My Introduction

My Introduction

Name : Kustanto Address: Perum. Puri Malangjiwan 3.

N0. 12. Colomadu Highest education: S2 TE UGM Concentration : Computer Systems

Informatics

Final Assessment

Presence = 5% Task = @15% Midterms = 30% Final Exams = 35%

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-2

Delay Tolerance Attend College

= 20 Minute

College Syllabus


Chaper 1.Computer Systems

by

Kustanto


Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards

• Processing: CPU executes the computer program

• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine

• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

6

CPU and Main Memory

CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Chip that executes Chip that executes program program commandscommands

Intel Pentium IIIIntel Pentium IIISun Sparc Sun Sparc ProcessorProcessor

Primary storage area Primary storage area for programs and data for programs and data that are in active usethat are in active useSynonymous with RAMSynonymous with RAM

7

Secondary Memory Devices

Floppy Disk

Hard DiskMain

Memory

CentralProcessing

Unit

Secondary memorySecondary memorydevices providedevices providelong-term storage,long-term storage,namely:namely:

Information is movedInformation is movedbetween main memorybetween main memoryand secondary memoryand secondary memoryas neededas needed

•Hard disksHard disks•Floppy disksFloppy disks•ZIP disksZIP disks•Writable CDsWritable CDs•TapesTapes

8

Input / Output Devices

Monitor

Keyboard

MainMemory

CentralProcessing

Unit

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

I/O devices allow userI/O devices allow userinteractioninteraction

Monitor screenMonitor screenKeyboardKeyboardMouseMouseBar code scannerBar code scannerLight penLight penTouch screenTouch screen


Architecture Components Hardware

Processes data by executing instructions Provides input and output

Software Instructions executed by the system

Data Fundamental representation of facts and

observations Communications

Sharing data and processing among different systems


Hardware Component

Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU

ALU: arithmetic/logic unit CU: control unit Interface unit

Memory Short-term storage for CPU calculations

11

Memory

Main memory is Main memory is divided into many divided into many memory locations (or memory locations (or cellscells))

9278927892799279

92809280928192819282928292839283928492849285928592869286

Each memory cell has Each memory cell has a numeric a numeric addressaddress, , which uniquely which uniquely identifies itidentifies it

12

Storing Information

9278927892799279

92809280928192819282928292839283928492849285928592869286

Large values areLarge values arestored in consecutivestored in consecutivememory locationsmemory locations

1001101010011010Each memory cell Each memory cell stores a set number of stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or bits (usually 8 bits, or one one bytebyte))


Typical Personal Computer System


CPU: Central Processing Unit

ALU: arithmetic/logic unit Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical

calculations CU: control unit

Controls processing of instructions Controls movement of data within the CPU

Interface unit Moves instructions and data between the CPU

and other hardware components Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power

between different components

15

The Central Processing Unit A CPU is also called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:

fetch

Retrieve an instruction from main memoryRetrieve an instruction from main memory

decode

Determine what theDetermine what theinstruction isinstruction is

execute

Carry out theCarry out theinstructioninstruction

16

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU contains:

Arithmetic / Logic Unit

Registers

Control Unit

Small storage Small storage areasareas

Performs calculations Performs calculations and decisionsand decisions

Coordinates Coordinates processing processing stepssteps

17

The Central Processing Unit The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock

The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals

The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU

The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)


Memory

Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory)

Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)

Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept)

19

Storage Capacity Every memory device has a storage capacity,

indicating the number of bytes it can hold Capacities are expressed in various units:

KBKB 221010 = 1024 = 1024

MBMB 222020 (over 1 million) (over 1 million)

GBGB 223030 (over 1 billion) (over 1 billion)

TBTB 224040 (over 1 trillion) (over 1 trillion)

UnitUnit SymbolSymbol Number of BytesNumber of Bytes

kilobytekilobyte

megabytemegabyte

gigabytegigabyte

terabyteterabyte

20

Memory Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if

the electric power is removed Secondary memory devices are nonvolatile

Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly

The terms direct access and random access are often used interchangeably

A magnetic tape is a sequential access device since its data is arranged in a linear order - you must get by the intervening data in order to access other information

21

RAM vs. ROM RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access) ROM - Read-Only Memory The terms RAM and main memory are basically

interchangeable ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate

device, such as a CD ROM Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access

devices! RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory

ROM

RAM

22

Monitor

The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen

Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc.

A monitor has a certain maximum resolution , indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024)

High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures

23

Modem Data transfer devices allow information to be sent and received

between computers Many computers include a modem, which allows information to

be moved across a telephone line A data transfer device has a maximum data transfer rate A modem, for instance, may have a data transfer rate of 56,000

bits per second (bps)

24

Networks A network is two or more computers that are

connected so that data and resources can be shared Most computers are connected to some kind of

network Each computer has its own network address, which

uniquely identifies it among the others A file server is a network computer dedicated to

storing programs and data that are shared among network users

25

A Computer Specification

Consider the following specification for a personal computer:

600 MHz Pentium III Processor 256 MB RAM 16 GB Hard Disk 24x speed CD ROM Drive 17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x

1024 resolution 56 KB Modem

Interconnection system computer


CPU


Software Component Applications Operating System

API: application program interface

File management I/O Kernel

Memory management Resource scheduling Program communication Security

Network Module


Communications Component

Hardware Communication channels

Physical connections between computer systems Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable,

infrared light, radio waves

Interface hardware Handles communication between the computer and the

communication channel Modem or network interface card (NIC)

Software Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI


Computer Systems

All computer systems, consists of the following: At least one CPU Memory to hold programs and data I/O devices Long-term storage


Protocols

Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs

Examples HTTP: between Web servers and Web

browsers TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet

and local area networks ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs


Standards

Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols

May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use

Examples: Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB

Telecommunications System

Chapter 5

Telecommunication model Terminals

office equipment , telephones , ...

Telecommunications processors modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ...

Telecommunications channels and media copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, ...

Computers host computers, network servers, ...

Telecommunications control software telecommunication monitors, network operating systems, ...

O’Brien 125

Telecommunication Components

End-user workstation

Telecommunicationssoftware

Computers

Telecomprocessors

Telecomprocessors

TelecomChannels and Media

5 components

O’Brien 126

LANPC-workstation PC-workstation

PC-workstationPC-workstationPC-workstation

PC-workstation

NetworkServer

Port toother networks

Shared hard disk

Sharedprinter

Databases and Software packages

O’Brien 127 - 128

WAN - Internetwork

networkin US

networkin Europe

Mainframe,hosts

Internet

networkin Australia

LAN’s

LAN’s

Cisco corporation network

Client/server network

Intranet

Company A

IntranetCompany B

Mainframe host system

Router

Router

Internet

Firewall

Firewall

text: O’Brien p 178

Client - Server

Clients

Clients

comm.server

comm.server

DB.server

Printserver

DB.server server

server

The Internetwork-enterprise

The Internet

Intranets

Intranets

Intranets

Intranets

Extranets

Client

Enterprise

Supplier

Other Organizations

Electronic Commerce

text: O’Brien p 180

Media and Channels Signals

analog digital

Cables Twisted-pair interference Coaxial cable 20x more expensive

5.500 simultaneous phone calls

Fiber-optic 1 fiber 30.000 phone calls

Wireless microwave satellites

Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing GPS global positioning system

Medium Transmission speedMetal wire .0012Mbps - 10 MbpsMicrowave .256 Mbps - 100MbpsFiber optics .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps

text: O’Brien p183 - 186

Communication hardware Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps

Transmission mode Simplex 1 circuit , 1 direction

Half-duplex1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions

Transmission accurateness parity bits forward and backward error correction

Processors multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution front-end processors to handle routine communication tasks

with peripheral equipment

text: O’Brien p 187 - 189

Network Topology

Star all communications go via the central system

Bus can easily be extended at the ends

Ring more secure

Star network With directconnections

- Efficient , also for high speeds- With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem

O’Brien 147 - 148

Point-to-point lines

Star network (multiplexed)Access viamultiplexedlineseventually rented

- local speed up to 2000 char/sec , 1M char/sec very expensive - internationally 1000 char/sec commonly available

Shared usage of abroadband network

- more complex hardware- simpler cabling system

Multidrop lines

Bus network

O’Brien 191

Ring Networks

Ring Network

- more equal basis

O’Brien 147

Public data networks

PAD

Data Network

E.g..: DCS 1000 - 6000 char/sec , cost / volume data ( X25 ) Due to high connection cost ($ 30.000 year) usage of PAD

PAD =Packet Assemblerand Disassembler

ISDN

ISDN

- universal network for telephone and data- > 6000 char/sec

ISDNIntegrated servicesDigital network

49 | 51

Communication Systems13th

lecture

Chair of Communication Systems

Department of Applied Sciences

University of Freiburg

2008


Textbook Overview Web site: http://www.wiley.com/college/englander

Part 1 (Chapter 1) Computer system overview

Part 2 (Chapters 2-5) Number systems and data formats

Part 3 (Chapters 6-12) Computer architecture and hardware operation

Part 4 (Chapters 13-18) Software – operating systems, applications, development

environments Part 5 (Supplementary Chapters 1-3)

Digital logic, addressing modes, and communication channel technology

http://www.wiley.com/college/englander

Text books (german): Jochen Schiller, Mobilkommunikation Bernhard Walke, Mobilfunknetze und ihre Protokolle,

Grundlagen GSM, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), ...

Link (see seminar slides and papers):

http://www.ks.uni-freiburg.de/download/papers/telsemWS05/UMTS-nextGeneration/UMTS-Seminararbeit-Stefan%20Nagy.pdf


End Of Sessions


Documents

My Introduction