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MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK
W. iæ‡ej AvbQvi*
Abstract
People’s Theatre Movement and Bijon Bhattacharya became almost synonymous in the
beginning of the 40’s. He tops the contemporary prominent playwrights who composed
dramas from Marxist perspective. No where can be found the misery and different factors
Bengali live in the backdrop of the Famine better than Bijon Bhattacharya’s work. His
first play was Agun (Fire 1943), through which IPTA started its journey. In the
continuation of People’s Theatre Movement, the most powerful and revolutionary drama
of Bijon Bhattacharya is definitely Nabanna (New Harvest 1944). This unique piece
records the struggling lives of common people from the beginning of the 2nd World War
to the famine of the fifties; therefore becoming 'a document of social degeneration’.
Nabanna totally reflecting the goals and ideals of People’s Theatre Association, became
the representative piece of the genre and made Bijon Bhattacharya the first high priest of
that movement. In fact, the seed that was sown with Nabanna transforms into a mighty
tree with the publication of Debigarjan. There is no space for individuals in People’s
Theatre Movement, the main spirit is communal. And the dramas of Bijon Bhattacharya
perfectly tune in with this spirit. In a nut shell, the innovative turn that was brought in the
history of Bangla dramatics and our cultural heritage, solely owes to Bijon Bhattacharya.
This essay explores the role of his plays in People’s Theatre Movement.
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Jagannath University Journal of Arts 111
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wmwfK MvW© : gvbyl bvwK! 14
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 113
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g„Zz¨eiY Ges g„Zy¨i c~e© gyn~‡Z© mevB‡K MÔv‡g wd‡i hvevi AvnŸvb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| GB
bvU¨Kvwnwb‡Z K…l‡Ki bvbv `yie¯’v, Afve-Awf‡hvM, AbvU‡b K…lK igYxi mZxZ¡
wemR©b, ¶zavi R¡vjvq wkïi g„Zz¨ cÔf„wZ gg©vwšÍK NUbv Mfxi `i‡`i m‡½ wPwÎZ n‡jI
K…lK‡K bvqK Kivi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv †Póv wKsev †kªwY-msMÔv‡gi K_v G‡Z †bB| Z‡e
kn‡ii GK ai‡bi f`ª‡jvK †kªwY Ges Ck¦i m§ú‡K© Awf‡hvM Av‡Q| Riv-wK¬ó e„×
civb msmv‡ii Nvwb Uvb‡Z cv‡i bv, `ytL K‡ó `xN©k¦vm †Q‡o fMev‡bi bvg Wv‡K,
ZLb Zvi †Q‡j †e›`v Zv‡K hv e‡j Zvi ga¨ w`‡q Ck¦‡ii cÔwZ GK †Rviv‡jv †¶vf
cÔKvk †c‡q‡Q:
(†¶v‡fi my‡i) bv, Zzwg Avi I bvg wbwZ cviev bv gywL, GB e‡j †`jvg|
(m‡L‡`) H bvg †m w`b R¨vVvI KwiwQj| gv_vi Kv‡Q e‡mwQjvg Avwg| Avwg
Rvwb me| nvq ci‡gk¦i, nvq fMevb e‡j KZ †PvwLi Rj d¨vj‡j R¨vVv|
wKQy‡ZB wKQy n‡jv bv| †kl Kv‡j H bvgWvB h¨v‡bv k³ GÆv BuwUi W¨vjvi gZ
†`‡e em‡jv R¨vVvi Mjvi gwa¨| `g ch©šÍ wbwZ cv‡jø bv R¨vVv! g‡i †Mj| Zv
ZzwgI Avi wbI bv I bvg gywL|17
Avi †h f`ª‡jvK †kªwYi Ici GLv‡b Awf‡hvM Av‡Q, gvK©mxq ZË¡ g‡Z, †mB f`ª‡jvK
†kªwY Z_v ey‡R©vqv †kªwY gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li mg¯Í AvwZ¤K m§úK© wQbœ K‡i| wnmve-
wbKv‡ki eidR‡j Giv Wywe‡q w`‡q‡Q ag© Db¤v`bvi ¯^M©xq fv‡ev”Q¡vm| bM` UvKvi
114 MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK
euvab Qvov Avi wKQyB Giv evwK iv‡Lwb| gvK©m G‡½jm-Gi g‡Z, ‘The bourgeoisie
has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self
interest, than callous ‘Cash Payment’.’18
Revbe›`x bvU‡Ki f`ª hyeKI
ey‡R©vqvwPZ Kvq`vq Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi gva¨‡g †e›`vi ¯¿x‡K eva¨ K‡i‡Q m§¢ªg wewµ
Ki‡Z| bvU¨Kvwnwbi Gme NUbv ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ GKUv gg©vwšÍK cwi‡ek iPbv
K‡i‡Q| civ‡bi g„Zz¨ †mB cwi‡ek‡K AviI KiæY K‡i Zzj‡jI bvU¨Kvi Zvi g‡a¨
bZzb K‡i euvPvi Avkvq †mvbvav‡bi `yt¯cœ †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| gv‡Vi ivRv civb
gÐj g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ n‡qI †mB `yt¯cœgq †mvbv djv‡bvi Avnevb K‡i‡Q Gfv‡e:
N‡i wd‡i hv igRvbÑ †Zviv me N‡i wd‡i hv| AvgviÑ Avgvi †mB gi‡P cov
bv½j KÖLvbv Avevi k³ K‡i †P‡c ai‡M gvwUwZ| k³ K‡i †P‡c ai‡M gvwUwZ|
Lye k³ K‡i †P‡c aiwe| †mvbv, †e›`v, †mvbv dj‡e, †mvbv dj‡e| 19
GB gg©vwšÍK my‡ii bvUKLvwb I.P.T.A.-Gi cÔ‡hvRbvq AwfbxZ nevi m‡½ m‡½ bvU‡Ki
RM‡Z IPTA GKwU kw³ n‡q `uvovq| Z‡e ÓGi ÎæwU m§¢eZ GB †h, Zv‡Z wbtk¦vm
†djevi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bBnvwm †bB, Mvb †bB, Uª¨vwRK wiwjd †Kv_vI †g‡j bv|Ö20
GLv‡b Av‡Q ïay mZ¨wbôv, NUbv Avi ewjô msjvc| Avi G Rb¨B bvUKwU mvd‡j¨i
m‡½ AmsL¨ evi AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| cÔK…Zc‡¶ ÓRevbe›`x‡Z K…lK‡`i `yie¯’vi K_v
Mfxi `i‡`i m‡½ ejv n‡q‡QZvi Rb¨ `k©‡Ki g‡b Ab¨me cÔkœ Pvcv c‡o †M‡Q|
gvbweKZvB GLv‡b cÔavb †cÔiYv n‡q I‡V‡Q|Ö21
NUbv I msjv‡ci myôz cÔ‡qv‡M Revbe›`x
†mB mgqKvi `y ©kvMÔ¯Í gvby‡li gg©š`` wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i e¨vcK Rbmvavi‡Yi AšÍi
Mfxifv‡e ¯úk© K‡iwQj| Avi ZvB GwU me©vwaK Awfbq mvdj¨ jvf K‡i MYbvU¨
Av‡›`vjb‡K K‡iwQj †eMevb| ïay evsjvi MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bB bq, †m mg‡q Gi wnw›`
Abyev` AwšÍg-Awfjvl wewfbœ g‡Â AwfbxZ n‡q wnw›`fvwl `k©‡KiI AvKv•¶v wbe„Ë
Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj|
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi avivq weRq fÆvPv‡h©i me‡P‡q kw³kvjx I Av‡jvob
m„wóKvix bvUK n‡jv bevb œ (1944)| ZrKvjxb bvU¨Av‡›`vj‡b bevbœ bvU‡Ki cÔfve-
cÔwZwµqv GZUvB Mfxi I my`~icÔmvix wQj †h, evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m Óbev‡bœi
KvjÖ e‡j GKwU we‡kl mgq wPwþZ n‡q Av‡Q| bevb œ weRb fÆvPv‡h©i cÔ_g c~Y©v½
bvUK| GwU ÓcÔKvwkZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cyiv‡bv hy‡Mi bvU¨ welqe¯` I bvU¨vw½‡K NUj
GK cÔej we‡ýviY|Ö22
gššÍi-AvwkªZ D‡Ïk¨g~jK G bvUKwU evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨ wb‡q
Gj Avw½K cÔKi‡Yi Awfbe‡Z¡i PgK| Z‡e GB AwfbeZ¡ nVvr K‡i Av‡mwb|
bvU¨Kv‡ii c~e©eZ©x bvUK Revbe›`x wQj Gi m„wói c`‡mvcvb| evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i
BwZnv‡m behy‡Mi AvnŸvqK GB bevbœ bvUKwUi iPbv cÔm‡½ bvU¨Kvi wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb:
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cwi‡cÔw¶‡Z BwZg‡a¨B ywf©¶, gnvgvix, Avwawe‰`K yN©Ubv Ges
†`ke¨vcx ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ-cÔK…wZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q P~ovšÍ GKUv cwiYwZi
w`‡K wbôzifv‡e AMÔmi n‡q‡Q| cÔ‡Z¨KwU mgm¨v Ggb weivU Avi e¨vcK AvKv‡i
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q †hb g‡b n‡”Q Ab_© hv wKQy NU‡Q Zvi Dci gvby‡li †hb †Kv‡bv
nvZ †bB| m‡PZb eyw×Rxex gbI ZLb mskq Avi weåvwšÍi †MvjKauvavq
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 115
N~Y©vqgvb| PigZg GgbB †mB ytmg‡q ÓRevbe›`xÖi Bw½‡Zi m~Îavi knx`
gvZw½bx nvRivi †`k †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi cUf~wgKvq cÔavb mgvÏv‡ii bZzb
Revbe›`x‡Z ÓbevbœÖ bvUK wjL‡Z emjvg| gyg~l©y civb gЇji †Pv‡Li †mvbvav‡bi
yt¯^cœB cÔavb mgvÏv‡ii †Pv‡L cÔwZfvZ nq RevKzmygmsKvks i¥‡c| g„Zz¨‡K eiY
Kievi y ©gbxq msKí †NvlYvi ga¨ w`‡q †m K‡i g„Zy¨‡K A¯^xKvi|23
bevbœ-Gi Kvwnwb web¨ Í n‡q‡Q PviwU A‡¼, c‡b‡ivwU `„‡k¨| bvU¨Kvwnwb ïiæ n‡q‡Q
evsjvi †Kv‡bv GK cjøx Avwgbcy‡i GKwU `v½v-nv½vgvi `„‡k¨i ga¨ w`‡q, †h `v½v-
nv½vgv wQj weªwUk mvgªvR¨ev` DrLv‡Zi Av‡›`vjb| Gici AvKw¯¦K eb¨v-mvB‡K¬v‡b
Avwgbcyi cøvweZwQbœwfbœ| cªavb mgvÏvimn MÔv‡gi K…lK mgvR gš^šÍ‡ii wkKvi| GiB
gv‡S Kv‡jvevRvwi gnvR‡bi me©MÔvmx †kvlY| mnvq-m¤jnxb gvbyl¸‡jv euvPvi ZvwM‡`
cvwo Rgvq KjKvZvq| GLv‡b iv¯Ívq iv¯Ívq wf¶ve„wË, `yÖgy‡Vv Lvevi †RvMvo nq bv|
GKUz †bvsiv Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Wv÷we‡b KzKz‡ii m‡½ jovB‡qI civwRZ nq Zviv| awbK
†kªwYi wbôzi AvPiY mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i cÔav‡bi gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ N‡U| mvwi mvwi g„Z †`n
†hLv‡b †mLv‡b| Gi gv‡SI euvPvi ¯^cœ wb‡q cybivq MÔv‡g †div Ges MuvZvi †L‡U Pvlvev`
ïiæ I bev‡bœi Drme| bevbœ-Gi Mívs‡ki GB ü`q-we`viK KiæY cwiYwZi K_v †f‡e
mybxj `Ë e‡j‡Qb, Ó`ywf©¶ I gnvgvixMÔ¯Í ev½jvi †h `„k¨ Bnvi g‡a¨ dzwUqv DwVqv‡Q
Zvnv †`wLqv AkÔæ m§iY Kiv KwVb|Ö24
weqvwjø‡ki AvM÷ Av‡›`vj‡b D”Q„•Lj
ivR‰bwZK cUf~wg, 43-44 mvj Ry‡o gš^šÍi I gnvgvix‡Z mvaviY gvbyl wbiæcvq
evsjvq avb †bB, Pvj †bB, Jlya †bB, mnvq-m§^j wKQyB †bB; ïay Av‡Q nvnvKvi I
AvnvRvwii AwMœ`v‡n QviLvi n‡q hvIqv evsjv| G mgq Rxe‡bi ewjô msMÔvg‡K i¥c
w`‡q hviv wb‡Ri K‡i wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q, †Kej ZvivB †eu‡P‡Q| hviv cv‡iwb Zviv euv‡Pwb|
Ggwb K‡i A‡b‡K g‡i‡Q| evsjv ZLb ˆZwi n‡q‡Q g„Zz¨i KvivMv‡i| Zey wbtkã GB
KvivMvi †_‡K Rxe‡bi SsKvi DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| GB SsKviB bevbœ bvU‡Ki
Kvwnwbewjô GK Rxeb-msMÔv‡gi Kvwnwb| bvU‡Ki GB msMÔvgx Rxeb‡ev‡ai g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv wg_¨v †bB, †Kv‡bv QjvKjv †bB| ZvB GB weivU msMÔvgkxj Rxeb-Kvwnwb n‡q
I‡V‡Q mgKvjxb ÓmvgvwRK Ae¶‡qi `wjjÖ|25
bevbœ cÔ_g AwfbxZ nq 1944 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei kªxi½g bvU¨g‡Â MYbvU¨
ms‡Ni cÔ‡hvRbvq| Gi wb‡`©kbvq wQ‡jb weRb fÆvPvh© I k§¢y wgÎ| Awfbq K‡iwQ‡jb
weRb fÆvPvh©, k§¢y wgÎ, myax cÔavb, M½vc` emy, PviæcÔKvk †Nvl, mRj ivq‡P×ayix,
iwÃZ emy, AwRZ wgÎ, †Mvcvj nvj`vi, weg‡j›`y †Nvl, gwYKzšÍjv †mb, †kvfv †mb,
Z…wß fv`yox (c‡i Z…wß wgÎ), jwjZv wek¦vm, gwYKv fÆvPvh© cÔgyL †`ke‡iY¨ bvU¨-
e¨w³Z¡| ejv P‡j †m mg‡q MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi KY©avi wQ‡jb GuivB| kªxi½‡g bevb œ-
Gi mdj Awfb‡qi ci bvUKwUi RbwcÔqZv e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges wewfbœ g‡Â g¯’
n‡Z _v‡K| MYbvU¨ ms‡Ni cÔ‡hvRbvq bevbœ-Gi mdj Awfbq GKw`‡K me©-fviZxq
mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb‡K †hgb †Rvi`vi K‡i †Zv‡j, †Zgwb evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i
BwZnv‡m weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvg wPi¯’vqx K‡i †`q| G cÔm‡½ †kvfv †m‡bi ¯^xKv‡ivw³wU
cÔwYavb‡hvM¨:
116 MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK
ÓbevbœÖ-Gi mvdj¨ †hb Avgv‡`i Av`‡k©i P¨v‡jb&R| ZvB ÓbevbœÖ n‡q Av‡Q
BwZnv‡m Agi| bvU¨cÔ‡qvM, welqe¯‡Z, `jMZ Awfb‡q| mgwóMZ Awfbq wQj
ÓbevbœÖ-Gi me‡P‡q eo we¯¦q| wkwkiKzgvi, wbg©‡j› y ev `vbxeveyi wUwK Lyu‡R
cvIqv hvqwb Avgv‡`i g‡a¨| wKš Avgiv mevB wg‡j n‡qwQjvg A‡bK †ewk
kw³gvb| GB Awfbq I bvU‡Ki cy‡iv K…wZZ¡ weRbeveyi|26
MYbvU¨ ms‡Ni D‡Ïk¨ ev Av`‡k©i c~Y© cÔwZdjb bevb œ bvU‡K N‡UwQj e‡jB MYbvU¨
Kg©xiv bev‡b œi Awfb‡qi ga¨ w`‡q †`‡ki gvby‡li cÔwZ mngg©x n‡q‡Qb, †`k‡cÔ‡g
DØy× n‡q †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Y wb‡R‡K K‡i‡Qb mgwc©Z| GB bvU‡Ki Awfb‡qi ga¨ w`‡q
ZvB ÓfviZxq MYbvU¨ msNÖ kniwfwËK wkíx‡`i msMwVZ K‡i `w¶Y Gwkqvi BwZnv‡m
cÔ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv Zuv‡`i MYgvby‡li KvZv‡i mvwgj Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| I.P.T.A.-
Gi D`¨gx Awf‡bÎx †kvfv †mbI e‡j‡Qb, ÓhZw`b ÓbevbœÖ-Gi Awfbq P‡j‡Q, ZviB
g‡a¨ cÔ_g Dcjwä K‡iwQ bvU‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Kxfv‡e †`‡ki KvR Kiv hvq,
Rbmvavi‡Yi m‡½ KZLvwb Mfxi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|Ö27
bevb œ-Gi Awfbq ïay
Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK-ivwóªK Rxe‡bB cÔfve we¯Ívi K‡iwb, eis ÓmgvR-m‡PZb GB bvU‡Ki
Ac~e© Awfbq evsjvi bvU¨RM‡ZI GK we`y¨r PgK mw„ó K‡iwQjÖ|28
bevbœ ïay
KjKvZvq bq, ea©gvb, †gw`bxcyi, h‡kvimn Awef³ evsjvq wewfbœ g‡Â mvd‡j¨i m‡½
AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb‡K bevb œ †hfv‡e cwiYwZ I cÔZ¨q `vb K‡i‡Q, Zv
Avi †Kv‡bv bvUK cv‡iwb| MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡b cÔwZwbwaZ¡Kvix GB bvUKB †klch©šÍ
weRb fÆvPvh©‡KI G‡b w`‡q‡Q MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi bvq‡Ki Acvi gwngv|
evsjv bvU‡K ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ (1822-1886), `xbeÜz wgÎ (1830-1873) I
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873) Gi HwZn¨‡K ¯¦iY K‡iI bZzb hy‡Mi `k©bwfwËK
MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g weRb fÆvPvh© cÔgvY K‡i‡Qb †h, †`e-†`ex, beve-ev`kv
I Rwg`vi‡`i Lvg‡Lqvwjcbvi BwZnvm †_‡K bvU¨welqe¯` c„_K I gnvb| my`k©b
bvqK-bvwqKvi cwie‡Z© mvaviY †Pnvivi gvbylhv‡`i Awfbq‡hvM¨ KÉ Av‡Q, Zv‡`i
w`‡qI †h AmvaviY bvU¨wµqv m§¢e †mwUI wZwb cÔgvY K‡i‡Qb| †`‡ki Ae‡nwjZ
RbMY huv‡`i PwiÎ GZw`b ch©šÍ AwaKvsk bvU‡K `„k¨všÍi wKsev weiwZi duvK c~i‡Y
mvnvh¨ KiZ, Zuv‡`i Avkv-AvKv•¶v, e¨_©Zv‡K g~Z© K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb weRb fÆvPvh©| Zuvi
bevb œ bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g evsjvi wbibœ K…lK, mvaviY D‡cw¶Z-Ae‡nwjZ wb§œ‡kªwYi
gvby‡li cvkvcvwk ÓwQbœg~j DØv¯` wb§œ-ga¨we‡Ëi Rxeb‡K wZwb g‡Â wb‡q G‡jb|Ö29
Avi
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi j¶¨I wQj wkí-mvwn‡Z¨ mgv‡Ri G‡Kev‡i wbPzZjvi gvby‡li
cÔwZôv †`Iqv| Kv‡RB MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I bevbœ GKwU Av‡iKwUi cwic~iKwew”Qbœ
Kivi Dcvq †bB| G bvUKwU welqe¯`, fve I Awfb‡qi w`K †_‡K evsjv bvU‡K
hyMvšÍKvix w`K cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| G Rb¨ ÓMYbvU¨ msN, weRb fÆvPvh© Ges bevbœ
c~Y© gh©v`vq cÔwZôv jvf K‡i|Ö30
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ mswkøó bvU¨Kvi-Awf‡bZvMY cÔZ¨¶-c‡iv¶fv‡e
fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| weRb fÆvPvh©I gvK©mxq †PZbvq wek¦vmx
n‡q bvUK iPbv, cwiPvjbv I Awfbq K‡i‡Qb| ZvB K…lK-kªwgK-†gnbwZ gvby‡li
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 117
Rxeb-msMÔvg I euvPvi jovB Zuvi bvU‡Ki gyL¨ welq n‡q I‡V‡Q| ÓwØZxq wek¦hy‡×i
mgq †_‡KB bvUK I bvU¨vwfb‡qi †h bexb Rxeb fvebv, D‡cw¶Z K…lK-kªwg‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZ, msMÔvgx Rxeb-†PZbv, ga¨weË wb§œ-ga¨weË gvby‡li cÔvavb¨ cÔKvk †c‡Z
_v‡K, MYbv‡U¨i Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav wn‡m‡e weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvU¨K‡g© ZviB mvwe©K
c‡Uv‡Ëvjb N‡UwQj|Ö31
Avi GB KvRwU m§úbœ Ki‡Z †mZze܇bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q
bevbœ bvUKLvwb| G‡Z evsjvi †gnbwZ-wbibœ K…lK Rxe‡bi PvjwPÎ †hfv‡e wPwÎZ
n‡q‡Q, Zv Avi †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq bv| Gi cÔvq 85 eQi c~‡e© iwPZ `xbeÜz wg‡Îi
bvU‡K †Kej Zvi AvswkK cÔqvm †`Lv hvq| Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© wj‡L‡Qb:
e¯Zt `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Óbxj`c©YÑGi ci †`‡ki wbibœ K…lK mgv‡Ri ¯^cœ-msMÔvg‡K
Aej§b Kwiqv Óbevbœ-Gi gZ bvUK Avi wØZxqwU iwPZ nq bvB|32
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZi Kv‡j bevb œ-Gi g mdjZv I RbwcÖqZv ïay evOvwj
gvb‡mB mvov RvMvqwb, eis cÔMwZev`x A‡bK AevOvwji g‡bI GwU Mfxifv‡e bvov
w`‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| kªxi½‡g Gi Awfbq †`‡L gy» n‡q ZvB GKRb weªwUk cvBjU
weRb fÆvPvh©‡K Awfb›`b Rvwb‡q GKwU wPwV wj‡LwQ‡jb| cÔm½Z †mB wPwVi Ask
we‡kl GLv‡b D×…Z KiwQ:
Out of the agony of the grapes, comes the glory of the wine.
Out of the agony of the people, comes the glory of the nation.
Those words express better than any of mine that which I saw
last night. In your play I saw the agony and the potent spirit of
India more clearly and vividly than I have even seen it before.
...If my wishes could come true it would be good if you could
produce your play in London. Every British men and women
should see it.33
bevbœ-Gi welqe¯` ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cÔ_g w`‡K
d¨vwmev‡`i Kv‡Q weªwUk evwnbxi civRq, MvÜxRxi †bZ…‡Z¡ RvZxq Ks‡MÔ‡mi giYcY
(Do or die) msMÔv‡g Amvdj¨, †gw`bxcy‡i mvB‡K¬vb I fqven eb¨v, cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi,
Kv‡jvevRvwi I †PvivKvievwii m‡½ weªwUk miKv‡ii AšÍtm§úK© BZ¨vw` bvbvwea NUbvi
m§ú~Y© wPÎ G‡Z ¯úó bv _vK‡jI A‡bK NUbviB Avfvm Av‡Q| weªwUk miKvi iwPZ
bvU¨-wbqš¿Y AvB‡bi QvocÎ wb‡Z n‡qwQj e‡j me mgm¨v ¯úó K‡i ejv m§¢e nqwb|34
Zey G‡`‡ki gvbyl bevb œ-Gi gg©evYx eyS‡Z we› ygvÎ wej§^ K‡ibwb| GB wekvj we¯Í…Z
NUbvivwR GKm‡½ bvUKxq e„‡Ë MÔw_Z Ki‡Z wM‡q bvU¨Kvi‡K wQbœ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj
cÖPwjZ bvU¨vw½K I bvU¨-wel‡qi RUvRvj| ZvB bvUK wn‡m‡e bevb œ-Gi MVb wel‡q †m
mg‡q Gi wei¥c mgv‡jvPbv K‡i A‡b‡K G‡K ÓAmsjMœ bvUKÖ e‡jwQ‡jb| Avm‡j ÓGB
AvcvZ AmsjMœZvi AšÍiv‡j engvb e¨vcK cwi‡ekxq HK¨B Óbev‡bœÖi MVb-ag©Õ|35
†Kbbv bvUKwU iPbvi †cÔ¶vcUwU wQj Pig DËvj| 42-Gi AvM÷ gv‡m MvÜxRx hLb
weªwUk DrLv‡Zi giY cY ÓK‡i‡½ B‡q g‡i‡½Ö gš¿ †`b ZLb e½‡`k, wenvi, DËi-
cÔ‡`‡k ¯^Ztý~Z© MYwe‡¶vf †`Lv †`q| evsjv‡`‡k †gw`bxcy‡ii RbmvaviY mymsNe×
n‡q _vbv I Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi Awdm AvµgY Kivi †Póv K‡i| H mgq 72 eQi eqmx
118 MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK
gvZw½bx nvRiv †kvfv hvÎvq †bZ…Z¡ †`b| cywjk ¸wj †Qv‡o| e›`y‡Ki GKwU ¸wj Zuvi
evû‡Z AvNvZ nv‡b| wbf©xK gvZw½bx Zey _v‡gb bv| Av‡iKwU ¸wj Zuvi Kcvj †f`
K‡i hvq| wZwb g„Zz¨i †Kv‡j X‡j c‡ob| H Ae¯’v‡ZI Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi
cÔZxK wn‡m‡e Zuvi nv‡Z ¯^vaxbZvi cZvKv AuvK‡o aiv wQj|36
GB DËvj MYmsMÔv‡gi
wPÎwU weRb fÆvPvh© ÓbevbœÖ bvU‡Ki cÔ_g `„‡k¨ †K×k‡j wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| bvU‡Ki
Avwgbcyi Avm‡j †gw`bxcyi, cÂvbbx n‡jb gvZw½bx nvRiv Avi euv‡ki MuvU dvUvi kã
n‡jv e›`y‡Ki ¸‡jvi kã| weªwUk mvgªvR¨ev`x ˆmb¨evwnbxi AZ¨vPv‡i hLb Avwgbcy‡ii
K…lK-mgvR AwZô, cÔwZKv‡ii Av‡›`vj‡b hLb cÔav‡bi `yB cyÎ wbnZ, MÔv‡gi bvix‡`i
m§£g wb‡q hLb UvbvUvwb, ZLb mevB fxZ n‡jI gvZw½bx nvRiv m`„k e„×v cÂvbbx
Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb| cywj‡ki ¸‡jv ZuviI Kcvj †f` K‡i| Zey
wZwb Av‡›`vj‡b GwM‡q hvevi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡Z _v‡Kb| bvU¨Kv‡i fvlvq:
cÂvbbx: Avwgbcy‡ii Kj¼, Avwgbcy‡ii Kj¼ †Zviv me, ZvB †cQy nUwQm&| †c‡Qvmwb,
GwM‡q hv| GwM‡q hv †Zviv me, GwM‡q hv|37
Gici Avwgbcy‡i nVvr fqven eb¨v-mvB‡K¬vb, Ni-evwo, dmj mewKQy DRvo, `ywf©¶-
gnvgvwi‡Z K…lK mgvR w`‡knviv, GiB gv‡S nviæ`‡Ëi g‡Zv ¯^v_©v‡š^lx gnvR‡bi Kv‡Q
me©¯^ nvwi‡q Zviv KjKvZvq Av‡m| GLv‡b wf¶v K‡iI `y‡Uv †L‡Z cvq bv| Ae‡k‡l
euvPvi ZvwM‡` y‡Uv †bvsiv Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Wv÷we‡b KzKz‡ii m‡½ jovB‡q bv‡g, wKš`
KzKz‡ii Kvgo †L‡q GLv‡bI civRq N‡U| A_P GB mg‡q mgv‡Ri eoeveyiv KZ kZ
f`ª‡ekx ¯v_©v‡š^lx †jvK‡K wbgš¿Y K‡i LvB‡q‡Q| ¶zav-Z…òvi R¡vjvq g„ZcÔvq
gvbyl¸‡jvi AvZ©bv` Zv‡`i Kv‡b †cuׇQ bv| GB AgvbweK, wbôzi AvPiY †`‡L cÔavb
mgvÏvi †¶v‡f-`yt‡L-N„Yvq DuPzZjvi gvbyl¸‡jvi cÔwZ Mjv dvwU‡q wPrKvi Ki‡Z _v‡K:
Avi KZ †PuPve evey `y‡Uv fv‡Zi R‡b¨! †Zvgiv wK me ewai n‡q †MQ eveywKQy Kv‡b
†kvb bv? AšÍi wK me †Zvgv‡`i cvlvY n‡q †M‡Q evey!38
Gici fvZ bq, mvgvb¨ fv‡Zi d¨v‡bi Avkvq eoevey‡`i evwoi †Wª‡bi Kv‡Q KzKzi Avi
gvbyl cvkvcvwk e‡m A‡c¶v K‡i| GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ cvkvcvwk e‡m _vKv wfbœ Rv‡Zi `yÖwU
cÖvwYi g‡a¨ ZLb †hb Avi cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| Pvwiw`‡K eyfy¶zi nvnvKvi-AvnvRvwi Ges
†c‡Ui R¡vjvq DØv¯` gvbyl¸‡jv ZLb wbR©xe, AmviÓg„Zz¨i A‡c¶vq mgq MYbviI mva¨
Zv‡`i †bB|Õ39
GB i¥p mvgvwRK Ae¶‡qi Kvwnwb cÔPwjZ bvU¨vw½‡K wPwÎZ Kiv hvq
bv| G Rb¨ bevbœ-Gi Avw½K-cÔKiYI wfbœ| Gi bvU¨vw½K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡j bZzb
Kvbyb `iKviMZvbyMwZK Kvby‡b Gi wePvi P‡j bv|
bevbœ-Gi c‡i weRb fÆvPvh© iPbv K‡ib GKv¼ givPuv` (1946), Kj¼
(1946), Ges c~Y©v½ Ae‡iva (1947) bvUKwU| wKš` G bvUK wZbwU MYbvU¨ ms‡Ni
cÔ‡hvRbvq AwfbxZ nqwb| givPuv`-G bvU¨Kvi ceb evD‡ji Mv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡Ri
G‡Kev‡i wb§œ‡kªwYi gvby‡li Rxeb-msMÔvg‡KB wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| Ae‡iva bvUKwU
KwgDwbR‡gi Av`‡k© KviLvbvi gvwjK-kªwgK msNl©‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ, Zey KviLvbvi
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 119
gvwj‡Ki cyuwRev`x ¯^i¥c m§ú‡K© bvU¨Kv‡ii AbwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y MYbvU¨ msN G
bvUKwU‡K MÔnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB MYbv‡U¨i Av`k© †_‡K wePy¨Z bv n‡jI Gme
bvUK MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡b bevbœ-Gi g‡Zv f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi avivq weRb fÆvPv‡h©i cieZ©x D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb n‡”Q Rxqb
Kb¨v (1948) MxwZbvU¨wU| G‡Z †e‡` mgv‡Ri bvbv ms¯‹vi, HwZn¨-jvwjZ cÖ_v-
c×wZ, RvwZMZ wek¦vm cÔf„wZi m‡½ †`kwefv‡Mi Avk¼vq wn› y-gymwjg `v½v-we‡Ø‡li
wPÎI cÔwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| mc©-wekvi` †e‡` mgv‡Ri m‡½ wQj bvU¨Kv‡ii Avevj¨
cwiPq| wZwb evj¨Kv‡j XvKv-gywÝMÃ GjvKvi mvcy‡o‡`i mvc aiv, mv‡ci †Ljv,
mvc‡K bvPv‡bv mewKQy Lye KvQ †_‡K †`‡L‡Qb Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL g‡g© g‡g©
Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb|40
G Qvov evsjvi AvDj-evDj m§cÔ`v‡qi m‡½ wQj Zuvi Avevj¨
mL¨| Mvb I my‡ii cÔwZ wQj Zuvi AvRb¤ Uvb| ZvB ÓKvwnbxi †jvK AvL¨vbawg©Zv I ivM
m½x‡Zi m‡½ †jvKMxwZi gh©v`vgq †gjeÜb ÓRxqbKb¨vÖq GKwU mRxe ¯úk©gqZv mÂvi
K‡i‡QÖ|41
wZbwU `„‡k¨i G MxwZbvU¨wU‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, †e‡`-m`©vi cÔex‡ii Kb¨v
Djycx‡K mc©-`skb K‡i, Zv‡K euvPv‡bvi R‡b¨ bvbv ISv-¸Yx‡bi Avbv‡Mvbv, wKQy‡ZB
wKQy nq bv| Ae‡k‡l mg¯Í ISv-¸Yx‡bi Zš¿-gš¿ GK‡Î Pvjvb Ki‡j mc© nvwRi nq|
wKš` mc© †kvbvq wbivkvi evYx:
†kl K_vUv e‡j hvB
evB`¨vi Kb¨vi euvPb bvB|
Avnv gnv‡`kUv NygvB‡Q
Kj&‡RUv †gvi RyovB‡Q|42
Zey Djycx‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ ¸Yx‡bi `j ev‡Y ev‡Y mc©‡K Aw¯’i K‡i †Zv‡j| †klch©šÍ
welgy³ K‡i Djycxi gnvRvMiY NUvq ÓfviZ gvZvi g‡ZvÖ| Avm‡j GB cÔqvm m‡c©i
weiæ‡× bq, G ZrKvjxb ÓK¨vjvm miKv‡iiÖ weiæ‡× GK we‡kl cÔwZev`| RxqbKb¨vi
GB i¥cK Avkª‡qi K_v myax cÔavbI e‡j‡Qb:
RxqbKb¨vi welqe¯` G‡Kev‡iB KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i ivRbxwZwfwËK| mc© `swkZv
Djycx‡K fviZe‡l©i cÔZxK ejv hvq†h civaxbZvi we‡l g„ZcÔvq| bvbvb
¸Yxb‡`i mgv‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K euvPvevi Rb¨| GB ¸Yxb¸‡jv n‡”Q
ivR‰bwZK `jhviv cÔ‡Z¨‡K ej‡Q Zviv fviZe‡l©i g½j Pvq| wKš wel Zzj‡Z
cvi‡Q bv, KviY wel †Zvjvi gš¿ hv aššÍix‡`i ÓmvZLvbv nv‡Z cuvPLvbv n‡q‡QÖ
e‡j Zvi †Rvi K‡g‡Q|43
Avm‡j ¸Yxb‡`i gš¿ ÓmvZLvbv nv‡Z cuvPLvbv nIqvÖi ga¨ w`‡q fvi‡Zi Rbmvavi‡Yi
Ks‡MÔm, gymwjg jxM, KwgDwb÷ cÔf„wZ As‡k wef³ nIqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi
mKj ¸Yx‡bi GK‡Î gš¿ Pvjvb †`Iqvi ga¨ w`‡q fvi‡Zi mKj `j‡K mvgªvR¨ev`
DrLv‡Zi Rb¨ GKm‡½ msMÔvg Pvjv‡bvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB MYbvU¨
Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨i m‡½ Gi m§ú„³Zv my¯úó| ZvQvov GB †jvKd‡g©i bvU‡Ki
ga¨w`‡q evsjv bvU‡K AwfbeZ¡ AvbvqbI bvU¨Kv‡ii Kg K…wZ‡Z¡i bq| G cÔm‡½ †kvfv
†m‡bi gšÍe¨ cÔwYavb‡hvM¨:
120 MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK
bevbœ-Gi mvd‡j¨i ci Avgv‡`i I †`kevmxi weivU cÔZ¨vkv _v‡K ÓbevbœÖ-Gi
bvU¨Kv‡ii Kv‡Q| ZvB w`‡bi ci w`b A‡c¶v KiwQjvg Av‡iKwU we‡ ªv‡ni Mvb
ïb‡Z| Gj ÓRxqbKb¨vÖ| cov nj| GI GK Awfbe m„wó|44
GB avivevwnKZvq weRb fÆvPv‡h©i Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb n‡jv Ó†`exMR ©bÕ
(1969)| GLv‡b wbh©vwZZ-wbcxwoZ muvIZvj Avw`evmx‡`i Rxeb-cÔYvjx Ges G‡`i
Ici †RvZ`vi, gnvRb, f~¯^vgx‡`i †kvlY-wbh©vZ‡bi wPÎ †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb me©nviv
gvby‡li cÔwZ‡iva-cÔwZKv‡ii wPÎI Av‡Q| cÔK…Zc‡¶ bevbœ (1944) bvU‡K †h exR Dß
n‡qwQj Zv †`exMR©b bvU‡K cwiYZ bvU¨kixi cwiMÔn K‡i‡Q| wZb A‡¼ GMv‡ivwU
`„‡k¨i bvU¨Kvwnwb mymsnZ| Kvwnwb‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, evsjvi cÔZ¨šÍ A‡j Avw`evmx
evDwi muvIZvj Pvlx‡`i evm| Rwg`vwi-cÔ_vi we‡jvc mva‡bi ci ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx cÔfÃb
†ebvwg‡Z Pvlx‡`i Rwg wb‡R‡`i Znkxjfy³ K‡i †bq| cÂv‡qZx kvmbe¨e¯’v evbPvj
K‡i Aeva wbôziZvq mvgšÍZvwš¿K kvmb Pvjy K‡i †m| K…wlFY Avi KR©vav‡bi my`
†hvMv‡Z wM‡q me©¯^všÍ nq `wi`ª fyuBPvlxi `j| Zv‡`iB Rwgi av‡b †Mvjv fwZ© nq
cÔfÇbi, Avi ZvivB _v‡K wbibœ-Dcevmx| GB AvwacZ¨ cÔfÇbi wbi¼zk B”Qvi|
hLb †m e‡j, ÓAvwg ivRv, AvgviB bxwZÑBUvB ivRbxwZÕ45
ZLb Zv‡K wPb‡Z Avi
Amyweav nq bv| wKš` GK mgq mÂvwiqv Avi gsjvi †bZ…‡Z¡ †RvUe× fyuBPvlxiv
cÂv‡qZx kvmb Pvjy Kivi aŸwb †Zv‡j| gsjvi g‡b †PZbv Rv‡M- Ó†K ivRv, Kvi
ivR¨Õ?46
ZvB K…wlFY Avi KR©vav‡bi my` cÔfÃb‡K wWwO‡q mivmwi miKvwi KvQvwi‡Z
Rgv w`‡Z Pvq Pvlxiv| ag©‡Mvjvi gRyZavb Afv‡ei w`‡b Pvlx‡`i g‡a¨ weZiY K‡i
†`Iqvi `vweI Rvbvq| cÔfÃb Zv‡Z ivwR bv n‡j Pvlx‡`i m‡½ Zvi jovB euv‡a| †mB
cÔPÐ MYwe‡¶v‡fi mvg‡b Z…YL‡Ði g‡Zv †f‡m †M‡Q ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx cÔfÃb| mvgšÍZvwš¿K
†kvlY-e¨e¯’vi wemR©‡bi Zv‡j Zv‡j ZLb AvKv‡k evZv‡m aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q †`exMR©b|
ZvB G bvUKwU n‡q I‡V‡Q Ó†RvUe× cÔwZ‡iva cÔwZÁvi bvUKÖ|47
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡b †jvKv‡qZ gvby‡li mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ Ges †gnbwZ gvby‡li
cÖwZev`-cÔwZ‡iva I wecøe we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| MYbvU¨ msN mgKvjxb bvU¨-Av‡›`vj‡b GB
RvZxq bvUK‡KB MÔnY K‡iwQj we‡kl AvMÔ‡n| weRb fÆvPvh© GB bvUKwUi gva¨‡g
MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb‡K †hgb †Rvi`vi K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb evsjvi wbibœ K…lK-mgv‡Ri gyw³i
c_wUI †`wL‡q‡Qb| P›`b Luv G cÔm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb:
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AmsMwVZ K…lK-mgvR msNe× kw³ wb‡q wecø‡e mvwgj n‡j
GKw`b ¯^‡cœi †fvi Avm‡eB| Kgy¨wb÷ weRbeveyI GB ¯^cœ c‡_i AwfhvÎx
wQ‡jb| Zuvi GB ¯^cœ wKš †ivgvw›UK Kíbvwejvm bq, G ¯^‡cœi g‡a¨ wg‡k Av‡Q
Nvg, AkÔæ Avi i‡³i †bvbZv ¯^v`| †Kvb c‡_ K…lK gyw³ m§¢e, bvU¨Kvi AZ¨šÍ
`¶Zvi m‡½ †mB w`K-wPþwU Av‡jvP¨ bvU‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|48
Gme QvovI weRb fÆvPvh© mgv‡Ri Ae‡nwjZ-wbh©vwZZ, †kvwlZ-ewÂZ bvbv †kªwYi
gvby‡li Rxeb-msMÔvg Aej§^‡b Rb‡bZv (1951), †MvÎvšÍi (1959), Qvqvc_
(1962), Pzjøx (1974), nuvmLvwji nuvm (1977) cÔf„wZ bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb| MYbvU¨
Av‡›`vj‡bi bvU‡K e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK Rxeb-fvebvi ’vb †bB; mgwói fvebvB GLvbKvi g~j
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 121
myi| Avi weRb fÆvPv‡h©i Gme bvU‡KI †mB myiB evievi SsK…Z n‡q I‡V| A_P Gme
bvUK wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb MYbvU¨ msN †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi ci| gZv`k©MZ Kvi‡Y
msN †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡jI MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi GB myi-SsKv‡ii evB‡i wZwb †Kv‡bvw`bB
†h‡Z cv‡ibwb| G cÔm‡½ cweÎ miKvi e‡j‡Qb:
huviv bvUK w`‡q fviZxq MYbvU¨ m•N‡K D¾xweZ K‡iwQ‡jb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ weRb
fÆvPvh© bvbv Kvi‡Y MYbvU¨ aviv †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡jI Zuvi bvU‡K MYbv‡U¨i g~j
j¶¨ AwaKvskZ eRvq wQj|49
Zuvi G RvZxq bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ Rb‡bZvÕq Lv`¨ msK‡Ui cUf~wgKvq ¯^vaxbZvi Ae¨ewnZ
cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU MÔv‡gi Z_vKw_Z Rb‡bZvi cÔZviK f~wgKvwU‡K e¨½
we ª¥‡ci gva¨‡g D‡b¤vwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvU¨Kvi MYbv‡U¨i Av`‡k© ZrKvjxb ¯^v_©v‡š^lx
Kv‡jvevRvwi‡`i m‡½ miKv‡ii †hvMm~ÎwU‡KI wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| Pig Afv‡ei w`‡b
hLb wbibœ MÔvgevmx mvay Luvi †Pviv Pvjv‡bi Pvj fwZ© jix AvUK K‡i ZLb Kv‡jvevRvwi
mvay Luvi m‡½ Rb‡bZv b‡i›`ªbv‡_i AšÍtm§úK©wU D‡b¤vwPZ nq Gfv‡e:
mvay Luv : †`L GÆv K_v ewj| Ah_v nv½vgv K‡i H Pvj hw` †Zvgiv AvUK
ivL †Zv NUbv Lvivc n‡q hv‡e| (Rb‡bZv b‡i› ªbv‡_i Kv‡Q Gi mgvavb †P‡q)
K…cvbv_ : Revbx‡Z ej‡eb bv, Avgiv Pvj cve wKbv ZvB ejyb|
b‡i› ªbv_ : AvwgB ejwQ, AvwgB ejwQ| (mvay Luvi m‡½ ZvovZvwo Kv‡b Kv‡b
NUbv †kv‡bb) H Pvj wgwjUvix wiKzBwRkb K‡i‡Q; myZivs H Pv‡ji Ici
Avgv‡`i Kv‡iv †Kvb nvZ †bB|50
†`k wefv‡Mi mgq gvby‡li Lv`¨ mgm¨vi cvkvcvwk ev¯` mgm¨vI cÔKU n‡q I‡VwQj|
bvU¨Kv‡ii †MvÎvšÍi bvUKwU †mB mg‡qi KjKvZv kn‡ii DØv¯` mgm¨v‡K †K›`ª K‡i
iwPZ| wQbœg~j MÔv‡gi ¯‹zj wk¶K n‡ib gv÷v‡ii Kvwnwb G‡Z ¯’vb †c‡jI Zv wbQK Zvi
ev¯` mgm¨v‡K †K›`ª K‡i bq| eis ¯‹zj wk¶K †_‡K wKfv‡e wZwb ew Íevmx kªwg‡K
†MvÎvšÍwiZ n‡jb ZviB KiæY BwZnvm G bvUKwU| gw›`iv iv‡qi g‡Z, ÓwÎk¼z ga¨weË
†kªYx wKfv‡e ew¯Íevmx me©nviv kªwg‡Ki m‡MvÎ n‡q I‡V‡Q †mB †MvÎvšÍ‡ii BwZnvmÖ51
-G
bvUKwU| Kv‡RB bvU¨Kvi GLv‡bI mgwói wPšÍv †_‡K wew”Qbœ nbwb|
m‡e©vcwi G K_v ejv hvq †h, MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m
Ges Avgv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨‡ev‡a †h Awfbe‡Z¡i Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i cÔwmw× jvf
K‡i‡Q, Zvi cÔvYcyiæl wQ‡jb weRb fÆvPvh©| Avi Zuvi iwPZ bvUKmg~n wQj MYbvU¨
Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbvi nvwZqvi ¯^i¥c| Zuvi bvU‡Ki Awfbq †hgb MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi
D‡Ïk¨-j¶¨ ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z cÔavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i
BwZnv‡mI G‡b w`‡q‡Q bZzb bvU¨vw½‡K ev¯ÍeZv‡K cÔwZwôZ Kivi †cÔiYv| evsjv
bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb Ges weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK ZvB mg-gh©v`vq
cÔwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q|
Z_¨m~Î
1. `k©b †P×ayix, MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb, wØZxq cÔKvk, (KjKvZv: Abyózc cÔKvkbx, 1994), c„. 1
2. gw›`iv ivq, MYbvU¨ Ges bebvU¨: GKwU weZ©K, (KjKvZv: evgv cy¯ÍKvjq, 2004), c„. 4
122 MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK
3. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©, evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, wØZxq LÐ, wØZxq ms., (KjKvZv: G. gyLvR©x
GÛ †Kvs cÔv.wj., 1368 e½vã), c„. 444
4. ‘Mussolini was a convinced internationalist and revolutionary, violently opposed to
parliamentary activities and to the socialist acceptance of parliamentary procedure’.
‘When Mussolini, after the elections of May 1921, became the leader of a
partiamentary group he attempted to steer a more moderate course. Together with
the National liberals of Salandra the Fascists formed the ‘National Right’, and
Mussolini in his first parliamentary speech spoke out strongly against Socialists
and Democrats’.
`ªóe¨: Carsten, F.L., The Rise of Fascism, (London: Methuen and Co., 1967), p. 21, 59.
5. ‘In the 1930, it was Hilter and National Socialist Germany who were admired and
imitated by Fascist circles all over Europe, and not Mussolini’s Italy’.
ªóe¨: Ibid, p. 81
6. `k©b †P×ayix, c~‡e©v³, c„. 8-9
7. myaxb cÖavb, bevbœ: cÖ‡hvRbv I cÖfve, (KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK wecwY, 1989), c„. 8
8. gw›`iv ivq, weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvU¨Kg© I mgKvjxb †cÖw¶Z, (KjKvZv: cy ÍK wecwY, 1992), c„. 4
9. Awbj wek¦vm, KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I Zvi gZv`k©, cÂg ms., (KjKvZv: b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ,
2004), c„. 59
10. m‡ivR gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fvi‡Zi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I Avgiv, wØZxq LÐ, wØZxq gy ªY, (KjKvZv:
b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ, 1991), c„. 1; AbxK gvngy`, AvaywbK evsjv-Kv‡e¨ mvg¨ev`x †PZbv,
(XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1995), c„. 48
11. myax cÔavb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 4
12. `k©b †P×ayix, c~‡e©v³, c„. 17; MYbv‡U¨i bevbœ: cybg~©j¨vqb, (KjKvZv: evgv cy¯ÍKvjq, 1997), c„.
19; gw›`iv ivq, MYbvU¨ Ges bebvU¨: GKwU weZ©K, c„. 10; iæ‡ej AvbQvi, weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK:
mgKvjxb Rxeb I mgvR, (ivRkvnx: aªæe mvwnZ¨ cÔKvkb, 2007), c„. 47
13. mRj ivq‡P×ayix, MYbvU¨ K_v, (KjKvZv: MYgb cÔKvkb, 1990), c„. 32-33
14. weRb fÆvPvh©, Av¸b (5g „k¨), eûi¥cx, msL¨v-33, A‡±vei-1969, c„. EbPwjøk
15. Z‡`e, c„. Pwjøk
16. gw›`iv ivq, weRb fÆvPv‡h©i bvU¨Kg© I mgKvjxb †cÖw¶Z, c„. 19
17. weRb fÆvPvh©, Revbe›`x (1g „k¨), eûi¥cx, msL¨v-34, Ryb-1970, c„. Dwbk
18. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, Reprinted,
(London: Penguin Books, 1979), P. 82
19. weRb fÆvPvh©, Revbe›`x (4_© „k¨), c~‡e©v³, c„. GKwÎk
20. mRj ivq‡P×ayix, c~‡e ©v³, c„. 36
21. A‡kvKKzgvi wgkª, MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I bevbœ, cwigvwR©Z e½xq mvwnZ¨ msm` ms., (KjKvZv:
e½xq mvwnZ¨ msm`, 2001), c„. 33
22. Z‡`e
23. weRb fÆvPvh©, bevbœ (4_© ms. 1962-Gi f~wgKv), cÂg cÖgv ms., (KjKvZv: cÖgv cÖKvkbx,
1996), c„. 28-29
24. mybxj `Ë, bvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi 30 eQi, wØZxq cÖKvk, (KjKvZv: RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cwil`, 1987),
c„. 19
25. Zvcm fÆvPvh©, weRb fÆvPvh©: MYbvU¨ Av‡›`vjb I bevbœ Ges, (KjKvZv: RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cwil`,
2001), c„. 47
26. †kvfv †mb, ¯§i‡Y we¯§i‡Y: bevbœ †_‡K jvj yM©, wØZxq ms., (KjKvZv: Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ
cÔv.wj., 1996), c„. 20
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 123
27. Z‡`e, c„. 21
28. cÔ‡`¨vZ †mb¸ß, evsjv bvUK bvU¨ZË¡ I i½g cÖm½, cÖ_g LÐ, wØZxq cwigvwR©Z ms.,
(KjKvZv: eY©vjx cÔKvkbx, 1997), c„. 226
29. Z‡`e
30. `k©b †P×ayix, MYbv‡U¨i bevbœ: cybg~©j¨vqb, c„. 4
31. H, evsjv w_‡qUv‡ii BwZnvm, (KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK wecwY, 1995), c„. 311
32. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©, c~‡e©v³, c„. 454
33. DׄZ, weRb fÆvPvh©, ÕMYbvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡b †mKvj I GKvjÒ, wkevw`Z¨ `vk¸ß (msKwjZ),
wjLb-fvlY-K‡_vcK_b: wewkó weRb, (KjKvZv: gbPvlv, 2005), c„. 18
34. myax cÔavb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 1-2
35. gw›`iv ivq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 24
36. fviZ‡Kvl, cÔ_g LÐ, (AvM÷ Av‡›`vjb cÔm½), (KjKvZv: e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`, 1371 e½vã),
c„. 213; evsjv-wcwWqv, Aóg LÐ, (gvZw½bx nvRiv cÔm½), (XvKv: evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK
†mvmvBwU, 2003), c„. 114; k¨vgvcÔmv` emy, msMÖvgx RvZxqZvev`x: †gw`bxcyi I gvbf~g,
(KjKvZv: †`ÖR cvewjwks, 2003), c„. 52
37. weRb fÆvPvh©, bevbœ (1g A¼, 1g „k¨), c~‡e©v³, c„. 38-39
38. Z‡`e, (2q A¼, 3q „k¨), c„. 84
39. nx‡i› ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, Zix n‡Z Zxi, wØZxq cÔKvk, (KjKvZv: gbxlv, 1986), c„. 361
40. weRb fÆvPvh©, ÕRbmvavi‡Yi AvwgÒ, wkevw`Z¨ `vk¸ß msKwjZ c~‡e©v³ MÔš’, c„. 51
41. gw›`iv ivq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 26
42. weRb fÆvPvh©, RxqbKb¨v, (3q „k¨), eûi¥cx, msL¨v-33, A‡±vei-1969, c„. Qvcvbœ
43. myax cÔavb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 128
44. †kvfv †mb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 23
45. weRb fÆvPvh©, †`exMR©b (2q A¼, 2q „k¨), cÔ_g cÔgv ms., (KjKvZv: cÔgv cÔKvkbx, 2001),
c„. 75
46. Z‡`e, (3q A¼, 2q „k¨), c„. 101
47. Zvcm fÆvPvh©, c~‡e©v³, c„. 66
48. P›`b Luv, †`exMR©b: cybg~©j¨vqb, (KjKvZv: †Nvl GÛ †Kvs, 2005), c„. 38
49. cweÎ miKvi, bvU¨g bvU¨iƒc, wØZxq ms., (KjKvZv: cÔgv cÔKvkbx, 1397 e½vã), c„. 229
50. weRb fÆvPvh©, Rb‡bZv, MÜe©, weRb fÆvPvh© I evsjvi w_‡qUvi Av‡›`vjb msL¨v, Avwk¦b-1384
e½vã, c„. 195
51. gw›`iv ivq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 36
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e¨eüZ G msL¨vq g~j bvUK As‡k c„ôv b§i K_vq gyw`ªZ Ges cÔeÜ As‡k c„ôv b¤i MvwYwZK msL¨vq
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