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NNAACCRREE
15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoutics Conference – Airbus / João Frota
João Frota – Airbus15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference12th May 2009 – Miami, USA
An An Overview:Overview:Towards aTowards aSilentSilent--byby--Design Aircraft?Design Aircraft?
NNAACCRREE
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(foreword) The purpose of this talk…
… is not to explain how clever the NACRE team was or still is (it’s so obvious! members are in this room…)
… is not to present solutions for all our (industry) problems (others will!)
… is to market an effective approach for integrated (multidisciplinary) research with key examples
… is to highlight some of the noise issues that we try to tackle and that still deserve some attention from the scientific community
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Contents
Introduction to the NACRE ProGreen concept family
Introduction to the NACRE European R&T project
Summary & Outlook
A selection of noise reduction technology bricks
Previous European initiatives
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Contents
Introduction to the NACRE ProGreen concept family
Introduction to the NACRE European R&T project
Summary & Outlook
A selection of noise reduction technology bricks
Previous European initiatives
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NACRE Objectives
• The main aim of NACRE is to break the barriers that prevent the efficient design of Novel Aircraft Configurations
• To help provide quantum steps in three specific ACARE* challenges:*Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe
Air-travel Quality and AffordabilityEnvironmental performanceAir Transport System Efficiency
• The NACRE targets are as follows:
Fuel Consumption: -25 % (fuel burn kg/seat/km)
Noise reduction target: -10 dB per operation
Efficiency: -15 % of A/C economics
Volume improvement: +15/20 % per PAX at same A/Cefficiency and enhanced services
Noise and Environmental aspects in focus today
Achievements: - 20dB = 75% quieter!
1st generationturbofans
2nd generationturbofans
Late
ral N
oise
Lev
el C
orre
cted
for A
ircra
ft Th
rust
Entry Into Service Date1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turbojets --20dB20dB
But current solutions show limited potential…
…Radical innovative solutions are neededto meet major requirements
Prod
uct P
erfo
rman
ce/C
apab
ility
1950 2000
Incremental product improvement
step change
Propeller
Jet
Modern JetHigh By-pass ratio
Fly by wire
1975
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Engines
Advanced Materials
Systems
Configurations
Aerodynamics
“Greener by design” – The design levers
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Page 10
NACRE – New Aircraft Concepts REsearch
• Started April 2005, initial duration 48 months, extended for 12 months
• Budget € 30.3m, funded € 16.9m by European Commission
• A Consortium of 36 partnersAircraft manufacturers: Airbus, Alenia, Dassault Aviation, PiaggioEngine manufacturers: Rolls-Royce, Snecma, MTU Aero EnginesKey suppliers: Aircelle, Messier-Dowty, Dowty PropellersResearch Centres: ARA, CIRA, DLR, EADS Innovation Works, FOI, INTA, NLR, ONERA, TsAGI, VZLUUniversities: Trinity College Dublin, Univ. Greenwich, TU Munich, Univ. Stuttgart, KTH Stockholm, Warsaw Univ. Technology, ISVRSmall and medium enterprises: IBK, INASCO, PEDECE (affiliated to IST Lisbon), ARTTIC
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NACRE Consortium
4 major aircraft manufacturers, 3 major engine manufacturers, 3 key suppliers10 Research Centres, 7 Universities, 4 small and medium enterprises
UKAirbus, ARA, ISVR,
Messier-Dowty, Rolls-Royce, UoG, Dowty
Propellers
PolandWarsaw Univ. Technology
FranceAirbus, Aircelle, Dassault
Aviation, ONERA, Snecma, ARTTIC
GermanyAirbus, EADS CRC,
DLR, IBK, MTU, Rolls-Royce, TU München,
Univ. Stuttgart
ItalyAlenia, CIRA, Piaggio
GreeceINASCO
RussiaTsAGI
SpainAirbus, INTA
Czech RepublicVZLU
SwedenFOI, KTH
NetherlandsNLR
PortugalPEDECE
IrelandTCD
UKAirbus, ARA, ISVR,
Messier-Dowty, Rolls-Royce, UoG, Dowty
Propellers
PolandWarsaw Univ. Technology
FranceAirbus, Aircelle, Dassault
Aviation, ONERA, Snecma, ARTTIC
GermanyAirbus, EADS CRC,
DLR, IBK, MTU, Rolls-Royce, TU München,
Univ. Stuttgart
ItalyAlenia, CIRA, Piaggio
GreeceINASCO
RussiaTsAGI
SpainAirbus, INTA
Czech RepublicVZLU
SwedenFOI, KTH
NetherlandsNLR
PortugalPEDECE
IrelandTCD
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Existing productsExisting products : based on: based onone single conceptone single concept
to best meet all requirementsto best meet all requirements
Existing productsExisting products : based on: based onone single conceptone single concept
to best meet all requirementsto best meet all requirements
Driving innovation…
• The idea is to select concepts (« champions ») to explore the most relevant capabilities and meet the widest range of challenges
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Future capabilitiesFuture capabilities : driven by : driven by a family of concepts tailored to fit a family of concepts tailored to fit
specific sets of requirementsspecific sets of requirements
« Thinking Out of the Box »
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… by using concepts to stimulate research
Your Aircraft !
The Concept Car
The Concept A/C
Your Car !
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• NACRE uses concepts tailored to address specific subsets of design drivers
• These Champions are most able to drive innovation in their respective field of difficulty:
The Proactive Green
The Flying Wing
The Simple Flying Bus ?
Shaping the “Concept Champions”…
?? The
Champions
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… and capturing their technology needs
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3
Potential Solutions
Challenges and Potential “Show Stoppers”
Technology Requirements
Technology Development
The « Proactive Green » concept
giving minimum affordable impact of aviation operations and manufacturing on the environment
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NACRE Level 1 WBS
WP1New Aircraft
Concepts
WP5 – Management
WP2Novel Lifting
Surfaces
WP3Novel Power-
plant Installation
WP4Novel
Fuselage
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NACRE Level 2 WBSWP 2
Novel Lifting Surfaces(A-UK)
T 2.2Flying Wing
(DLR)
T 2.3Innovative Tail
Integration(A-E)
WP 3Novel Powerplant
Installation(R-R)
T 4.1Powered Tails
(A-F)
T 4.3Cost-efficient
Fuselage(A-F)
WP 4Novel Fuselage
(A-D)
WP 5Project
Management(AI)
T 1.1Pro Green
A/C(A-F)
T 1.3SFBA/C
(A-UK)
T 1.4IEP
(Onera)
WP 1Novel A/C Concepts
(AI)
T 1.2PDA
(A-D)
Pro-Green
PDA
SFB
T 2.1Advanced Wings
(A-UK)
T 3.2Radical Engine
Integration(Onera)
T 3.1Rear Engine Integration
(A-F)
T3.3Hung Engine Integration(Snecma)
T 4.2Advanced Cabin
(TU Munich)
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Contents
Introduction to the NACRE ProGreen concept family
Introduction to the NACRE European R&T project
Summary & Outlook
A selection of noise reduction technology bricks
Previous European initiatives
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EU R&T Roadmap on New Aircraft Concepts
A consistent approach,building upon FP5… and preparing FP7
2002 2005 2009
Nov
el A
ircra
ft
Con
figur
atio
ns
Engi
neA
irfra
me
FP5 FP6
Con
vent
iona
l A/C
Con
figur
atio
ns
NEFA
VELA
ROSAS
FP7
SILENCE®
EEFAE
Level of investment / Technology maturity
NNAACCRREE
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• ROSASJanuary 2002 to April 2005Low Noise Aircraft (A/C configuration & acoustics incl. WTT)
• VELAOctober 2002 to October 2005Flying Wing (A/C configuration, low speed aerodynamics, structure)
Key FP5 projects on New Aircraft Concepts
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ROSAS’ ambitious objectives (FP5)
• Develop theoretical and numerical prediction tools in the field of unconventional aircraft configurations (Silent Aircraft Concepts)
• Collect an invaluable acoustic experimental database to calibrate and validate the prediction models – first time ever in Europe
• Demonstrate engine noise shielding potential coming from alternative engine installations
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ROSAS: a new process to design silent aircraft
1. Definition of a design process driven by engine noise shielding
Noise-shielding efficiency
Handling qualities (stability)
Engine installation
aerodynamic efficiency
Engine installation structure
Thermal interaction with
empennage / wing
RFN / OWN Configuration
Main driverEngine noise sources
Noise-driven concept definition
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ROSAS: a new process to design silent aircraft
2. Configurations defined for 2 silent aircraft concepts:OWN (over-wing nacelle)RFN (rear-fuselage nacelle)
Configurations to be seen as platforms to develop innovative design capabilities
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ROSAS: acoustic experimental activities
• WTT campaign in ONERA CEPrA19 facility featuring advanced turbofan engine Jet and Fan noise simulation
• Unique experimental database on installation/shielding effect of engine noise sources by airframe
Understanding the physics of noise installation effects
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Outcomes of ROSAS
• ROSAS ended in March 2005 and provided for extensive capability development in the field of modeling and prediction of engine noise installation effects
• An extensive experimental database was developed from high quality wind tunnel tests at ONERA CEPrA19 facility(see O. Piccin’s presentation tomorrow morning)
Shielding of engine noise sources proved to be an efficient way to reduce engine noise
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The VELA project (FP5)
• VELA increased the general knowledge on flying wing concepts in the following areas :
Cabin configurations (comfort, boarding, evacuation)Structural design (from conceptual design to FEM assessment)Aerodynamic design & assessment, Stability and ControlIntegrated design at future projects level
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Contents
Introduction to the NACRE ProGreen concept family
Introduction to the NACRE European R&T project
Summary & Outlook
A selection of noise reduction technology bricks
Previous European initiatives
The NACRE « Proactive Green » concept©
AIR
BU
S S.
A.S.
All
right
s re
serv
ed. C
onfid
entia
l and
pro
prie
tary
doc
umen
t.
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Proactive Green – Definition & Integration
T 2.1Pro-Green
advanced wings
T3.1 & T 3.2 Eng Integration & Analysis
T 4.1 Powered Tail
integrated definition
Pro-Greenconcept
definition
Monitoring&
Integration
A/C and Engine configs
Overallassessment
Sizingcriteria
ProGreen1 ProGreen2
ROSAS FP5 Project
VITAL FP6 Project
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ProGreen 1 Baseline Characteristics
• Requirements:Capacity 180 passengersRange 3000nmMach number M0.76Initial Cruise altitude 35000ftApproach speed 135kts
• Powered Tail:Rear-mounted engines with noise-shielding horizontal & vertical tailplanes
• Wing:Forward-swept wing (FSW)Natural laminar flowFixed LE designPlanforms based upon UK project NEXUS
• Engine:Designed by SnecmaContrafan engine design for compact low-noise engineBleedless
Low noise but challenge will be on meeting fuel burn targets
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ProGreen 2 Baseline Characteristics• Requirements:
Capacity 180 passengersRange 3000nmMach number M0.74Initial Cruise altitude 31000ftApproach speed 135kts
• Powered Tail:Rear-mounted engines with noise-shielding horizontal & vertical tailplanes
• Wing:High aspect ratio low sweep (HARLS)Turbulent designPlanforms based upon NEXUSEfficient at both high and low speed
• Engine:Designed by Rolls-Royce and Dowty PropellersContra-Rotating Open Rotors for low fuel consumptionBleedless
Low fuel burn but challenge will be on meeting noise targets
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Contents
Introduction to the NACRE ProGreen concept family
Introduction to the NACRE European R&T project
Summary & Outlook
A selection of noise reduction technology bricks
Previous European initiatives
ProGreen Powered Tails
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• Integrated approach to the design of the two powered tail conceptsOptimising interactions between components for best possible performance (tail geometry, engine positioning, fuselage and pylon shaping)Respecting acoustic, structural and engine burst constraints
• Defined powered tails mature enough for detailed analytical investigationsComputational and experimental results for aerodynamicsNoise predictions studying shielding effects, validated by experimentInvestigated nacelle structural design and opening conceptsInvestigated innovative engine mounting solutionsProduced structural definition of pylon and rear fuselage
ProGreen Powered Tails
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Powered Tail Aerodynamic Analysis
• CFD analysis of both powered tail arrangements completed at high speed (cruise) and low speed (take-off), with and without propulsion systems
• For example, several configurations were modelled for the open rotor conceptClean aircraft and isolated propulsion systemComplete aircraft with propeller on and switched off
• Propeller was modelled as an actuator disc based on aerodynamic characteristics provided by Dowty
For both powered tails, no critical flow phenomenon identified,but interaction between propulsion system and empennage
has an impact on handling qualities
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• High-speed wind-tunnel test carried out on turbofan powered tail at ARAInvestigation of installation interaction, aero characteristics, local flow phenomena and concept performanceRange of configurations, with and without tail & through flow nacellesValidation of experimental mounting (twin sting)
Results used to validate and develop CFD design and experimentalmethodology
Powered Tail Performance Tests
Good correlation between CFD and test
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Powered Tail Acoustics
• Acoustic Wind Tunnel Tests (ONERA) to verify installation phenomena and to validate shielding assessment
Fan noise tests from Sept to Dec 2008Comparison with numerical work currently in progress
Jet noise modelling and shielding
Fan noise modelling and shielding
Open Rotor Assessment
Turbofan Assessment
Successful test campaign, valuable technical results
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ProGreen Advanced Wings
• The “Advanced Wings” Task aimed at improving the understanding of the impact that different drivers have on integrated wing and landing gear design
• High Aspect Ratio Low Sweep (HARLS) Wing:Investigated a new design space ofhigh aspect ratio, thin wings (AR~14)High-lift trade study to improveapproach noiseLanding gear noise studies
• Forward Swept Wing (FSW):Investigated potential of a forward swept wingwith natural laminar flowAeroelastic studiesHigh-lift design studies
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High-Lift Device Trade Study
• Four high-lift configurations were investigated
Droop Nose Device
Fixed Nose Droop Double Slotted Flaps
Slats Single Slotted Flaps
Single Slotted Flaps
Double Slotted Flaps
Droop Nose Device
Objective was to reduce noise,either through improved L/D or reduced source noise
Option 3
Option 2
Option 1
Baseline
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High-Lift Trade Study – Acoustic Results• Airframe noise on approach compared to baseline slats / single slotted flaps
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0Option 2
App
roac
h N
oise
(EPN
dB)
Option 3Option 1
Droop nose with single slotted flapsand double slotted flaps show strong advantage
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Outrigger
MCLG
Landing Gear Studies – Concepts
• HARLS wing has assumed a body-mounted landing gear concept
• Two main gear layouts were proposed: a twin body-mounted landing gear (BLG) a single body landing gear,or “mono” centre landing gear (MCLG)supplemented by outriggers on the wing
BLG
Fuselage Floor Sponson
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Detailed Studies – LG Noise
• Low noise landing gear concepts defined by Messier-Dowty
Both NACRE wing mounted gear and MCLG optimised for low noise
• Mesh generated and flow solution computed by ARA
• Noise and installation effects predicted by ISVR using a semi-empirical method, which was developed to include wing flow circulation
• Final part of the noise study at aircraft level is being completed by Airbus
Landing Gear Noise analysis processdeveloped and refined
Flying Wing Over-the-Body Buried Inlet
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Flying Wing Over-the-Body Buried Inlet
• Over-the-buried 3-engine aircraft configuration for greater engine-to-engine distance (aerodynamics, structure, rotor failure considerations)
• Engine characteristics by MTU Aero EnginesSensitivity study of sfc vs. intake distortion performedAcceptable performance of semi-buried intake confirmed
• Detailed aerodynamic and acoustic assessment of selected concepts(see E. Manoha’s presentation in session 30 this afternoon)
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Contents
Introduction to the NACRE ProGreen concept family
Introduction to the NACRE European R&T project
Summary & Outlook
A selection of noise reduction technology bricks
Previous European initiatives
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NACRE integrated approach is effective• Objective within NACRE was to drive the development of the key
capabilities required for the development of novel aircraft concepts
WP1: New Aircraft Concepts to foster
technology innovation
WP4Novel Fuselage
and Cabin to develop passenger-centered concepts
and cost-efficient technologies
WP3Novel Powerplant Installation: challenging configurations for
ambitious goals on environment protection and cost-efficiency
WP2Novel Lifting Surfaces and Control for improved structure and aerodynamic
efficiency through an integrated approach
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NACRE ProGreen examples were shown
• The purpose of a novel ProGreen aircraft concept was to foster game-changing innovation
• Powerplant Integration activities have used this integrated approach to optimise the Powered Tail concepts:
Developed a “silent-by-design” definition processDefined powered tails mature enough for detailed analytical, numerical and experimental investigationsAcquired valuable experimental knowledge (high-speed aerodynamic performance, fan and jet noise shielding) to validate concepts… a target to be pursued
• Work on Advanced Wings has improved the understanding of the impact of different drivers on integrated wing and landing gear design
Noise is a key driver for high-lift systems and landing gear• Some of these activities will continue to mature into Cleansky
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NACRE ProGreen will feed into FP7 CleanSky
Open Rotors
NaturalLaminar Flow
NACRE main bricks
building into
CleanSky
Outlook on Clean Sky SFWA
Smart Wing Technologies
Technology Development
Technology Integration
Large Scale Flight Demonstration
Natural Laminar Flow (NLF)
Hybrid Laminar Flow (HLF)
Active and passive load control
Novel enabling materials
Innovative manufacturing scheme
Innovative Powerplant Integration
Technology Integration
Large Scale Flight DemonstrationImpact of airframe flow field on Propeller design (acoustic, aerodynamic, vibration)
Impact of open rotor configuration on airframe (Certification capabilities, structure, vibrations...)
Innovative empennage design
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Acknowledgements
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Other NACRE presentations at this conference
• Numerical simulation of the fan noise radiated through a semi-buriedair inlet, Eric Manoha and Daniel-Ciprian Mincu – ONERA
• Acoustic Shielding in Low Mach Number Potential Flow Incorporating a Wake Model using BEM, Cathal Clancy and Henry J. Rice – Trinity College Dublin
• Characterization of Installation Effects for HBPR Engine Part IV: Assessment of Jet Acoustics, Jérôme Huber, Magdi Omaisy – Airbus, Alexandre Vuillemin – Snecma and Renaud Davy – ONERA
NACRE – New Aircraft Concepts Research
Thank-You
NNAACCRREE