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MX at Diamond Light Source Katherine McAuley I03 PBS, Diamond 1

MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

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Page 1: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

MX at Diamond Light Source

Katherine McAuley 

I03 PBS, Diamond 

Page 2: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

The aim of this talk is to give an introduction to synchrotrons and MX beamlines and how they work

Page 3: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Why do you need to collect MX data at synchrotrons?

Phasing experiments 

High resoluBon 

High throughput 

Special CondiBons 

Page 4: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

What is a synchrotron?

  A synchrotron is a parBcle accelerator 

(typically electrons) which provides a source 

of extreme intensity light  

  Can be compared to a series of ‘super 

microscopes’ or a giganBc x‐ray machine; 

  Diamond is the UK’s synchrotron light facility 

that provides intense light ranging  from 

Infrared to hard X‐rays 

 

Page 5: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Synchrotrons in Europe

Page 6: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Synchrotron - main components

Page 7: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

In this business, it's all about brightness !

  X‐rays from Diamond are 100 billion Bmes brighter (1011) than from an X‐ray tube 

  Or 10 billion Bmes brighter (1010) than the Sun  

  >105 Bmes brighter than the previous UK Synchrotron, the SRS ! 

Page 8: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

And Broad Continuous Spectrum!

Page 9: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Diamond is a 3rd generation light source

  1st GeneraBon sources 

  parasiBc 

  2nd GeneraBon sources 

  dedicated machines to synchrotron radiaBon 

  emiZance typically high (150 nmrad) 

  3rd GeneraBon sources  

  low beam emiZance 

  use of inserBon devices (wigglers and undulators) 

  emiZance on order of 3‐20 nmrad 

 

Page 10: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Electron

bunch

Synchrotron

light

Electrons

1 eV 10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 10 keV 100 keV

Energy

1013

1014

109

1010

1011

1012

10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1

Wavelength (Å)

108

107

Numberof photons

Emission spectrum

Bending

magnet

Sun

X-ray

tubes

Bending Magnets curve the electron beam between adjacent straight sections and generate synchrotron light

10 

Page 11: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Electrons

1018

1017

1016

1015

1014

2

Energy (keV)

Brilliance(photons/s/mm 2/mrad2/0.1%BW)

10 50

1019

1020

3

2

1

Bending magnet

Wiggler

Undulator

Bending magnet

2 Wiggler

3 Undulator

The MX beamlines at Diamond use insertion devices called undulators

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Page 12: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

MX Village consists of 5 operational beamlines and several under development

I24

I02 I03

I04 I04-1

  Opera&onal 

  Phase I 

  Tuneable I02, I03, I04 

  Phase II 

  Fixed λ I04‐1 

  Tuneable      microfocus I24 

  In Development 

  Phase III 

  Long λ I23 

  VMX m and i 

I23

12 

Page 13: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Beamlines consist of an optics hutch, experimental hutch and a control area

Beamline 

Storage ring 

Booster synchrotron 

LINAC 

13 

Page 14: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Storage ring 

OpBcs hutch 

Experimental hutch 40 m 

The components in the optics hutch are used to select the X-ray energy and adjust the beam size

14 

Page 15: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

A double crystal monochromator is used to select the X-ray energy (wavelength)

‘Y’

Lateral

Translation

‘X’

Parallel

Translation

‘Z’

Perpendicular

Translation

Roll

Yaw

Pitch

θBragg Angle

Vertical

Offset

Beam

Exit

Beam

In

Main Bragg Angle

Rotation

Figure 1

Axes Notation(‘Bounce Up’ Configuration Shown)

1st Crystal

2nd Crystal

‘Y’

Lateral

Translation

‘X’

Parallel

Translation

‘Z’

Perpendicular

Translation

Roll

Yaw

Pitch

θBragg Angle

Vertical

Offset

Beam

Exit

Beam

In

Main Bragg Angle

Rotation

Figure 1

Axes Notation(‘Bounce Up’ Configuration Shown)

1st Crystal

2nd Crystal

15 

Page 16: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

One mirror is used to focus the X-ray beam horizontally and another to focus vertically

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Page 17: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Storage ring 

OpBcs hutch 

Experimental hutch 40 m 

The experiment and final beam conditioning happens in the experiment hutch

17 

Page 18: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

The end-station table supports:

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  CRLs 

  AZenuators 

  Beam diagnosBcs 

  Slits 

  On‐axis viewing system 

  Sample environment 

Page 19: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Beam conditioning

QBPM  16 Foil AZenuators  Diode – ShuZer ‐ Diode 

Compound RefracBve Lenses 

Slits 

X Rays 

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Page 20: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

The sample environment

Annealing device

Cryojet

Backstop

Viewing system

Apertures

Scatterguard

Backlight

Fluorescence Detector

SPINE standard

pin

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Page 21: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Fast pixel array detectors record the diffraction images

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• Advantages • S/N much beZer than CCD • Higher throughput • Fine phi slicing – beZer data • BeaBng radiaBon damage – go even faster with high dose can collect more data at room temp • Key for CL3, protein dynamics, etc 

• On all beamlines since April 2013 • 100Hz on I03 and I24 

Page 22: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Data collection and

experiment monitoring

Automated data reduction

Automated structure solution

At the end of each data collection, the data are automatically processed

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Page 23: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Choose which beamline is appropriate to your experiment requirements

Energy/wavelength? • Fixed energy – suitable? • Tuneable  

Microfocus? • Use of apertures? • Dedicated microfocus beamline 

Special Apparatus? •  DehydraBon equipment •  Spectroscopy •  Biocontainment •  In‐situ experiments 

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Page 24: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Use the web pages to compare the MX beamlines at Diamond

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Page 25: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Beamline  I02  I03  I04  I04‐1  I24  I23  VMXi  VMXm 

Type  Tuneable  OpBmised fixed 

Tuneable μ‐focus 

Tuneable long λ 

Tuneable  Tuneable μ‐focus 

Beamsize [μm]  70 x 20 (mirrors) down  

to 8 x 3 (CRLs) 

40 x 60  5 – 60  120 x 120   5 x 5  4 x 0.5 

Flux [ph/s]  > 1012  1011  > 1012  > 1012  > 1012 (DCM) 

> 1014 (DMM) 

> 1013 

 

Pilatus Detector  P6M  

(25 Hz) 

P3‐6M  

(100 Hz) 

P6M 

(25 Hz) 

P2M 

(30 Hz) 

P3‐6M 

(100 Hz) 

Custom P12M 

TBD  TBD 

Sample changer  Rigaku  ACTOR (< 35 s)  Irelec CATS (< 45 s)  Custom made 

TBD  TBD 

Containment  CL 1  CL 3  CL 1  CL 1  CL 2  CL 2  CL 2  CL 2 

Humidity Controller 

On request  No  TBD  No 

MulBaxis goniometry 

Mini‐kappa 

Mini‐kappa  Custom kappa 

No  No 

Minibeam apertures 

Yes  Development 

In situ  Soon  Yes  Yes  Yes  No  Yes  TBD 

Crystal Washer and Annealer 

Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  Soon  No  No  No 

Remote Access  Yes  No  Yes  TBD 

25 

Page 26: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Techniques available on the MX beamlines

Page 27: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Using fluorescence spectra to identify metals in your sample

  All beamlines have fluorescence detectors 

  Take a fluorescence spectrum of your sample in seconds 

  AutomaBc idenBficaBon of your sample with summary in webpages: 

27 

Page 28: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

If there is a metal present:

  On the tuneable beamlines (i.e. not I04‐1) collect fluorescence scan around the edge 

  e.g. Signal from Br soaked lysozyme 

  Results stored in webpages/ISPyB: 

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Page 29: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

The Mini Kappa can be used to reorientate crystals for data collection

  OpBmised MAD data collecBon; Bijvoet pairs on the same frame 

  Improved high‐mulBplicity SAD data collecBon protocols 

  Smart data collecBon strategies, beZer completeness of data, especially P1 

  Reducing/avoiding spot overlap, beZer spot separaBon (long unit cell axes) 

  MulB‐crystal data collecBon: collect missing data 

  Help in point group determinaBon 

  Comparing crystals in the same orientaBon 

Before reorienta&on 

A7er reorienta&on 

29 

Page 30: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

The HC1 device controls sample humidity and can improve crystal diffraction

30 

Page 31: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

In-situ crystallography: data collection from crystals in crystallisation plates

31 

I24 

I04‐1 

I03 

Page 32: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Pathogenic samples can be studied on I03 and I24

  All beamlines level 1 

  I03 and I24 up to level 2 biological containment 

  Cryo and in‐situ samples 

  I03 containment level 3 compliant 

  In‐situ samples only 

  Request via standard beamBme applicaBon process 

32 

Page 33: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Coming soon to the MX Village (new developments)

33 

Page 34: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

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Performance: Crystal preparation 500 crystals in 2-day experiment

Prepara/on 

200 crystals in 6 hours Collec/on 

Overnight 

Recent  

experiment:  (Full analysis: 2‐7 days) 

Page 35: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

10am  9am midnight 

UnaGended >350 crystals 

Experienced 

Typical 

Unattended data collection queues Sample auto‐

centring: >97% 

35 

Page 36: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

Coming soon to the MX Village (new beamlines)

36 

Page 37: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

I23 - Long wavelength Macromolecular Crystallography Beamline

I23 will be the first MX beamline opBmized for the long‐wavelength region (1.5 – 4 Å).  It will provide a unique tool to fully exploit the potenBal of experimental phasing from naBve protein and DNA/RNA crystals.           

  

Detector readout electronics box

Diffraction detector

Omega axis

Sample changer

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Page 38: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

38 

VMXmicron Sub micron variable focus

Aims  Challenges 

  sample delivery   sample visualizaBon   DCM 

  13nrad pitch stability 

  opBcs   facilitaBng fast beamsize 

changes is the real challenge 

 

  0.5 x 0.5 um – 5 x 5 um beam   variable aspect raBo 

  rapid beam size change   5 – 30 keV (dependent on ID choice) 

  fast sample exchange/delivery 

  fast crystal locaBon 

2014 

•  Technical Design Report 

•  Prototyping 

Team 

•  Gwyndaf Evans 

•  Jose Trincao 

Page 39: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

VMXi - dedicated to in-situ (plate) crystallography

  This beamline will provide    Plate storage facility 

  Automated transfer between storage and beamline 

  Advanced laser imaging of drops (on‐line and off‐line) 

  X‐ray data collecBon and screening (automated or interacBve) 

  Tuneable microfocus beam (5x5 micron – 10‐25 keV) 

  Narrow or broad bandpass beam (2eV – 100eV) 

  DiffracBon data available less than 48 hours ayer shipping plate to Diamond ‐ during run Bme… 

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Page 40: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

MX Village Support Team

I02 Thomas Sorensen 

Juan Sanchez‐Weatherby 

James Sandy 

Carina Lobley 

Marco Mazzorana 

I03 

Katherine McAuley 

Stuart Fisher 

Mark Williams 

I04 

Dave Hall 

Ralf Flaig 

Pierpaolo Romano 

I04‐1 

Frank von Dely 

Jose Brandao 

Alice Douangamath 

Petra Lukacik 

I23 

Armin Wagner 

Vitaliy Mykhaylyk 

Ramona Duman 

I24 

Robin Owen 

Danny Axford 

Darren Sherrell 

Pierre Aller 

Anna Warren 

Neil PaZerson 

40 

Page 41: MX at Diamond Light Source - CCP4 · 38 VMX micron Sub micron variable focus Aims Challenges sample delivery sample visualizaon DCM 13nrad pitch stability opBcs facilitang fast beamsize

MX Village Support Team

Data AcquisiBon 

Jon Blakes 

Paul Hathaway 

Chris Sharpe 

Data Analysis 

Alun Ashton 

Karl Levik 

Graeme Winter 

Controls 

Ronaldo Mercado 

James O’Hea 

Andy Foster 

Engineering 

MarBn Burt 

Graham Duller 

MarBn Gilbert 

Geoff Preece 

EHCs 

Ted Cassidy 

Les Clinker 

Alistair Donaldson 

Nick Gorringe 

Doug ScoZ 

Nathan Sear 

Paul Symes 

Russell Walker 

Industrial Team 

Elizabeth ShoZon 

Alex Dias 

Jitka Waterman 

MX Technicians 

Dave Butler 

Mic Harding 

Thomas Hartrampf 

Adam PrescoZ 

Adam Taylor 

Tim Whitewood 

41