MUSLIM WORLDHonors World Civilizations, Chapter 10

THIS CHAPTER OVERALL

• 3 sections:

• Rise of Islam

• Islam Expands

• Muslim Culture

• Your jobs:

• Take notes

• Participate

• Ask questions

MUSLIM WORLD TODAY?

• Where is it?

• How/when/why are Muslims, and Islam, in the news today?

• What’s ISIS?

• What is fact, what is not fact about the Muslim World? That’s a toughie.

• What do you think about US (Obama) policy toward the Muslim World? READ THIS (extra credit reading)

SECTION 1: THE RISE OF ISLAM• Geographical

background

• Desert

• “Town”. Sounds simple, but what are they, really?

• Crossroads of trade

MUHAMMAD• Began life as a trader. Do you know any

traders?

• What were his “revelations?”

• What was going on between Mecca & Medina during Muhammad’s lifetime?

• TERMS:

• Muslim

• Islam

• Hijrah

• umma

IN DEPTH: HIJRAH

• What is this, really?

• If looked upon critically, how could one analyze this?

• What might people fearful of others think?

ARCHITECTURE

• Dome of the Rock

• Finished in 691, on Mount Moriah, Jerusalem

• A very holy place in Islam. Why?

• “If you knew nothing about this building, what elements might lead you to believe that it is religious?”

• Does art & architecture reflect life?

• What is an ICON? Can a simple image convey meaning?

BELIEFS & PRACTICES OF ISLAM

• Monotheistic

• Five Pillars

• Name them!

• Faith, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage

• Ways of Life

• Sources of Authority

• Quran

• Sunna

LINKS TO JUDAISM & CHRISTIANITY

• Name a few!

SECTION 2: ISLAM EXPANDS

• In the year 632, the Muslim community faced a crisis….

• And yet, by 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles (wow) from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River

• Understand how this happened!

THE CALIPH’S CALIPHATE

• A caliphate (Arabic: ِخالفة khilāfa) is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph —a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh), and a leader of the entire Muslim community.

• Who is Abu-Bakr?

• What are “Rightly Guided Caliphs”?

WHY WERE THE CALIPHS SO SUCCESSFUL?

• They were true believers, and fought hard for their beliefs

• Disciplined armies and expertly commanded

• Byzantine & Sassanid Empires were weakened…

• Those under Byzantine & Sassanid rule weren’t happy culturally….

• Muslim treatment of conquered peoples was….

• “In the Name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful, this is what Khalid bin Waleed would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus. He promises to give them security for their lives, property arid churches. Their city wall shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their homes. Thereunto we give to them the pact of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the Caliph, and the believers. So long as they pay the tax, nothing but good shall befall them.”

NOTHING LASTS FOREVER….

• Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis. The Muslim world expanded so far, and so fast…… but…..

• Has anyone here studied the rise and fall of the Roman Empire? Why do empires/powerful institutions/governments/businesses fail???

• Please tell me about the Umayyad/Sunni split with the Shi’a.

• Then, tell me about the Abbasids, and what happened in the year 750

• Terms to know:

• Sunni

• Shi’a

• Sufi

A Shiite Muslim holds a

picture of historic Shiite

leader Imam Hussein

during an anti-American

demonstration in

Baghdad, May 29, 2003.

CONTROL OVER 3 CONTINENTS

Control:

• Europe, specifically al-Andalus (Spain) (Berbers, Ummayad)

• North Africa, Fatamid

• Near East (Iraq/Iran, Arabia…) Abbasid

• All became dominated by the Abbasid caliphate from 750-1258

TRADE

• One of my favorite topics

• 2 major sea trading networks existed

• Single language, single currency = awesome

SECTION 3: MUSLIM CULTURE• Time period we’re talking

about here is around 700-1250

• Period was marked by???

Vibrant trade!

• Building of luxurious cities…

• Support of academics, arts, philosophy, etc.

• Preserved ancient knowledge and produced new learning

SOCIETY• Rise of cities

BAGHDAD

• Abbasid capital

• Pretty cool

4 SOCIAL CLASSES

• List them now!

• What other societies have formal classes?

• Does the USA have a class system??

ROLE OF WOMEN

• “men are the managers of the affairs of women”

• “Righteous women are therefore obedient”

• Complicated……..

• HOWEVER…………..

MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP

House of Wisdom (ca. 800) = Western Universities ( U. Maryland, Harvard, etc.)

• Literature• 1000 & 1 Nights!

• Art & Architecture• Arabesque

• calligraphy

• Medicine• Al-Razi, ComprehensiveBook

• Math & Science• Algebra

• Astrolabe?

• Philosophy & Religion• Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

ASTROLABE

• The astrolabe was introduced to the Islamic world the 700’s. The astrolabe was fully developed during the early centuries of Islam. Arab treatises on the astrolabe were published in the ninth century and indicate a long familiarity with the instrument

• The astrolabe was inherently valuable in Islam because of its ability to determine the astronomically defined prayer times and as an aid in finding the direction to Mecca (theqibla).

• It must also be noted that astrology was a deeply imbedded element of early Islamic culture and astrology was one of the principle uses of the astrolabe. The picture is from a larger painting of the observatory at Istanbul in the 16th century.

A FRESCO PAINTING FROM THE CHEHEL SOTUN PAVILLION IN ISFAHAN, IRAN, DEPICTS PERSIAN WARFARE DURING THE SAFAVID

DYNASTY PERIOD.