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A Water and Wastewater
Utility Guide to
More Sustainable
Energy Management
Mike Harvey, PE Donohue and Associates
MWEA
Lansing, MI
October 20, 2015
The Global State of Energy
Demand for energy – 40% supply gap by 2030
70% of requisite infrastructure not built $21 trillion investment required
Extra $10 trillion needed to decarbonize capacity
75% of increase met by fossil fuels China to expand by 1300 GW by 2030
Source: Palmer & Nair , 2011; Zhou, et al., 2011; World Economic Forum, 2011
The Global State of Water
Source: 2030 Water Resources Group; Global Water Supply and Demand Model, 2009
2/3 of global
population
under high
water stress
40% Gap in
Supply by
2030
How are Energy Sources Distributed
in Powering Our World?
Source: Muller, R., 2012
Oil NGas Coal
How is Energy’s Demand Distributed?
Source: Kroiss and Svardal, 2011
Water’s Footprint in Energy Production
Source: Gleik, 1994; Gerneb-Leenes, et al., 2009; Meconneu and Heokstra, 2011
Resource Nexus: The Environmental
Challenge of the 21st Century
Preliminary
Treatment Raw
Wastewater
Solids Treatment &
Resource Recovery
Biosolids Handling &
Market Resources
Primary
Treatment
Secondary
Treatment
Advanced
Treatment
Tertiary
Treatment
Disinfection
Outfall
Receiving
Water Body
Treating Wastewater: Responding to the
“New Normal”
ENERGY
FACTORY
NUTRIENT
FACTORY
WATER
FACTORY
Waste Streams Value Streams
Value of the Water Market
Source: Stacklin, 2011
Change our Mind(set)
• WEF believes that wastewater treatment
plants are NOT waste disposal facilities, but
rather water resource recovery facilities that
produce clean water, recover nutrients
(such as phosphorus and nitrogen), and have
the potential to reduce the nation’s
dependence upon fossil fuel through the
production and use of renewable energy.
Energy Roadmap Purpose
• To help utility
managers
effectively plan and
implement efforts
to enhance energy
sustainability
• Build off of the
wealth of existing
information
Structure
• Matrix • The Book
The WEF Energy Roadmap
ENABLE OPTIMIZE INTEGRATE
Strategic
Management
Organizational
Culture
Communication
and Outreach
Demand Side
Management
Energy Generation
Innovating for the
Future
Develop
strategy
Develop
message
Continuously
evolve efforts
Evaluate
existing
Research,
partner, mitigate
Full-scale
solutions
Understand
baseline
Detailed
evaluation
Implement
changes
Develop
goal/strategy Implement
generation
Maximize value
Set goal Gather support Prioritize and
implement
Develop
vision, Team
Communicate,
take action
Empower Team
and staff
Prioritization of Activities
DSM
OC
C&O
SM
EG
IF
Strategic Mgmt
Org. Culture
Comm. & Outreach
Demand Side Mgmt
Energy Generation
Innovating for Future
Level of Importance
Level
of
Ach
ievem
en
t
Enable
Integrate
Optimize
Low Med High
HIGHEST
PRIORITY
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Strategic Management
Strategic Direction ● Financial Viability ●
Collaborative Partnerships ● Towards Carbon
Neutrality
Possible Goals •75% energy produced onsite
•20% energy conservation
•90% energy from renewables
•50% employees on public
transportation
Time
En
erg
y U
se
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Organizational Culture
ENERGY VISION
STRATEGIC PLAN
Elected Officials
Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff PERFORMANCE
PLANS
Utility Leadership Group/Management
Energy Vision ● Energy Team ●
Staff Development & Alignment
Organizational Culture
Energy Vision ● Energy Team ●
Staff Development & Alignment
Energy
Champion Regulatory
Compliance
Maintenance
Staff
Planning Staff
Engineering
Staff
Operations
Staff
Organizational Culture
• Training
– Understanding electricity ≠ understanding
energy management
– Energy billing, peak demand
– Lifecycle cost analyses
• Industry Information Sharing
• Rewarding Conservation Incentives
Energy Vision ● Energy Team ●
Staff Development & Alignment
COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH
Communication and Outreach
• Identify target stakeholders
• Tailor the approach
• Evolve and grow efforts
Customers and Community ● Regulatory and
Legislative ● Media Outreach ● Environmental
Advocacy Groups ● Water Sector
Tips:
• Be proactive and create the story
• Emphasize the project benefits (stakeholder specific)
• Share lessons learned within the sector
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
Demand Side Management
• Review Data – 2 years of bills
• Analyze Costs – Energy charges
– Demand charges
– Rate structure
• Make Changes – Rate structure
– Shift loads
Electricity Costs and Billing ● Power Measurement &
Control ● Energy Management ● Source Control
Rate
Schedule
Energy Demand Costs =
$2.65000/kW -$11.79000/kW
Energy Usage
Costs= $0.08351/kWh -
$0.13965/kWh
Total Electric Costs =
Time of Use
(TOU) Charges
Billing Period
(1)
(1)
(2) (2)
(3)
(4)
Demand Side Management
• Analyze Baseline
Energy Use
• Benchmarking by
Process
• Real-time control
Electricity Costs and Billing ● Power Measurement &
Control ● Energy Management ● Source Control
Other (1%)Primary (3%)
Pumping
(15%)
Solids Handling (8%)
Lighting &
Buildings
(10%)
Anaerobic
Digestion
(12%)
Activated
Sludge
(51%)
Demand Side Management
• Energy Audit
• Implement Changes
• Incorporate Energy
into Future Designs
Electricity Costs and Billing ● Power Measurement &
Control ● Energy Management ● Source Control
Reduce Energy Use of Key Equipment By:
Shutting down
Operate part time
Operate with variable speed
Operate at lower flows
Operate at lower pressures
Replace with more efficient equipment
Demand Side Management
• Understand Influent Loading
• Manage Loads to Reduce Energy Use – Reduce Inflow/Infiltration
– Industrial surcharges
• Manage Loads for Energy Production – Incentives for trucked high-
strength waste
Electricity Costs and Billing ● Power Measurement &
Control ● Energy Management ● Source Control
ENERGY GENERATION
Energy Generation
• Set a Production Goal
• Gain Support
• Grow Program
Strategy ● Energy from Water & Wastewater ●
Supplemental Energy Sources ● Renewable Energy
Certificates
Energy Generation Strategy ● Energy from Water & Wastewater ●
Supplemental Energy Sources ● Renewable Energy
Certificates
• Hydroelectric power
• Biogas
• Thermal
energy
• Emerging technologies
Energy Generation Strategy ● Energy from Water & Wastewater ●
Supplemental Energy Sources ● Renewable Energy
Certificates • Co-digestion
• Solar
• Wind
Energy Generation
• Renewable Portfolio Standard
• Renewable Energy Certificates
– Purchased
– Sold
• Increasingly Significant Value
Strategy ● Energy from Water & Wastewater ●
Supplemental Energy Sources ● Renewable Energy
Certificates
INNOVATING FOR THE FUTURE
Innovating for the Future
• Understand Existing
• Perform Research
– In house
– Collaborative
• Trial New Technologies
Research & Development ● Risk Management ●
Alternative Technologies ● Alt. Management
Approaches
Innovating for the Future
• Identify Risks
– Technology
– Financial
– Regulatory
– Market
Research & Development ● Risk Management ●
Alternative Technologies ● Alt. Management
Approaches • Mitigate Risks
– Pilot testing
– Developers expense
– Permitting flexibility
– Predicting energy costs
Innovating for the Future
Research & Development ● Risk Management ●
Alternative Technologies ● Alt. Management
Approaches • Treatment
• Energy generation
Example: Microbial
Fuel Cell
Example: Biofuels from
FOG or biosolids
Prioritization
DSM
OC
C&O
SM
EG
IF
Strategic Mgmt
Org. Culture
Comm. & Outreach
Demand Side Mgmt
Energy Generation
Innovating for Future
Level of Importance
Level
of
Ach
ievem
en
t
Enable
Integrate
Optimize
Low Med High
HIGHEST
PRIORITY
Is Energy Neutrality a Real Deal?
What About Energy Balance
in Treatment?
Units: kWh/person/yr
Adapted from Cornel, et al., 2011; Lazarova, et al., 2012
57% 45%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Renewables
Sewage Flow
Equipment
Sludge Treatment
Energy Neutrality Threshold
9%
Why Does Progress Seem Slow?
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
No. of WWTPs With AD With CHP
• $$$$
• Excessive pay-back on Investment
• Still relatively “easy” to permit sites for land disposal
• Difficult to compete against cheap fossil fuel power
22
2 M
illio
n p
eo
ple
For more information…
1. Download the Roadmap Matrix – WEF website
2. Buy the Book (www.e-wef.org) $44
3. Look for a Workshop at WEFTEC or other
WEF or MWEA seminar
4. EPA resource documents
Contact:
Mike Harvey
312-405-7965
Thank you!!
