbaw gaw shinggan masha langai hte hkrum shaga ai shaloi, UNFC gaw Miwa hte hkrum shaga jang American n ra, American hte Hkrum shaga jang mung, Miwa n ra ai majaw yak nga ma ai lam tsun dan ai. Dai shaloi, shinggan masha tsun wu ai gaw, “Nanhte lapran masha langai tam ra na re. Dai lapran masha gaw, Miwa hte hkau ai zawn, American hte mung hkau ai wa rai ra na re. Grau kaja ai gaw, mungdan kaji na lapran masha langai, mungdan kaba na masha langai hpe jahkrup ya lu yang manu tsaw ai madang hte jahkrup la mai na lam hpaji jaw wu ai. Dai shaloi, KNO ningbaw wa htang tsun ai hta, dai madang hku hkan matut mahkai na matu, UNFC a matu n dep n hkap ai lam nga na re majaw, nang hku nna matut ya yang manu na kun?, nga nna san ai da. Dai shinggan salang wa htang tsun ai hta, shi gaw shinggan masha hku hkan matut ya yang n manu na re majaw kata na lit hkam langai ngai hku matut hparan yang she, manu na re lam tsun ai da. KNO ningbaw htang tsun ai hta, shi gaw maigan kyit hkai lit hkam re majaw shinggan masha wa raitimung maigan kyit hkai department kaw na salang langai hku shanglawm nna matut ya yang, manu na kun?, nga nna lajin wa ai hpe myit hkrum ya let, matut mahkai ai lam hpang wa masai da.

Shawng nnan Thai masha kaba langai gaw Dap Awn Daju hte Hkringmang Daju lit jum wa yu ai masha kaba hpe sa jahkrup yu yang, myit hkrum ya ai lam na chye lu ai. Dai hpang, Australia cabinet kaw sa du nna tangmadun ai shaloi mung, myit hkrum ya ai lam lu wa ai da. Australia na lit hkam wa myit hkrum ya ai hta n-ga, shanhte a kasa hte UNFC dingtawk hkrum jahkup ai hpang myit hkrum ai lam lu wa ai rai yang, Australia shadip magam gaw UNFC hpe US$ 5 million tau nna reserved fund jaw na. Lama myit dik dum ai rai yang, Myenmung simsa lam lu wa ai shani du hkra, garum la na lam myit hkrum la lu ma ai da.

Shing-rai Australia kasa gaw Thai kaw du nhtawm seng-ang ai masha kaba hte jahkrup myit hkrum la lu ai hpang matut nna UNFC Ginjaw hte matut jahkrup na matu, Chiang Mai de wa du ai shaloi, ndai lam Tai wa a hpaji ninghkring wa tau chye kau ya ai

majaw UNFC lit hkam ni kadai mung Australian kasa hpe n lu hkrum shaga mat ma ai lam shiga na lu ai.

UNFC ginjaw de hkan nang wa ai salang wa gaw, East Timor mungdan Shanglawt lu wa na matu, UN hte Indonesia a lapran kaw janghtung hku htinglu htinglai galaw ya ai wa nan re lam chye lu ai. Shing-re ai mabyin masa hta hkan nna UNFC gaw tai wa a matu, madun sha lu na matu asak jahkrung tawn ai uhpung sha re majaw, KIO hte KNO pru mat ai hpe hkan myit pu myit ba ya n ra na re ngu mu ai.

Hpu Nau Wa E, Nang Gaw Kade A Masha Rai Ta?

Ndai ga san hpe mahtai jaw na matu tinang a mungdan kata kaw sha-ip hkat timung, ndai laman sha pyi Australia hkan na shiga ni hta, Du Kaba Gam Shawng, Du Kaba Nban La, Du Kaba Gun Maw nga nna KIO kaw hpung masum ginhka mat ai majaw, KIO kata kaw uphkang lam hta htenrun wa nga magang sai lam sumtsan mungdan kaw branglang rai tsun nga ma ai. Ndai lam hte seng nna ngai hpe mung san wa ai lam nga sai.

MAHTAI : Ngai gaw KIO rawtmalan rai nhpang yang 1958 ning kaw nna magam gun hpang wa ai rai yang, Ningbaw Kaba Lahtaw Zau Seng hte rau yup, rau sha 10 ning tup nga wa ai hpang, Ningbaw Kaba Brang Seng hte mung rau yup, rau sha maigan mungdan hkan shaning kaba hti let magam gun wa sai rai nna, Du Kaba Gam Shawng hte hkrum ai shaloi tinang a hpu-awn majing hku hkam la ai zawn, Du Kaba Nban La, Du Kaba Gun Maw kadai hte hkrum timung tinang a ningbaw ningla majing hku hkam la wa ai hpe shanhte yawng mung hkam la shajang na ma ai. Dai majaw, langai hte langai a lapran kaw nangshoi nangsha ngu nna ginghka na lam n nga ai. Tinang a ntsa na hpu-awn kadai raitimung, tinang kamhpa ai ningbaw ningla hku nna hkungga kamhpa ai hkrai re. Anhte a kata kaw garan kachyan galaw dan ai rai yang, tai hpyen wa a matu sumprat bang na chyinghka kaba hpaw ya ai lachyum sha rai wa na re.

Hpu nau wa e, nang gaw kaning re ai magam gun ai wa mi rai rai, KIO a saidaw saichyen majing nan rai ndai. Lai wa sai ten ni hta tinang gaw kade a masha she re, nga nna hkam la wa timung, daini kaw nna anhte yawng gaw KIO a hpang hkan masha ni rai ga ai, ngu ai hpe aten dep hkam la ra

saga ai, ngu ai hpe Wunpawng Myusha yawng hte hpe akroi anoi hpyi lajin dat nngai law. Dai hte maren, hkungga kamhpa ai Du Kaba Gam Shawng, Du Kaba Nban La, Du Kaba Gun Maw kadai raitimung, tinang a lawu tsang na hpu-awn ni hkam la nga ai hpe aten dep ngangkang ai hkamdahka lam lu wa hkra, shading sharai la ya marit law.

Ningbaw Kaba Maran Brang Seng tsun wa yu ai hta, myusha lam-yan hte mungmasa lam yan gaw nammukdara hta grau damlada ai rai nna, dai zawn rai damlada ai ningmu hte jawm hparan la ra saga ai. Tsawra hkungga kamhpa ai nanhte ningbaw ningla masum gaw anhte Wunpawng mungdan gawgap na matu nachying manu rawng ai zawn, shada ninghkap hkat ai shani gaw kalangta htenrun mat nna Yehowa hpan tawn da ya ai Wunpawng Mungdan gaw tai wa masawm la kau na rai nna, anhte yawng gaw tai wa a mayam de gale mat na ga ai.

Dai maga de gale mat na matu, tai wa a atsam htum hte shakut nga ai hpe asansha, jawm mu nga ga ai. Tai wa hte bawng jahkrup nhtawm simsa lam la na ngu ai gaw, mayam prat de gale mat nna tai wa a man kaw ding-yawm taw mat ai she rai na sai. Ndai ningbaw ningla 3 zawn re ai ni hpe tam la n lu sai. Shanhte masum, marai langai hpra kaw laklai ai atsam rawng nga ma ai rai nna, pawnghpawm dat ai n-gun atsam gaw, Myutsaw Shabrang Nsang Awng La langai sha raitimung, mungkan ting hpe ga-up la lu ai hpaji hte atsam rawng ai hpe sakse hku jawm mu wa saga ai. Marai masum pawng dat ai n-gun a hpung (dagu) gaw, ja lungseng hte manu hpringtsup awmdawm ai mungdan hpe madu la lu na matu, jin jin rai wa magang sai.

Maga mi de Satan wa mung anhte a ningbaw masum hpe dumbru dumbra zang ayai kau ya lu ai bawm kapaw dat na hkinjang hpe madoi nga ai ten mung rai nga ai. Anhte Wunpawng Myusha ni mahtang ahkyak shawng la lu na matu, lapu zawn zai rawng ai hpaji hte atsam hpe shaman da ya sai hpe aten dep lang chye ai shaman chyeju gaw, anhte a krawlawang kaw shanu ya rit, ngu nna kyu jawm hpyi let shadik shatup sa wa ga, ngu nna lajin dat nngai law.

{Col. JJ Lum Dau gaw, Shinawatra University nah "Ph.D Candidate" langai, rai nga ai. Laiwa sai May shata e, US kawq

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nna shagrau ai "Distinguished Toastmaster" (DTM) hpe mung, hkamlah lu nuq ai. Hpaji tsang (10) madang hpe 1961 ning, Insein jawng kawq sha-awng lah uq ai. "B.B.A" degree hpe University of Western Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S kawq nna bai shakut shu lah nuq ai. Dai shaloi, shi aq asak gaw (37) ning hpring nga nuq ai, re. Dai hpang, "M.B.A" janmau hpe UK nah Burmingham University e matut sharin hpungjat magawn lah lu dat nuq ai. Dai shaloi, James gaw asak (60) ning hpring saluq ai. Ndai shaning gaw, AD 2000 ning e

rai saq. Shi myit daqting tawn ai hteq maren, yaq gaw Shinawatra University Ph.D Candidate hpaji machyoi ninghkring scholar kaba langai rai nga nuq ai. Thailand mungh ting e, dakkasu yawng 155 nga ai kawq nna ndai Shinawatra University gaw, madang No. 7th htaq, tsap nga ai, re. Ph.D janmau hpe shiq aq asak (80) ning n hpring shi ai shaloi, lu hkra dan lah na hku nna amyit daqting yawshada tawn nga uq ai. Yaq yang, shi galaw tawn ngut sai Ph.D dessertation gaw, “Management of Drug Eradication

Schemes in Myanmar” ngu ai, rai nga ai. James aq nah philosohpy gaw, "Never too old to learn" ngu ai, rai luq ai. Ph.D janmau hpaji ngut ai hteq, "Pratdep Rawtmalan Bai Hpang Ra Sai" ngu ai hpe ka shaprawq na ahkyen areng yiq-ngam shang tawn nuq ai wa mung, rai nga ai. James zawn, lamugah ntsa e rai lu ai, galaw lu ai, nut lu ai, noi lu ai, shakri lu ai, shakut lu ai, myit galu ai Kachin hpyendu tawq gaw tawq nga gaq ai. Kadai wa nut gui lu nga aq hkar! HPJ Editor Hpung.}

Jinghpaw WunpawngMyusha Jahpan Yawm Mat Ai Hpa Majaw Ta?

Maru Brang Kum Mungdan gawgap la ra wa ai ten hta Jinghpaw Wun-pawng Kachin myu ni hpa majaw masha jahpan n jat hkraw ai lam hpe myit yu, sawk yu, myit kahpra hpa rai nga ai. English Kolony up sha ai ten hte shanglawt lu ai ten na, yuptung jahpan ni hpe sawk yu yang, anhte hte rau nga ai Bum nga rau nga hpunau Sam, Palaung, Miwa ni hte shingdaw matwa yang, lai sai shaning 60-70 ning da-ram English du shang wa ai ten daram hta maren mara law ai lam hpe chye lu ai. Daini ndai ten hta hpunau Sam, Palaung, Miwa rau nga manang ni yuptung jahpan gaw wan 20 hte 25 daram ram du nga ai ten, Wunpawng Kachin jahpan gaw, mung kata, mung shinggan tsepkawp sawn yang she, wan 1 jan re nga tsun nga ma ai. Shaning 60-70 ning laman mau na daram manu mana yawm mat-wa ai gaw “Hpa majaw?”

1. Num wawn num la ai htungh-king a majaw

2. Nanghpam malu masha a majaw3. Majan kaw hkrat sum mat ai

majaw4. Maigan jan tai matwa ai majaw5. Mungdan majan koiyen htawt

pru matwa ai, mungkan chyam matwa ai.

6. Hpyen wa zing-ri sat shamyit kau ai.

7. Ma lu sharam kau ai lam ni a majaw

Jinghpaw Wunpawng Kachin ni masha jahpan rawtjat lam yawm

mat ai (snr) hkring mat ai lawn-glam law law nga ai kaw na

ndai lawnglam kru a lam sha pyi yu yu ga. 1. Masha lawhtam mayat maya lam hta dingbai ding-

na grau jaw ai ngu na gaw, Jinghpaw Wunpawng ni a num jaw num ya ai

kaw sharu shayak hkat ai lam re. Mayu tai ai wa

gaw tsaw, dama tai ai wa gaw nem ai kaw nga, nem

tsaw n bung ai, shawa, jahpet jana hkat ai. Hpa majaw masha

hta manu dan dik ai tsawra myit hpe n sung lang lu ai. Masha hpe dusat hte galai jagumhpraw hte manu tsun dara hkat, ja hpaga law daw shalaw nna shayak hkat, dama ni jaw lu ai manu kade, mayu ni jaw lu ai sharung shakau gaw kade nga nna jagumhpraw manu sawn shajaw hkat ai. Tinang pyi n chye galaw ai ri, nhtu, shihkam bau, bujung buswi, magwi kawng, shamy-ing pyi n chye sai rung-rai hpyi hkat, jahkachyi ni tam hpyi hkat ai. Kahpu, kanau, kanu, kawa, yuji, katsa, kanu tung, kawadi nga nna gumhpraw dawn sha sa ai hkrai hkrai sa karum la na sa

ai kadai n nga ai. Gawk dung ni, jang-htung, kasa tai ai ni, num sa sa ai ni, num nawn, la nawn tai ai ni, nampan gat ai ni, hpahka jau ai ni, lusha shadu dawjau ai ni yawng gumhpraw hpyi sha ai, sa karum la mayu ai kadai n nga ai.

Shat daw sha ai shara ni hta mung, shat da manu gaw madang tsaw ai, sa garum ai garum kumhpa gaw madang nem nga ai. Dai majaw, num shabawn sha ai ni num hkungran poi galaw ai ni gaw, hka kap ai hkrai rai nga ai. Shatlit gun jaw ai htunghking hpe yu yu ga shatlit hpe yawng chyawm sha kau sai. Lit shabawn ai ni gaw nta madu ni hkrai bai shabawn ai majaw shatlit shabawn ai kaw lit li dik ai amu rai nga ai. Tsa chyaru lang ai yin n mat ai majaw Spraik, Pepsi ni htawm gun sa, kadai pyi n kam lu jan jawng rai nga ai. Myiman nga ai ni, myiman lu ai ni hkan nga yang, shatlit 30-40-50 htawm gun sa, kadai pyi atsawm n lu sha ya, jawng taw, shatsu, shakrang washat sha shatai kau, shatlit shabawn ai gaw she matsan jat re amu ni rai nga ai law.Maigan amyu ni gaw, she sa garum la hkat ai, num langai hkungran la yang, hpaga ga arang pyi n lu mat ai hkrai rai nga ai. Dai zawn law htam galu kaba wa ai ni hpe anhte gaw jahtawng n htu ai hpan, ngachyu kawk, langusi gawp hte sha, galai lu ai ni ngu jahpoi timung law htam mayat maya lam gaw anhte hta grau lawan matwa ai hpe mu lu nga ga ai. Lama tsawra myit hpe madung dat ai htunghking rai yang gaw sen lahkawng tsa masum tsa lu ai wa mung tsawra myit hte jaw hkat nna num lu hkungran la ai. Sen mali manga sha lu ai wa mung tsawra myit hpe madung dat nna num lu hkungran la na re. Lama dai hku byin wa jang gaw asak prat ram ai hte dinghku lu de nna, masha ni hpe masha jahpan mai dep na rai nga ai. Wunpawng htunghking yawng n hkrak ai ngu n

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tsun lu ai raitim, Wunpawng num jaw num ya htunghking gaw amyusha ni hpe dip apyet da ai htunghking ngu lu nga ai. Laika hti shawa yawng mung atsawm sha myit sawn dinglik yu ga, lama laika ka ai wa hpe nang ndai ga tsun shut ndai nga nna mara shagun ai masha nga ang yang, si ari jaw na nga tim, hkam gwi da we ai. Ngu mayu ai gaw maigan ni dipsha nna kaji gadun wa ai hta tinang a htunghking wa she grau dip sha nga ai hpe mu mada ra sai. Mungdan gawgap la na hta, masha jahpan gaw ra ahkyak madung langai rai nga ai law.

2. Nanghpam malu mashaWunpawng Kachin ni a masha jahpan hkrat yawm madung No. 2. gaw, nang-hpam lu sha nan nan rai taw nga ai hpe yawng chye chyalu rai nga ga ai. Moi na Jinghpaw Kachin ni a htunghking hta tsa, ka-ni, malut ndai nanghpam myu masum hpe jinghku kaba shatai tawn ai htunghking rai nga ai. Moi prat hpaji n chye, myiti nahpang prat, hpy-en re jinghku re n chye ginhka ai (nga uloi a jum sha) lu tik tik sha tik tik, re prat lai sai. Daini ndai ten hta hpyen wa gaw Jinghpaw Kachin ni nanghpam hpe lu sha madung shatai ai chye jang, ndai hpe laknak madung shatai nna, Kachin ni hpe lata gap sat nga masai. Hpyen wa gaw kahtet majan hku myu mi, katsi majan hku lam mi sat sharu nga ai majaw Kachin ni masha jahpan hpring wa na hta grau kaba ai hpyen madung rai nga ai.

Daini na pat jasan masing hte hpyen wa a myu shamyit masing kaba hpe lu daw agrawp kau ya hkra, lahkrip ra ra shakut sa wa nga sai. Ka-ni labupan a shingnan hpyen kaba gaw tsa ch-yaru hte malut hkayawm nan rai nga ai. Mungkan ntsa madang dep kalu kaba ai amyu mungdan lu gawgap la ai amyu tai na matu gaw, Wunpawng Kachin ni nanghpam hpyen kaw na lawan lawt ra sai law.

3. Tai hpyen: rawtmalan majan hta masha jahpan hkrat sum kaba rai nga ai. Rawtmalan ai 56 ning laman e, laknak hte gasat hkat ai kaw hkrat sum mat ai hte mara kata ai masha sat sharu hkrum ai masha mun 6-7 daram gaw, masha jahpan yawm hkrum na saga ai. Dai hta pyi grau law yang law na saga ai.

4. Maigan num la maigan la la ai ni Wunpawng Kachin ni a, num jaw numla htunghking nau yak ladu lai ai marang e, maigan num la nna, maigan tai mat, maigan kaw wa nna, maigan tai mat ai mung law dik sai. Grau nna

amyu shayi ni gaw asak ram nna ding-hku de mayu katu ai ten, Jinghpaw la sha hte n mai byin ai hte rau, maigan jan tai matwa na larau ladau, sharawng shara she rai nga ma ai. Maigan la ni mung Jinghpaw num ni lashoi kya ai re chye nna, gumhpraw loili galam dan nna shalen la kau ai hkrai rai nga ma ai. Maigan num la maigan la la nna tinang Wunpawng hkran de lu gang la ai mung gaw nga nga ai raitim, maigan tai mat ai gaw grau law nga ai. Bai nna amyu n jet ai (ကာျပား) kasha ni gaw amyu a ningbaw ningla shara kaja hta n tsap lu ma ai. (Shingnan hpan sha tai lu ai.)

5. Hpyen majan hkrit nna, nkau mi rawtmalan bungli hkrit nna htawt pru matwa ai. Wunpawng jahpan grai yawm matwa sai. Nkau mi gaw maigan mungdan du matwa tim, tinang myu-sha bungli kangka gunhpai ai law law nga nga ai. Nkau mi gaw panglai kata lungdin kabai bang kau ai zawn tsim rap re ai mung law law nga ai. Daini ndai ten gaw mare kaba de du ai ni she, rawtmalan magam hta grau lu gunhpai ai ten mung ngu lu sai rai.

6. Nkau mi gaw, masha jahpan naw shalaw ra ga ai hpe n chye nna, shin-gdang kau ai. Hpaji n lu sharin ya yang, n mai ai nga nna ma lu sharam kau nga ma ai. Dai mung gaw teng ai made teng ai raitimung, daini anhte Wunpawng Kachin ni gaw, masha amyu gale ni hpe n mai yu ai, n mai shabung ai ngu mu lu ai. Hpa majaw

ai, num jaw num la hpu hpyi gumhpraw hpyi yak la ai htunghking hpe, lu ai made tsawra myit hte jaw ya hkat ai htunghking de lawan gayin la saga.

(2) Nanghpam lu sha pat jasan ai bungli hta yawng shanglawm n-gun dat saga.

(3) Majan gasat nna mung, tai hpyen wa roirip nna mung, n hkrat sum u ga. Shanglawt lawan lu hkra Wunpawng sha ni yawng shanglawm nna shanglawt mungdan gasat di la saga.

(4) Maigan num la, maigan jan tai ai lam hpe hpungdim dat kau saga.

(5) Majan hkrit hpyenla la hkrit nna hprawng koiyen (n-gaw htawt) matwa ai lam hpungdim dat kau saga.

(6) Tinggyeng akyu a matu, ma lu sharam ai lam lawan pat kau saga. Masha law ai n-gun gaw, jagumhpraw law ai n-gun hta grau kaja ai she nga ma ai.

Shanglawt mungdan majan teng teng du wa ra ai. Yawng myithkrum mangrum ai hte yawng, hkumtut ta-tut shan-glawm nna dip apyet da ai kaw na Yehowa Karai a chyeju atsam hte rawtmalan gasat sa wa saga law.

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daini Myen mung hta nga ai amyusha bawsang yawng hta anhte Kachin ni gaw masha jahpan grit htum rai ga ai lam yawng mu chye chyalu rai nga ai. Rai yang, anhte gaw maigan mung de du mat ai ni hte yawng wan langai jan re nga ma ai. Kade shai mat wa sata? Mau kajawng hpa n rai i? Tinang tinggyeng sha n mai myit nga sai. Daini mungdan gawgap la na kaw masha jahpan law ra nga ai hpe ningshawng dat nna ma n sharam kau ai sha, ma naw mai lu ai ni midichyip den tik tik naw di ga yaw.

Hpang jahtum gadim hku nna, kadun dawk hku bai htet ginchyum dat mayu ai hta

(1) Kaga htunghking hpe n tsun mayu

Ca r t o o n

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behalf of all Nagas, that is, the Nagas now under Burma and India. This was again reaffirmed by the Naga people when the NNC conducted a National Plebiscite on 16 May 1951. In this, 99.9% of Naga people voted to remain independent as in ancient time, and an immutable mandate was given to the NNC to speak for the future of Nagaland.

However, India and Burma, who were then recently freed from British colonial bondage, ignored and disregarded the will of Naga people. The Indian Government arrogantly sent her armed forces to Nagaland in October 1954 and started an undeclared war with the Nagas. The Nagas had no choice but to defend their sovereignty at all costs with whatever means of arms they possessed. This situation was described by B.M. Mulik, Personal Secretary of Mr. Nehru, Indian Prime Minister, in that he said; "Indian Amy troops were sent to Nagaland, Tuensang areas in October 1954 and started the war with the Nagas. (Quote from B.M. Mulik’s book My Years with Nehru Page 308).

After the war started, the Nagas of South-west and the so-called “Free Nagas” in the North-east formed the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN) on 22nd March 1956 under the aegis of the Naga National Council. The FGN was formed following the Yehzabo (Constitution) of Nagaland which was written based on the Naga traditional democracy and formally ratified and approved by the Naga National Council in January 1956.

The Burmese Government also sent her armed forces into the Naga Hills after 1954, claiming Eastern Nagaland as an integral part of Burma. In fact, the Nagas had been living as a free people and left by the British as free people in un-administered areas. The Nagas had no knowledge of the Panglong Agreement and did not concede to join the Union of Burma at no point of time. But in March 1953, U Nu - Prime Minister of Burma and Mr. Nehru -Prime Minister of India decided to divide Nagaland by themselves according to the cursory boundary drawn by the British. The boundary, which was known as McMahan Line, was drawn in 1914 without the knowledge of the Naga people. Dividing Nagaland by India and Burma without the knowledge of Naga people was the starting point

of war with the Nagas by India and Burma. The Nagas did not go to Mandalay or Delhi to fight against them. But the armed forces of both India and Burma invaded the Nagaland in an attempt to dominate and colonize the Nagas. Consequently, the Nagas had no choice but to defend themselves at all costs.

The resistance war remains unsolved till date because both India and Burma refuse to address the root causes of the conflict.

In the Western part of Nagaland (under India), fierce fighting with Indian Army has continued since 1954. While in Eastern Nagaland (under Burma), the fierce fighting has continued since the formation of the Eastern Naga Revolutionary Council (ENRC) on 7 April 1965. Many villages were burned down to ashes by Burma Army with many people killed. Women and girls were molested and raped. However, as Eastern Nagaland was an isolated and landlocked area, all these atrocities committed by Burma Army were unreported and unheard by the world communities. Up until the present time, no reporter or media has penetrated to this landlocked and isolated area.

As the Nagas had never fallen under foreign domination, they wanted to remain as an independent and free people without any interference by foreigners in their national affairs, they declared their age-old independence to the outside world at the right time before India and Burma become independent nations. Indeed, the Nagas had such strong faith in the Indian and Burmese freedom fighters as they bitterly fought against British colonialism. The Nagas never thought that they would try to colonize Naga nation after they had freed themselves from the colonial bondage.

But now, it is a history that they (India & Burma) used the same colonialism, that they bitterly fought against it in the past, to colonize Nagaland by force of arms. If they would honor and accept the will of Naga people, the Nagas would have fought no war with them and live with them as good neighbors.

Since the Nagas had never fallen historically under either the Indian or Burmese kingdoms, and have no common history, India and Burma have no right to claim an inch

of Nagaland as an integral part of their countries. Because an inch of Nagaland never belonged to India or the Burma Kingdom in the history. But after they created the problem with the Nagas, they attempted to justify their claim on Nagaland stating that they inherited Nagaland from the British colonial rule, and hence, they call the sovereign Nagas as underground, hostiles, rebels, insurgent and so on and so forth to bluff the world. But their claim is completely disapproved by the following historical facts:

1. The British administered only one-fourth of Nagaland and left three-fourth as free Nagas and un-administered areas. The territories which they did not belong or control were not for the British to give or hand it over to other nations. Even the Naga people, within the territory which British did administer, stated time and again since 1929 that the Nagas must be left alone when the British withdraw from her colonial countries as stated above. More than enough memorandums in this regard were submitted to the British Government at the right time before colonial countries were set free. In the light of all these memorandums, the British had no right to hand Nagaland over to other countries without the consent of Naga people.

2. On 14 August 1941, the British and American Governments signed the Atlantic Charter. In this document, it was most importantly stated that no people and territory shall be handed over to other nations without the people's consent. According to this Charter, the British had no right at all to hand Nagaland over to other nations without the knowledge and consent of the Naga people. 3. Both India and Burma had no right to justify their claims for the Nagaland with the present cursory boundary drawn by the British in 1914, which was done without the knowledge of Naga people. The Nagas, at no point of time, recognized this boundary because the British had no right to draw a boundary line in the heart of Naga country. The Nagas cannot have a boundary in between our homes and farms, and in between our hearth and bedroom. Because of this boundary, our homes in India, and our farms are in Burma. Our cattle are roaming in India and Burma. Longwa village Ahng (Chieftain) use to say; “I sleep in Burma and eat in India”. Because

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Laikaman (24) matut

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Kachin Amyu Masha B. D. Maran

Dowanniya (Duaniah)

Dowanniya (Duaniah) rusai bawqhpan ni gaw lahtaq Assam mayan hkan e nga shanu nna Jinghpaw tsun shaga aga hpe tsunlang nga ai ni, rai nga maq ai. Shanhte aq tsun shaga aga nsen manawng mahkuh gaw Singpho shingjat aga, rai nga ai.1 Dowanniya rusai bawqhpan ni paw pruwa ai aten ahkying n naq (n kaba) shi nga maq ai. Jinghpaw ni Hukawng-Assam gah deq ginru ginsa wurut ruh shang hkratwa ai hpang hkan, pruwa ai amying shingteng rai nga ai. Hkrak tsun gaq nga yang, Dowanniya ni gaw Jinghpaw (Singpho) ni rim magawn matwa ai Assamese mayam num ni hteq, bai shangai shaprat pruwa ai “Jinghpaw-Assam asai kayau rusai hpanshan” (Singpho-Assamese hybrid) amyu ni, rai nga ma ai.2 Ndai rusai hpanshan nkau ni hpe, Hukawng palayang hkan e mulu nga ai raitim, shanhte ni Jinghpaw hku sheq, nga mat sai. Northeast India kawq gaw, Dowanniya ngu nna tsun shaga ai lawnglam nga tim, shanhte ni hpe Dowanniya ngu nna tsun shaga jang, n na raq maq ai. Mungnun (Assamese) ngu ai hku n tsun lah ai sha, Singpho ngu ai hku tsun shamying lah nga maq ai. Jinghpaw concept e, tsun ai “Mungnun” amying shingteng mung “grit ai, nun ai” hpe tsun ai re majaw, Mungnun amying hpe mung n hkyihkaw nga maq ai.

Lisu (Lisaw, Yawyin, Lihpaw, Yobin)

Adumsi : Kawah kawk langai kawq nah tsaq hpe marai lahkawng chyawm luq nga

Dagaw gaw ngut jang, galaw law re ai Adumsi htunghking rai nga ai.

Num hteq alar ni mung, chyawm luq maq ai.Source : James Henry Green Collection, 1918-

1935

1 See J.F. Needhan, “Outline grammar of the Singpho language as spoken by the Singphos, Dowanniyas, and other residing in the neighbourhood of Sadiya”, 1889, Shillong. 2 - E.T. Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal”, 1872, Calcutta, P-10.- Birendra Chandra Chakravorty, “British Relations with the Hill Tribes of Assam since 1858”, 1964, Calcutta, P-12.

3 C.M. Enriquez, 1923, P-17. Asim Maitra, “A Guide Book To Lisu Language”, 1988, New Delhi, P-1.

Lisu ngu ai hpe Lisu tsun shaga aga lachyum hku nna shaleng yang, “yuqhkrat – ginru ginsa hkratwa ai masha” (descendant) ngu ai lachyum rai nga ai hpe nkau ni, tsun nga maq ai. Jinghpaw gaw Lisu hpe “Lisu, Lisaw, Yawyin” ngu nna mung, tsun shaga nga maq ai. Miwa gaw Kachin ni hpe “Yeyen, Yeh-jen” ngu nna mung, shaga shamying tsun laiwa sai. “Yeyen, Yeh-jen” ngu ai kawq, “matse ai, zai ai masha” ngu ai lachyum mung, rawng nga ai. “Bum Masha” ngu ai lachyum hku nna “Shanhtu” mung, ngu maq ai. Miwa ni shaga shamying ai amying ningsang nsen mahkuh hku nna Jinghpaw ni Lisu hpe shanhte nsen manawng hteq, “Yawyin” ngu wa ai, rai nga maq ai.3 Yawyin ngu ai amying shingteng gaw Sinlum-Gauri Krung deq nna shaga hpangwa ai gasi amying, rai nga ai. India na Singpho ni gaw, Lisu hpe “Yobin” mung, ngu nga maq ai. Maru, Lashi ni mung, Lisu hpe “Lasi, Leur-Seur” ngu nga maq ai. Miwa ni gaw Lisu hpe “Liso” (Lisaw) ngu maq ai. Lisu ngu nna mung, lang nga maq ai. Sam nkau ni gaw, Lisu hpe “Che-Li” mung, ngu nga maq ai. Miwa hkran deq, Lisu ni shanhte hkum hpanshan ni hpe “Lihpaw” ngu nna mung, tsun shamying shaga nga maq ai.

Asim Maitra wa gaw, “Lisu” ngu ai hpe lachyum kahtap shaleng tawn ai kawq, “Li” ngu ai lachyum gaw “mali” (four) ngu ai rai nhtawm, ndai gaw shanhte ningshang e kyit na matu, gumbaq mali (four folds) rawng ai sumpan galu ngu ai lachyum mung rai nna “su” gaw masha ngu ai lachyum re ai hpe sanglang tawn nga ai. Asim Maitra nah ningmu lachyum htaq, “Li+su” gaw “gumba mali rawng ai shingkyit kyit ai masha” ngu ai, rai nga lu ai.4

Marip Htingbai Naw Awn tsun tawn ai gamung (according to H. Naw Awn’s version) gaw, “Tibet Mung e hkawhkam Sawng Tsen Gam Bu a lakhtak hta Bawn Nat jawjau lam ni n lu kabai kau ai majaw, Shapawng Yawng Mangdang yan Jan Ma Majan gaw mungdan kaw na pru mat wa ai. Shingrai, shan gaw Miwa Mung kata Kokor Nor ngu ai hkanawng langai

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the boundary crosses in between his bedroom and kitchen. No world people can have such boundary.

4. As mentioned above, the Nagas had no knowledge about the Panglong agreement of February 12, 1947, which was signed by four free Nations, Shan, Kachin, Chin, and Burma in the interest of forming a Union, known as the Union of Burma. But the Nagas at no point of time agreed to join the Burma Union. The Burma has thus not right to claim the Eastern Nagaland as the territory of Burma. Though the Panglong Agreement was signed in good faith by four nations to form a Union, but the Burman leaders had never implemented the Agreement in the past more than sixty years, instead they tore it and threw it away, when Gen. Newin declared coup d’état on 2nd March 1962 and dissolved the Constitution of Burma Union. Since then the Union of Burma did not exist legally, and hence the Kachins, Chins, and Shans, the signatory nations have the right to claim their independence. If the signatory nations have the right to claim their independence, the Nagas, who did not involve in the agreement, have more legal right to remain as an independent nation.

These historical facts mentioned above, given clearance that India and Burma have no right to claim Nagaland as the integral parts of their countries by conquest or consent. The war, therefore, did not start from the Nagas to demand independent from them; but started when the armed forces of these two countries invaded Nagaland in an attempt to colonize Nagaland. The conflict is, therefore, a case of aggression and war, but not the internal affairs of India and Burma. The Nagas’ birthright is to be as a people and a nation among the nations of the world. And our goal is to achieve recognition of Naga sovereignty by the world. This, our national stand doesn’t go against India or Burma if they do regard and respect the right of our nation. In fact, the Nagas have no belligerent attitude towards either of them. The Nagas are not the enemy of India or Burma but want to be a good neighbor to them. And the Nagas want to solve the conflict through peaceful and amicable means. Because the Nagas firmly believe that there is no problem in the world which cannot be solved through peaceful means especially in this present civilized world.

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5 Htingbai Naw Awn, “Wunpawng Labau Ginshi”, (place, date, publisher unknown), P-50.6 Dainih nah Qinghai mungdaw hpe moi gaw, "Tsaidam" ngu wa masai. "Tsaidam (tshva'idam) nah "Tsai" gahkum gaw jum (salt) hpe tsun nhtawm, "dam" gaw zaibru jang ni, jum nawng ni, hkaq la-ing ni, hkaqbyap ni, hkaqshi ni, hkaqwan ni, hkaqhpawk ni lawq nga ai hkamwam palayang padam hpe tsun ai, rai nga maluq ai. Dainih nah Tsaidam Qinghai shara gaw mi-moi shawngdeq, Mongolian masha jahpan grau galup tawn ai shara ni rai nga maluq ai. Tsaidam dingdung deq, Nanshan hteq Altentagh bum lapran ni nah hkamwam palayang hkan e Tangguts hteq Mongols ni nga maq ai. Tanggut gaw Tibetan hpe tsun ai, rai saq. Dainih nah Miwa shadip magam ni gaw, laga amyu ni nah aga, shamying shamang lang matwa ai ni hpe bai n lang ai sha, tinang Miwa aga jetjet hpe hkrai, galai bang lang, tsun mat nga ai. Gsd. Tibet hpe Xizang ngu ai zawn, Kokor-nor hpe Qinghai, ... Ndai gaw, Miwa amyusha maka kumlar (Chinese Identity) hpe gawnhkang nga ai mung, rai nga maluq ai.

5 Tibeto-burma aga hpe tsun shaga ai ni htaq, lachyum bungh ai gasi gahkum lahkawnghkawng kalangtaq tsun shaga nga maq ai. Ndai concept hpe Jinghpaw akyang arawn alai ni (ethos), htunghking ni hkan mung, mulu nga ai. Ndai arawn alai ni hpe laga Indo-european aga wuhpung ni hkan, bai n mulu nga ai. Gsd. Jinghpaw e yuyu gaq : (1). "Sawq shagah" (Sawq ai mung, lachyum langai, shagah ai mung lachyum langai, raitim, dai lachyum yan gaw marensha rai nna lahkawng yan hpe kalangtaq tsun shaga lang nga gaq ai.)(2). tsawq raq, (3). shangai shaprat, (4). si htum, (5). chyoi chye, (6). dum ntah, (7). gyit hkang, (8). up hkangh, (10). raq sharawng, (11). tsun shaga, (12). mu mada, (13). lawq htam, (14). dam ladar, (15). maw lanyet, (16). san tsawm(17). htep lahti, (18). lawq malawng, (19). gaw gap, (20). hpang jahtum, (21). hpang garaq, (22). mawn sumli, (23). jawq shah, (24). tang madun, (25). diq hkrat, ... ni, rai nga ai. Ndai gaw, Tibeto-burma aga e rawng ai maka kumlar kaba langai rai nga ai. Dai hteq maren, Myen tsun shaga aga e mung, dai zawn re rawq ni hpe tsun shaga nga maq ai.Gsd. (1). hpik hkaw (sawq shagah); (2). wun yauk (shang du); (3). htuh hpauk (achyawq bawq); (4). te sung (si htum); (5). chye pyan (dam ladar); (6). tan shin (san seng); (7). we kwa (tsan gang); (8). Myah pyah (lawq htam); (9). tuit myin (mu mada); (10). shit chyaik (tsawq raq). Ndai gahkum gasi satlawat hku nna "gayi-galar" hkrang hpe mung, lang nga gaq ai.Gsd. (1). abawng alang, (2). achyang amang, (3). baubau didi, (4). ahpraw atu, (5). madi manyap, ... ni rai nga ai. Myen tsun shaga e mung, ndai "gayi-galar" hkrang hpe tsun shaga nga maq ai. Myen (Bamar) mung, Tibeto-burma aga wuhpung nah rai nga ai. Indian Kala (Indo-European) amyu aga ni gaw, Tibeto-burma hkrang hpan, n rai nga ai. Myen (Bamar) gayi-galar e, gsd. : (1). waq-waq hpyuh-hpyuh (baubau didi), (2). mahuk tayuk (n jaw n jah), (3). kalay kalah (chyai lapai), (4). ateh ahpoi (kaji kajaw), (5). pu-pu nui-nui (kahtet kamawt), ... ni rai shajang nga ai. Tibeto-burma aga dajuq Jinghpaw (Kachin) gaw laga amyu aga ni htaq, grau nna "shawng nah ga matut" (prefix) hpe tsun lang nga gaq ai. Ndai mung, Tibeto-burma aga aq maka kumlar kaba langai, rai nga ai. Gsd. : jawm (chyawm), hkan, hkap, wa, chye, mai, ... ni rai nga ai. [Jawm shah ai, Jawm tsun ai, Jawm galaw ai; Hkan sa ai, Hkan mu ai, Hkan jawq ai; Hkap ya ai; Hkap madun ai; Hkap tau lah ai; Wa machyiq ai, Wa madawn ai, Wa gumhtawn ai; Chye tsun ai, Chye na ai, Chye tsap ai; Mai shah ai, Mai lah ai, Mai sa ai, ... ni hku nna lang nga maq ai.] Tibeto-burma aga e, laga tsun shaga aga wuhpung ni hteq, shai hkat ai maka kumlar ni rai nga maq ai. Ndai ni gaw, Tibeto-burma aga nah Jinghpaw tsun shaga aga hpan langai hpe guji guyang akik akawk gaq galaq ashin alep ashep yu ai dinglik (research) lam rai nga ai. Magah mi hku nna bai tsun yang, Tibeto-burma aga aq "ngau, lapaq, shadawh, ..." ni hpe dinglik alai yu ai lam rai saq. 8 Beatrix Metford, “Where China Meets Burma”, 1935, London, P-135.

mi a makau de du pru wa ma ai. Dai shara kaw naw shanu nga ai ten hta masat lahkawng ngu ai shadang sha La N-Naw hpe shaprat ma ai. Dai La N-Naw kaw nna pru wa ai amyu lakung gaw daini na Lisu bawsang ni rai nga ma ai”, ngu tawn nga ai.5 Kachin ninggup htunghking gamung e, “Shapawng Yawng Mangdang yan Jan Ma Majan” kawq nna “Nung-Rawang, Lisu, Maru, Lashi, Azi, Jinghpaw ni pra hkratwa maq ai ngu nna tsun dup hkai-hkai rai nga ai ninggup htunghking gamung hpe Hingbai Naw Awn gaw, “Kokor Nor” hkaqnawng htaq, “Nor” ("nawngh, hkaqnawngh"; lake) hpe mahtaq la-kap nna "Naw" masat “Ma Naw” hpe wa shangai ai kawq nna Lisu rusai hpe wa-matut tawn dat nga ai. Ndai “rusai labau lawnglam” hpe grai guigui hteq, lawan ladan (lachyau lachyan) tsun matwa ai hkrang, rai nga uq ai. "Kokor Nor" hkaqnawngh hpe Miwa ni dainih gaw "Qinghai"6 bai ngu nga maq ai. Moi chyaloi ninghkoi prat hkan e, dainih nah "Qinghai" hkaqnawngh hpe "Kokor Nor" ngu nna tsun hkratwa nga ai hpe mulu ai. Kokor Nor gaw, Tibet (Xizang) bumpa aq lahtaq magah (North-East Tibet Plateau) deq nga nhtawm, Gansu hteq kahtep mat ai shara mung, rai nga ai. Tibeto-burma aga tsun shaga nga ai wuhpung ginru ginsa gaw, dingdung (north) deq nna dingdaq (south) deq yuqhkrat matwa ai hkrang hkrai sha, rai nga maq ai hpe machyoi ni (scholars) madiq madun nga maq ai. Lahtaq magah de gaw, ninggun jaq kaba ai amyu ni galup nga ai ginlam mung, lawnglam langai wabyin nga ai. Deng ninghkan, lahtaq shara magah de, bai ninghtang lungwa ai ginru ginsa hpe n mulu ai rai nga ai.

Tsaidam (Qinghai) Gah gaw, Tibeto-burma7 tsun shaga aga wabyin hpang ai shara mung, rai nga ai. Tsun gaq nga yang, Kennaw hteq Huchehpa rusai bawqhpan ni Nmai hkaqhkuh gah e wabyin hpang ai zawn, rai nga ai. Bai, Dowanniya bawqshan ni Hukawng Pa e byin hpang wa ai hkrang hpe mung, mai shachyawq mahtaq nga ai. Tibeto-burma aga tsun shaga ai amyu ni gaw Tsaidam lamugah shara hkan nna Asia dingdaq deq ka-nawng nawt yuq hkrat matwa nga ai. Tibeto-burma aga tsun shaga ai amyu hpanshan ni hpe laga lamugah shara ni hkan, bai n mulu nga aq. Tibeto-burma aga n byin shi ai shaloi gaw, dai aga hpan shaga wa na amyu ni aq ginru ginsa mung, htiqhtiq htanghtang sagu bainam htawt gayin remshah hkawm raiwa nna hpang jahtum e Tsaidam Gah e wazup, wa-pra, wa-kapang jat lawq wa nhtawm, "dingdaq hteq sinprawq-dingdaq gah" (Southeast and South of Asia) ni deq matut gawq htawt gawq nawt kazawt matwa ai, rai nga ai. Ndai htaq, hpyen masa majan mahpan hteq maluq mashah tawq ai majaw, ginru ginsa shamawt ra ai mung, lawm nga maluq ai. Shawngdaw deq gaw, laga amyu bawqhpan aga tsun shaga hkratwa na rai nga ai. Hpang e, amyu langai hteq langai wa gayau, aga wa gayau, wa shalat pruwa ai rai nga ai. Tsaidam

gah gaw, moi nah Miwa Lairi Lam (Silk Road) dingsa lai ang ai lamugah mung, rai nga ai. Bai Sinprawq-Kaang (Middle East) deq nna Sinprawq deq laiwa laisa lam ni mung, ang nga ai. Sichuan (Shu) mungh nah Sanxingduin e mu htuq shawq ai arung arai taq shingni nkau ni gaw, Egypt, Mesopotamia deq nah maka kumlar ni lawm shajang nga ai.

Beatrix Metford bai myit sawn shachyawq lah ai lawnglam mung, nga nga ai. Dai htaq, India dingdung-sinnaq (Northwest) lahtaq magah hku nna majan mahpang kasat gala kungkyang ai Aryan amyu masha ni dushang bangwa nhtawm, Himalaya bum shagawng hpe laidiq rairai maq ai. Shanhte ni Tibet lamugah deq shangbang ai shaloi, Mongolian ni hte asai gayau hkat ai kawq nna Lisu rusai amyu raiwa ai hpe alai ashap shaprawq tawn nga ai.8 Beatrix Metford htaqlang ai hpaji hparat ladat masa (human physical feature anthropology) hku tsun yang, shiq aq sawk dinglik mahtai hpe jahkrat kau dat na yak nga ai. Putao magah de nah Lisu (num ni skirt garwun htawnglawng kaba buhpun ai rusai hpanshan) myiman hprawh ningsam, ninggup shakap, lahtan, ladi (nadi), hkumhkrang kalu kaba hkrang (body structure) ni gaw Aryan shingjat nsam dandawng nga maq ai. Tsun gaq nga yang, grau nna Caucasian mayan

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hkan nah ningsam kumlar hkrang ni hteq, sawt sawt rai shajang nga maq ai. Sawk sagawn ai hpaji hparat ladat gaw, damlada nga maq ai. Lisu e “Pe Lisu, He Lisu, Hwa Lisu” ngu nna mung, nga nga maq ai.

Ndai Lisu aq myiman, ladi, shakap, lahtan hkrang ni gaw, laga shingjat nah nsam ni kra

nga ai.Source : J. H. Green Collection, 1918-1935.

Lisu gumgai, ma kaji ni, gwi hteq Lisu ntahLisu kahtawng ni gaw, ntah htinggaw 8 snr 10

htaq naw n jan chye nga ai.Shanhte ntah ni mung, gawk masum ram

rawng chye nga maq ai. Source : James Henry Green Collection

(1918-1935)

"He Lisu" (BlackLisu). Shanhte ni gaw, mungkan hkretbat masat “26° 30’ hte 27° 30’ N” lapran nah lamugah ni e, nga malawng ai. Source : J. H. Green Collection, 1918-1935.

Source : J. H. Green Collection, 1918-1935.

“Pe snr Pai Lisu” (Lisu Hpraw), “Hua snr Hwa Lisu” (Nsam ateng apang hkum ai, nampan zawn re ai Lisu), “He Lisu” (Lisu Chyang, Black Lisu) ngu nna masat amying jawq tawn ai gaw, shanhte buhpun mawnsumli, bugah tsun shaga aga, Miwa-Tibetan htunghking htunglai galup hkrah ai madang satlawat ni kawq hkan nna tsun shamying masat tawn dah ai, rai nga maluq ai. “He Lisu” (Lisu Chyang, Black Lisu) ni gaw, grau nna kade aq uphkang yu ai kata hkan, n nga rawng yu ai ni, rai shajang nga maq ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw kade e mung, uphkang n dep ai lamugah shara ni hkan, pra-nga shayan ai ni rai nga maq ai. Uphkang tekjum majawq tawn ai hkrang ni hpe n raq sharawng nga maq ai. 1914 ning hkan du hkra, lahtaq Salween hkaqdung magah hkan, pra-nga ai Lisu ni Miwa mungh kata e raitim mung, Miwa uphkang tekjum ai gaiwang shinggan (out of Chinese control) kawq, rai nga maq ai. Ndai htaq, “He Lisu” (Black Lisu) ni, mungkan hkretbat masat “26° 30’ hte 27° 30’ N” lapran nah lamugah e shanhte raq sharawng ai hku, wanglu wanglang mazut matse nga rawng laiwa masai. Gumra ni hteq, hpaga yamga hkawmsa lai ai Miwa ni hpe shangkasat, rai nga maq ai. Lurim ai alar (male) ni hpe shanhte aq hkailuq hkaishah bungli bungsi ni hkan, shangun lang maq ai. Raitim, shanhte rim lah ai mayam ni hpe shanhte Lisu num ni hteq mayaw

htinggaw dinghku de ahkaw ahkang jawq maq ai. Roirip mazut ai mayam maduq satlawat gaw, n nga maq ai. Mayam ni hteq Lisu num ni kawq nah shangai shaprat pruwa ai kashu kasha ni hpe mayam n ngu nga maq ai. Ndai ni gaw, Lisu rai matwa nga maq ai.

Lisu ni hpe sinnaq magah deq gaw, Machyangbaw, Putao, Munglang Shidi ni hkan, hte Chyaukang hkyet India lamugah jarit mayan (Hidden Valley) – Adedi, Midi, Hkashi, Hkalu, Sadudi, Gisadi, Vijoy Nagar - Deban - Myau (Diyun hkaqhkuh, India jarit Kata) … ni hkan, chyambra nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Num ni garwun skirt labu htawnglawng dagrawq ai ni, rai nga maq ai. Nung-Rawang ni mung, ginru ginsa nchying nring shi ai aten hkan, shanhte makau nah hpung ninggun kaba ai Lisu ni hpe kumhpaw kumhpaq sakjawq ai, nga wa masai.9 India nah Arunachal Pradesh, Changlang Dist., Myau (Miao) - Vijoy Nagar la-pran hkan, pra-nga prade nga ai Lisu ni gaw Putao hkran de nna htawtbang hkratwa ai ni, rai nga maq ai.

“He Lisu” ni gaw Caucasian masha hpraw ningsam hkrang grau rawng nga maq ai. Shanhte ni hpe Kachin lamugah dingdung magah de grau mulu nga ai. Putao grup-yin, Manmaw - Gauri Krung grup-yin, Moguk grup-yin, Sam mungdaw ni hkan e nga ai Lisu ni hpe dinglik dawk lah ai hkumhkrang ningsam sumlar ni hpe mung, “Cencus of India, 1931, Volume-xi, Part-I” kawq shingdaw masam maram hku nna mulu nga ai.

Northern Black Lisu ni, Source : James Henry Green Collection (1918-1935)

9 E.R. Leach, 1954, P-59.

Lawuq: Yawyin hpawmi (The Flawery Lisu woman), Kangfang, Ngawchang hkaqhkuh.

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Eastern Lisu ni, Source : J. H. Green Collection, 1918-1935.

Northern Lisu ni, Source : J. H. Green Collection, 1918-1935.

Eastern Lisu ni (Sadung grup-yin nah, Nmai krung)

Source : J. H. Green Collection, 1918-1935.

L to R : Eastern Lisu & Southern Lisu, Source J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935)

Bainam hpyiq hteq, ma baq dah ai Lisu ma kanuSource J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935)

10 H.R. Davies, 1909, P-391.11 O. Gurdon Young, “The Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand”, 1961, (United States Operations Mission To Thailand), Bangkok, P. 34-35.12 Lebar, Frank M. Gerald C. Hickey, and John K. Musgrave, “Ethnic groups of mainland Southeast Asia”, HRAFP, 1964, New Haven, P-28.13 “Nlah Dap” is a private room of Kachin house, where unmarried adolescent girls receive their boy friends in the night.

14 O. Gurdon Young, “The Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand”, 1961, (United States Operations Mission To Thailand), Bangkok, P-36.15 C.M. Enriquez, 1923, P-138.

Laos hkan nga ai “Che-di” ngu shamying ai rusai bawhpan ni mung Lisu hpanshan ni hteq, ginrawn nga ai hpe, mulu nga ai.10 Thailand mungdan hkan nah Lisu hpe “Lasaw, Lisaw, Lishaw” ngu nna mung shaga shamying nga maq ai.11 Lisu ni Thailand mungdan deq laiwa sai shaning matsat-shi (80) ning hkan sheq, dushang shanu nga ai, rai nga maq ai.12 Thailand htaq, Lisu ni hpe Chiengmai (Chiengdao, Mae Taeng) hteq Chiengrai ni hkan du hkra, nga shanu maq ai. O. Gurdon Young (1961:34) madun tawn ai Thailand nah Lisu yuptung jahpan gaw marai (17,300), rai nga luq ai. 1953 ning nah Miwa mungdan yuptung jahpan htaq, Miwa Mungh nah Lisu ni marai (317,000) rawng nga maq ai. Kachin mungdaw htaq, nga shanu ai Lisu jahpan hpe E.R. Leach (1954:309) tsun tawn ai gaw, (15,000) rai nga ai. E.R. Leach aq Lisu jahpan gaw, “Putao grup-yin, Htawgaw mayan hteq Sinprawq hkran (Manmaw+)” ni hkan nah hpe shinggyin mahkawng sawn tawn ai, rai nga ai. Myen mungdan ting nah Lisu masha jahpan hpe Peter Kunstadter (1967:Vol.i:88) htaq, madun tawnda ai gaw, (30,000+) rai nga lu ai.

Tsun gaq nga yang, Lisu ni hpe bumba batba masam mada yu dat yang, Kachin ni htaq grau nna hkumhkrang abawng alang lawq nga maq ai. Mi-moi hkan htaq, Jinghpaw htingnu ni hkan e “Nlah Dap”13 ngu ai laksan gawk bang tawn ai htunglai nga maq ai. Lisu htunghking laisat laisa kawq gaw, “Nlah Dap” hkrang n nga ai hpe mulu ai. Lisu lawq malawng gaw, shanhte ni Miwa amyu kawq nna yuq hkratwa ai ni re hku, tsun maq ai. Ndai lawnglam ningmu e, shanhte ni gaw “Miwa Hunan, Kiangsi” deq nna yuq hkratwa nhtawm, Lisu deq gale matwa ai ngu nga maq ai. Miwa ni, Lisu num ni hpe lah nna Lisu ni hteq, bai ngachyam pra-nga hkratwa ai kawq, yawng gaw Lisu deq rai matwa nga ai mabyin mung, lawm nga maq ai. Lisu shinggyim wuhpung kata htaq, Miwa htunghking laisa laisat ni nga

ai hpe mulu ai. Miwa ni galaw nga ai shanhte aq shaning ningnan “Gawnyen Lunsi” htunghking ni hpe mung, Lisu htunghking langai hku galaw nga maq ai. Matut nna tsun gaq nga yang, Lisu ni nah mi-moi makam masham hkan e, Buddhism arawn alai satlawat hteq Miwa nah “Tao concept” (Chinese Taoism) ni kaji kajaw kaplawm pruwa ai mung, nga ai. Dai ni hpe Lisu ni sumhting lang hkratwa ai masat dingdat arung arai ni (paraphernalia) hteq htunglai nkau ni nah manawt dingsawt hkan rawng nga ai hpe mulu nga ai.14 Miwa lar ni gaw, Lisu num lah nna Lisu rai matwa ai. Raitim, Lisu lar ni gaw Miwa num n htaq lah shajang nga maq ai.15 Lisu ni lawq malawng tsun ai gaw, shanhte ni lahtaq Salween kawq nna yuq hkratwa ai hpe madiq ladawn nga maq ai. Nkau mi gaw, Hsiang Hsiang (Hpimaw makau) kawq nah yuq hkratwa ai, bai ngu nga maq ai. Laga nkau ni gaw, bumba batba hku nna “Waba” (lahtaq Mekong) hkan nna ginru ginsa hkratwa ai, ngu nga maq ai. Yawng tsun madiq ai ginru ginsa yuq hkratwa ai hpe ginchyum dat yu yang, Lisu ni mung, Tibet bumpa marawn hku nna yuq hkratwa ai gaw danleng nga ai.

Black Lisu with pigtail Lisu ni htaq, shanhte aq baw lahtan magah hteq grup-grup rara karah ni hpe ahkut shakrin tawn nhtawm, pungding pungwam magap karah hpe madat tawn let, Karah hpe hkriq tawn dah nga maq ai. Ndai htunghking arawn alai gaw, Miwa kawq nna rai nga ai. Lagaw gayawp ahkang kaji tawn ai lailen hteq baw shawng daw nah karah hpe ahkut shakrin nhtawm, shingduq karah hpe hkriq galu tawn ai htung ni mung,

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Miwa society e, wuhpung class pang mi rai nga ai. Miwa hkawseng prat hkan e, ndai zawn re karah hkrang tawn dah ai masha pang hpe mulu ai. Masha pang hpe garan ginghkaq tawn ai satlawat mung, rai nga ai. Source J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935).

Lawuq nah sumlar ni mung, shawng daw hteq grup-grup rara nah karah ni hpe hkut shakrin tawn nhtawm, jawqtiq pungwam magap karah ni hpe galu hkra, bai hkriq madat dah ai Lisu ni,

Source : J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935)

Tsun shaga aga hku, bai tsun ga nga yang, Lisu shaga aga ni gaw “Akha (Kaw), Lahu” ni hte, grau bungpreq shajang nga maq ai.16 H.R. Davies (1909:337) htaq, Lisu hpe Tibeto-burma hpung htinggaw e Lolo dinghku gawk kawq, bangtawn nga ai. Peter Kunstadter (1967, Volume-I:82) htaq, Tibeto-burma kata nah Burman-Lolo, Lolo e, sawn bangtawn nga maq ai. Ndai amyu wuhpang e Akha, Hani (Woni), Kutsung, Lahu, Lisu, Lolo, Tuchia ni hpe mulu nga ai. C.M. Enriquez (1923:143) mung, Lisu hpe Lolo dinghku gawk e bangtawn nga ai. Wilson (Assistant Superintendent of Sadon, Kachin Hill) mung, Lisu tsun shaga aga hpe Myen hpung htaq, bangtawn nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Lisu shadaq daq nah buga tsun shaga aga ni yawng hpe aloi ali chyena hkat na n loi nga maq ai. C.M. Enriquez tsun ai hku nga yang, Yunnan sinnaq hkran deq nga ai Lisu ni hteq, Yunnan sinprawq hkran deq nga ai Lisu ni shadaq daq Miwa tsun shaga aga hku sheq, matut mahkai tsun shaga maq ai, rai nga ai. Lisu ni Miwa tsun shaga aga ni hpe mung, lah lang maduq matwa ai ni, 16 Census of India, 1931, Volume-xi, Part-I, P-182.

17 See F.O. Fraser, “A Handbook of the Lisu (Yawyin) Language”, 1922, Government Printing and Stationery, Rangoon.

rai nga maq ai. Dai majaw, shanhte tsun shaga aga htaq e, Miwa tsun shaga aga “nhtiq nhtangh” (jahten) lawm nga ai hpe mulu nga ai.17

Lisu tsun shaga aga hta laklai ai ginlam langai gaw, shanhte ni kaw nsen n pru ai "consonant" (Asnf;) hteq, htum ai nsen gasi ni n nga maluq ai. Tibetan kaw na langhkrat wa ai gasi ni mung, shanhte hta lawm nga maq ai. Dai gasi gahkaw ni gaw Myen hteq mung, sawt sawt bungpreq nga maq ai sha n-gah, gahkum gahkrang gawshachyawq ai kawq mung, hkrang langai sha, rai nga maq ai. Gashadawn hkrang hpe yuyu gaq.

Lisu Tibetan Myen Lahu Jinghpaw English Ngoa (ngwa) ng/ṅa (nga) nga (ig) nga (ngwa) ngai I Tsa-bo tsħa saa (qm;) a-lè jum (chῡm) saltZā jā tsaa (pm;) ch’a shaa (shah) eat

Lolo wuhpung kata kawq na rusai bawqhpan ni mahtang, grau bungpreq hkat ai lawnglam nga maq ai. Bungpreq hkat ai ngu ai kawq, nini htephtep marensha, zawn re hpe tsun mayu ai re. Gashadawn, Lisu ni gaw nhtu hpe “ahta” ngu ma ai zawn, Menghwa Lolo ni mung “ahta” ngu nga maq ai. Lahu ni gaw “ahtaw” ngu nna bai tsun nga maq ai. Lisu htaq, “langai” (one) hpe “hti”, “lahkawng” (two) hpe “nyi”, “masum” (three) hpe “sar”, “mali” (four) hpe “li”, “manga” (five) hpe

“ngwa”, “kru” (six) hpe “sawk”(aqmh), “sanit” (seven) hpe “she”, “matsat” (eight) hpe “hiq”([dh), “jahku” (nine) hpe “ko”, hteq “shi” (ten) hpe “zsi” ngu nna tsun nga maq ai.

Kachin ninggup htunghking gamung htaq, tsun ai hku nga yang, “Hkranghkuh Majoi” kawq galaw laiwa sai “Kachin Gumran Manau” e, n lawm maq ai ngu nga ai. Lisu hteq htunghking lailen maka ni lagaga re ai ni nga ai zawn, marensha rai ai ni mung, lawm shajang nga maq ai. Miwa, Kala, Thailand hkan nga ai Lisu ni hteq Kachin (Myen Mungh) kawq nga ai Lisu ni hpe shingdaw hkajah dat yu yang, shanhte ni hkan, shaihkat ai "majun" (concept) lawnglam ni nga nga maq ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw China, India, Thailand hkan nga ai Lisu ni gaw, shanhte ni Kachin rusai hteq

ginrawn matut ai lawnglam mabyin ni n nga ai hpe madiq madun pruwa maq ai. Ndai hku, shanhte chyena nga maq ai. Myen mungh nah Lisu (Kachin hteq, nihtep ai Lisu) htunghking hkan, Kachin htunghking hku nga nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Shachyen shaga laisat laisa htaq, Jinghpaw htunglai hpe htaqlang ai nga tim, dai htunglai masa hku nna hkrang shawq hkansa galaw ra ai concept myit ni gaw, n rawng nga maq ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw, Kachin e lajaq lana ahkyak shatai rai nna hkansa shatup nga ai htunglai hpe Lisu ni gaw atang ahpar sha sawn lah nga maq ai. Ndai gaw, shanhte lang hkratwa ai shinggyim wuhpawng pratpra htunglai matu, namnak namtaq n nga ai majaw rai nga ai. Ndai gaw mungkan shinggyim masha htunghking ningli htaq, nga ai satlawat masa hpe madun dan ai arawn alai langai mi, rai nga ai. Nmadawm mayawm nhtiq nhtang shaihkat shajang nga ai htunglai htunghking hkrang ni, mungkan shinggyim masha ni hkan, rawng shajang nga maq ai.

Lisu numwawn numlah ai lawnglam ni htaq, Lisu ni gaw “ti-nang rusai bungh bawqhpan hteq dinghku n mai deshah ai hkrang” (exogamy, trsKd;pkcsif;tdrfaxmifrjyK&onfh

a&S;"avhxkH;pH) hpe chyu hkan shatup ai ni, n rai nga maq ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw, numwawn numlah lawnglam htaq, ti-nang rusai bawqhpan ang ai shadaq mung, shanhte htunghking kawq dinghku deshah mai nga maq ai. Kachin htunghking htaq, gayaq gahpaq koiyen ra ai bawq snr shingdang tawn ai htunghking ritkawp nhpan (taboo) ni, Lisu htunghking e n nga nga maluq ai. Lisu Myitung lar wa, Lisu Lasang num hteq dinghku mairawn nga ai zawn, Lasang lar wa mung Myitung num hteq, dinghku shangshah mai nga ai. Shanhte htunghking htaq, pat-hkum shingdang tawn ai htunghking nhpan (taboo) n nga ai. Bai nna Ngwahpa rusai bawqhpan shadaq daq mung, numwawn numlah mai galaw hkat nga maq ai. Shanhte htunghking hku gaw, nhtap nhtuk ai zawn n myit lah ai sha, tsawmhtap hpar htunglai hku, lang hkratwa nga maq ai. Kachin htunghking satlawat hku tsun yang, “Jaiwawng wawng ai” snr gayaq gahpaq arawn alai langai hku myit lah nga

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Lisu jaunggawng wa, Source J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935).

18 Asim Maitra, “A Guide Book To Lisu Language”, 1988, New Delhi, P-50.19 C.M. Enriquez, 1923, P-142.20 E.R. Leach, 1954, P-59 : “Along the whole eastern frontier of the Kachin Hills Area there are small pockets of Lisu speakers. Such communities are usually in political relation with neighbouring Kachin groups with whom they intermarry. For purposes of such marriage Lisu clans are, by a fiction, identified with Kachin clans and lineages so that the Kachin kinship network is extended to embrace these Lisu speakers.”

maq ai. Shanhte ni yawng aq myit htaq, dai hku sha, chyena hkamlah ai majun myit (concept) rawng nga maq ai. Kade e, shadut ai mung, n rai nga ai. Shadut ai wa gaw, ti-nang hkamlah ai htunghking sheq, rai nga ai. Ndai gaw htunghking nah shadut ninggun namnak, rai nga ai. Hpanmi hku, bai tsun gaq nga yang, shinggyim masha wuhpawng hpe htunghking mahtang shachyup hkratwa ai snr gawt dat ya ai, rai nga ai. Htunghking hpe “shut ai” snr “jaw ai” (true) ngu nna jeyang mai ai tarah mungkan kawq n nga shi ai majaw, “ndai gaw hkum galaw saq; pat shingdang sai” ngu ai sha, nga nga ai hpe mulu ai. Gashadawn, Kala Hindhu masha ni si mat ai shaloi, shanhte hkumtsawp hpe wan nat (cremation, rD; oN*FKd[fpsye) makoi mayang ai shaloi, shanhte madujan ni hkansi kadawng bang lawmlawm re ai htunghking arawn alai ni hpe pat-shingdang galaw ya ai ni; Naga ni masha sat nhtawm, shanhte “Nat Mang Sakra” (Mattai Nat) hpe jawqjau ai htunghking ni jahkring pat-hkum kau ya ai lawnglam ni, rai nga ai. Htunghking gaw damlada nga ai. Ndai htunghking ni hpe wa pat-shingdang ya ai ni gaw, British shadip magam ni, raiwa masai.

Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng ni hteq, raupra rau-nga ai Lisu ni gaw shachyen shaga ai kawq Kachin htunglai masa hku nna tsun shaga kanawn mazum nga maq ai. Gashadawn, Lisu “Tawnkya” htinggaw rusai ni hpe gaw “Myi-tung” htinggaw rusai hku, “Ngwahpa” hteq “Ngawhpa” yan hpe gaw “Marip” htinggaw rusai hku, “Zawkya” ni hpe gaw “Lahtaw” rusai hku, “Guhpa” hte “Wawhpa” ni hpe gaw “Lahpai” rusai hku shamying masat shaga kanawn mazum maq ai. Pajau Bum hkan nah “Zawkya” ni hpe gaw “Labya” ni hku nna shamying shaga nhtawm, “Lair-mair” ni hpe gaw Myitkyina grupyin hkan, “Nhkum” ni ngu nna shamying shaga hkat nga maq ai. Ndai Lair-mair hpe sha, Manmaw hkan, “Lasang” htinggaw rusai hku shamying masat shaga hkat lah nga maq ai. Ndai Kachin htunglai masa hku shamying shamang masat shaga ai hkrang hpe India, Thailand, China …. ni hkan pra-nga ai Lisu amyu ni htaq, bai n mulu mat nga ai.

Lisu htunglai hku nna bai ninghtang mada yu dat yang, “Ngawza” (Ngawhpa), “Jayza” (Byahpa), “Heyza” (Hairhpa) htinggaw amying ningsang ni gaw, amyu rusai htinggaw hku shamying masat lah ai htaq, grau nna tinang

kungkyang chyoichye ai kan bau magam bungli hku hkan nhtawm, shamying hkaplah matwa ai, rai nga ai.18 Marip ngu nna shamying lah ai “Ngawza” (Ngwahpa) lachyum gaw, “ngah hkwi masha” (ngwa, ngah 'ngaa' masha; fisherman) ngu ai, rai nga ai. Bai nna “Ngawhpa” (Marip) gaw “matut mahkai masha” ngu ai, rai nga ai. Dai ni zawn, “Jayza” (Byahpa) hpe gaw “lagat masha” (byama, bee people); “Heyza” (Hairhpa) rai yang gaw “yuh (Yuu) masha” (rat people); “Zaw-kya, Tawngkya” (Lahtaw) ni gaw “shanam masha” (gingery people); “Guhpa” (Lahpai) hpe “ningsin u masha” (night bird); “Dzihpa” bai rai yang “lachyit-kahtar masha”; “Lairmair” (Leme, Nhkum, Lasang) ni hpe gaw “namchyim n nga ai masha” (tasteless people); “Lahpa” ni gaw “sharaw masha” (lama, tiger people); “Wawhpa” ni gaw “tsap masha” (waw, bear people) rai nhtawm, “Wawhpa (Lahpai) ni hpe rai yang “chyinghkrang masha” (mustard people) ngu ai lachyum ni, rawng shajang nga maq ai. “Wawhpa” htinggaw rusai hpan lahkawng nga ai hpe mung, mulu ai.19 Galawluq galawshah kanbau bungli bungsi mying ni htaq, hkan nhtawm, htinggaw rusai amying ningsang kapwa ai, rai nga ai. Sinprawq hkran bumlang lamugah ni hkan, Lisu loili agat atsat rai, nga ai hpe E.R. Leach madiq madun ai. Ndai Lisu wuhpawng ni gaw raupra rau-nga ai htingbu Kachin ni hte ayan e, mungh masa hku ginrawn ngahkat maq ai sha n-gah, shadaq daq numwawn numlah ai mabyin ni mung, nga maq ai. Deng-ninghkan, numwawn numlah gaw Lisu hpe Kachin rusai htunghking de jahtawng htubang shakap matwa ai zawn, laksan amyu rusai mung pruwa ai, nga ai. Magah mi hku tsun gaq nga yang mung, “Kachin mayuq-damaq-hpunau” hkriqdun htunghking gaw Lisu aga tsun shaga ai bawqsang hpanshan ni hpang de hkriqshawn sa wa na matu, htunghking shadam shapa wa ai, rai nga ai.20

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(Shan gyam ai mung, shanhte kan bau bungli rai nga ai zawn, dutluq dut-shah mung Miwa mungh kata du hkra, galaw hkawm ai. Nam e, hkawmsa hkawmwa gaw gyepdin n lawm tim, kungkyang nga maluq ai. Sumtsan hkrunlam nam maling malar e, shanhte wuhpung nah marai langai ngai machyiq makawq byin hkrum yang, dangdi lu ai daram tsi lajang yu maq ai. Dik-kadik aten galu garawt wa yang, dai machyiq masha hpe wan wut tawn ya, maluq mashah shadu tawn ya, shah hpar jahkrawq dah ya, hkaq jaq dah ya, hpun tam dah ya, ginsum atsawm galaw dah ya,... rai nna tawn kau dah maq ai. Shanhte gaw, hkawmsa ra ai deq tungtung matut hkawm maq ai. Machyiq masha gaw, si taw mat ai lawq maq ai.)

Gwi dun dut ai Lisu ni Nmai Krung Maru ni hpang deq, gwi dun dut ai Lisu ni, rai nga ai. Ndai gwi ni gaw, sat shah na matu, rai nga maluq ai. Langai hteq langai n kawah hkat lu na hku, lajang tawn nga maluq ai. Grau nna, Nmai Krung nah Maru ni mari shah ya nga maq ai. Gwi hpe sat nna wanmang e ju galip let, ahkut shakrin maq ai. Hpyiq hteq nawng, tawk shadu shah maluq ai. Gwi pu, kan ni hpe mung, n kabai kau nga maq ai. J. H. Green mung, shiq aq Anthropology (Cambridge University) Ph. D. Thesis laika e, "Maru ni gaw, gwi shan shah raq sharawng maq ai" (Marus are fond of dog flesh.) ngu

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Lisaw ni gaw ndan ni hteq, jawnggawng gawng rai nga maq ai. Ndan palah e labuh (poison) shakap nna, jawnggawng galaw hkawm ai, rai nga ai. Source J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935).

Lisu ni hteq tsap hpyiq (bear-skins), Htawgawq Kahtawng, Nmai krung,

(Lisu ni aq jawnggawng gawng hkawm ai gaw, Himalaya bum hting-rep mayan hku

nna Afghanistan hkan du hkra, nhtiq nhtang hkawmsa ai ni mung, rai nga ai. Nhkrem

nhkram hkan noi hkawm yang, woi laqgang pyi, la-nyan na re. Lam hkawm mung, grai

lawan chyang lu nga maq ai.)Source : J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935).

Lisu jawnggawng laknak htaq, nri, nhtu ni mung lawm nga ai. Moi prat gaw gyepdin

pyi, n din ai amyah hkawm ai, rai nga maluq ai. Shanhte lagaw lahpan ni mung, dusat du-

myeng ni zawn, jaq htat mat sai, rai nga maluq ai. Source : J. H. Green Collection (1918-

1935).

tawn nga ai. Dutluq dut-shah hpe Lisu ni grau chye galaw nga maq ai. Gun tawn ai htinggar e, Lisu ndan mung lawm nga. Lisu ni gaw, Salween hteq Mekong la-pran hpaga yamga dutluq dut-shah hpe galaw ai. Ja, shan hpyiq, sharam hpyiq, hkawm (musk), ... ni hpe dut shaprawq nhtawm, kawk, wan, chyaw malaq, hpri diq, hkra, sa-myit, jum zawn re ni hpe lah bang dut nga maluq ai. Source J. H. Green Collection (1918-1935).

Huchehpa(Lisu-Nung Rusai Bawqhpan)

Huchehpa rusai bawqhpan ni gaw, Lisu hteq Nung Lungmi rusai gayau hpanshan ni, rai nga maq ai. Ahkyang kadit hkamwam gaw, Nung Lungmi, Tangsir, Hkwinpang ni nga ai. Dai htaq, Lisu (Lisaw, Yawyin) ni mung, ginru ginsa hkratbang nga ai lamugah mung, rai nga ai. Tangsir hteq Hkwinpang tsun shaga gaw, Nung Lungmi tsun shaga dinghku rai nga ai. Lisu gaw, Tangsir hpe "Huchehpa" ngu nga ai. "Huchehpa" (Tangsir) hkumhkrang hprawh-ningsam hpe dinglik yu yang, Lisu-Nung rusai gayau ai hkrang pru nga ai. Tangsir hteq Hkwinpang num ni gaw, Lisu (Black Lisu) ni zawn, buhpun mawn sumli sumrawq maq ai. Tangsir hteq Hkwinpang nah laklai lawnglam htaq, htunghking gaw Lisu hteq bungh hkat nhtawm, myit jasat akyang lailen maka kumlar ni (ethos) gaw, Nung Lungmi ni hteq, bai wabungh nga ai. Shanhte ni aq ka manawt gaw, Lisu ni zawn ka manawt nga ai sha n-gah, sumri shakap tawn ai Lisu dargaw tingse ni hpe dumlang nga ai. Pau hpe mung, lang nga maq ai. Raitim, shanhte ka manawt ai lawnglam e, majun hkriqdun grak-lagra n nga ai hpe mulu ai. Ndai gaw, Nung hteq Lisu lapran nah rusai matut mahkai rai nga ai. Nung hpe "Kuitze" (Kiutze) mung, ngu nga ai. Lisu nsen mahkuh aga hpe Miwa ni bai Miwa nsen mahkuh manawng hku, tsun ai rai nga ai. Lachyum gaw, Miwa ni Jinghpaw hpe "Shanhtu" ngu ai hpe Azi (Zaiwa) ni gaw, Miwa nsen mahkuh hpe shanhte (Azi) mahkuh manawng hku nna "Shatung" bai ngu ai hpar, rai nga ai.

Kennaw (Dishu)(Maru-Nung Rusai Bawqhpan)

Nung Lungmi (Hkanung) nga shanu pra ai lamugah lawuq kawq, Maru ni bai matut nga maq ai. Deng-ninghkan, shan yan aq la-pran yang e, Maru-Nung Lungmi rusai gayau bawqhpan (hybrid of Maru - Nung Lungmi) ni mung, nga nga ai. Tsun shaga aga gasi gahkum ni mung, kadeq-ndeq shai hkat shajang nga maq ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw, Maru hteq mung n bung hkat ai sha n-gah, Nung Lungmi (Hkanung) hteq mung shai hkat nga shajang ai. Dai rusai bawqhpan ni hpe Maru ni gaw, "Kennaw" ngu nhtawm, Nung Lungmi ni gaw, "Dishu" bai ngu nga maq ai. Shanhte ni hpe Lahkyang hteq Nmai hkaqzup mayan hkan, mulu nga ai. Nung Lungmi nkau gaw Hkrang

hkaqhkuh (Nam Tisang) ningdung deq nga ngam ai. Jinghpaw Duleng (Dureng) ni ngachyam ai lahtaq ginra shara hkan, rai nga ai. Chyai hkaqhkuh grup-yin hkan, "Nmai Krung Nung Lungmi" (The Cis-Nmai Nung) ni mung, nga nga ai. Cis-Nmai Nung hteq lahtaq nah Nung Lungmi ni gaw, bawqhpan langai sha, rai nga maq ai. Htunghking lailen gaw, Maru ni hteq bungh hkat nhtawm, mawn sumli gaw Nung-Maru hkrang gayau gaya lang nga ai. Hkumhkrang hprawh-ningsam hku nna dinglik yang, Nung Lungmi ni hteq grau sawt sawt rai bungh nga maq ai.

“Kachin amyu masha” ngu ai gaiwang (scope) gaw, hpyenhpyen papa damlada kaba nga ai. Maga mi hku bai tsun gaq nga yang, Kachin ginru ginsa asak apart gaw, galu dik sai kawq lawm ai amyu masha wabyin nga maq ai. Htingbu amyu lawq malawng ni hkan e, Kachin (Jinghpaw) tsun shaga aga hkriqshawn hkrawnbang nga ai hpe mahtai shaprawq dat yang, Kachin gaw Tibeto-burma tsun shaga aga dinghku aq “marung” kaba langai wabyin, nga ai. Tsun shaga aga hpaji ninghkring ni mahtaq lang tawn ai Tibeto-burma aga dinghku nah Kachin aga madung gaw, Jinghpaw rai nga maluq ai.

References Cited : (tudk;tum;jyKaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;)

* Asim Maitra, “A Guide Book To Lisu Language”, 1988, New Delhi.* Beatrix Metford, “Where China Meets Burma”, 1935, London.* Birendra Chandra Chakravorty, “British Relations with the Hill Tribes of Assam since 1858”, 1964, Calcutta.* Census of India (1931), Volume-xi, Burma, Part-i.* C.M. Enriquez, “A Burmese Arcady”, 1929, London.* Lawang Li, “Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni nga yu hkrat wa ai ahtik labau laika” 1992, (Manuscript unpublished), Myitkyina.* E.R. Leach, “Political Systems of Highland Burma” (A Study of Kachin Social Structure), 1954, London.* E.T. Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal”, 1872, Calcutta.* F.K. Lehman, “Ethnic Categories in Burma and the Theory of Social Systems”, Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities, and Nations edited by Peter Kunstadter, Volume-I, 1967.* F.O. Fraser, “A Handbook of the Lisu (Yawyin) Language”, 1922, Rangoon.

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* F.V. Clerk, “A Manual of the Lawngwaw or Maru language”, 1911, Rangoon.* G.A. Grierson, “Linguistic Survey of India”, Volume-iii, Part-I, 1967 (reprinted), New Delhi.* Herman G. Tegenfeldt, “A Century of Growth : The Kachin Baptish Church of Burma”,1974, California.* H.F. Hertz, “A Practical Handbook of the Kachin or ChingpawLanguage”, 1935 (reprinted), Rangoon.* Hmannan Yazawin, three Vols, Publi. Upper Burma Press, 1908.* H.N.S. Stevenson, “The Hill Peoples of Burma”, No.6, 1945, London.* H.R. Davies, “Yun-nan” (The link between India and the Yangtze), 1909, Cambridge.* J.F. Needham, “Outline grammar of the Singpho language as spoken by the Singphos, Dowanniyas, and other residing in the neighbourhood of Sadiya”, 1889, Shillong.* J. George Scott, “Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States”, 1900, Part-I, Volume-I, Rangoon.* John Knox Musgrave Jr, “The Language of Burma”, Subcontractor’s Monograph, HRAF-37, N.Y.U-2, Burma, Volume-ii, 1956.* J.T.O. Barnard, “A Handbook of the Rawang Dialect of the Nung Language”, 1934, Rangoon.* K. Das Gupta, “A Phrase Book In Singpho”, 1979, Shillong.*Lebar, Frank M. Gerald C. Hickey, and John K. Musgrave, “Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia”, HRAF Press, New Haven.* Lila Gogoi, “The Tai Khamtis of the Northeast”, 1990, New Delhi.* Manam Hpang, “English-Kachin-Burmese Dictionary”, 1977, Myikyina.*Maran La Raw, “Toward a basis for understanding the minorities in Burma: The Kachin Example”, in Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities, and Nations edited by Peter Kunstadter, Volume-I, 1967, New Jersey. * Htingbai Naw Awn, “Wunpawng Labau Ginshi”, (date, place, and publisher unwritten).* Max Muller, “Letter To Chevalier Bunsen On The Classification Of The Turanian Languages”, 1854, London.* O. Gurdon Young, “The Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand”, United States Operation Mission To Thailand, 1961.* Ola Hanson, “The Kachins : Their Customs And Traditions”, 1913, Rangoon.* Ola Hanson, "Dictionary of the Kachin Language", American Baptish Mission Press, Rangoon, 1906.

* Ola Hanson, "A Grammar of the Kachin Language", American Baptish Mission Press, 1896, Rangoon.* Peter Kunstadter, “Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities, and Nations”, Volume-I, New Jersey.* Robert Reid, “History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam”, 1983 (reprinted), Delhi.* R. Wilcox, “Memoir of a survey of Assam and the neighbouring countries executed in 1825-28”, 1832 (As. Res. Xvii), Selection of Papers (1873), reprinted in 1988, Delhi.* S.N. Barua, “Tribes of Indo-Burma Border” (A socio cultural history of the inhabitants of the Patkai range), 1991, New Delhi.* T.C. Hodson, “The Meithei”, 1908, London.* W.B.T. Abbey, “A Manual of the Maru Language”, 1899, Rangoon.* Thant Myint-U, “Where China Meets India” (Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia), 2011, ‘Farrar-Straus and Asia’, New York.* armifwifvS? 1967? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkU\ tbd"gefrsm;? JBRS, Rgn, Vol. L, Part–I.* ucsif bmomoifwef; zwfpmESifh a0g[m&rsm;?

wyffwGif; ynmay;ausmif;? arjrKdU/

* wkdif;&if;om; ucsifbmom oifcef;pm?

wkdif;&if;om;zGHUjzdK;a&; odyÜHausmif;? ppfudkif;jrKdU/

* jrefrm-ucsif a0g[m&rsm;? ucsifjynfe,f

jyefBum;a&;Xme/

* Dureng Labau Komiti, “Dureng Labau” (Kareng), Typescript Paper, (unpublished), Myitkyina.* W.L. Thomas, "Ethnic Groups of Northern South East Asia", 1950, New Haven.* W. H. Hertz, "Burma Gazetteer - Myitkyina District", Rangoon, 1960.* B. D. Maran, ""Kachin" (Lera Wawra Kikkik Kawkkawk Mahkawng), Special Issue of Kachin Research Journal, Laiza, 2010.* B. D. Maran, "Lhaovo, Lachik, Zaiwa Ginru Ginsa hte Ninggup Ahtik Labau", Kachin Research Journal, No.I, Laiza, 2008.* Maran Ja Gun, "Nung Lungmi", Kachin Research Journal, No.II, 2009.* Than Tun, "Thwithwi yaya Myanmar Ta-maing", Plastic Rainbaw Book Publication, Yangon, 2007.* Mg. Tin Hla, "Pyidawngsu Myanma Naing-ngan Taiyin-tha Lu Myu Abidan Mya" (armifwifvS? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkU\tbd"gefrsm;), JBRS, Vol.I, Pt. I, Rangoon, 1967.* Pungga Ja Li, "Miwa mung na Zaw Buk labau" 2012. (Publisher and place unwritten.)* J.H. Green, "The Tribes of Upper

Burma North of 24 Latitude and their Classification"; Typescript Thesis for Cambridge University Anthropology Dept., 1934. (This document has been copies from the J.H. Green Archive held at the Green Centre for Non-Western Art, Brighton Pavilion and Museums, London.) Ngut Saq; Chyeju Kaba Aq.

Hpyen-yen Tsin-yam

Manam Nan Ja (Tsang IX – C) (Alen Bum IDP Hpaji Jawng)

Wunpawng myusha ni a prat, Maigan wa e tek manat;Myusha ni a lamuga: Maigan wa e dip up sha…

Nhprang sut rai hkum sumhpa, Maigan wa hkrai chyinglau ya; Myusha ni gaw yu shalai: Maigan wa hkrai madu sai…

Bai, 2011 June Jahku,Myen hpyen wa bai gasat du; Karai shaprat Wunpawng ga: Myen hpyen wa hkrai madu la…

Dai shani kaw na npawt,Myusha ni kaw tsin-yam hprawt. Maroi n ni, Masin n si…

Wunpawng buga jut shagu,Myen hpyen wa hkrai zing-rut htu; Myusha ni a kraw kata:Myiprwi si hte hpring chyat nga…

Matsan mayan myusha prat,Tsin-yam tsindam hpring let chyat, Yi, sun hkauna dum nta,Myen hpen wa hkrai jahten ya…

Myusha ni hpe zing-ri sat, Chyurum Wunpawng ni a prat; Wunpawng sha Rawtmalan prat: Jamjau ai lam mung dik mat…

Matsan mayan hkamsha let sha, Hpyen-yen pa hta shanu nga; Myusha ni yawn myiprwi hkrat: Hpyen-yen tsin-yam a masat…

Hpyen-yen tsin-yam na lawt hkra, Myusha ni nan shakut ra;Tsin-yam dai hpe shalawt na: Hpan madu kaw manoi ga…

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Ndai mungkan gaw, shinggyim masha hte sakhkrung dusat du-myeng ni hpe shi a ntsa shanu nga na matu, aten ladaw masat langai du hkra ahkang jaw da nga ai. Dai aten ladaw hpe maram masam nna, manu shadan hkan sa chye ra nga ga ai.

Shinggyim masha hte dusat du-myeng ni gaw, ahkaw ahkang lu ai daram, chyechyang ai daram mungkan a n grin ai shing-ra tara hta, ka manawt lawm ra nga ai. Dai zawn ka manawt lawm ra ai shing-ra tara hta, tinang n kam tim manawt lawm ra ai zawn tinang nan myit lawm nna, ka manawt ra ai, n hprai mai ai ka hkrang mabyin ni hte shing-ra mungsang masa ni mung lawm nga ai. Sharaw ngu ai dusat langai gaw, share shagan matse myit n rawng ai shannga ngu ai dusat hpe rim sha yang sha, asak hkrung lu nga ai. Galang ngu ai u dusat mung, mara kata ai u hkrudu hpe rim sha nna, asak hkrung ra nga ai. Ndai zawn ka lawm ra ai ka hkrang gaw, n tara ai lam re ai hpe chye tim, shing-ra tara e nan ka shangun ai re majaw, ka manawt lawm ra nga ai. Ndai gaw, dusat du-myeng ni a mabyin daw rai nga ai.

Shinggyim masha ni hpang maga de nna, bai yu ga nga yang, shinggyim masha ngu ai gaw, maram masam dinglik dinglun lu ai machye machyang bawnu hpe jailang nna, dusat du-myeng ni hta grau hkra, lam shagu hta garan ginhka, myitmang jahpra chye nga ai. Galaw hkawmsa, jasat jasa lu nga ai. Dai majaw, mungkan a labau hpe yu ai shaloi; ka-ang hkup gaw, shinggyim masha ni a labau sha rai nga ai hpe mu lu na rai nga ai. Mungkan ga hte hpawn, Karai hpanda hkrum sai shinggyim masha ni a shani shagu, aten shagu shamu shamawt ka manawt dingsawt hte tsun shaga galaw hkawmsa ai mabyin ni yawng gaw, aten ladaw langai mi hta labau tai mat wa ai rai nga ai.

Ndai zawn, labau langai mi hpe shabyin lu ai, masha gaw, kaga masha wa a ntsa e lam langai ngai hku nna ka-up lu ai shingkang shingwang arawng sadang nga ai. Laklai shai ai

atsam lu ai wa rai nga ai. Nda atsam lu hkra, gara kaw na tam la na, kadai wa jaw ya na. Kadai mung, jaw ya na n re. Tinang nan shakut shaja la ra nga ai. Mungkan a labau, shinggyim masha ni a labau hpe shabyin lu ai, galai shai shangun lu ai ngu ai ni gaw, buga ginra langai mi kaw na ningbaw ningla ni du hkra, lawm nga ai. Shanhte ni hta hpa baw laklai a ta? Hpa baw jan nga ai kun? Myit yu hpa rai nga ai. Shanhte mung, shinggyim masha sha rai nga ai. Raitim, shanhte hta laklai ai lam lawm nga ai. Dai gaw, Karai shi hpe laksan jaw da ai kun? Dai mung n rai nga ai. Daini anhte hte ni dik gashadawn langai madun ga nga yang, William Bill H. Gates rai nga ai. 1955 ning, October (28) ya hta shangai ai. Kawa gaw Tara kasa rai nna, Kanu gaw Jawng Sarama rai nga ai. Shi gaw Shadip Magam lawu tsang jawng kaw hpaji sharin hpang ai. Asak (13) ning re ai kaw nna, mungkan a shawnglam shing-ran hpe myit yu nna yawshada ai pandung (Mangan) tawn let, shakut sa wa rai nga ai. 2006 ning hta shi gaw, Micro software Corporation a Chairman rai nga ai. Mungdan (85) kaw bungli masha (55000) hte bungli galaw nga ai Corporation Kaba a ningbaw ningla rai nna, mungkan hpe akyu jaw lu ai lam hta gumhkawng dik ai wa nan rai nga ai. Ndai zawn shawnglam shing-ran kaja hpe chye mu nna, yawshada ai pandung de n du du hkra, shakut shaja sa wa ra ai gaw ahkyak madung rai nga ai. Mungkan ga gaw, magrau grang kaja ai masha ningbaw ningla ni hpe lu magang, mungkan a labau gaw grau tsawm magang rai nga ai. Ningbaw ningla kaja ni hpe lu hkra kade ram ahkyak nga ai ngu ai hpe bai myit sawn sumru yu rai ai ga san pru wa nga ai.

Ndai Ga San? hpe gara hku htai na mahtai gaw aloi sha rai nga ai. Dai mahtai gaw, daini na ramma ni sha rai nga ai. Ramma ngu ai ni gaw, amyu langai, mungdan langai a matu, ahkyak dik rai nga ai. Manu dan dik rai nga ai. Mungkan a labau hpe galai gumlang kau lu ai atsam gaw, ramma ni kaw sha

nga nga ai. Ramma ngu ai gaw, Kanu Kawa bau lakawn makrai, pyawdik la ai ma prat hte myitru sumru dingla ugut gu ai masha kaba yan a lapran na prat ladaw hpe ngu ai rai nga ai. Ndai ladaw kaw na Ramma ni gaw, du na ten na mungkan a ningbaw ningla ni rai nga ai. Dai majaw, Ramma ni gaw, amyu langai, mungdan langai hte ndai mungkan hta ahkyak dik ai shara kaw du taw nga ai shinggyim sha ni rai nga ai ngu ai hpe dum chye ra nga ga ai re.

Daini na mungkan hpe galai shai gumlang kau lu ai atsam gaw Ramma ni a lata kaw sha nga ai. Mungkan ga a labau kaning rai na? Gara maga de yawng na kun? Gara hku byin wa na kun? ngu ai hpe chye mayu yang, mungkan mungdan shagu hkan na Ramma ni a shamu shamawt ai, myit sumru ai jasat jasa hpe maram yu yang, chye lu na rai nga ai. Ramma hte Global Idea gaw ahkyak dik rai nga ai. Rammma ni hpa hpe myit maju jung ra ai. Hpa baw hpaji hpe gara hku myit n-gun dat nna sharin hkaja la ra ai. Gara hku sumru dinglik ra ai. Gara maga de nna, gara hku mu mada hkam la yawshada pandng jahkrat ra ai ngu ai hpe dumhprang chyechyang ra sai. Daini gaw, Globalization prat rai sai, re majaw, Global Idea nga ra sai. Ngai sawn dinglik yawshada ai lam gaw, anhte a mungdan, anhte a mungkan hte bung nga ai kun? ngu ai hpe dum ra sai.

Mungkan ga gaw, lani hte lani galai shai wa nga ai. Shamyen ninggang prat, Gumchying gumsa prat n rai sai. Ngahkang lagyawk kaw na shutek reng ai nga n mai ai prat rai sai. Madin bunghku n nga ai branglang prat rai sai. Mungkan ga mung, kahtawng mare zawn rai mat wa sai hpe dum ra sai. Daini na anhte a mungdan gaw, mungkan madang dep ai hku chye myit chye mang ai Ramma; Zen let magrau grang bawnu nyan hpaji kung zet ai Ramma; Nanghpan malu masha hpe n ju n dawng, koigam nna, hkumhkrang hkam kaja n-gun lapyin rawng ai Ramma; Amyu hte mungdan hpe tsawra ai Rama; Shinggyim labau hpe tsawmhtap hkra, ka shatsawm mayu ai Ramma ni hpe sha ala nga ai mungdan re ai hpe dumhprang let, mungkan madang dep ai yawshada pandung hte shawnglam shing-ran hpe masing masa jaw jaw dinglik dinglun mu mada chyechyang wa lu hkra, lahkrip rara shakut sa wa ga ngu ga saw dat ai rai.

RAMMA hteJASAT JASABum Shanghkawng

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Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa “nampan” rai yang, “tsaw jan” a kara hta kaih tsat nga u yaw… Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa “bungshi bunghpoi” rai yang, jan ja ten hta tsaw jan hpe katsi pyaw shan-gun u yaw…

Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa “shatajan” rai yang, shana ten tsaw jan hpe jahtoi ya nga u yaw…

Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa “Wunpawng Salum” rai yang, Wunpawng-sha ni hpe ntsin jaw lu u yaw…

Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa “wanshadaw” rai yang, tsaw jan a makau e htoitu let sin nga u yaw…

Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa nye “tsaw myit” rai yang, nye a tsaw jan Wun-pawngsha ni hpe Yaw Shu zawn Hka Nan mung de woi shang wa rit yaw…

Hparat Panglai e… nang lama wa “datkasa” rai yang, mungkan ting nah Wunpawngsha ni hpe Kanu mungdan a matu hkrap ga… yawn ga… kabu ga… bai gawgap la ga… ngu tsun ya rit yaw…

HTET DATNA YAWLatau Seng Awng

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Magam Gun UsaHpauwung Brang Lun Hteq

SAN – HTAIHparat Panglai Reporter

HPR – San : Shanglawt Rawtmalan wa ai shaloi, tsun pru wa ai Myihtoi Ningwawt ga ni hpe nawq tsun dan ya rit.

Hpauwung Brang Lun - Htai : Slg. Kb. Samda La Awng tsun ai gaw, ya ndai anhte kaw sasana shang wa ai shaloi shanhte a nat myihtoi Htingraw wa gaw ning ngu tsun ai da. “Shu ni, sha ni e ya daini anhte mungh kaw e majan ngu ai byin wa na re. Shaloi e anhte myusha ni manu mana ruyak jamjau hkrum wa na re lu. Shaloi, Shu ni, Sha ni e nanhte gaw waw Sinpraw hkawng maga de na Lagat Noigam kaw, Graute Graula tai nna noi gumgoi nga mu lu yaw. Shing-rai nna duhkra ladaw shagu pru ai, dwi ai, sau ai, hka ai hkup ai sha nna she naw anga nga mu lu yaw, grai jamjau wa na manit dai lu, sadi mu lu nga ai.” Ndai Lagat Noigam ngu ai gaw, Lagat hpun kaba law rai tu wa nna she htaw ntsa kaw nna aru gachyi sha law ai, le ga kaw di rai hkra tu yu wa ai. Dai aru gaw bai kaba wa nna Noigam hku nna bai tu abya shajang nga ai hpe ngu ai. Dai kaw Noi Gumgoi nga mu ngu ai re. Sinpraw hkawng maga de ngu ai gaw, ndai Miwa mungh rai nga ai. Miwa mungh gaw Lagat hpun rai nga ai, dai kaw hkrat ai aru kaw Graute Graula tai nna noi gumgoi nga mu ngu ai rai nga ai. Ya daini anhte Miwa mungh jarit kaw nga ai ni gaw Lagat Noigam kaw noi nga ga ai, rai nga ai. Miwa ni Jaksau pat kau dat, malu masha n-gu ni pat kau dat, arung arai ni pat kau dai rai yang, anhte gara hku n hkrung sai. Dai majaw, ndai Myihtoi Htingraw wa a myihtoi ga gaw dik wa sai ngu mu mada ai. Dr. Ola Hanson gaw Karai Kasang a Myihtoi, Karai Kasang a Kasa Sape wa rai nga ai. Dai wa tsun ai mung, nanhte Jinghpaw ni ruyak jamjau hkrum jang Miwa kaw e pawng shanu machyu dahpran la mu re lu nga nna tsun da nga ai. Ya daini Miwa ni anhte hpe garum la ai. Moi mung Kadung Kai kaw laknak dum galaw ya hkra rai sai. Shing-rai nna daini du hkra anhte gaw Miwa kaw shanu machyu taw nga ga ai. Dai re majaw, Dr. Ola Hanson, Yehowa a Myihtoi wa tsun ai hte Samda Du ni a Njang Yang na Myihtoi Htingraw wa tsun ai gaw dik nga sai ngu nna tsun mayu ai. Myihtoi Ningwawt ngu ai gaw Karai hte pawng ai re majaw, rai n du shi kaw na shanhte gaw chye lu nga ai.

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NINGHKAP SHANGLAWM GA, MASHA HPAGA HTA

Manmaw Hkawn

Masha Hpaga lam (snr) Masha dut sha ai ngu ai lachyum Masha hpaga ngu ai gaw, masha ni hpe mahkawng ai lam, htaw sa ai lam, ta galai la ai lam hte hkap la ai lam ni galaw nna, shabrai n jaw ai sha bungli galaw shangun ai lam rai nga ai. Ladat ni gaw, n-gun sunglang ai, atik anang roi rip ai, shagyeng woi la ai, mara rim amu jun na daram rai masu hkalem ai, gyit hkang da na ahkaw ahkang la ai, marai langai ngai a ntsa, gyit hkang da na ahkang lu ai wa hpe akyu amyat jaw ai, amyat htuk gambum dawm sha na yawshada let, galaw ai lai ladat yawng hpe ngu ai rai nga ai. (Mungkan Wunpawng Hpung kaw na lachyum shaleng ai.)

Byin Wa Ai Lam-yan Hte Byin Nga Masa

Mungdan kata majan byin mat wa ai hpang kaw nna, masha dut hpaga manghkang grau grau law jat wa ai lam maram lu ai. Majan a majaw galaw lu galaw sha, tam lu tam sha, hpaga yamga, sutmasa galaw shara ni gyip mat wa ai, bungli taw mat wa ai. Hpyen tsin-yam a majaw masha n-gun wa jawm majaw nga shajang ai hta hkan nna ndai manghkang shang wa lam grau loi mat ai zawn byin nga ai. Hpyen yen chyinghkraw galu wa ai majaw, jagumhpraw, sut masa, galaw lu galaw sha masa, hpaji masa, hkamja lam ni hta yakhkak dut dang lam amyu myu nga ai hte shinggan de pru hkawm tam sha sa ai hte ndai manghkang ni hkrum sha nga ai lam ni byin nga ai.

Jagumhpraw yakhkak ai ni, Dinghku manghkang nga ai ni, nang hpam lu sha ai ni, hpaga sa ai ni, shingdu dat da hkrum ai ni a gawngkya lam ni hpe yu nna galaw ai lam grau law nga ai. Htunghking kaw dahpran

nna galaw ai lam ni mung nga nga ai. Htunghking kaw dahpran ai ngu ai hta, Wunpawng myusha ni htunghking hpe manu shadan hkungga tsawra ai ngu ai hpe ahkaw ahkang la nna, htunghking mahkrun hkan let, ja hpaga law law jaw nhtawm, kaga mungdan de woi mat wa ai lam ni rai nga ai. Kanu Kawa ni nan mung ja hpaga hpe sha yu nna kasha ni myit n hkrum ai kaw atik anang shagwi wa shangun ai lam ni rai nga ai. Dinghku mayak a majaw, jagumhpraw loili hte sha tinang nan myithkrum nna hkan nang mat wa ai lam ni byin nga ai. Hpyen yen shara ni gaw, jarit hkan wa jawm majaw nga shajang ai hte Miwa gumsan mungdan de lawm mat wa nna, lahta na manghkang ni byin hkrum ai gaw, law htum rai sai.

Hkrum Sha Ai Masa Ni

Kaga masha langai hpe shawa num galaw shangun ai, hkum shan lawt ai hte seng ai baw hkumsumhpa galaw shangun ai, adip arip shangun sha ai, adip arip hkungran la ai, mayam shatai ai/shangun ai, hkah shakap nna dai hte gyithkang da ai, hkungran la masu nna htawt dut sha kau ai,

shagyip shagyeng da ai, Ma kaji ni hpe lagu la nna kaga mungdan de htawt dut sha ai, hkum shan daw chyen ni hpe shaw la/dut sha kau ya ai, (gsd: sade) zawn re lam ni rai nga ai.

Hkrum Sha Ai Wa A Hkrat-sum Lam Ni

1. Miwa mungdan kata masha jahpan n shang ai majaw hkamsha ging ai ahkaw ahkang hpa mung tsepkawp n nga ai.

2. Asak grai kaba ai ni hte adip arip dinghku de ra ai. Hkumhkrang daw hten, n hkum n tsup, atsam marai n hpring ai masha mana ni hte adip arip dinghku de ra ai. Dinghku kata mayam zawn shangun sha hkrum nna, dinghku madu ahkaw ahkang hkrat-sum ai. Lu wa ai kasha ni tinang hte n seng lu mat ai.

3. Kaga mungdan kata du mat yang, jahkrit shamah, adup zingri zingrat, matsa mawa, roisha dangsha, yamsha hkrum nga ai, gadai n chye ai sat kau ai lam ni byin hkrum sha nga ai.

4. Madu wa hte nta masha ni n ra mat ai rai yang, (gsd: kasha n lu ya yang, kasha lu na asak lai mat ai ni rai yang, hkumhkrang hta ningra ai lam lama ma nga mat yang, n hkamja mat yang) balik ni hpe shiga jaw rim la kau shangun ai lam ni hkrum sha nga ai.

5. Kasha lu ya ngut yang kaga msha ni kaw bai htawt dut sha hkrum nga ma ai.

6. Bungli shang jagumhpraw tam ai ni hta mung lu ging lu ang ai n-gun manu ni hpe n jaw ai sha n-gun yamsha hkrum nga ai. Ten galu bungli shangun nna n-gun jahpu n jaw mat ai zawn re ni hkrum sha nga ai.

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7. Asak hta hkra loi chye hkrit tsang ra ai shara hkan bungli shangun ai. Gsd:

Wunpawng Myusha Ni Hta Hkrah Machyi Ai Lam Ni

Makau grup-yin de byin nga masa ni hpe yu dat yang, Miwa mung, Thai mung, Malesha hte kaga mungdan ni hta ya ten maigan masha ni hpe gawt shapraw taw nga ai shiga ni hkrai rai nga ga ai. Dai mabyin ni hta lawm ai masha ni zingri zingrat hkrum ai, asak si sum ai ni, htawng bang kau ai ni, arum ara gawt shapraw kau ai ni, shawa sha hkrum ai hte kaga manghkang hpan hkum byin nga ai. Miwa mungdan kata rim hkrum ai masha ni hta Wunpawng ramma wa-ngan waja ni gaw kaga amyu bawsang ni hta grau law ai jahpan hpe shiga ni hta mu lu nga ai. Masha n-gun hkying kaba lam Maigan mungdan hta sa mahkawng nga ai hpe mu lu nga ai. Lahta na manghkang hte Maigan du mat ai Wunpawng masha n-gun ni gaw, Wunpawng mungdan sumbu a masha sutgan hkaw sum mat ai lam rai nga ai. Maigan wa a lata hta prat dep mayam tai hkrum nga ai lam rai nga ai.Wunpawng amyusha ni marai langai

a n-gun atsam gaw, Masha n-gun law ai kaga amyu ni marai 100 a n-gun hte bung nna, ninghkap shingla kau lu nga ai. Karai Kasang kaw na Chyalai n-gun atsam hkam la lu ai amyu ni rai nga ga ai. Dai majaw anhte amyusha ni marai langai mi yawm mat ai gaw, amyu hte mungdan matu grai nan hkra machyi ai lam rai nga ai. Dai atsam ni gaw, Wunpawng mungdan gawgap ai hta masha n-gun jahpan ahkyak ai zawn, ta-tut magam bungli galaw na masha n-gun mung ahkyak nga ai. Tinang hkum tinang ngang ngang kang kang tsap lu yang, dinghku ngangkang na. Dinghku ngangkang yang amyu ngangkang na. Amyu ngangkang yang nawku hpung ngangkang na. Nawku hpung ngangkang yang amyu mungdan ngangkang na rai nga ga ai. Dai majaw byin nga masa gaw amyu mungdan rawtjat galu kaba wa na lam hta ahkyak masha n-gun, magam bungli ni hpe wa-hkye ahtu hkra, hkrat sum machyi ai lam rai nga ai. Byin hkrum hkra nga sai ni lawt wa, chyena wa na hte matut nna n byin na matu tauhkrau ninghkap ai magam bungli hta galaw sa wa na gaw, nang ngai yawng a lit rai nga ga ai. Wan gaw rai n hkru yang sharaw ga ra ai zawn, Masha dut hpaga manghkang ninghkap ai kaw n

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mung anhte tsun ai hpe hkan nna rawtmalan hpung ni ngu ai hku sha, mu na ma ai. Shanglawt hpyi ai nga yang, shanglawt hpyi ai ni ngu mu ai, federal democracy hpyi ai ngu yang mung federal hpyi ni re ngu dai hku sha, mu na ma ai. Raitim, Jingphaw ni gaw chyaloi nhkoi kaw nna awmdawm shanglawt mungdan re ngu yang mung, mungkan gaw dai hku sha madi shadaw na rai nga ai. Dai majaw, anhte gaw kaning re ai mungdan masha ni re ngu ai hpe asan sha tsun nna hpyen wa hpe kasat na gaw grai ahkyak nga ai hte maren, ndai lam ni gaw n-gun rawng ai laknak kaba langai mi rai nga ai.

Rawtmalan hpung ngu yang, tinang a shadip magam (Myen asuya) hpe rawt malan nga ai ni re ngu ai hku masha ni asan sha chye ma ai, shing nrai, mungmasa nnan galai na matu rawtmalan ai ngu ai hku chye ma ai. Shanglawt hpyi ai ngu yang mung, kaga mungdan amyusha ni a npu e dipsha hkrum ai amyusha tai nga ra ai majaw, dai kaw na lawt lu na matu shanglawt hpyi ai ngu ai hku mu chye wa ai. Dai ni yawng gaw mungdan langai kata na manghkang re ngu ai

hku sha, mungkan masha ni sawn la kau nna, anhte ni hpe shanhte madi shadaw na matu, yak ai nga wa ma ai.

Raiyang, Jinghpaw ni gaw moi chyaloi nhkoi kaw nna shawnglawt mungdan re. Dai majaw, Jinghpaw ni gaw, tinang a shanglawt mungdan hpe makawp maga nga ga ai re nga jang gaw, mungkan masha ni grai myit shang sha ai hte, hpa majaw shanglawt mungdan re ngu tsun lu ai ngu nna san wa na ra ai. Shaloi, tinang a maumoi hpe hkai dan nna shanglawt mungdan re ngu ai hpe sakse madun tsun dan lu mai nga ai.

Jinghpaw ni gaw chyaloi nhkoi kaw nna shanglawt mungdan re. Raitim, Inglik ni mungkan hpe uphkang sha lai wa sai ten hta, Jinghpaw ni hpe mung shaning 60 jan ram uphkang sha lai wa sai. Mungkan majan lahkawng a hpang e, Myen ni hte munghpawm mungdan gawde na ngu 1947 ning hta Myen ni hte gasadi jaw ta-masat mahkret lai wa sai hta lai nna, kaga mungdan ni hte gasadi jaw ta-masat mahkret ai lam n nga ai. Raitim, dai Myen ni hte ta-masat mahkret ai hpe Myen ni kabai kau sai

re majaw, Myen ni hte munghpawm mungdan gawgap na lam hten mat sai. Dai re majaw, Jinghpaw ni gaw shanglawt mungdan re ngu tsun lu sai re lam, maigan masha ni hpe sanglang dan lu ai. Maigan masha ni kadai raitim, dai lam gaw tara n shang ai ngu tsun na n nga na re. Hpa majaw nga yang, Myen ni Panglong gasadi hpe n shadik ai gaw mungkan yawng chye nga ai re.

Kaja wa nga jang, Inglik ni gaw, Jinghpaw ni hpe laksan shanglawt mungdan jaw na hkyen sai. Raitim, dai hpe Jinghpaw ni n hkapla sai. Dai gaw, shut kaba dik rai sai. Dai majaw, Jinghpaw ni hpe laksan shanglawt n jaw ai ngu, Inglik wa hpe mara shagun na lam n nga ai. Hkrak nga jang, Inglik wa gaw ya Northeast India hte ya Myen mung kaw nga ai Mongoloid amyusha ni yawng pawng nna laksan shanglawt mungdan gawde ya na matu, maw wa sai. Dai hpe “Coupland Plan” ngu shamying sai. Mongoloid masha ni hpe kaga mungdan kaw n mai shalawm ya ai, nga nna shanhte myit ma ai. Raitim anhte Mongoloid myusha ni mahtang, dai Coupland plan hpe kadai mung n hkapla sai. Inglik ni a lata kaw

shang lawm yang, nang ngai kaw du shang wa chye nga ai hpe myit dum let, yawng lahkrip ra ra shang lawm ninghkap sa wa ga.

Shanglawm Tatut Hkrang Shapraw Sa Wa Lu na Lam ni

Tinang hte ni gahtep ai Dabang Komiti Rung, IRRC, Balik Dap, Maigan Makyit Mahkai Rung, Amyu Shayi Hpung ni hte ta gindun ninghkap sa wa na lam rai nga ai.

Myen mungdan hta masha dut sha lam pat hkum hpung pyada dap hpe 2013 ning April praw (1) ya shani laksan hpung masha marai (31) hte hpaw shabawn dat nna, Jinghpaw mungdaw dap hpung npu hta Myitkyina dap, Manmaw dap, Loije dap ngu hpaw nhtan da nhtawm, Myitkyina dap hpung hta Mu Nyin dap hpung rung, Putau dap hpung rung hte Myitkyina dap hpung rung ni hpaw shabawn da ai lam ni chye lu ai. Byin hkrum hkra wa yang, lawt lam tam lu na matu, Miwa Phone No. “0519110, 110, 199,” hot line zawn re ai tinang hte ni gahtep ai balik dap na phone ni kaw matut mahkai lawt lam tam chye ra nga ga ai.

Laikaman (1) " Awmdawm Shanglawt Mungdan Re Ngu Tsun Na Ahkyak Nga Sai" matut

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Tai hpyen wa gaw rawtmalan hpung ni yawng hpe BGF shatai la nna, angwi ngwi shabyawng kau na matu lam tam nga ai ten hta, KIO kaw nna woi zinlum ai UNFC hpe jawm shalat la ai gaw rawtmalan hpung yawng a matu mai kaja ai npawt nhpang rai wa sai. Shawng de rawtmalan hpung ni jawm gaw-gap tawn ai NDF hpe shamat kau ya wa ai zawn, UNFC hpe mung NCCT shalat ya ai ladat hte n-gun hpe shabra kau ya wa sai.

Ya hpang jahtum rawtmalan hpung (7) lawm ai Pang Kham Alliance hpe dingdung rawtmalan hpung, nga nna hpaw shabawn dat lu ai kaw aten kadun laman nampum shang wa magang sai. Kadai raitimung, tinang a hkum hpe grau ahkyak ai hku hkam la shajang ai hpe tai wa atsawm chye nga ai rai nna, “Nang hte sha hkrum shaga na” ngu ai hpe madung tawn let sa hkrum shaga ai kaw tsa gawm mi woi lu chyai nna bra wa ai raitimung, kaga masha ni gaw tinang hpe ntsen mat sai. Shing rai uhpung ting hpe tsa gawm mi hte shabra kau hkyen ai hpe rawtmalan hpung ni aten dep dum wa ang masai.

Tai wa gaw shada mara raw ya hkat na matu kaja htum ai ga baw lata lang nhtawm, tsaban 21 Panglung myithkrum zuphpawng hpe 24-29 May 2017 laman woi galaw let rawtmalan hpung shada a lapran kaw zang ayai

DWI AI HKRI AI HPE CHYIM YU NNA DAWDAN

JJ Lum Dau

mat na matu mahkrun tam ya hkyen ai hpe mung tau nna maram kau ya lu ma ai majaw, dai zuphpawng kaw n shang lawm mat ma ai. Tai wa a lata kata kaw rawng nga ai Kayin ningbaw Mutu Sepu hte dingda Sam ningbaw Yawt Seik yan hpe grup yin kaw na hpu nau ni akroi anoi jawm shadum ai marang e, masa amyu myu hta hkan nna tai wa hpe n mai kam sai majaw, nhtang gasat ra sai, nga nna 15 June 2017 shani tsun wa masai. Tinggyeng lu lawm lam hpe myit marin nna tinang a amyu hte mungdan hpe dut sha hkyen ai ni pyi, aten langai kaw myit malai lu wa ai rawtmalan hpu nau ni hpe gaw shakawn let kabu gara hkap hkalum la ging ai.

Suu Kyi hpe rawtmalan hpung ni, bumnga masha ni, maigan masha ni law malawng gaw shi hpe jawm kamhpa let mungdan hpe tara ai hte

uphkang wa na hpe jawm myit mada nga ma yang, 15

June 2017 shani Sweden kaw du nga ai ten hta Kachin hpyen yen ni hpe n garum na matu maigan masha ni hpe hpyi lajin wa ai. Dai majaw shi hpe kamhpa nga ai maigan masha nkau gaw, tinang a mungdan kata kaw nachying mayak mahkak hte kawsi hpang gara machyi makaw hkrum

nga ai hpyen yen ni hpe n sa garum na matu dawdan lu ai matse myit hpe jawm na mau ya wa masai lam shiga brawng pru wa ai.

Tai wa gaw Ja Lungseng hpring tsup nga ai Danai buga hpe madu la mayu nna anhte a myusha ni hpe jahkrit shama dat jang hprawng yen mat na mara ai, nga nna kam ai hte maren, tawk hprut dawdan let jahkrit shama dat ai shaloi hprawng yen ya wa saga ai. Dai hte maren, tai ni shara sa la nga ai ginra hpe bai zing la na matu KIA gaw tawkhprut dawdan nhtawm htaphtuk ai zai ladat hte ahkyak la dat ai marang e, yaw shada ai lam awngdang wa sai. Dawdan gwi nna htaphtuk ai masing hpe lang ai ladat hte ahkyak la ai lam gaw, yaw shada

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shaning shi (10) ning ram sha pyi gaw n kam nga mat wa sai majaw, anhte ni ya Myen a lata e shaning 60 jan jamjau hkrum ra mat wa sai re.

Dai Inglik wa tsun ai hpe n hkapla ai sha n-ga, Jinghpaw ni gaw Myen hte munghpawm mungdan gawde na matu, ta-masat mahkret kau dat ai. Dai gaw grau shut mat sai lam rai nga ai. Raitim, Myen ni dai Panglong gasadi hpe n shadik ai sha n-ga, tara shang dawm kau sai majaw, Jinghpaw ni gaw shanglawt mungdan re ngu na ahkaw ahkang bai lu mat wa sai. Shut mat sai hpe Karai Kasang bai sharai ya ai lam re.

Daining, lai wa sai March shata hta, Sam Ningbaw kaba wa tsun ai gaw, Myen ni Panglong gasadi hpe dawm kau sai majaw, munghpawm Myen mungdan hpe Myen ni jahten shabya kau sai ngu yang, mungkan hta tara shang ai kun? ngu, mungkan Tara ninghkring ni hpe san yu yang, dai gaw tengtup Tara shang ai, ngu tsun dan sai lam tsun ai. Dai zawn, Myen ni gaw Panglong gasadi hpe tara shang dawm kau sai majaw, Jinghpaw mungdan gaw awmdawm shanglawt mungdan re ngu tsun na gaw n shut ai, tara shang ai re. Dai re majaw, awmdawm shanglawt mungdan re ngu tsun nna bungli galaw sa wa na ahkyak sai re.

Awmdawm shanglawt mungdan re ngu ai hpe Jinghpaw ni yawng hkapla na. Shaloi yawshada ai pandung langai sha rai wa na, ga hkum mi hta myit hkrum mat wa ai majaw, kahkin gumdin ai lam grau kaja wa ai, kahkin gumdin ai lam ngang jang grau n-gun rawng wa ai. Jinghpaw ni n-gun ja ja hte tsap lu wa jang gaw, Myen ni a lata kaw jamjau hkrum nga ai kaga amyu bawsang ni yawng a matu mung, grai kaja-wa na re. Dai majaw, Jinghpaw mungdan gaw awmdawm shanglawt mungdan re ngu tsun ai gaw, Jinghpaw ni a matu sha ahkyak ai n re, kaga bawsang ni a matu mung grai ahkyak ai lam rai nga ai.

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ai pandung de du wa shangun nga ai. Lani mi na nhtoi hta Yangong mare na tai hpyenla langai gaw, Yangon mare na hpyenla ni Sam, Kachin, Yahkaing rawtmalan hpung ni hpe sa gasat na matu hpyenman de rawt sa wa masai.

Yangon kaw gaw num ma dinghku masha ni sha nga sai. La ma dai shara kaw shanhte a lai lang let hpyendap hpe sin nga ai dawhten hpyenla ni hpe shingna hte shang kayat ai hte sha pyi zing la mai na lam tsun wa yu sai. Shing rai Islamic State (IS) ni gaw, dawdan gwi ai hte tatut kaw mung galaw gwi ai majaw awngpadang mung shu la lu nga ma hka! Shing rai Myenmung na rawtmalan hpung ni majan ndang ai gaw, myit hpaji hte dawdan lam kaw n-gun kya ai gaw madung re lam, majan hpaji ninghkring ni dinglik wa masai.

Raitimung, hpang jahtum daw na rawtmalan hpung ni a dawdan ai madang a ntsa, hkaja yu ai shaloi, tinggyeng lu lawm lam hpe myit marin nga ai ni pyi gaw, mungmasha ni kaw na akroi anoi hpyi lajin ai ga manaw hpe ahkyak la ya wa magang sai lam, lahta tsang na uphkang du nkau gaw, lawu tsang na hpu-awn ni a ningmu hpe ahkyak tawn ya wa magang sai marang e, hpyendap a shangwang kata kaw mung, mungmasha ni hte pawnghpawm masing jahkrat ai hta

mung, shada ningmu a ntsa manu grau tsaw wa magang sai hpe maram lu ai lam Hpung Sara nkau kaw na mahtai na la lu nga ai.

Ne Win gaw daru magam zing la ai shani kaw nna zai ladat amyu myu lang nna, ginra langai hte langai a lapran, myu bawsang langai hte langai a lapran, makam masham langai hte langai a lapran kaw dumbru dumbra zang ayai wa hkra mahkrun tam ya dat ai marang e, hpu nau shada gasat hkat wa ma ai majaw, yawng gaw tai wa hpe jawm garum madi shadaw la ai lachyum de shanang wa saga ai. Shing re ai masing ni awngdang wa lu na matu tai wa gaw, myusha shada a lapran kaw shada nyeng nnawn hkat hkra mahkrun tam ya nga ai marang e, anhte gaw tai wa a mahkam kaw kabye ya wa saga ai. Dai masing galaw na matu gaw tai wa a lit nan rai sai. Anhte a lit gaw tai wa galaw hkyen ai hpe tau mu chye nna, yen kau let tinang awngdang wa lu na mahkrun tam la ai lam rai nga ai.

Dai ni na ten hta galaw nga ai tatut mahtai ni hpe maram yu yang, myusha hpung shagu hta lang ai zai ladat ni gaw shawoi na hta madang rawt jat wa magang sai hpe maram lu ai. Dai majaw lai wa sai aten kadun laman rawtmalan hpung ni gaw, tai wa a mahkam hpe gara hku shingtawt

koi yen wa lu nga magang sai hpe lahta kaw tang madun wa ai hte maren dandawng ai lam madi madun lu nga ai.

Matut nna lawu lahta sinpraw sinna dingdung dingda de na Nu Wa Hpu Nau Ji Nban yawng hte rap ra ai akyu ara lu wa mu ga matu Yehowa Karai Kasang hpe kamhpa let kyu jawm hpyi ga law.

Ninghtoi:- 30 / 5 / 2017.De/-

Tsawra ai Ah San.

Mare buga hta amyu sha ni hpe tsawra let, myu sha lam hta tsap nga ai tsawra dik ai Saranum Ah San hpang de, shawnglam shara mi kaw du nga ai Brang ndai mahkret sum- yan laika hte hkrum shaga dat nngai. Ah San ngwipyaw hkamja nga ai kun…? Ah San hpe Brang ten shagu tut dum shingran nga nngai le…Brang a myit ni hpe tau chye ya ai Ah San hpe shana shagu Ah San a santsawm la ai myi-man hpraw nsam hte sari shingni hpe Brang galoi mung, yupmang shingran mu nga nngai yaw…Ah San ngwipyaw hkam-

ja nga u ga ngu Brang galoi mung tut kyu hpyi ya nga nngai. Ah San mung, Brang hpe dum nga na re ngu kam ai. Ah San e, Brang hpe dum ai rai yang, Ninggu Ningmoi hpe myit galu hte naw yu gawn lajang nga u yaw…Ah San gunhpai taw nga ai magam bungli hta kangka hteplahti rai gunhpai nga na re ngu Brang a myit hta kam nga nngai…

Ah San e, Brang mung nta buga de galoi mung myit dum shingran nga ai re. Nta bungli kade kyin dut tim, aput apai ga n tsun ai sha, Brang a Chyinghkai Nu yan Wa hpe mung myitngwi myitpyaw mani sumsai hte hteplahti gawn lajang nga ai tsawra dik ai Ah San hpe Brang myit dum dat shagu marit myiprwi hkrat ai ten ni pyi hti n dang rai sai. Dinghku bungli hpe mung n hprai, Jawng a magam bungli hpe mung tsun n ra hkra rai na galaw shakut nga ai Brang a tsawra dik ai Ah San grai puba nga na re ngu Brang galoi mung myit dum tau chye ya nga nngai yaw…Ah San e, Brang mung myu hte mungdan a matu Karai Kasang jaw ya ai atsam hte jut shara mi kaw shanglawm shakut nga nngai. Brang nta kaw na pru hkawm mat wa ai ten hta, Ah San hte Nu yan Wa yu kau dat ai myi man nsam hpe Brang galoi mung dum shingran nga nngai. Brang hpe tsawra dik ai Ah San hte Nu yan Wa a tsaw myit hpe galoi n malap nngai.

Ah San e, Brang le dum nta masha ni hte tsan gang mat wa ai ten ladaw ni mung shaning she kahtap mat wa sai. Brang hte Ah San an lahkawng hpe Karai Kasang jaw ya ai kan a nsi shangai shaprat ai ten hta mung, Brang dum nta kaw n

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RA NAN RA SAIBum Shanghkawng

Daini na Wunpawng sha,Myit krawwang kri kata,Mungtsaw myit hpe hkri awn,Majoi shing-ra Bum hpe shadawnDairum myutsaw sai shingja,Mali Hkanu hpe kasi la,Mungtsaw tsam marai shapraw,Myutsaw zailadat shaw,Laili, Htunghking laknak hpeKasi majan hte shakripSi-mani Wanli hte galipBawnu mawlanyet shachyai,N-gawn zailadat shakri ra, saga ai rai.

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lu nga! Ah San hpe mung n lu gawn lajang, Brang a Chyinghkai Nu hte Ah San hkrai sha grai shoichyum jamjau kau na sai ngu, Brang myit dum nga nngai. “Ma” mung Brang bai du wa ai ten hta Kawa re pyi n shadu na sai i…? Tim, ndai zawn yak hkak jamjau nga ai kundinghku kaw na lawt lu na matu, Brang shakut nga nngai. Brang, Ah San hpe dinghku bungli mi n lu garum shingtau tim, myu hte mungdan a ntsa sadi dung ai myit hte amyu sha lam hta myit nden shaja let, gunhpai nga nngai re. Ah San mung Brang hpe chyena ya na re ngu kam nngai. Ngwipyaw dinghku kaja langai byin tai lu na matu, anhte myu sha ni yawng arang shawng bang na gawde la ra nga ga ai. Mungdan shanglawt sha n lu yang, Ah San hte Brang a dinghku gaw ngwipyaw lu na n re: hpa majaw nga yang, anhte myu sha ni rawt jat ai lam n nga, mungdan shanglawt mung n lu, mawlanyet hpyen ni gaw anhte a mungdan de hkrai la-ba ka-up shang wa re ai a majaw, mungdan simsa ai lam n nga, amyu sha ni mung tsin- yam sha hkrum katut nga ai. Ndai zawn re ai mabyin ni a majaw, dinghku mung n ru n ra, ngwipyaw simsa ai lam n nga ai. Dai re ai majaw, Ah San hte Brang a tsawra myit ni grau na nganggrin lu na matu gaw, Mungdan Shanglawt shawng lu ra nga ga ai re.

Mung shawa ni law malawng grai tsun kajai ma ai. Myu tsaw hpyenla nga ai hte maren, dum nta de na Ma yan Nu ni hpe gaw kabai tawn na du ai shara shagu myu hpe nau tsaw ai majaw, num kaji hkrai shalaw hkawm ma ai; nga na grai tsun chye ma ai. Raitim, dai zawn re ai myit ni Brang a myit masin hta n rawng ai. Manang nkau mi she rai na re! Mare buga na ni tsun yang mung, tsun hpa langai mi gaw rai nga ai. Brang mu yu ai mahkrum madup loi mi tsun dan na. Brang du hkawm mat wa ai shara shagu na Du, Salang nkau mi ja gumhpraw loi lu wa ai hte num kaji sha shalaw rai na gaw, bai rai dum re ai ni mung lawm ma ai. Anhte npu tsang kaw na ni gaw, matsan mayan; nten she hkraw, hka shin na matu bawptawng, wa se na matu wa htu tsi, wa htu pasi ni pyi n lu lang wa ai madang she du ai. Hpu-awn nkau mi le, tinang a npu tsang Ma ni lap ajap garum hpyi rai jang gaw, n lu ai nga na tsun masu: kaga num kasha mahkawn ni hpe rai jang gaw, n hpyi tim myi man tam mari jaw rai chye ma ai. Ah San e, ndai lam ni hpe tsun jahta nga yang kade tsun tim ma na n re. Hpu-awn nkau mi kade kaning raitim, anhte hpang hkan ai ni myit n mai hkan shut nang ai, madung pandung gaw mungdan shanglawt lu na matu shakut ai re ngu na sha myit shadik la ai. Ah San e, Brang hpe tsawra ai rai yang, ndai zawn re awu asin jahpan hta hkum myit shalawm yaw… Brang, dum nta de n myit dum ai rai yang, ndai ga ni tsun na n rai nga ai.

Ah San e, kalanglang myit dat yu yang an lahkawng a dinghku zawn re ai gaw nga na pyi n shadu ai. Kalanglang gaw, grai myit kaji na zawn nga hkam sha wa ai. Ah San mung, ayak ahkak hte jawng sara magam bungli hpe gunhpai, Brang mung Myu hte mungdan a matu shakut na ngu, jawng ngut ai hte magam dap de shang bang mat wa; ya gaw, Nu yan Wa hpe mung bau ra, Ma yan nau ni hpe jawng jarik gaw tam htawk ra, Brang gaw kasha shingtai sha bai rai; Ah San hte Brang a dinghku hpe garum madi shadaw lawm na jinghku mung Brang kaw n nga; Aga! Ah San e, Brang le dai lam ni hpe myit dat shagu grai myit n pyaw ai law… Ndai zawn kade yakhkak jamjau tim, amyu sha yawng a gawng malai rai ra ai ngu na myit nden shaja let (Ngai nan) ngu ai myit masa hte n-gun awai la na, nga ai atsam hte gunhpai nga yang, anhte hpe grau na kasi kaja madun la na hpu-awn ni wa, jum n hkrup ai Dumsu Nga shazai zawn rai na hkrup mara rai mazut ai hku woi awn zinlum jang, Brang a myit hta myit kaji la ai zawn nga hkam sha dik la ai ten ni mung law law wa rai sai.

Ah San e, ngwipyaw simsa ai mungdan dinghku byin tai lu na matu gaw, grai naw hkam sharang nna, shakut ra nga ai. Ah San an a dinghku mayak manghkang kade mi nga ai raitim, Karai Kasang kaw kyu hpyi n-gun lagaw la rai na, amyu sha lam hta naw matut shakut ra ai. Ah San mung rawtmalan dinghku hpe myit makru n daw ai sha naw hkam sharang nga u yaw…Ndai zawn yakhkak jamjau na mungdan magam lit yi-ngam hpe shakut shaja gunhpai nga ai gaw, grau na mai kaja ai akyu hpe lu la na re. Ah San e, an lahkawng gaw, sutgan ja gumhpraw she matsan tim, myit atsam marai gaw n matsan ga ai re. Dai gaw, jet ai kundinghku a myu tsaw myit ajet re ngu, Brang a myit hta kam nga nngai re. Ah San e, kundinghku dum nta masha ni hte hkrunlam ni kade tsan gang nga ai raitim, tsawra myi gaw n tsan ai sha, n htum ai hkayan zawn tut e grin nga u ga ngu Brang galoi mung Karai kaw kyu hpyi manoi nga nngai.

Nta dinghku hta kade jamjau tim, myit daw myit hten ai lam n nga, kawa nta pyi ganoi n lu rawng; marang si hte pya rai tim, Bramg hpe sharu shatsang ai ga n tsun ai sha nta kaw mahkun mi ahku rai na yu gawn lajang nga ai Ah San hpe Brang chyeju dum nga nngai. Kaga dinghku num ni rai yang, dai zawn hkamjan nga lu na n rai sai. Dai majaw, Ah San gaw kasi kaja tai lu ai dinghku kanu num nan rai sai. Brang hte shata shaning she kahtap rai na n hkrum ai raitim, Brang hpe tsawra myit sha-wang kaba hte chyena ya ai Ah San a tsawra myit hpe Brang galoi mung manu shadan ya nga nngai yaw… An a dinghku gaw, amyu sha yawng hpe kasi kaja madun lu ai kundinghku kaja langai byin tai hkra shakut sa wa ga…

Ah San e, ga hpungdim hku na htet tsun shana mayu ai gaw, dinghku kata kade yakhkak nga ai raitim, anhte myu sha ni a masa hkrunlam ni hpe bai nhtang myit sumru yu rai na, myit n daw ai sha naw hkam sharang nga u yaw… Ah San hte Brang an lahkawng yan myu hte mungdan a matu arang bang shakut tawn ai gaw, du na ra ai ten ninghtoi ni hta, anhte myu sha ni padang ninglaw mung lu, santsawm ai ninghkaw jan hpe mung mu mada wa lu hkra myit mada kamhpa let, matut naw da-ting shakut ra nga ai. Dai rai yang she, Ah San hte Brang a dinghku mung ngwipyaw simsa wa lu na re ngu myit mada ala let kyu hpyi nga nngai. Ah San e, Brang ndai hte kaw naw hpungdim sai yaw… Brang hkrun lam bai matut hkawm ra sai… Brang hpe galoi mung mara dat let, tsawra nga na re ngu myit mada kamhpa let, Ah San a, Tsawra Brang.

(Ndai shagun laika gaw, kadai hpe sha-ang na ka tawn ai mung n re. Kundinghku hta kade yakhkak jamjau tim, myit daw myit hten lam n nga ai sha Myusha rawtmalan magam bungli hta shakut nga ai, Rawtmalan Dinghku ni a hkam sha lam san san hpe ka tawn ai lam sha re.)

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India - Singpho nah Rev. A. Pannasara Singpho (Ura Jau) ka lajang tawn ai "SINGPHO DICTIONARY" (English, Jingh-paw, Assamese, Singpho and Hindi) hpe "Singpho Language & Cultural Development Society", Angfew Ningkhi Bhavan, P. O. Ketetong, Dist. Tinsukia, Assam - 786181 kawq nna shaprawq dat manuq ai. Ndai dictionary e, Jinghpaw hteq Singpho nsen mahkuh lahkawng yan hpe bang shalawm tawn nga uq ai. Dictionary galaw ai Rev. A. Pannasara Singpho (Ura Jau) aq Bio-data ni gaw, lawuq nah hku, rai nga ai.1. Born at Panbari Singpho village in 15th August 1956.2. Primary Education started at Bhitor Powai L.P. School.3. Went to Sri Lanka under scholarship of Buddhist Organi-

sation of Sri Lanka in 1968.4. Ordained as novice in November 1968 at Colombo.5. Received higher ordination 1981 at Anuradhapura, Sri

Lanka6. Bachelor of Art from Kelaniya University, Sri Lanka.7. Oriental Studies at Sri Lanka Vidyalaya, Colombo.8. Diploma in Buddhist Studies from Kelaniya University,

Sri Lanka.9. B.A. in French from Kelaniya University, Sri Lanka.10. Japanese Certificate Course from Kelaniya University,

Sri Lanka.11. Russian Certificate Course from Kelaniya University, Sri

Lanka.12. German Certificate Course from Deutch Kultur Institute,

Colombo, Sri Lanka.13. Urdu Certificate Course from Pakistan High Commis-

sion, Colombo, Sri Lanka.14. M.A. in Pali & Buddhist Studies, Delhi University.15. M.Phil. in Pali & Buddhist Studies, Delhi University.* I. Languages known - Speak only : - (1). Tamil, (2). Bur-mese, (3). Malayalam, (4). Nepali, (5). Bhojpuri, (6). Maithi-li, (7). Panjabi.* II. Read and write : - (1). Assamese, (2). Bengali, (3). Singhala, (4). Pali, (5). Sanskrit, (6). Hindi, (7). Urdu, (8). Japanese, (9). French, (10). Russian, (11). German, and (12). English.* III. Retired as Singhalese news reader at AIR, New Delhi.

Data of the Book

Author = Sara Ura Jau.Book title = "SINGPHO DICTIONARY" (English, Jingh-paw, Assamese, Singpho and Hindi)Book = 11” X 8.5” Pages = 1038, Place = India

"Dictionary" hteq "Nhkum Labau" laikabuk ni pru nga sai

China - Yunnan, Sakhkung mungdaw nah Nhkum Share Sumdu La San gaw, Sakhkung mungdaw (I). NHKUM LABAU GINSHI, (II). SHARE SUMDU LABAU, (III). SHARE LAKANG LABAU ni hpe laikabuk masum hku nna sawk ka shaprawq tawn ai hpe "Sakhkung Mungdaw, Nhkum Labau Ginshi Sawk Shinggyin Rapdaw" kawq nna dip shaprawq dat manuq ai. Nhkum rusai bawqhpan ni aq labau mung rai, Kachin amyu ni aq ginru ginsa gamung dawchyen mung lawm nga maluq ai.

Data of the Book

Author = Nhkum Share Sumdu Tanggun La San.Book title = (I). Nhkum Labau Ginshi, (II). Share Sumdu Labau, (III). Share Lakang Labau Book = 18cm X 26.5cmPages = 380, 706, 488Printed year = 2017Place = Sakhkung Mungdaw, Yinkyang Ginwang, Nhkum Krung Buga, Loiying Hkaibang Ya mare nnanPh = +86 15368688624

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A Summary of the Naga conflict with India and BurmaW. Shapwon, Joint Secretary. NNC. (July 5, 2017)

The Nagas are one of the Mongolian racial groups who migrated to their present land through mainland China. Some Naga historians explicitly wrote that when the Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huang (Shihuang Di), he enslaved many people to build the wall. (Shihuang Di built the Great Wall in 221-207 BC). Since they could no longer endure enslavement by the king; many people, including those who became Kachin, Chin, and Naga, fled from Kaifeng - the erstwhile capital of China - around 210 BC. These people dispersed to various directions. The Nagas took hundreds of years to reach their present land and have been living in this present land for more than thousand years.

In human history, the Nagas had never fallen into foreign domination, but have lived independently without outside interference. Each and every village was its own sovereign republic ruled by a chieftain and governed their land by themselves. The people never knew the reign of a king or dictator, and also had no contact with the outside world. However, in the nineteen century, this situation changed when the British came to the Western part of Nagaland, now under India, with Indian mercenaries in an attempt to dominate Nagaland. Thus since 1832, the Nagas relentlessly fought against the British in defense of their sovereignty. The intermittent wars with the British continued up to 1879 when the last war was fought with the British intruders on 22 November 1879 at Khonoma Village. After that time, the British sought for peace with the Nagas, to which the Nagas presumptuously accepted. A verbal peace agreement was thus concluded on 27 March 1880 between the two peoples (British and Nagas). Indeed the British wanted to have a written peace

agreement, but the Nagas blatantly rejected it. The Nagas viewed it as a trap to have the Nagas surrender their sovereignty to the British suzerainty. This, the British clearly recorded that they had no treaty or agreement with anyone of the Naga communities.

As a written peace agreement was rejected by the Nagas, the British asked to be allowed to have a military base in the Naga Hills. The Nagas agreed and allowed the British to have a military base provided they did not interfere in Naga national affairs. The British took advantage of this and used it to begin their administration in Naga Hills. Consequently, one-fourth of Nagaland was administered by the British for more than sixty years. However, three-fourth remained as un-administered areas or Free Nagas till the British left the Indian sub-continent in 1947.

During the World War II, the Indians and Burmese people struggled to retain their independence from the British colonial rule. However, the Nagas, who had also fallen under the British colonial rule, never took part in Indian or Burmese independent movements. The Nagas did not concede to join either the emergence India or the Union of Burma. Instead, the Nagas firmly stood to be a separate nation following the memorandum submitted to the British Statutory Commission on 10 January 1929, which stated: "leave us alone to determine for ourselves as in ancient

time". The memorandum was submitted by the Naga Club which was founded in October 1918. The Naga Club was later renamed as the Naga National Council (NNC) on 2 February 1946. By the formation of the NNC, all Naga villages were brought into a nation before India and Burma became independent nations. Henceforth, the Nagas stood,

solidly and firmly, as an independent nation under the banner of the Naga National Council.

Since its formation, the NNC wrote consecutive memorandums to the British Government stating, in no uncertain terms, that "the future of Nagas should not be bound by the arbitrary decision of the British Government, and any recommendation without consultation will not be accepted (dated 9 April 1946). The Naga nation should not be thrown into the sea of Indian politics, but leave us alone when the British finally withdraw from Indian sub-continent (dated 27 March 1947)". Moreover, Naga leaders, led by A.Z. Phizo, clearly intimated the Naga national stand to both the Indian and Burma leaders before they become independent by stating that the Nagas will not join either India or the Union of Burma, but will remain independent as in ancient times.

After the Naga national stand was clearly made known to the British Government, as well as to the India and Burma leaders, the Naga National Council declared the age-old Naga independence to the outside world on 14 August 1947 before India and Burma were granted independence. The declaration was cabled to the UNO and Government of the United Kingdom, and the British India Government in particular. The declaration was done by the NNC on

L-R : James Lum Dau, Dr. Phizo’s son and daughter, Chairman Maran Brang Seng, Dr. Phizo, Lanyaw Zawng Hra

London, UK, Novenber 15, 1987

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