My Seminar Report03

8/8/2019 My Seminar Report03

1/25

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scale is known as

NANOTECHNOLOGY. An aspect of nanotechnology is the vastly increased ratio of

surface area to volume present in many nano scale materials which makes possible

new quantum mechanical effects , for example the quantum size effect where the

electronic properties of solids altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect

does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it

becomes pronounced when the nanometer size range is reached.

Nanotechnology can be thought of as extensions of traditional disciplines towards

the explicit consideration of these properties. Additionally, traditional disciplines can

be re-interpreted as specific application of nanotechnology. This reciprocation of ideas

and concepts contributes to the understanding of the field. Broadly speaking,

nanotechnology is the synthesis and application of ideas from science and engineering

towards the understanding and production of novel materials and devices. These

products generally make copious use of physical properties associated with small

scales.

1


2/25

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

Imagine a machinery that can repair itself, imagine building ceramic engineers

form a solution without hairline cracks. Nanotechnology hold out significant promise

of development in numerous areas. Tiny self-replicating machine could mine industry

waste for ore or aid the cleanup of pollution. It is an army of tiny self-replicating

machines sorting out garbage, separating metals, glasses and plastics, distilling

alcohol for fuel from waste biomass and so no. This field remain justified in its

intimacy but as times goes on, we will continue to develop interesting techniques and

technologies.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significance of Nanotechnology is that it controls matter at an atomic and

molecular scale. It is significant because it has the potential to create many new

things, affecting things in our society e.g. medicine, energy and all things electronic.

Nanotechnology is significant on the account of its pre-eminence upon the

comprehension, use and control of matter at magnitudes of a minute scale, akin to

approaching atomic levels, with which to manufacture new substances, instruments

and frame works. It is an emergent diversity if technologies in which medicine and

engineering come together with physics and chemical science which are opening up

brand new possibilities especially within the medical arena in terms of implantable

2


3/25

transmission methods, which are often favored to the application of injectable

medicines.

One if not the most significant aspects of the applications of nanotechnology is the

incorporation of this science into medical programs embracing the present research

into vaccine information, wound regeneration, skin care narcotic countermeasures and

chemical and biological detectors. The biological in addition to medicinal study areas,

have utilized the unequalled properties of nano materials for various programs not

least due to their aspiring enhanced delivery methods, such as pulmonic or epidemic

systems to prevent having to pass throughout the abdomen, encapsulation for both

delivery and differed release, and ultimately the combination of detection with

transmission to ensure that medicines are delivered precisely where they are required,

consequently reducing the side effects on sound tissue and cells.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The fundamental objective of nanotechnology is to model, stimulate, design and

manufacture nanostructures and nano devices with extraordinary properties and

assemble them economically into a working system revolutionary functional ability.

Nanotechnology offers a new paradigm of groundbreaking material development by

controlling and manipulating the fundamental building blocks of matter at nano scale.

The basic objective of nanotechnology is to be able to manipulate matter on the

3


4/25

atomic and molecular scale to create material and devices. One of the long term

objective is to build nano-sized machines which can be inserted into the human body

in order to detect and repair diseased cells in a real possibility. A crucial objective of

nanotechnology is to be able to develop a manufacturing technology able to

inexpensively fabricate most products which can be specified with molecular

precision and which are consistent with physical law.

4


5/25

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The history ofNANOTECHNOLOGY is dotted with a certain amount of skepticism.

Some people hold firmly that this is a brand new form of scientific evolution that did

not develop until the late 1980s or early 1990s. Others have found evidence that the

history of nanotechnology can be tracked back to the year 1959. Either way as

scientific development goes, nanotechnology is still a relatively fresh and new arena

of scientific research.

In 1959, the great physicist Richard Feynman suggested that it should be

possible to build machines small enough to manufacture objects with atomic

precision. His talk theres plenty of room at the bottom, is widely considered to be

the foreshadowing of nanotechnology. In the late 1970s, Eric Drexler began to invent

what would become molecular manufacturing. He quickly realized that molecular

machines could control the chemical manufacture of complex products, including

additional manufacturing systems which would be a very powerful technology. In

5


6/25

1986, he introduced the term NANOTECHNOLOGY in his book [engines of

creation], to describe the approach to manufacturing and some of its consequences.

The term nanotechnology rapidly became popular and almost immediately, its

meaning began to shift. By 1992, Drexler was using molecular nanotechnology to

distinguish his manufacturing ideas from the simpler product-focused research that

was borrowing the word. This research producing shorter-term results came to define

the field for many observers and has continued with the claim nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is the development of progress, as many like to put it and progress

has included the vulcanization of rubber and the introduction of steel into the society.

This advancements counts in the history of nanotechnology, one could argue that it

began when we developed the ability to determine particle size, which is indicated to

be around the turn of the 20 th century. It was during this time that particle size became

a constant factor in scientific exploration. Federal funding for nanotechnology began

under president Clinton with the National Nanotechnology Initiative [NNI]. Instead on

focusing on molecular manufacturing, the NNI chose to fund nanoscale technology in

which it defined anything with a size of 1 and 100 nanometers with novel properties.

Many scientists where against Drexlers theory saying it is impossible and

unscientific but he never gave up.

6


7/25

Today, in the young field of nanotechnology, scientists and engineers are taking

control of atoms and molecules individually, manipulating them and putting them to

use with an extra-ordinary degree of precision. Word of promise of nanotechnology is

spreading rapidly. Yet, there remains a great deal of confusion about just what

nanotechnology is, both among the ordinary people whose lives will be changed by

the new science and among the policy makers. The meaning that nanotechnology

holds for our future depends on which of the word nanotechnology pans out.

2.3 RELATED REVIEWS

2.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS

2.2.1 SIZE OF TECHNOLOGY: Nanotechnology is so small that a nano sized

structure needs to be magnified over 10million times before we can easily

appreciate its fine detail with the naked eye.

2.2.2 RAPID DEVELOPMENT: Nanotechnology is developing rapidly

growing although the technology is new, it has surprised the human mind and

has a great effect on the society.

7


8/25

2.2.3 LACK OF EFFECTIVE DATA: Given how little time has elapsed since

the inception of nanotechnology, the lack of knowledge about its adverse

effects is not surprising. The total number of research studies dealing with

adverse effects of nanotechnology is small but growing.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 WHAT IS A NANOTECHNOLOGY?

So what exactly is nanotechnology? One of the problems facing nanotechnology is

the confusion about its definition. Most definition revolve around the study and

control of phenomena and materials at length scales below 100nm and quite often they

make a comparison with a human hair, which is about 80,000nm wide.

Nanotechnology, shortened to nanotech is the study of the controlling of matter on

an atomic and molecular scale. It could be also called a field of science whose goal is

to control individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices

that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies. Generally,

8


9/25

nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100nm in at least one

dimension. There has been much debate on the future implications of

nanotechnology. It has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a

vast range of applications such as medicine, electronics etc.

Nanotechnology refers to technologies in which matter is manipulated on the

atomic and molecular scale to create novel materials and processes. It isnt just the

study of the very small but its also the practical application of knowledge. It is the

production and the use of materials with purposely engineered features close to the

atomic or molecular scale. Nanotechnology deals with putting together atom-by-atom

and with structures so small that they are invincible to the naked eye. It provides the

ability to create materials, devices and systems with fundamentally new functions and

properties. The promise of nanotechnology is really enormous. Nanotechnology, in

its traditional sense means building things from the bottom up with atomic precision.

.

9


10/25

3.2 EIGHT ATTRIBUTES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

3.2.1 SIZE:for a process to be categorized as nanotechnology, its dimensions

must be on the nanometer scale.

Nanotech Range:

3.2.2 NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS CONTROLLED: this value specifies

the number of nano-scale spatial dimensions that are controlled during a

process. For example, in the production of nano-tubes, the diameter of the tube

is the only nano scale dimension controlled.

Nanotech Range:

10

0 50 100 150 200 Size (nm)

Nanotechnology

size

Dimensions controlled >

0


11/25

3.2.3 DEGREE OF FREEDOM: This value specifies the number of non-

spatial parameters that can be controlled during a process. For example, in the

production of nanotubes, a process that could only produce tubes of one length

and one diameter, but offered the possibility of creating the tubes from either

carbon or silicon atoms would have one nanoscale dimension controlled and

one(non-spatial) degree of freedom.

Nanotech Range:

3.2.4 RELIABILITY / REPEATABILITY: In any assembly

procedure(random, deterministic or hybrid) it should be possible to obtain the

end products reliably and consistently over multiple runs of the procedure. This

reliability factor can be specified as the percentage of products that have

negligible defects.

Nanotech Range:

3.2.5 ACTIVE / PASSIVE DEVICE: A nano device can be either active or

passive. We can measure whether a device is active by measuring its effect

on the environment.

Nanotech Range:

11

Degree of freedom >0

Portion of products with negligible defects:

[0......1]

0 Single electron Active (units?)

Passive Nanotechnology Active Nanotechnology


12/25

3.2.6 MACRO-NANO INTERFACE (INFRASTRUCTURE) SIZE: For a

device or system to be useful there must be an interaction with existing devices

or systems which are currently at the macro stage. If the interface is very large,

then the nanotechnology is less advanced. There should be a performance gain

in downsizing to nano scale components. We get less gain if our final device

has a small nano scale system but only a slightly smaller macro-scale interface.

Nanotech Range: we should use an absolute measure of infrastructure size, like we

did forSIZE, but we cant cut the scale at any point between nanotechnology and non-

nanotech. This attribute cant be used to classify a process/system/device as

nanotechnology, but it can be used as a measure of how advanced some nanotechnology

is.

3.2.7 SELF REPLICATION: This attribute should only be applicable to

active nanotechnology. A measure of how well a nano-device system can

independently make copies of itself.

Nanotech Range: we can use a Boolean value. We can also specify an index [01]

that is the degree of similarity between the devices output to the device itself.

3.2.8 BIO-INTEGRATION: Whether a nano device/system is integrated with

biological direct interactions with biological processes, and basing a process on

naturally occurring parallel in nature). For example, a nano system that is

12


13/25

assembled using DNA based assembly is directly integrated with a biological

process; a motor that is based on ATP synthase or a proton gradient, is not

directly integrated but draws its origins from a biological process.

Nanotech Range:we use a Boolean value to indicate whether the device/system

integrates itself with biological systems. In the case that it does, then we should also

specify the nature of the interaction.

3.5 ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products,

procedures and applications.

Nanotechnology can benefit the energy sector.

Nanotechnology helps in curing people faster and without the side effects thatother traditional drugs have.

Nanotechnology helps the medical sector in the change of body appearance,

stops aging process, painless child birth etc.

Nanotechnology helps the industries in automatic pollution cleanup and

expanding computer technology by making it faster and smaller in size.

Nanotechnology helps the society in reproducing extinct animals and plants,higher education, space travel etc.

13


14/25

3.6 DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology makes atomic weapons more destructive and accessible.

Nanotechnology can cause loss of jobs in traditional farming and manufacturing

industry.

Nanotechnology is a very expensive technology.

Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from the

inhalation of this minute particles.

14


15/25

CHAPTER FOUR

APPLICATION AREAS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology has three main sectors namely; Nano electronics, Nano

biotechnology and Nano materials.

4.1.1 NANO ELECTRONICS

Nano electronics is a branch of nanotechnology that shows the continuous

development in microelectronics, especially for computers but at significantly smaller

size-scales. It refers to the use of nanotechnology on electronic components.

Although, the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less

than 100nm in size, Nano electronics often refers to the transistor devices that are so

small that inter-atomic interactions need to be studied extensively. They are several

devices under Nano electronics namely:

RADIOS: Nano radios have been developed structured around carbon

nanotubes.

15


16/25

COMPUTERS: Nano electronics holds the promise of making computer

processors more powerful than possible with conventional semi-conductor

fabrication technique.

ENERGY PRODUCTION: it is believed that the invention of more efficient

solar energy would have a great effect on satisfying global energy needs. There

is also a research into energy production for devices that will operate in vivo,

called Bio-Nano generators. A bio-nano generator is a nano scale

electrochemical device, like a fuel cell or galvanic cell but drawing power from

blood glucose in a living body, much the same as how the body generates

energy from food. To achieve the effect, an enzyme is used that is capable of

stripping glucose of its electron freeing them for use in electrical devices. This

research is still undergoing series of experiment to be sure they arent any

implications.

4.1.2 NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY

This is a branch of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical activities from

elements of nature to fabricate new devices like biosensor. it is the coming together

of nano scale engineering with biology to manipulate either living systems or to build

biologically inspired materials at the molecular level.

16


17/25

BIOSENSOR: is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a

biological component with a physicochemical detector component. It consist of

three parts namely; the sensitive biological element, a biologically derived

material or bio mimic.

BIOENGINEERING: is the application of engineering principles to address

challenges in the fields of biology and medicine. It addresses the design

disciplines of a product along with analyzing it for improvement opportunities.

MEDICINE: the biological and medical research communities have exploited

the unique properties of nano materials of various applications [e.g., contrast

agents for cell imaging and therapeutics for treating cancer], functionalities can

be added to nano materials by interfacing them with biological molecules and

structures.

4.1.3 NANO MATERIALS

This is a branch of nanotechnology that studies materials with morphological features

on the nano scale. It precisely controls the morphology at nano scale dimensions of

substances or particles to produce nanostructured materials. Encompassing all these

overlapping fields are tools used to measure and manipulate ultra-small structures, the

nano scale resolution microscopes. We have several categories under nano materials

namely:

17


18/25

DIAGNOSTICS: nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more dimension of lab-on-

a-chip. Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody are used to label

specific molecules, structures or micro-organisms. Gold nanoparticles tagged

with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a

sample.

DRUG DELIVERY: nanotechnology has been a boom in medical field by

delivering drugs to specific cells using nanoparticles. The overall drug

consumption and side effects can be lowered significantly by depositing the

active agent in the morbid region only and in a no higher dose than needed.

Some potential important applications include cancer treatment with iron

nanoparticles or gold shells.

TISSUE ENGINEERING: nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair

damaged tissues. Tissue engineering makes use of artificially stimulated cell

proliferation by using suitable nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth

factors. Tissue engineering might replace todays conventional treatments like

organ transplants or artificial implants. Advanced forms of tissue engineering

may lead to life extension.

18


19/25

4.2 OTHER APPLICATION AREAS

4.2.1 NANOPARTICLES: in nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small

object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties.

Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related properties that differ

significantly from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials.

4.2.2NANOCRYSTAL: these materials are of huge technological interest since

many of their electrical and thermodynamic properties show strong size dependence

and can therefore be controlled through careful manufacturing process.

4.2.3 NANOSOLAR: is a developer of solar power technology. Nano solar has

developed and commercialized a low cost printable solar cell manufacturing process.

4.2.4 NANOFILTRATION: is a relatively recent membrane filtration process

used most often low dissolved solids water such as surface water and fresh

groundwater with the purpose of softening [polyvalent cation removal] and

removal of disinfection by-product such as natural organic and synthetic organic

matter. It is also becoming more widely used in food processing applications.

19


20/25

4.2.5 NANOROBOTICS: is the technology of creating machines or robots at or

close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer. More specifically, nano robotics

refers to the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of

designing and building nanorobots. Another definition is a robot that allows

precision interactions with nanoscale objects or can manipulate with nanoscale

resolution.

4.3 IMPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLGY

If it is said that almost no industry will be beyond the reach ofnanotechnology. Many

experts say that it will not only transform traditional industries-including automotive,

aerospace, appliance, electronics, medical devices and consumer products but also

generate completely new industries. To state it another way, the technology has the

potential to radically alter the way we design and fabricate thousands of products.

Additionally, nanotechnology may force all manufacturers to reconsider how they

define their core business, their competitors and their long-term strategy. We have

three vital implications namely:

20


21/25

4.3.1 HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: the health implications of nanotechnology are

the possible effects that the use of nanotechnological materials and devices will

have on human health. Nanotechnologys health implications can be split into two

aspects; the potential for nanotechnological innovations to have medical

applications to cure diseases and the potential health hazards posed by exposure to

nano materials.

4.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: the environmental implication of

nanotechnology is the possible effects that the use of nanotechnological materials

and devices will have on the environment. As nanotechnology is an emerging field,

there is great debate regarding to what extent industrial and commercial use of

nanomaterial will affect orgsnisms and ecosystem. Nanotechnologys

environmental implications can be split into two aspects; the potential for

nanotechnological innovations to help improve the environment and the possibly

novel type of pollution that nanotechnological material might cause if released into

the environment.

4.3.3 SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS: the societal implications of nanotechnology

are the potential benefits and challenges that the introduction of novel

nanotechnological devices and materials may hold for society and human

21


22/25

interaction. As nanotechnology is an emerging field and most of its applications

are still speculative, there is much debate about what positive and negative effects

that nanotechnology might produce.

4.4FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

A. Nanotechnology is the technology of building devices, such as electronic circuits

from single atoms and molecules. Nano means small of a nanoscale, so therefore,

nanotechnology is generally a conversation about new science that creates machines

with the size of molecules.

Q. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY USED FOR?

A. Nanotechnology is a technology used to build machines using single atoms and

molecules. These devices or electronics circuits are used in the production of things

like energy production and medicine. It is used generally in every sector of life.

Q. WHY IS NANOTECHNOLOGY IMPORTANT?

A. Nanotechnology is very important because has the potential to change every part

of our lives. It affects all materials; ceramics, metals, polymers and biomaterials. New

materials are the foundation of major technological advances. In the coming decade,

nanotechnology will have an enormous impact. Future advances could change our

22


23/25

approaches to manufacturing electronics, IT and communications technology making

previous technology redundant and leading to applications which could not have been

developed or even thought about without this new approach.

Q. WHO INVENTED NANOTECHNOLOGY?

A. K.Eric Drexler is credited with coining the word Nanotechnology to refer to his

machine that replicate itself and build more complex terms. Today the word describes

any work done on the molecular level.

Q. HOW DOES NANOTECHNOLOGY WORK?

A. This technology works within the nanoscale dimension of measurement where one

nanometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. This is the scale in which the atoms

and molecules of our world exist. To manipulate components within this small scale,

part of the challenge nanotechnology faces is the building of tools and machines that

can work within this environment.

4.5 FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

23


24/25

The future of nanotechnology is completed uncharted territory. It is almost impossible

to predict everything that nano science will bring to the world considering that this is

such a young technology. There is the possibility that the future of nanotechnology is

very bright, that this will be the one science of the future that no other science can live

without. There is also a chance that this is the science that will make the world highly

uncomfortable with the potential power to transform the world. Even positive changes

can make world leaders and citizens alike very nervous. One of the top concerns

regarding the future of nano science includes molecular manufacturing, which would

be the ability to bring materials to life from the simple molecular reconstruction of

everyday objects. This technology could end world hunger. At the same time, this

process could lead to experimental molecular manufacturing with living beings.

The future of nanotechnology could improve the outlook for medical patients with

serious illness or injuries. Physicians could theoretically study nano surgery and be

able to attack illness and injury at the molecular level. This, of course could eradicate

cancer as the surgical procedures would be done on the cellular base. Why this sound

like a promising future, the natural process of life and death would be completely

interrupted. Without death, the world would become over populated and leave no

place for the ecosystem that we rely on for our survival. We could potentially end up

in a world that requires the personally controlled delivery of oxygen through tanks and

masks.

24


25/25

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY

Nanotechnology is a new technology that has a great impact in the world today. It is implemented on

every area of life. Through the use of this new technology, nothing is impossible to manipulate. It is

used in every sector in the world e.g medicine, food, environment, business, electronics etc.

Although the technology is currently at its early stage of development and the cost for this

technology is extremely high which makes it difficult to purchase. It has a very high disadvantage

that when it falls in the wrong hands, can be disastrous. This technology has proved its efficiency,

its developing the world in a very fast way.

CONCLUSION

This seminar work is a veritable tool which can make one know the importance and effectiveness of

Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is still largely an emerging technology with considerable interest

and potential for future growth and expansion. The technology is still under full research to be sure if

the harmful aspects can be controlled before releasing it. These factors make it more than science

fiction. There are tremendous opportunities for many applications. Only when a good business case

is made, will the full potential of the market be recognized. Investing in this area still remains

speculative. What will happen to this industry in the next decade?

25

Documents

My Seminar Report03