Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4 Comprehension 247

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Cause and Effect

• Acauseiswhatmakessomethinghappen.Aneffect is something that happens as a result of a cause. To find a cause, ask yourself, “Why did this happen?” To find an effect, ask yourself, “What happened?”

• Cluewordssuchasbecause, so, and due to can help you spot cause-and-effect relationships.

Directions Read the following passage. Then complete the graphic organizer.

The northern lights are beautiful lights that dance in the northern sky at night.

They are most visible in the northern states. They occur due to large explosions on the sun. The explosions release particles that travel through space and are attracted

to Earth’s magnetic poles. Because of a collision between these particles and Earth’s atmosphere, light particles are released. These particles are what form the northern lights.

Cause Effect

What makes something happen

1. What happened

2.

What makes something happen

3. What happened

4.

5. Write a one-sentence summary of this passage.

Home Activity Your child identified causes and effects in a passage about the northern lights. Read another article about the northern lights with your child and discuss the cause of the different colors of the northern lights.

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248 Writing Narrative Poem Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4

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Writing • Narrative Poem

Key Features of a Narrative Poem

• tellsastorythroughpoetry

•haslineswithrhythmorrhyme

•mayappealtoreader’semotions

A Day at the BeachIt was too windy to go to the beach,but we did. Waves were like tall ships out of our reach.

It was too hot to sit on the sand,but we did.We were mummies in towels but still got tanned.

Mom said it was dark but we begged her to stay,and we did.It was she who promised another day, and we who shouted “hooray” and “yay!”

1. What verse tells the beginning of the story?

2. Name a metaphor and a simile used in the poem.

3. What are two rhyming words used in the poem?

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4 Vocabulary 249

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VocabularyDirections Choose the word from the box that best matches each definition. Write the word on the line.

1. to overcome; get the better of

2. to prove to be true

3. what becomes of something or someone

4. person in charge of finding the position and course of a ship or aircraft

5. a supply of food and drinks

Directions Choose the word from the box that best matches each clue. Write the word on the line.

6. This is a journey taken for a special purpose.

7. This is done to keep something from losing heat by wrapping it with special material.

8. This is a state of being separate from the rest of the group.

9. A witness is often called to do this to a person’s statement in a trial.

10. This is what you try to do to your enemy in a war.

Write a DescriptionImagine you have just explored the North Pole. On a separate sheet of paper, write a description of your trip there. Use as many vocabulary words as you can.

Home Activity Your child identified and used vocabulary words from Into the Ice. Write a poem together about exploring. Use the vocabulary words from the selection.

Check the Words You Know

conquerdestinyexpeditioninsulatedisolationnavigatorprovisionsverify

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250 Conventions Subject and Object Pronouns Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4

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Home Activity Your child learned about subject and object pronouns. Have your child show you subject and object pronouns in something he or she has written.

A personal pronoun used as the subject of a sentence is called a subject pronoun. She planned an archaeological dig. He and I heard the details.

A personal pronoun used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition is called an object pronoun. The sea captain took us for a ride. He told him and me stories.

• Subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.

• Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

• Remember to use the correct pronoun form with a compound subject or object pronoun.

• Subject pronouns replace the nouns they represent. Do not use a subject pronoun with the noun it represents. No: Carrie she studied oceanography. Yes: Carrie studied oceanography.

Directions Circle the pronoun in ( ) that completes each sentence correctly.

1. (I, Me) am fascinated by maritime exploration.

2. (Them, They) believed the sea captain was a good navigator.

3. Robert and (he, him) read about the first people to reach the North Pole.

4. (We, Us) studied relics and artifacts.

5. Bill and (me, I) studied the habitat of the penguin.

6. David and (she, her) have always wanted to visit Alaska.

7. Mr. Douglas taught me and (her, she) about Arctic explorers.

8. The class put the fossils back in the case after students studied (they, them).

9. Teddy Roosevelt supported Admiral Peary and often wrote to (he, him).

10. She took (us, we) on a field trip.

11. I helped Sara and (they, them) with the science project.

12. My sister told you and (me, I) stories about her visit to Alaska.

Subject and Object Pronouns

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4 Spelling Greek Word Parts 251

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Home Activity Your child matched words with statements and definitions. Ask your child to pick a list word from exercises 11-20 and define it.

Greek Word Parts

Word Meanings Write a list word that fits each definition.

1. production of electricity by water power

2. an arrangement in order of occurrence

3. an historical account

4. a word that has the same spelling but different meaning than another word

5. absence of government and law

6. to skim over the water

7. water or moisture taken from

8. lasting a long time

9. a system of government by groups of officials

10. no longer in general use

Words in Context Write the list word that finishes each statement below.

11. Let’s ___ our watches before we begin.

12. The European ___ lived in a mansion on the hill.

13. I’ve been going through the family ___ to learn about my ancestors.

14. Water is made of molecules of oxygen and ___.

15. We studied ancient Greece in my ___ class.

16. Almost is a ___ for nearly.

17. The United States government is an example of a ___.

18. Near is an ___ for far.

19. My new car’s ___ brakes work very well.

20. The fireman attached the hose to the fire ___.

1. _________________

2. _________________

3. _________________

4. _________________

5. _________________

6. _________________

7. _________________

8. _________________

9. _________________

10. _________________

Spelling Words

hydrant chronic archive synonym antonymdemocracy hydrogen aristocrat dehydrated chroniclehydroplane chronology archaic homonym synchronizehydraulic archaeology anarchy hydroelectric bureaucracy

11. _________________

12. _________________

13. _________________

14. _________________

15. _________________

16. _________________

17. _________________

18. _________________

19. _________________

20. _________________

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252 Writing Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4 Vocabulary 253

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Vocabulary • Unfamiliar Words

• Whenyouarereadingandseeanunfamiliarword,usecontextclues,orwordsaroundtheunfamiliarword,tofigureoutitsmeaning.

• Contextcluesincludedefinitions,explanations,andsynonyms(wordsthathavethesameornearlythesamemeaningsasotherwords).

Directions Read the following passage. Then answer the questions below.

Jared was preparing for their expedition. He was very excited about this journey.

He packed their provisions: plenty of water and multigrain bars. He put their water in an insulated jug so it would stay cold. Tonight, his older brother would verify their route with their father, making sure

it was the safest one possible. Tomorrow, Jared and his brother would leave early on their fishing trip. His brother would be the navigator of their fishing boat because he knew the best fishing spots. Jared felt it was their destiny to catch enough fish for their dinner.

1. What does expedition mean? What clues help you to determine its meaning?

2. Give examples of provisions mentioned in the passage. What is another example of a provision?

3. What does verify mean? What clues help you to determine its meaning?

4. What does navigator mean? Why is Jared’s brother the navigator?

5. Rewrite the sentence with the word destiny in it so that it contains a context clue.

Home Activity Yourchildidentifiedandusedcontextcluestounderstandnewwordsinapassage.Workwithyourchildtoidentifyunfamiliarwordsinanarticleusingcontextclues.Haveyourchildcomeupwithoriginalcontextcluesthatcouldbeaddedtothearticletohelpthereaderunderstandtheunfamiliarwords.

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254 Research and Study Skills Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4

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Diagram/Scale Drawing

• Adiagramisadrawing,usuallywithpartsthatarelabeled.Adiagramshowshowsomethingisputtogether,howanobject’spartsrelatetooneanother,orhowsomethingworks.Sometimesadiagrammustbelookedatinacertainorder—lefttoright,toptobottom,orbottomtotop.Diagramsoftenhavetextthatexplainshowdifferentpartsinadiagramwork.

• Ascale drawingisadiagramthatusesamathematicalscale,suchas1 inch on the drawing equals 1 foot in real life.

Directions Use this diagram to answer the questions below.

A Home Weather Station

1. What part would you plug into an electrical outlet?

2. What part is placed outside to read the temperature?

3. What part is placed outside to determine the amount of rainfall?

4. What seems to be missing from this diagram?

5. What kind of information would you expect to see accompanying this diagram?

14523_159a

Sensor

ExternalTemperatureSensororProbe

LeafWetness Sensor

Rain Collector

SensorInterfaceModule

Console

PowerAdapter

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4 Research and Study Skills 255

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Directions Use this diagram of a thunderstorm to answer the questions below.

The diagram below is a cross-section of a thunderstorm moving from right to left. Warm, moist air fuels updrafts. As the air rises, it cools and falls as rain in downdrafts.

6. What do the dotted arrows of the diagram show?

7. What do the solid arrows show?

8. Where does the rain form in the thunderstorm cloud?

9. If the thunderstorm cloud is five centimeters tall on the diagram, what is its actual height?

10. How are diagrams helpful to readers?

Home Activity Your child learned about using diagrams as resources. Find a scale drawing on the Internet or in a reference book. Have your child explain to you the actual measurements of the item in the scale drawing.

UPDRAFTS

DOWNDRAFTS

FLANKING LINE

GUST FRONT

INFLOW/OUTFLOW BOUNDARY

1 centimeter = 3,000 meters

CORE

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256 Spelling Greek Word Parts Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4

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Home Activity Your child identified misspelled words. Ask your child to think of a word from the list with five syllables, spell it, and use that word in a sentence.

Greek Word Parts

Proofread an Article Circle six misspelled words in the article below. Write the words correctly. Find a sentence with an incorrect verb form. Write it correctly.

Archaeology

Archiology is a fascinating area of science. By digging down through layers of Earth, researchers can find remnants of arkaic civilizations ranging from bits of broken pottery to the tomb of a once mighty aristacrat to entire buried cities. These finds helping scientists establish the chronolugy of human development. Artifacts hidden beneath the surface provide a physical chronecle of the development of humankind. That’s why scientists catalog and arkive the artifacts in museums throughout the world.

1. ________________ 2. _________________

3. ________________ 4. _________________

5. ________________ 6. _________________

7. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Proofread Words Circle the word that is spelled correctly. Write it on the line.

8. hydroplane hidroplane

9. chronology cronology

10. arcaic archaic

11. homanym homonym

12. synchronize syncronize

13. hidraulic hydraulic

14. archaeology arceaology

15. anarchy anarky

Frequently Misspelled

Words

were they

hydrantchronicarchivesynonymantonymdemocracyhydrogenaristocratdehydratedchronicle

hydroplanechronologyarchaichomonymsynchronizehydraulicarchaeologyanarchyhydroelectricbureaucracy

8. _____________________

9. _____________________

10. _____________________

11. _____________________

12. _____________________

13. _____________________

14. _____________________

15. _____________________

Spelling Words

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 4 Conventions Subject and Object Pronouns 257

Home Activity Your child prepared for taking tests on subject and object pronouns. With your child, read a magazine article. Have your child circle subject pronouns and underline object pronouns on one page in the article.

Subject and Object Pronouns

Directions Read the passage. Then read each question. Circle the letter of the correct answer.

The Bakery Tour(1) We wrote a letter to Mr. Samuels to thank for the bakery tour.

(2) The letter said that he helped us with our project. (3) Marie and enjoyed meeting his bakers. (4) We especially liked watching them put the rows of breads into the oven. (5) Marie’s brother Luis asked her and about the bakery. (6) We told him about our tour. (7) Our friends and would like to visit the bakery again.

1 Which pronoun best completes sentence 1?

A he

B him

C her

D they

2 Which pair describes the two underlined words in sentence 2?

A Subject pronoun/object pronoun

B Subject pronoun/subject pronoun

C Object pronoun/object pronoun

D None of the above

3 Which is the correct pronoun/type of pronoun for sentence 3?

A they/object pronoun

B me/object pronoun

C I/subject pronoun

D them/object pronoun

4 Which is the correct pronoun/type of pronoun for sentence 5?

A I/subject pronoun

B they/subject pronoun

C us/subject pronoun

D me/object pronoun

5 Which pronoun best completes sentence 7?

A us

B we

C them

D him

Into the Ice

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