Nadeem R. Abu-Rustum, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Sunil J. Advani, MDUniversity of California, San Diego, USA

Ali Akdemir, MDEge Üniversity School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey

Levent Akman, MDEge University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey

Bahriye Aktas, MDUniversity of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Sercan Aksoy, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Senem Alanyali, MDEge University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey

Giovanni D. Aletti, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy

Fiori Alite, MDStritch School of Medicine Loyola University Chicago Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, USA

Maribel Almonte, PhDInternational Agency for Cancer Research, Lyon,France

Sonsoles Alonso, MDMD Anderson Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain

Aytekin Altintas, MDCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey

Mustafa Kadri Altundag, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Ozden Altundag, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Giulia Amadio, MDGynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy

Frederic Amant, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Antonios Anagnostopoulos MDLiverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK

Stefano Angioni, MD, PhDUniversity of Cagliari, Italy

Marc Arbyn, MD, MSc, DrTMHScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium

Deborah K. Armstrong, MDJohn Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA

Banu Arun, MDUniveristy of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA

Macit Arvas, MDIstanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty,Istanbul,Turkey

Banu Atalar, MDAcibadem University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

Elisabeth Åvall-Lundqvist, MD, PhDLinköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Ali Ayhan, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhDSeirei Mikatahara Hospital, JapanJohn Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USAHamamatsu and Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan

Evandro de Azambuja, MD, PhDInstitut Jules Bordet and Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Claire Bailey, MRCOGSandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, UK

Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MDMayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA

Marie Bannier, MDInstitutPaoliCalmettes,Marseille,France

Marc Barahona, MDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain

Tara D. Barwick, MBChB, MSc, MRCP, FRCRImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UKHonoraryClinicalSeniorLecturer,FacultyofMedicine, Imperial College London, UK

Anne-Sophie Bats, MD, PhDGeorges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris,FranceRené Descartes, Paris V University, Paris, France

Uziel Beller, MDShaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Chérazade Bensaïd, MDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France

Enrica Bentivegna, MDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France

Jonathan S. Berek, MDStanford Women’s Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA

Christine Bergeron, MD, PhDLaboratoireCerba,France

Kjell Bergfeldt, MD, PhDRegional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland Karolinska Institutet, Dept MEB, Sweden

Johannes Berkhof, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany

Adriana Bermudez, MD, PhDBuenos Aires University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Penny Blomfield, MDRoyal Hospital for Women University ofTasmania, Tasmania, Australia

Andreas du Bois, MD, PhDKliniken Essen Mitte (KEM) Evang, Huyssens-Stift ung/Knappschaft GmbH Henricistr, Essen, Germany

Pierre-Adrien Bolze, MDLyon Sud University Hospital

Lorenzo Bono, MD, BscUniversity of Turin, Italy

Dustin L. Boothe, MDHuntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, USA

Mostafa A. Borahay, MDUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, USA

F. Xavier Bosch, MDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain

Tjalling Bosse, MD, PhDLeiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands

Peter Bösze, MDEditors in Chief of EJGO and Chairman of EAGC, Budapest, Hungary

Revaz Botchorishvili, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

Loic Boulanger, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France

Nicolas Bourdel, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

vii

Authors

viii Authors

Robert E. Bristow, MD, MBAUniversity of California, USA

Jubilee Brown, MDUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

Sjoerd H. van der Burg, PhDLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

Isabelle Cadron, MDUniversitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Kristel Van Calsteren, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Sandrine Campagne, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

Adriana Bittencourt Campaner, MD, PhDSanta Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital,Brazil

Michel Canis, MD, PhDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

Evelyn Cantillo, MD, MPHWomen and Infants’ Hospital, USA

Silvia Cardinale, MD University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Joseph W. Carlson, MD, PhDKarolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Antonio Casado, MD, PhDHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Jvan Casarin, MDUniversity of Insubria, Varese

Assunta Casorelli, MDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy

Husnu Celik, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey

Cyrus Chargari, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,France

Cariad Chester, MDStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

Dennis S. Chi, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Luis M. Chiva, MD, PhDMD Anderson International Spain,Madrid, Spain

Jennifer E. Cho, MD, FACOGHackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ & Englewood Hospital, Englewood, NJ

Youn Jin Choi, MDSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea

David Cibula, MD, PhDGeneralUniversityHospital,FirstMedicalSchool, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

William A. Cliby, MDMayo Clinic Arizona, USA

Lieve Coenegrachts, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Robert L. Coleman, MDThe University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA

Nicoletta Colombo, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

An Coosemans, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Valentina Corda, MDUniversity of Cagliari, Italy

Allan Covens, MDSunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada

Carien L. Creutzberg, MD PhDLeiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands

Antonella Cromi, MD, PhDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Emma J. Crosbie, MRCOG, PhDUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Sandra Curiner, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

Jack Cuzick, PhDQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse Square, London, UK

Centre for Cancer PreventionWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London

Emanuela D’Angelo, MDHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Pernilla Dahm-Kähler, MD, PhDSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

Nagindra Das, MRCOGRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK

Marjolein DeCuypere, MDCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Murat Dede, MDGulhane Military University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Suha Deen, FRCPathNottingham Univestiry Hospitals, Nottingham, UK

Katty Delbecque, MDCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Fuat Demirkiran, MDIstanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey

Lynette Denny, MD, PhDUniversity of Cape Town, Cape Down, South Africa

Nandita deSouza, M. MD, FRCRThe Institute of Cancer Research and Honorary Consultant at The Royal Marsden HospitalNHSFoundationTrust,UK

Mireia Diaz, PhDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain

Violante Di Donato, MD, PhDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy

Cristina Donfrancesco, MDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy

Oliver Dorigo, MDStanford Women’s Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA

Jean Doyen, MDCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Polat Dursun, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Patricia Eifel J., MDUT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA

Jens Einenkel, MDCentre for Women’s and Children’s Health Leipzig University, Germany

Scott M. Eisenkop, MDWomen’s Cancer Center of Southern California, CA, USA

Ram Eitan, MDObstetrics and Gynecology, Rabin Medical Center, Israel

Giovanni Elia, MDPalliative Care Service University of CaliforniaSanFrancisco,USA

Karim S. ElSahwi, MD, FACOGMeridian HealthRutgers-RWJMS, Neptune, USA

Ingeborg B. Engelsen, MD, PhDHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

Ane Gerda Zahl Eriksson, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Pedro F. Escobar, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,OH, US

Amanda N. Fader, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,OH, US

Giovanni Favero, MDAsklepios Hospital Hamburg, Germany

Jacques Ferlay, MEInformatics Officer, Section of Cancer Surveillance International Agency for ResearchonCancer,Lyon,France

ixAuthors

Andreia Fernandes, RN, MScRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK

Gustavo Leme Fernandes, MDSanta Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital, Brazil

Luz M. Fernandez, MDUniversity of Louisville, USA

Gabriella Ferrandina, MDCatholic University, Rome, Italy

Annamaria Ferrero, MD, PhDMauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

Frank D. Ferris, MD, FAAHPM, FAACEPalliative Medicine, Research & EducationOhioHealth, Columbus, Ohio, USA

Gwenael Ferron, MD, PhDInstitut Claudius Regaud, University of Toulouse,France

Anna Festi, MDAOUI - University Hospital of Verona, Italy

Ulas Fidan, MDGulhane Military University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Daniela Fischerova, MD, PhDFirstFacultyofMedicineandGeneralUniversity Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic

Rosalie Fisher, MBChB, FRACPUniversity of Auckland,Auckland, New Zealand

Paul A. Foster, MD, PhDInstitute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Stelios Fotiou, MD, PhDUniversity of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital,Athens, Greece

Christina Fotopoulou, MD, PhDImperial College London Department of Gynaecology, London, UK

Gianluca Franceschini, PhDCatholic University of Rome, Italy

Michael Friedlander, MD, PhDAustralia and New Zealand Gynecologic Oncology Group ANZGOG Camperdown, Sydney, Australia

Fieke EM Froeling, MDImperial College London, London, UK

Shingo Fujii, MDThe Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan

Keiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhDSaitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan

Angiolo Gadducci, MDUniversity of Pisa, Italy.

David K. Gaffney, MD, PhDUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA

Khadra Galaal, FRCOGRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK

Alberto Gallardo, MDHospital de la Santa Creui Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain and“LaSapienza”UniversityFacultyofMedicine, Rome, Italy

Carmen Gan, MRCOGRoyal London Hospital, London, UK

Amparo Garcia-Tejedor, MDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain

Ginger J. Gardner, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Hugo Gaspar, MDHospital Dr Nélio Mendonça University, Madeira, Portugal

Fabio Ghezzi, MDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Lilian T. Gien, MD, MSc, FRCSCOdette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Canada

Isabelle Gingras, MDHopital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal,Montreal, Québec, Canada

Rosalind Glasspool, MBBS, PhD, FRCPWest of Scotland Cancer Centre and University of Glasgow, Road, Glasgow

Barbara A Goff. MDUniversity of Washington, Cancer Care Alliance SeattleWashington, USA

Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhDHopital De La Citadelle, Belgium, Liège, Belgium

Gary L. Goldberg, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA

François Golfier, MDLyonSudUniversityHospital,Lyon,France

Eva Gómez-García, MDOncology Center ISSEMYM, Toluca, México

Preethi Gopinath, MRCS, FRCPathThe Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK

Martin E. Gore, PhD, FRCPThe Royal Marsden HospitalLondon, UK

Toon Van Gorp, MDSchool for Oncology and Developmental Biology, AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands

Walter H. Gotlieb, MD, PhDMcGill University Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Charlie Gourley, MD, PhD University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, UK

Sébastien Gouy, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France

Jacek P. Grabowski, MD, PhDEuropean Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charite-University Medicine of Berlin, Germany

Heidi J. Gray, MDUniversity of Washington, Cancer Care Alliance Seattle Washington, USA

Stefano Greggi, MD, PhDNational Cancer Institute “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy

Anne Sophie Grémeau, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

John A. Green, MD, FRCPInstitute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology, Bebington, UK

Alexandru Calin Grigorescu, MD, PhD, RDIESMO Palliative and Supportive Care Working Group, Institute of Oncology Bucharest, Romania

Perry W. Grigsby, MDWashington University School of Medicine, USA

Liidia Gristsenko, MDThe North Estonian Medical Center, Woman’s Disease Department, Estonia

Maria Elena Guerrieri, MDUniversity of Pisa, Italy

Umran Kucukgoz Gulec, MD,CukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey

Murat Gultekin, MDTurkish Ministry of Health, CancerControl Department, Ankara, TurkeyHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Haldun Guner, MDGaziUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara,Turkey

Mete Gungor, MDAcibademUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Istanbul, Turkey

Tayfun Gungor, MDHititUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Corum,Turkey

Frédéric Guyon, MDInstitut Bergonie Comprehensive Cancer Center,Bordeaux,France

Ahmet Baris Guzel, MDCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey

Ali Haberal, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

x Authors

Neville F. Hacker, MDRoyal Hospital for Women, University, Sydney, Australia

Christine Haie-Meder, MDInstitutGustaveRoussy,France

Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD2ndMedicalFaculty,CharlesUniversity,Prague, Czech Republic

Sileny N. Han, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Matthew M. Harkenrider, MDLoyola University Chicago Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, USA

Diane M. Harper, MD, MPH, MSUniversity of Louisville, USA

Philipp Harter, MDKliniken Essen-Mitte; Huyssen-Stiftung/ Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany

Kosei Hasegawa, MD, PhDSaitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan

Annette Hasenburg, MDLeiterin Gynäkologische Onkologie LeitendeOberärztin,Freiburg,Germany

A. Peter M. Heintz, MD, PhDUniversity of Utrecht and The Dutch School of Gynecologic Oncology and Pelvic Surgery, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Florian Heitz, MDKliniken Essen-Mitte; Huyssen-Stiftung/ Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany

Taran P. Hellebust, PhDOslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

C. William Helm, MB.BChir, FRCSNorthern Gynaecological Oncology Centre,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK

Martee Hensley, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA

María de la Luz Hernández, PhDInternational Agency for Cancer Research, Lyon,France

Thomas J. Herzog, MDUniversity of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, USA

Martin Heubner, MDWest-German Tumor Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Michael Höckel, MDUniversity of Lipzig, Lipzig, Germany

Johanna Hök, MSc Pharm, PhDRegional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland Karolinska Institutet, Sweden

Gilles Houvenaeghel, MDInstitutPaoliCalmettes,Marseille,France

Warner K. Huh, MDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

Pervin Hurmuz, MDHacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey

Alexia Iasonos, PhDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,New York, NY, USA

Okechukwu A. Ibeanu, MD, MPHJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Ermina Iljazović, MD, PhDUniversity Clinical Center Tula, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sara Isani, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York, USA

Joanne Jang, MDBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Israel

Danijela Jelovac, MDThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Elizabeth Jewell, MD, MHScMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Mario M. Leitao Jr, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

William Small Jr, MD, FACRO FACR, FASTROLoyola University Medical Center

Matias Jurado, MD, PhDClinica Universidad de Navarra,Pamplona, Spain

Ilker Kahramanoglu, MDCerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Soon-Beom Kang, MD, PhDKonkuk University College of Mediceine, Seoul, Korea

Mujdegul Karaca, MD, PhDTurkish Ministry of Health, CancerControl Department, Ankara, TurkeyZekai Tahir Burak Women’s HealthResearch and Training Hospital,Ankara, Turkey

Ates Karateke, MDZeynep Kamil Women Health Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

John Kavanagh, MDFacultyofMedicine,ChulalongkornUniversity, Bangkok, Thailand

Vesna Kesić, MD, PhDFacultyofMedicine,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia; Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

Sami G. Kilic, MDUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, USA

Rainer Kimmig, MDUniversity Hospital, Essen, Germany

Henry C. Kitchener, MD, FRCS, FRCOGUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Eda Kocaman, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Christhardt Köhler, MDAsklepios Hospital Hamburg, Germany

Holbrook Kohrt, MDStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

Maja Konrad-Čustović, MDUniversity Clinical Center Tula, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Faruk M. Kose, MDAcibadem University Atakent Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Gudrun Kreye, MDUniversity Hospital Krems, Austria

Frédéric Kridelka, MDCHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium

Venkatesh Krishnan, MDStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

Cor de Kroon, MD, PhDLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Neterlands

Irem Kucukyildiz, MDTurkish Ministry of Health, CancerControl Department, Ankara, TurkeyEtlik Zubeyde Hanim Women’s Health, Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Elisabetta Kuhn, MDArcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy UniversityofFerrara,Ferrara,Italy

Kersti Kukk, MDTheNorthEstonianMedicalFoundation,Estonia

Pardeep Kumar, MB, FRCS, PhDRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK

Charles A. Kunos, MD, PhDNortheast Ohio Medical University, Ohio, USA

Akira Kurosaki, MD, PhDSaitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan

Esra Kuscu, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Christina L. Kushnir, MDWomen’s Cancer Center of Southern California, CA, USA

xiAuthors

A. Scott LaJoie, MSPH, PhDUniversity of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA

Erik Lajtman, MD, PhDFacultyHospitalNitra,Slovakia

Rene Laky, MDMedical University Graz, Austria

Fabio Landoni, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Maria Clelia Larussa, MDNorfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich

Eric Pujade Lauraine, MD, PhDHotelDieu,Paris&HopitalEuropéen,France

Eric Leblanc, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France

Fabrice Lécuru, MD, PhDUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité,FacultédeMédecine,Paris,FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, ChirurgieCancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Paris,FranceINSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes,Paris,France

Jonathan A. Ledermann, BSc, MD, FRCP Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

Ahwon Lee, MD, PhDSchool of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea

Sung Jong Lee, MD, PhDSt. Vincent Hospital Korea

Taek-Sang Lee, MD, PhDSMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

Alba Di Leone, MDMultidisciplinary Breast Center, Catholic University of Rome, Italy

Karin Leunen, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven,Leuven, Belgium

Werner Lichtenegger, MD, PhDCharite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin UniversitätsFrauenklinik,Berlin,Germany

Kristina Lindemann, MD, PhDThe Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayNHMRC Clinical Trials Center, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, AustraliaCrown Princess Mary Cancer Center; Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia

Megan Llewelyn, MBBSRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK

Sanjay Logani, MDIncyte Diagnostics, WA, USA

Teresa C. Longoria, MDUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center, USA

Alberto de Barros Lopes, FRCOGRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK Retired

Domenica Lorusso, MDFondazioneIRCCSIstitutoNazionaledeiTumori, Milan, Italy

David Luesley, MA, MD, FRCOGSandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, UK

Helle Lund, MDAalborg University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark

Chiara Macchi, MDUniversity of Turin, Italy

Javier F. Magrina, MDMayo Clinic Arizona, USA

Bhagirath Majmudar, MDGrady Memorial Hospital Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Ranjit Manchanda, MD, MRCOG, PhDBarts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London Royal London Hospital Whitechapel Road, London, UK

Aránzazu Manzano, MDHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Maria Marchetti, MDUniverstiy of Pauda, Pauda, Italy

Nicola Marconi, MDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Andrea Mariani, MDMayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA

Maurie Markman, MDCancer Treatment Centers of America, Philadelphia, PADrexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA

Janina Markowska, MD, PhDPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

Simone Marnitz, MDUniversity of Cologne, Germany

Christian Marth, MD, PhDInnsbruck Medical University, Austria

Lola Martí, MDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain

Alejandra Martinez, MDChirurgie Institut Universitaire Toulouse, France

Eva –Katharina Masel, MDDepartment for Internal Medicine, Medical University, Vienna, Austria

Riccardo Masetti, MDMultidisciplinary Breast Center, Catholic University of Rome, Italy

Jérôme Massardier, MDLyonUniversityHospital,Lyon,France

Leon Massuger, MDRadboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands

Patrice Mathevet, MD, PhDUniversity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Amandine Maulard, MDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France

Marie-Hélène Mayrand, MD, PhDUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Canada)

Renaud Mazeron, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,France

Chris J.L.M. Meijer, MD, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany

Gulden Menderes, MDYale University School of Medicine, Yale, USA

Usha Menon, MD, FRCOGInstitute for Women’s Health University College, London, UK

Rachel Michaelson-Cohen, MDShaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Rowan Miller, MA, PhD, MRCPUniversity College London Hospitals, London, UK

Lucas Minig, MDValencian Institute of Oncology, Valencia, Spain

Mansoor R. Mirza, MDCopenhagen University Hospital, Denmark

Selim Misirlioglu, MDVKFKocUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Istanbul, Turkey

Marco Mitidieri, MD

University of Turin, Italy

Milos Mlyncek, MD, PhDFacultyHospitalNitra,Slovakia

Miziana Mokbel, MDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France

Bradley, J. Monk, MD, FACOG, FACSCreighton University School of Medicine at St. Joseph Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Mitsuru Mori, MDSapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan

xii Authors

Philippe Morice, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France

John W. Moroney, MDThe University, Chicago, USA

Penelope Moyle, MD, MBChB, FRCRCambridge University Hospital, UK

Anna Mozos, MDHospital de la Santa Creui Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Asima Mukhopadhyay, MD, MRCOG, PhD, MScTata Medical Center, Kolkata, India

Ann Muls, RN, MscRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK

Francesco Multinu, MDResearchFellow,DivisionofGynecologicSurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

George L. Mutter, MDBrigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, USA

Fabrice Narducci, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France

Patrick Neven, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Farr Nezhat, MD, FACOG, FACSCornell University, New York, USAStony Brook University, New York,USAWinthrop Univerity Hospital, New York

Charlotte Ngo, MD, PhDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France

Isa Niemann, MDAarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Claude Nos, MDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France

Remi A. Nout, MD PhDLeiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands

Andreas Obermair, MDRoyal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Qld, Austria

Aikou Okamoto, MDThe Jikei University School of Medicine,Tokyo, Japan

Esther Oliva, MDMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA

Anil Onan, MDGaziUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara,Turkey

Antonio Onnis, MDFounderofEJGOanESGO,AlwaysAmongUs With His Great Achievements In Gynaecologic Oncology

Firat Ortac, MDAnkaraUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Andrew W. Orton, MDUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA

Murat Oz, MDZekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Emre Ozgu, MDZekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Nejat Ozgul, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Ahmet Aydin Ozsaran, MDEge University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey

Zeynep Ozsaran, MDEge University, School of Medicine Izmir, Turkey

Enis Ozyar, MDAcibadem University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

Nesrin Bozdogan Ozyilkan, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey

Niraj H. Pahlajani, MDBaylor Scott and White Health-Memorial Hospital Texas A&M College of Medicine, Texas, USA

László Pálfalvi, MD, PhDSaint Stephen Hospital Budapest

Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, MDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy

Ioanna Papadopoulou, FRCRRadiology Registrar, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London

Jong Sup Park, MD, PhDSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea

Patricia Pautier, MDGustaveRoussyVillejuif,France

Michele Peiretti, MD, PhDUniversity of Cagliari, Italy

Valeria A. Peñalver, MDHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

M. Eli Pendleton, MDUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine, USA

Ivy A. Petersen, MDMayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

Karl-Ulrich Petry, MD, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany

Krista S. Pfaendler, MDClinical Instructor, University of California, USA

Jacobus Pfisterer, MD, PhDGynecologic Oncology Center, Germany

Martine Piccart-Gebhart, MD, PhDInstitut Jules Bordet and Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B), Brussels, Belgium

Jurgen M.J. Piek, MD, PhDCatharina Cancer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Elisa Piovano, MDDepartement Surgical Sciences University of Turin, Italy

M. Jesús Pla, MD, PhDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain

Karl C. Podratz, MD, PhDDivision of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA

Alexandra de Pokomandy, MDCM, MScMcGill University, Montreal, Canada

Cinzia Baima Poma, MDDepartement Surgical Sciences University of Turin, Italy

Christophe Pomel, MD, PhDJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center, ClermondFerrand,France

Jordi Ponce, MD, PhDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain

Richard Pötter, MDMedical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Jaime Prat, MD, FRCPathHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Eleonora P. Preti, MDPreventive Gynaecologic Unit – European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Katinka Prince, MD, PhDVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherands

Denis Querleu, MDInstitut Bergonie Comprehensive Cancer Center,Bordeaux,France

Benoît Rabischong, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France

Pedro T. Ramirez, MDThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

Thomas Randall, MDGlobal Oncology Initiative, Dana-FarberHarvardCancerCenter,Boston,Massachusetts, USA

Paula Ravasco, Nutricionist, MSc, MD, PhDLaboratoryofNutritionoftheFacultyofMedicine of the University of Lisbon and University Hospital of Santa Maria, Portugal

xiiiAuthors

Isabelle Ray-Coquard, MDCentre Léon Bérard, & University Claude BernardLyon,France

Nicholas Reed, MDBeatson Oncology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Nick Reed, MDConsultant Clinical Oncologist Beatson Oncology Centre Gartnavel General Hospital, Scotland, UK

Dan Reisel, MBBS, PhDSenior Research Associate, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK

Anthony Richards, MDGynaecology Oncology; St. Lukes hospital, Potts Point, NSW, Australia

Dominique Berton Rigaud, MDICO Centre René Gauducheau, Saint HERBLAIN,France

Dorien C. Rijkaart, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany

Lukas Rob, MD, PhD2ndMedicalFaculty,FacultyHospitalMotol,Prague, Czech Republic

Claudia Robles, PhDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain

Helena Robova, MD, PhD3rdMedicalFaculty,CharlesUniversity,Prague, Czech Republic

Andrea G. Rockall, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCRTheRoyalMarsdenNHSFoundationTrustVisiting Professor of Radiology, Imperial College London, UK

Alexandros Rodolakis, MD, PhDUniversity of Athens, “Alexandra” Hospital, Athens, Greece

Ignacio Romero, MDValencian Institute of Oncology, Valencia, Spain

Peter G. Rose, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,Ohio, USA

Adam N. Rosenthal, PhD, FRCOGEGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

José Roberto Rossari, MD, MScHospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Gordon J.S. Rustin, MD, Msc, FRCPMount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK

Daniele De Ruvo, MDUniversity of Turin, Italy

Azra Sadiković, MDUniversity Clinical Center Tula, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Hanifi Sahin, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Satoru Sagae, MDSapporo West Kojinkai Clinic, Sapporo, Japan

Helga Salvesen, MD, PhDAlways Among Us With Her GreatAchievements In Gynaecologic Oncology

Vanessa Samouelian, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France

Alejandro Martin Sanchez, MDCatholic University of Rome, Italy

Octavio Arencibia Sanchez, MD, PhDComplejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.

Silvia de Sanjosé, MDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain

Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, MDSpecial Advisor (CCO) and Head Screening Group Section of Early Detection and Prevention International Agency for Research onCancer,Lyon,France

Alessandro D. Santin, MDYale University School of Medicine, New Haven,USA

Sezin Yuce Sari, MDAtaturk Chest Disease and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Toyomi Satoh, MD, PhDUniversity of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-City, Japan

Ugur Saygili, MD9 Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey

Cono Scaffa, MD, PhDNational Cancer Institute “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy

Giovanni Scambia, MDCatholic University, Rome, Italy

Daniel J. Scanderbeg, PhDMoores Cancer CenterUniversity of California, San Diego, USA

Maximilian Schmid, MDMedical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Achim Schneider, MD, MPHInstitute for Cytology and Dysplasia, Fürstenberg-Karree,Berlin,Germany

Sophie Schur, MDMedical University, Vienna, Austria

Peter E. Schwartz, MDYale University School of Medicine, Yale, USA

Michael Scott, MD, FRCPathUniversity Hospital of South Manchester, UK

Michael J. Seckl, MDImperial College London, London, UK

Jalid Sehouli, MD, PhDCharite University, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

Kentaro Sekiyama, MDThe Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan

Mehmet Ali Nahit Sendur, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Taylan Senol, MDZeynep Kamil Women Health Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Lucy Side, MD, MRCPEGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK

Naveena Singh, MD, FRCPathBarts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

Vasileios D. Sioulas, MD, PhDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Brentley Smith, MDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

Robert A. Smith, PhDAmerican Cancer Society, Atlanta GA, USA

Peter J.F. Snijders, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany

Lavinia Spain, MBBS, FRACPThe Royal Marsden HospitalLondon, UK

Nick M. Spirtos, MDUniversity of Nevada School of Medicine and Th e Women’s Cancer Center of Nevada, USA

Ashley Stuckey, MD, FACOG, FACSWomen & Infants Hospital, USA

Alina Sturdza, MD, FRCPCMedical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Paul H. Sugarbaker, MD, FACS, FRCSProgram in Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Washington Cancer Institute Washington, USA

Lone Sunde, MDAarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Gita Suneja, MD, MSHPUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA

Nobuyuki Susumu, MDKeio University, Tokyo, Japan

xiv Authors

Nicole B. Swarte, MD, PhDUniversity of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Laszlo Tabar, MDUniversity of Uppsala, Sweden

Amy Tang, MDQueensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, Australia

Siriwan Tangjitgamol, MDUniversity of Bangkok Metropolis, Bangkok, Thailand

Cagatay Taskiran, MDVKFKocUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey

Alexandra Taylor, MBBS, MDRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK

Eleonora Teplinsky, MDHofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Cancer Institute, Lake Success, New York, USA

Mustafa Cosan Terek, MDEge University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey

Pim Teunissen, MD, PhDSchool of Health Professions Education, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSIrvine Medical Center, California, USA

Nikolaos Thomakos, MD, PhDUniversity of Athens, “Alexandra” Hospital, Athens, Greec

Eric D. Thomas, MDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

Elisa Tripodi, MDUniversity of Torino, Torino, Italy

Nienke van Trommel, MDCenter for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, location Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jone Trovik, MD, PhDHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

Jeremie de Troyer, MDInstitutPaoliCalmettes,Marseille,France

Jill H. Tseng, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Gokhan Tulunay, MDEtlik Zubeyde Hanim Women’s Health, Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Taner A. Turan, MDEtlik Zubeyde Hanim Women’s Health,Teaching and Research Hospital,Ankara, Turkey

Ilknur Cetinaslan Turkmen, MDIstanbulMedipolUniversity,FacultyofMedicine, Istanbul Turkey

Sandra Tuyaerts, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Stefano Uccella, MD, PhDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy

László Ungár, MD, PhD, MHCOGSzeged University, Hungary

Alp Usubutun, MDHacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey

Giovanni Di Vagno, MDUmberto I Hospital - ASL Bari, Corato (BA), Italy

Zvi Vaknin, MDAssafHarofeMedicalCenter,SacklerFacultyof Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Ingrid Vandenput, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Anke Vanderstraeten, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Mehmet Ali Vardar, MDCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey

Roberto J. Vargas, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,Ohio, USA

Ignace Vergote, MD, PhDUniversitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Ailyn Vidal, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Cecilia Escayola Vilanova, MDInternational Advanced Surgery, Barcelona, Spain

Akila N. Viswanathan, MD, MPHJohns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, USA

Ivan Richter Vogelius, PhDCopenhagen University Hospital, Denmark

George Vorgias, MD, PhDMetaxa Memorial Cancer Hospital, Greece

Boris Vraneš, MDClinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade Medical School, Serbia

Lori E. Weinberg, MDIllinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, USA

Joachim Weis, MDUniversityClinicCentreFreiburg,Germany

Theresa L. Werner, MDUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA

Pauline Wimberger, MD, PhDUniversity Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany

Benjamin Wolf, MDWomen’s and Children’s Health Leipzig University, Germany

R. Brent Wright, MD, MMMUniversityofLouisville,DepartmentofFamilyand Geriatric Medicine, USA

Catheryn M. Yashar, MD, FACROMoores Cancer Center University of California, San Diego, USA

Mufit C. Yenen, MDGulhane Military University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Ferah Yildiz, MDHacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey

Kunter Yuce, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey

Ignacio Zapardiel, MD, PhDLa Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

Alain G. Zeimet, MD, PhDInnsbruck Medical University, Austria

Michal Zikan, MDGynecological Oncology Center Charles UniversityinPrague-FirstFacultyofMedicine and General University HospitalPrague, Czech Republic

Oliver Zivanovic, MD, PhDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA

Paolo Zola, MD, PhDUniversity of Turin, Italy

Contents

SECTION I: BASICS OF GYNAECOLOGICAL CANCERS

1. History of Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSAntonio Onnis, MD, Maria Marchetti, MD, Peter Bösze, MDPolat Dursun, MD, Murat Gultekin, MD, Ali Ayhan, MD

2. Molecular Basis of Gynaecologic Cancers: What Should we Know? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Zvi Vaknin, MD, Walter H. Gotlieb, MD, PhD

3. Genetics in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Rachel Michaelson-Cohen, MD, Uziel Beller, MD

4. Hereditary Women’s Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Dan Reisel, MBBS, PhD, Lucy Side, MD, MRCPAdam N. Rosenthal, PhD, FRCOG

5. The Future of Cancer Stem Cells in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Karim S. ElSahwi, MD, FACOG, Alessandro D. Santin, MD

6. Global Burden of Gynaecological Cancer . . . . . . . .62Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, MD, Jacques Ferlay, ME

7. Prevention of Gynaecologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . .75Satoru Sagae, MD, Nobuyuki Susumu, MDAikou Okamoto, MD, Mitsuru Mori, MD

8. Prognostic Factors for Gynaecologic Cancers . . . .78Krista S. Pfaendler, MD, Okechukwu A. Ibeanu, MD, MPHRobert E. Bristow, MD, MBA

9. Screening in Gynaecological Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . .85Carmen Gan, MRCOG, Usha Menon, MD, FRCOGRanjit Manchanda, MD, MRCOG, PhD

10. Circulating Tumor Markers in Gynaecological Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Kunter Yuce, MD, Husnu Celik, MD

11. Proteomics in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . 109Toon Van Gorp, MD, Isabelle Cadron, MDIgnace Vergote, MD, PhD

12. Ultrasonography in Gynaecological Cancers . . . 113Daniela Fischerova, MD, PhD

13. Conventional CT and MRI in Gynaecological Malignancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Nandita M. deSouza MD, FRCR

14. PET CT in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Perry W. Grigsby, MD

15. Functional Imaging for Measuring The Response to Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Ioanna Papadopoulou, FRCRAndrea G. Rockall, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCRAlexandra Taylor, MBBS, MDTara D. Barwick, MBChB, MSc, MRCP, FRCR

16. Imaging-Guided Interventions in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Michal Zikan, MD, PhD

17. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Gyne-Oncologic Pathology: A Βrief Appraisal of Common Applications. . . . . 163Elisabetta Kuhn, MD, Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhD

18. Pathology for Gynaecologic Oncologists . . . . . . 171Suha Deen, FRCPath

19. How to Report Pathology Specimens in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhD

20. Role of Frozen Section in Gynaecological Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Emanuela D’Angelo, MD, Anna Mozos, MDAlberto Gallardo, MD, Jaime Prat, MD, FRCPath

21. Statistics for the Beginners in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Alexia Iasonos, PhD

SECTION II: CERVICAL DISEASES AND HPV

22. HPV Infection Epidemiology and Prevention. . . 195Alexandra de Pokomandy, MDCM, MScMarie-Hélène Mayrand, MD, PhD

23. HPV and Cervical Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Antonios Anagnostopoulos, MD, John A. Green, MD, FRCP

24. Human Papillomavirus Associated Cancers Other Than Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . 207Lynette Denny, MD, PhD

25. The Spectrum and Clinical Sequelae of Human Papillomavirus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSBradley, J. Monk, MD, FACOG, FACS

26. Condylomas & Evidence-Based Review of Medical and Surgical Treatments of Genital Warts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Eleonora P. Preti, MD, Ailyn Vidal, MD, Fabio Landoni, MD

27. HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . 229Karl-Ulrich Petry, MD, PhD, Chris J.L.M. Meijer, MD, PhDDorien C. Rijkaart, PhD, Johannes Berkhof, PhD,Peter J.F. Snijders, PhD, Marc Arbyn, MD, MSc, DrTMH

28. New Technologies for Cervical Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Maribel Almonte, PhD, María de la Luz Hernández, PhDJack Cuzick, PhD

29. Bivalent HPV Vaccine Approved for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Females . . . . . . . . 247Luz M. Fernandez, MD, M. Eli Pendleton MDR. Brent Wright, MD, MMM, Diane M. Harper, MD, MPH, MS

30. Quadrivalent and Nonavalent HPV Vaccine Approved for Males and Females for HPV Associated Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279A. Scott LaJoie, MSPH, PhD, Luz M. Fernandez, MDM. Eli Pendleton, MD, Diane M. Harper, MD, MPH, MS

xv

xvi Contents

31. Cost-Eff ectiveness of HPV Vaccination . . . . . . . . 309Mireia Diaz, PhD, Claudia Robles, PhDSilvia de Sanjosé, MD and F. Xavier Bosch, MD

32. Immune Therapies for Human Papillomavirus-Induced Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Sjoerd H. van der Burg, PhD

33. Cervical Pre-Invasive Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Vesna Kesić, MD, PhD

34. Cervicovaginal Cytology: Normal and Abnormal Cells and Adequacy of Specimens . . . 336Christine Bergeron, MD, PhD

35. The Basic Principles of Colposcopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Claire Bailey, MRCOG, David Luesley, MA, MD, FRCOG

36. Picture Gallery for Abnormal Cytology and Colposcopic Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Ermina Iljazović, MD, PhD, Azra Sadiković, MDMaja Konrad-Čustović, MD

37. How to Manage Pre-Invasive Cervical Diseases? An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Mufit C. Yenen, MD, Ulas Fidan MD, Firat Ortac, MD Murat Dede, MD, Mete Gungor MD.

38. Destructive Techniques for Cervical Preinvasive Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Liidia Gristsenko, MD, Kersti Kukk, MD

39. Excisional Techniques for Cervical Preinvasive Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366Gokhan Tulunay, MD, Nejat Ozgul, MD

40. Management of Positive Resection Margin After Treatment for Cervical Precancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Fuat Demirkiran, MD

41. The Pathology of Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Michael Scott, MD, FRCPath

42. Management of Small Volume Cervical Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Akira Kurosaki, MD, PhD, Kosei Hasegawa, MD, PhDKeiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhD

43. Radical Vaginal Trachelectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Christhardt Köhler, MD, Giovanni Favero, MDAchim Schneider, MD, MPH

44. Chemo-Conization for Early Staged Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Anna Festi, MD, Fabio Landoni, MD

45. Surgery in Bulky Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Christhardt Köhler, MD, Giovanni Favero, MDAchim Schneider, MD, MPH, Simone Marnitz, MD

46. Management of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Christine Haie-Meder, MD, Cyrus Chargari, MD, PhDRenaud Mazeron, MD, PhD, Philippe Morice, MD, PhD

47. The Role of Lymph Node Dissection in Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Cecilia Escayola Vilanova, MD, Denis Querleu, MD

48. Management of Incompletely Operated Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Gustavo Leme Fernandes, MDAdriana Bittencourt Campaner, MD, PhD

49. Sentinel Lymph Node in Cervical Cancer. . . . . . . 440Cagatay Taskiran, MD, Selim Misirlioglu, MD, Anil Onan, MD Haldun Guner, MD, Ali Ayhan, MD

50. Compartment Resection in Gynaecologic Oncology: TMMR and LEER. . . . . . 450Michael Höckel, MD, Rainer Kimmig, MD

51. Nerve-Sparing Surgery in Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Shingo Fujii, MD, Kentaro Sekiyama, MD

52. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Roberto J. Vargas, MD, Peter G. Rose, MD

53. Concomitant Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Giovanni Scambia MD, Giulia Amadio MDGabriella Ferrandina MD

54. Systemic Therapy for Recurrent and Metastatic Cervical Cancer 1st Line Anti-Angiogenesis Therapy and Translational Rationale for Emerging 2nd Line Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSBradley, J. Monk, MD, FACOG, FACS

55. Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Mansoor R. Mirza, MD, Ivan Richter Vogelius, PhDTaran P. Hellebust, PhD

56. Local Management of Relapse in Cervical Cancer With Radiotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . 495Megan Llewelyn, MBBS, Alexandra Taylor, MBBS, MD

SECTION III: DISEASES OF UTERINE CORPUS

57. Endometrial Hyperplasia Without Atypia and Endometrioid Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509George L. Mutter, MD

58. Treatment of Endometrial Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . 516George Vorgias, MD, PhD, Stelios Fotiou, MD, PhD

59. Hysteroscopy in Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . 522Milos Mlyncek, MD, PhD, Erik Lajtman, MD, PhD

60. Endometrial Cancer: Epidemiology and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Stefano Uccella, MD, PhD, Fabio Ghezzi, MDJvan Casarin, MD, Francesco Multinu, MDJamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MD, Andrea Mariani, MD

61. Histopathology of Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Tjalling Bosse, MD, PhD

62. Uterine Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Esther Oliva, MD

63. Treatment of Advanced and Recurrent Endometrial Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Ingrid Vandenput, MD, Lieve Coenegrachts, MDFrederic Amant, MD, PhD

64. Compartment Resection in Endometrial Cancer: Peritoneal Mesometrial Resection (PMMR) and Therapeutic Lymphadenectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558Rainer Kimmig, MD, Bahriye Aktas, MD Martin Heubner, MD

xviiContents

65. Uterine Serous Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Peter E. Schwartz, MD, Gulden Menderes, MDAlessandro D. Santin, MD

66. Uterine Clear Cell Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Christina Fotopoulou, MD, PhDWerner Lichtenegger, MD, PhD

67. Conservative Treatment of Early Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586Boris Vraneš MD, Vesna Kesić MD, PhD,

68. Management of Incompletely Operated Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594Heidi J. Gray MD, Barbara A. Goff MD

69. The Management of Uterine Sarcomas . . . . . . . . 600Nicholas Reed, MD

70. Chemotherapy, Hormonal Therapy and Targeted Therapies for Endometrial Cancer . . . 608Ozden Altundag, MD, Husnu Celik, MDEsra Kuscu, MD

71. Other Therapies for Endometrial Cancer. . . . . . . 618Lucas Minig, MD, Ignacio Romero, MD

72. Immunotherapy in Uterine Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . 628An Coosemans, MD, PhD, Sandra Tuyaerts, PhDAnke Vanderstraeten, MD Frederic Amant, MD, PhD

73. Radiation Therapy in Early Endometrial Cancers; Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638Remi A. Nout, MD PhD, Carien L. Creutzberg, MD PhD

74. Radiation Therapy in Early Staged Endometrial Cancers: Con . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MD, Ivy A. Petersen, MD Stefano Uccella, MD, PhD Andrea Mariani, MD Karl C. Podratz, MD, PhD

75. Use of Preoperative Biomarkers to Identify High Risk Endometrial Carcinoma Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Helga Salvesen, MD, PhD, Ingeborg B. Engelsen, MD, PhDJone Trovik, MD, PhD

76. Lymphadenectomy for Endometrial Cancer: Pro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660Elizabeth Jewell, MD, MHSc

77. Lymph Node Resection in Endometrial Cancer: Con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Emma J. Crosbie, MRCOG, PhDHenry C. Kitchener, MD, FRCS, FRCOG

SECTION IV: OVARIAN AND TUBAL DISEASES

78. Adnexal Mass: Evaluation and Treatment. . . . . . 671Jennifer E. Cho MD, FACOG Farr Nezhat, MD, FACOG, FACS

79. The Non-Ovarian Origin and Pathogenesis of Ovarian Carcinomas: Update on the Pathological and Molecular Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Elisabetta Kuhn, MD, Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhD

80. Pathology of Malignant and Borderline Ovarian Tumours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Naveena Singh, MD, FRCPathPreethi Gopinath, MRCS, FRCPath

81. Borderline Tumors of The Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698Janina Markowska, MD, PhD, Jacek P. Grabowski, MD, PhDIgnacio Zapardiel, MD, PhD

82. Early Stage Epithelial Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . 703Nicoletta Colombo, MD, Lucas Minig, MD

83. Surgical Management of Advanced Stage Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Ali Ayhan, MD, Macit Arvas, MD, Eda Kocaman, MD, Irem Kucukyildiz, MD, Hanifi Sahin, MD

84. Metastatic Ovarian Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731Sung Jong Lee, MD, PhD, Youn Jin Choi, MDAhwon Lee MD, PhD, Jong Sup Park, MD, PhD

85. Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours . . . . . . . . 737Michael J Seckl, BSc, MD, PhD FRCPGordon J.S. Rustin, MD, Msc, FRCP

86. Ovarian Carcinosarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Nicholas Reed, MD

87. Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors of The Ovary. . . . . . . . 754Michele Peiretti, MD, PhD, Stefano Angioni, MD, PhDValentina Corda, MD, Nicoletta Colombo, MD

88. Role of Lymphadenectomy in Ovarian Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, MD, Cristina Donfrancesco, MDAssunta Casorelli, MD, Violante Di Donato, MD, PhD

89. Management of Incompletely Operated Ovarian Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766Emre Ozgu, MD, Murat Oz, MD, Tayfun Gungor, MD

90. Krukenberg Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771Soon-Beom Kang, MD, PhD, Taek-Sang Lee, MD, PhD

91. Pseudomyxoma Peritonei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774Ahmet Aydin Ozsaran, MD, Levent Akman, MDUgur Saygili, MD, Mustafa Cosan Terek, MD

92. Primary Peritoneal Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777Giovanni Di Vagno, MD, Stefano Greggi, MD, PhDCono Scaffa, MD, PhD

93. Primary Cytoreduction: Factors Impacting Operability and The Extent of Surgery. . . . . . . . . 782Giovanni D. Aletti, MD, William A. Cliby, MD

94. Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791Jalid Sehouli, MD, PhD, Christina Fotopoulou, MD, PhDJacobus Pfisterer, MD, PhD, Philipp Harter, MDAndreas du Bois, MD, PhD

95. Upper Abdominal Cytoreduction for Advanced Ovarian Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Scott M. Eisenkop, MD, Christina L. Kushnir, MDNick M. Spirtos, MD

96. Technique of Liver Resection in Cytoreductive Surgery for Advanced Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . 801Teresa C. Longoria, MD, Robert E. Bristow, MD, MBA

97. Techniques of Diaphragmatic Surgery. . . . . . . . . 809Benjamin Wolf, MD, Jens Einenkel, MD

98. Splenectomy and Distal Pancreatectomy . . . . . . 821Faruk M. Kose, MD, Taner A. Turan, MD, Ali Haberal, MD

99. Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Ram Eitan, MD, Dennis S. Chi, MD

100. Metastatic Gynaecologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828Joseph W. Carlson, MD, PhD, Pernilla Dahm-Kähler, MD, PhDElisabeth Åvall-Lundqvist, MD, PhD

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101. Neuro-Endocrine Tumours of Gynaecological Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834Nicholas Reed, MD

102. Secondary Cytoreduction in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840Philipp Harter, MD, Florian Heitz, MDChristina Fotopoulou, MD, PhD, Jalid Sehouli, MD, PhD

103. Tertiary Cytoreduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845Jill H. Tseng, MD, Mario M. Leitao, Jr., MD

104. Fallopian Tube Neoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854Helena Robova, MD, PhD

105. Choosing Treatments for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: The Platinum-Free Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859Evelyn Cantillo, MD, MPH, Ashley Stuckey, MD, FACOG, FACS

106. Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer – Pro Primary Surgery . . . . . . . . . 867Jacobus Pfisterer, MD, PhD, Philipp Harter, MDJalid Sehouli, MD, PhD, Andreas du Bois, MD, PhD

107. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy or Primary Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872Ignace Vergote, MD, PhD, Leen Verleye, MDToon Van Gorp, MD, Karin Leunen, MDPatrick Neven, MD, PhD, Frederic Amant, MD, PhD

108. The Role of Interval Debulking Surgery in The Management of Advanced Stage Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875Philippe Morice, MD, PhD, Enrica Bentivegna, MDAmandine Maulard, MD, Sébastien Gouy, MD, PhD

109. Systemic Chemotherapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879Angiolo Gadducci, MD, Maria Elena Guerrieri, MD

110. Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Pros and Cons . . . . . . 885Danijela Jelovac, MD, Deborah K. Armstrong, MD

111. Secondary Cytoreduction in the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . 890Ram Eitan, MD, Dennis S. Chi, MD

SECTION V: DISEASES OF VULVA

112. Pre - Invasive Diseases of Vulva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Marjolein DeCuypere, MD, Frédéric Kridelka, MDKatty Delbecque, MD, Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhD

113. Pathology of Vulvar Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905Sanjay Logani, MD, Bhagirath Majmudar, MD

114. Vulval Cancers; Epidemiology and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Khadra Galaal, FRCOG, Nagindra Das, MRCOGAlberto de Barros Lopes, FRCOG

115. Surgical Techniques for Vulvar Cancer . . . . . . . . 917Neville F. Hacker, MD, Penny Blomfield, MD

116. Flap Reconstruction Following Gynaecologic Tumor Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924Sara Isani, MD, Gary L. Goldberg, MD

117. Other Diseases of Vulva (Paget’s, Melanoma and Sarcoma) . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Violante Di Donato, MD, PhD, Cristina Donfrancesco, MDAssunta Casorelli, MD, Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, MD

118. Chemotherapy for Carcinoma of The Vulva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Nicholas Reed, MD

119. Radiotherapy for Vulvar Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944David K. Gaffney, MD, PhD, Theresa L. Werner, MDDustin L. Boothe, MD

SECTION VI: DISEASES OF VAGINA

120. Pre Invasive Diseases of The Vagina . . . . . . . . . . . 955Jean Doyen, MD, Katty Delbecque, MDFrédéric Goffin, MD, PhD, Frédéric Kridelka, MD

121. Pathology of Vaginal Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964Ilknur Cetinaslan Turkmen, MD, Alp Usubutun, MD

122. Vaginal Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970Neville F. Hacker, MD

123. Rare Vaginal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975Eric D. Thomas, MD, Brentley Smith, MD, Warner K. Huh, MD

124. Cancers of The Vagina: The Role of Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Nicholas Reed, MD

125. Radiotherapy for Vaginal Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985Andrew W. Orton, MD, Gita Suneja, MD, MSHPDavid K. Gaffney, MD, PhD

SECTION VII: GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASES

126. Epidemiology, Genetics, and Pathology of GTD/GTN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995Isa Niemann, MD, Lone Sunde, MD, Helle Lund, MD

127. Hydatidiform Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003Nienke van Trommel, MD, Leon Massuger, MD

128. Treatment of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010François Golfier, MD, Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhDJérôme Massardier, MD, Pierre-Adrien Bolze, MD

129. Ultra High Risk Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016Fieke EM Froeling, MD, Michael J. Seckl, MD

130. Rationale for Centralization and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhD, Leon Massuger, MDFrédéric Kridelka, MD, François Golfier, MD

SECTION VIII: SURGERY IN GYNAECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY

131. Surgical Anatomy in Pelvic Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031Hugo Gaspar MD, Octavio Arencibia Sanchez, MD PhDJordi Ponce, MD PhD

132. Perioperative Patient Care in Gynaeoncological Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043Ates Karateke, MD, Taylan Senol, MDIlker Kahramanoglu, MD

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133. Fertility Preservation for Gynaecologic Cancer Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051Alexandros Rodolakis, MD, PhD, Nikolaos Thomakos, MD, PhD

134. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Cervical Cancer: An Update Review Article. . . . 1063Anne-Sophie Bats, MD, PhD, Miziana Mokbel, MDCharlotte Ngo, MD, PhD, Chérazade Bensaïd, MDClaude Nos, MD, Patrice Mathevet, MD, PhDFabrice Lécuru, MD, PhD

135. Minimally Invasive Surgery in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073Stefano Uccella, MD, PhD, Nicola Marconi, MD Antonella Cromi, MD, PhD, Silvia Cardinale, MD Andrea Mariani, MD, Fabio Ghezzi, MD, ”

136. Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . 1107Lilian T. Gien, MD, MSc, FRCSC, Allan Covens, MD

137. Laparoscopic Surgery in Gynaecological Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114Eric Leblanc, MD, Denis Querleu, MDFabrice Narducci, MD, Vanessa Samouelian, MDLoic Boulanger, MD, Gwenael Ferron, MD, PhD

138. Single-Port Surgery for Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125Lori E. Weinberg, MD, Amanda N. Fader, MDPedro F. Escobar, MD

139. Laparoscopic Hysterectomy A Standardized Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131Michel Canis, MD, PhD, Revaz Botchorishvili, MDBenoît Rabischong, MD, Anne Sophie Grémeau, MDSandra Curiner, MD, Sandrine Campagne, MD Nicolas Bourdel, MD

140. Classification System of Radical Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137David Cibula, MD, PhD

141. Technique for Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141Alejandra Martinez, MD, PhD, Gwénaël Ferron, MD, PhDDenis Querleu, MD, Pedro T. Ramirez, MD

142. Introduction of a Robotic Surgery Program . . . 1147Ali Akdemir, MD, Mostafa A. Borahay, MDSami G. Kilic, MD

143. Step by Step Robotic Lymphadenectomy . . . . . 1154Jordi Ponce, MD, PhD Marc Barahona, MDAmparo Garcia-Tejedor, MD, PhD M. Jesús Pla, MD, PhDLola Martí, MD, PhD

144. Robotic Radical Hysterectomy: Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160Javier F. Magrina, MD

145. Technique on Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy and Comparison of Three Techniques: Laparotomy, Laparoscopy and Robotics . . . . . . 1165Amy Tang, MD, Andreas Obermair, MD

146. Laparoscopic Extraperitoneal Aortic Dissection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168Denis Querleu, MD, Alejandra Martinez, MDFrédéric Guyon, MD, Eric Leblanc, MD

147. Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Guided Compartmental Surgery in Uterine Cancer by Robotic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 1172Rainer Kimmig, MD, Bahriye Aktas, MD, Martin Heubner, MD

148. Type D Radical Hysterectomy: The Laterally Extended Parametrectomy (LEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179László Pálfalvi, MD, PhD, László Ungár, MD, PhD, MHCOG

149. Pelvic Exenteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183László Pálfalvi, MD, PhD, László Ungár, MD, PhD, MHCOG

150. Technique of Laparoscopic Exenteration . . . . . 1188Alejandra Martinez, MD, PhD, Gwenael Ferron, MD, PhDChristophe Pomel, MD, PhD

151. Colorectal Surgery in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191Luis M. Chiva, MD, PhD, Matias Jurado, MD, PhD

152. The Role of Neobladder Reconstruction in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197Sonsoles Alonso, MD, Matías Jurado, MD, PhDLuis M. Chiva, MD, PhD

153. Types of Urinary Diversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205Jeremie de Troyer, MD, Marie Bannier, MDGilles Houvenaeghel, MD

154. Classification of Complications in Gynaecological Malignancies Treatments . . . . 1209Paolo Zola, MD, PhD, Elisa Piovano, MDAnnamaria Ferrero, MD, PhD, Lorenzo Bono MD, BscMarco Mitidieri MD, Chiara Macchi MDDaniele De Ruvo MD, Cinzia Baima Poma MD

SECTION IX: CANCER AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION

155. Pregnancy and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD, Vesna Kesić, MD, PhDLukas Rob, MD, PhD

156. Management of CIN in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226Vesna Kesić, MD, PhD

157. Cervical Cancer in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD, Helena Robova, MD, PhDLukas Rob, MD, PhD

158. Fertility-Sparing Radical Abdominal Trachelectomy for Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . . . 1239Nadeem R. Abu-Rustum, MD

159. Ovarian Malignancies in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . 1243Alain G. Zeimet, MD, PhD, Christian Marth, MD, PhD

SECTION X: MEDICAL ONCOLOGY

160. Basic Principles of Chemotherapy and Drugs Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251Lavinia Spain, MBBS, FRACP, Rosalie Fisher, MBChB, FRACPMartin E. Gore, PhD, FRCP

161. Surgical Oncological Care of Elderly Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258Pauline Wimberger, MD, PhD, Annamaria Ferrero, MD, PhDElisa Tripodi, MD

162. Medical Oncological Care of Elderly Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264Annamaria Ferrero, MD, PhD, Pauline Wimberger, MD, PhDElisa Tripodi, MD

163. The Role of Chemotherapy in Gynaecologic Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271Aránzazu Manzano, MD, Valeria A. Peñalver, MDAntonio Casado, MD, PhD

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164. Targeted Therapy in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281Maurie Markman, MD

165. Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Hyperthermic Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastases. . . . . 1286Paul H. Sugarbaker, MD, FACS, FRCS

166. Technique of Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Normothermic and Hyperthermic . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293Asima Mukhopadhyay, MD, MRCOG, PhD, MScC. William Helm, MB.BChir, FRCS

167. Cytotoxic Trials by the Gynaecologic Oncology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308Siriwan Tangjitgamol, MD, John Kavanagh, MD

168. Novel Biologic Therapies in The Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. . . . . . . 1323John W. Moroney, MDRobert L. Coleman, MD

169. PARP Inhibitors and Homologous Recombination Deficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335Rowan Miller, MA, PhD, MRCP Jonathan Ledermann, BSc, MD, FRCP

170. Current Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Ovarian Cancer Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Venkatesh Krishnan, MD, Cariad Chester, MDHolbrook Kohrt, MD, Jonathan S. Berek, MDOliver Dorigo, MD

171. Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354Eleonora Teplinsky, MD, Thomas J. Herzog, MD

172. Management of Chemotherapy Complications in Gynaecological Malignancy Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366Alexandru Calin Grigorescu, MD, PhD, RDI

SECTION XI: RADIATION ONCOLOGY

173. Principles of Radiation Therapy in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375Catheryn M. Yashar, MD, FACRO, Daniel J. Scanderbeg, PhDSunil J. Advani, MD

174. Current Radiotherapy Protocols in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Joanne Jang, MD, Akila N. Viswanathan, MD, MPH

175. Cyberknife Stereotactic Body Radiosurgery in Gynaecologic Carcinomas . . . 1389Charles A. Kunos, MD, PhD

176. Image Guided vs. Conventional Radiation Therapy in Gynaecologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396Alina Sturdza, MD, FRCPC, Maximilian Schmid, MDRichard Pötter, MD

177. Chemoradiotherapy: Neoadjuvant, Concomitant, Sequential, or Monomodality Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405Patricia J. Eifel, MD

178. Gynaecological Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413Niraj H. Pahlajani, MD, Matthew M. Harkenrider, MD Fiori Alite, MD, William Small Jr., MD, FACRO FACR, FASTRO

179. Pelvic Irradiation: Acute and Late Toxicity . . . . 1425Alexandra Taylor, MBBS, MD, Andreia Fernandes, RN, MScPardeep Kumar, MB, FRCS, PhD, Ann Muls, RN, Msc

180. Management of Radiotherapy Complications in Gynaecological Malignancies Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437Banu Atalar, MD, Senem Alanyali, MDZeynep Ozsaran, MD, Enis Ozyar, MD

SECTION XII: PALLIATIVE CARE IN GYNAECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY

181. Challenges and Opportunities in Palliative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449Giovanni Elia, MD, Frank D. Ferris, MD, FAAHPM, FAACE

182. Management of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) . . . . . . . . 1459Gudrun Kreye, MD, Eva –Katharina Masel, MDSophie Schur, MD

183. Pain Palliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470Nesrin Bozdogan Ozyilkan, MD

184. Nutrition: The Relevance in Gynaecological Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1482Paula Ravasco, Nutricionist, MSc, MD, PhD

185. Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicine Use Among Patients With Gynaecological Cancers. . . . . . . . 1489Kjell Bergfeldt, MD, PhD, Johanna Hök, MSc Pharm, PhD

186. Psychological Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495Joachim Weis, MD, Annette Hasenburg, MD

187. Euthanasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500A. Peter M. Heintz, MD, PhD, Nicole B. Swarte, MD, PhD

188. Quality of Life (QoL) in Oncologic Patients . . . . 1505Adriana Bermudez, MD, PhD

189. Lymphocele, Lymphorrhea After Lymphadenectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507Ahmet Baris Guzel, MD, Umran Kucukgoz Gulec, MD,Mehmet Ali Vardar, MD, Aytekin Altintas, MD

SECTION XIII: RARE GYNAECOLOGICAL CANCERS

190. Rare Gynaecological Cancers: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515Nicholas Reed, MD

191. GCIG Rare Tumor Consensus Review & Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520Isabelle Ray-Coquard, MD, PhD, Jonathan A. Ledermann, MD Philipp Harter, MD, Michael Friedlander, MD, PhD Frederic Amant, MD, PhD Aikou Okamoto, MD, PhD Eva Gómez-García, MD, Charlie Gourley, MD, PhD Martee Hensley, MD, Patricia Pautier, MD Keiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhD Domenica Lorusso, MD, Satoru Sagae, MD Akila N. Viswanathan, MD, MPH, Mario M. Leitao Jr, MD Toyomi Satoh, MD, PhD, Nick Reed, MD, Jubilee Brown, MD, Dominique Berton Rigaud, MD Rosalind Glasspool, MBBS, PhD, FRCP Eric Pujade Lauraine, MD, PhD

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SECTION XIV: BREAST CANCER

192. How Eff ective Are Breast Cancer Screening Programmes? . ................................ 1531Laszlo Tabar, MD, Robert A. Smith, PhD

193. Investigation of Suspected Breast Cancer. ...... 1540Penelope Moyle, MD, MBChB, FRCR

194. Hereditary Breast Cancer Risk and Genetic Counseling . ......................................... 1547Banu Arun, MD

195. Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer . ............. 1554Riccardo Masetti, MD, Alba Di Leone, MDAlejandro Martin Sanchez, MD, Gianluca Franceschini, PhD

196. Medical Treatments in Breast Cancer . ............. 1563Isabelle Gingras, MD, José Roberto Rossari, MD, MScEvandro de Azambuja, MD, PhDMartine Piccart-Gebhart, MD, PhD

197. New Approaches to Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer. .................................................... 1577Sezin Yuce Sari MD, Pervin Hurmuz, MD, Ferah Yildiz, MD

198 A Review of New Therapeutic Modalities in Breast Cancer . ............................. 1587Mehmet Ali Nahit Sendur, MD, Sercan Aksoy, MDPaul A. Foster, MD, PhD, Mustafa Kadri Altundag, MD

199. Unanswered Questions in Gynaecologic Oncology . .................................. 1596Lucas Minig, MD, Thomas Randall, MD

200. Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer . ............. 1600Sileny N. Han, MD, PhD, Kristel Van Calsteren, MD, PhDFrederic Amant, MD, PhD

SECTION XV: TRAINING IN GYNAECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY

201. Gynaecologic Training in Europe. .................... 1607Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD

202. Gynaecologic Oncology Fellowship Training in the USA . ......................................... 1615Vasileios D. Sioulas, MD, PhD, Ane Gerda Zahl Eriksson, MDGinger J. Gardner, MD, Oliver Zivanovic, MD, PhD

203. Fellowship Training in Australia and New Zealand . ............................. 1617Kristina Lindemann, MD, PhD, Anthony Richards, MD

204. ESGO Training Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621Rene Laky, MD, Maria Clelia Larussa, MD

205. Teaching and Learning Skills in the 21st Century: From Authority Based to Evidence Based Learning and Teaching Techniques. ........................................ 1626Katinka Prince, MD, PhD, Cor de Kroon, MD, PhDPim Teunissen, MD, PhD, Jurgen M.J. Piek, MD, PhD

Index 1633