Music Therapy and Health NUR 317 Michelle Klenk, Maia Novak,
Jessica Olcheske, Ashleigh Wash, Sara Young
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Music Therapy Defined Music therapy is a branch of health care
dedicated to the use of music for emotional, physical, functional
and educational improvement in a broad range of settings and
conditions...the arts (e.g. music and painting) are an important
part of the nursing discipline. (Korhan, Khorshid & Uyar,
2011)
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Research Question Is there sufficient evidence that proves that
music therapy has a positive effect on psychological and
physiological patient outcomes?
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Why did we choose this question? Music has been shown to
provide positive benefits. Addresses spiritual, psychological,
physical, social, and cognitive needs of individuals. Improves
emotional states. Increases positive changes in mood. Is an
anxiety, stress reduction, and relaxation tool. (Young &
Koopsen, 2011)
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Music Therapy and Spirituality Many different cultures and
denominations have used music as an essential part of religious
practices. Soothe the spirit Provide a means for focusing on
spiritual awareness. Brings a person to a peaceful place. (Young
& Koopsen, 2011)
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Literature Review
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Study 1: Korhan, Khorshid & Uyar (2011) Objective: To
assess the physiological effects of music therapy on 60 Turkish,
mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit. Method:
Patients were randomized to a control or intervention group. 60
minutes of classical music therapy of 60-66 bpm was played for
intervention group via MP3 player and headphones. No music for
control group. Vitals were taken at the 30th, 60th and 90th minutes
of intervention.
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Study 1: Korhan, Khorshid & Uyar (2011) Results:
Significant decreases in systolic, diastolic blood pressures &
respiratory rates for the intervention group. Decrease improved
progressively at 30, 60, 90 minute intervals. Limitations: Sample
size Type of music used Duration of therapy Cultural diversity
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Study 2: Kulkarni, Johnson, Kettles, & Kasthuri (2012)
Objective: To assess the effects of playing patient selected music
on the doses of sedation and analgesia and anxiety levels during
procedures in Interventional Radiology. Method: Randomized control
study of 100 patients. Experimental group utilized music therapy;
control group did not. Measured required doses of IV narcotics and
sedatives for patients during procedures. Measured anxiety levels
of patients before and after procedure (State Anxiety
Inventory).
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Study 2: Kulkarni, Johnson, Kettles, & Kasthuri (2012)
Results: Sedation was required in 21 (42%) patients in the music
group compared with 30 (60%) patients in the control group. Mean
midazolam dose: 2.1 mg (control),1.3 mg (experimental) Mean
fentanyl dose: 29 mg (control), 18 mg (experimental) Anxiety level:
No significant change. Limitations: Small sample size Some patients
did not bring their own music.
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Study 3: Wlodarczyk (2007) Objective: Using a self-report, this
study aims to determine the effects of music therapy on the
spirituality of participants in an in- patient hospice unit.
Method: 10 volunteering patients in a palliative care unit were
studied Each participant had four 30 minute visits with the
researcher After each visit, a spiritual well-being questionnaire
was completed. Mean scores from the questionnaire were
analyzed.
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Study 3: Wlodarczyk (2007) Results: Mean scores of Spiritual
Well-Being Questionnaire 78.5/100 for music group 73.95/100 for
non-music group Participants requested to play spiritual music 75%
of the time. Initiated discussion of spiritual issues in 35% of the
music visits. Patients expressed verbal disappointment of the lack
of music during 80% of the non-music visits. Limitations: There was
difficulty acquiring and retaining participants which led to a
small sample size.
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Implications for Nursing Practice The previous 3 articles
showed evidence that music therapy has positive benefits on patient
outcomes. Decreases anxiety and stress levels in patients.
Decreases pain levels and acts as a distracter. Decreases
physiological signs- BP, & resp. rates. Improves spiritual
well-being. Promotes a positive mood and emotional state. Positive
participation in treatment from patient.
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Implications for Further Research Larger sample sizes. More
research is needed regarding the link between music and well-being.
More research is needed to examine the best type of music to use
for relaxation. More research is needed to examine the best way to
incorporate music into practice for a maximum benefit for
patients.
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How can we help our patients? Musicians visits Music channels
Access to portable music players
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Our Personal Practice Michelle: (ICU Nurse) I utilize music to
promote relaxation, but I did not have solid medical evidence for
using it as an intervention. Maia: (Pediatric
Orthopedic/Nephrology/Cardiac RN) Now understands the importance of
allowing the patient to choose their own music and that different
age groups may respond differently to the music being played. Jess:
(Private Practice Surgical/Laser RN) Incorporates music therapy
into practice by allowing patients to listen to headphones while
under local anesthesia, and plans to expand use by teaching others
about the benefit of music therapy. Ashleigh: (Trauma/Burn ICU RN)
I will advocate for the use of visiting musicians for my patients.
Many patients and nurses do not know that we offer it in our
hospital. Sara: (Progressive Care Unit RN) I would like to see use
of music on our unit as a means of non-pharmacological therapy to
induce a calm and spiritually healing atmosphere.
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References Korhan, A. E., Khorshid, L., & Uyar, M. (2011).
The effect of music therapy on physiological signs of anxiety in
patients receiving mechanical ventilator support. Journal of
Clinical Nursing, 20, 1026-1034. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2702.2010.03434.x Kulkarni, S., Johnson P.C., Kettles, S., &
Kasthuri, R. S. (2012). Music during interventional radiological
procedures, effect on sedation, pain and anxiety: A randomized
controlled trial. British Journal of Radiology, 85, 1059-1063. doi:
10.1259/bjr/71897605. Young, C., & Koopsen, C. (2011).
Spirituality, health, and healing: An integrative approach (2nd
ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Wlodarczyk, N.
(2007). The effect of music therapy on the spirituality of persons
in an in-patient hospice unit as measured by self-report. Journal
of Music Therapy, 44, 113-122.