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Mushtaq Ahmed Memon
2nd Kitakyushu Network Meeting
Weihai (China), 15-17 October 2003
Collection and Analysis of “Successful Practices”
Kitakyushu Office, International Conference Center, 6 th Floor, 3-9-30, Asano,Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu City, JAPAN 802-0001Tel: +81-82-513-3711 Fax: +81-82-513-3712 Email: [email protected]: www.iges.or.jp/ue/index.html, www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu
Outline of the Presentation
1. Purpose of collection and analysis of “successful practices”
2. Focal areas under KIN and collected “successful practices”
3. Analysis of “successful practices
4. Conclusions: recommendations and considerations
Section - I
Purpose
Trends of Urbanization
Degree of Urbanization in the Asian and Pacific Region, 1999
Less than 25% 8 Afghanistan (22), Bangladesh (21), Bhutan (7), Nepal (11),Sri Lanka (23), Cambodia (23),
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (23), Viet Nam (20),
25-50% 11 People’s Republic of China (34), India (28), Kyrgyzstan (40), Maldives (28), Thailand (34), Pakistan(33), Tajikistan (33), Turkmenistan (45), Uzbekistan (42), Indonesia (39),
Myanmar (27)
50-75% 9 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (63), Mongolia (63), Islamic Republic of Iran (64), Kazakhstan(55),
Malaysia (57), Philippines (58), Armenia (70), Azerbaijan (57), Turkey (74),
75% and above 8 Hong Kong, China (96), Japan (79), Republic of Korea (85), Brunei Darussalam (72), Singapore (100), Australia (85), New Zealand (87), Russian Federation (77)
Source: ESCAP 1999
Trends of Urbanization 2
Rate of Urbanization in Asia and the Pacific, 1995-2030
Components of Urban Growth in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2005
Out of 33 world’s largest cities, 27 will be in this region by year 2015
Solid Waste
Municipal and industrial solid waste generation
Solid Waste 2Disposal methods
Water and SanitationUrban water and sanitation coverage
Source: World Bank 1997
Water and Sanitation 2
Water availability and water pollution
Air Quality
Ambient levels for TSP and SO2
Air Quality 2
Ambient levels for NO2 and Regional Share of CO2
Environmental Impact• Solid waste, including hazardous waste, is responsible for
major health impacts. The water resources are being polluted and methane emissions contribute towards global warming. In various cities scattered waste creates havoc and accidents.
• Water related diseases have a major impact on the quality and quantity of labor and on the health related costs. The pollution of water sources and saline due to intense water drawl rates are jeopardizing agricultural and industrial requirements, in addition to marine and aquatic losses, and leading towards huge economic losses.
• There are enormous health and socioeconomic losses due to air pollution. For example, World Bank (1996) estimated that in Bangkok, Jakarta, and KL, the annual costs from dust and lead pollution were US$5 billion or about 10% of combined city income. Furthermore, only in Jakarta, 1,400 premature deaths, 49,000 emergency room visits, and 600,000 asthma attacks could be avoided annually, if particulate levels were to be brought down to WHO standards.
Urban Environmental Management
Means
IssuesUrban Planning
Institutional Capacity
Regulatory Capacity
Technical Capacity
Financial Capacity
Social Capacity
Solid Waste Management
Water Supply & Wastewater Management
Urban Air Quality Management
Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) System
Environmental Issues over Time
Geographica
l
Coverage
Policy
Inte
rven
tion
s
1. Assessment of the problem (current or future)
Pollution levels, sources, and the impact(Monitoring cause and effect analysis)
2. Planning and implementation of the response
Identification of the responses (options)
Prioritization of the options (short-term & long-term)
Implementation of the options
Capacity for Urban Air Quality Management
1. Monitoring and prediction of of pollution/ambient levels (current or future)In-house capacity
Linkages with private sector (Industries, etc.) and civil society (NGOs, Academia)
2. Cause and effect analysisPollution sources (Household, Transport, Industries, etc.)
Health & productivity impact (morbidity and mortality)Socioeconomic impact (water sources, land values, visibility, maintenance costs, time savings, leisure, etc.)
Social Capacity for Problem Assessment
1. Urban Planning
2. Institutions (formal and informal)
3. Regulatory standards and jurisdiction (CAC and MBIs)
4. Public Participation (policy making & implementation)
5. Financial mechanisms (decentralization, municipal bonds, revolving funds, public-private partnerships)
6. Appropriate technology
Local Capacity for the Response
Challenges
Necessary condition(s)
Regulations & Institutions
Public participation
Financial Mechanisms
Appropriate Technology
Essential condition(s)
1. Logical and suitable2. Human resources3. Jurisdiction &
Implementation1. Public awareness2. Information systems
3. Formal & Informal framework
1. Government & donor funding
2. Economic instruments (MBIs)
3. Public-private partnerships
1. Monitoring2. Production3. Repair and maintenance
Environmental Problem(water pollution/ scarcity, air pollution, solid waste, industrial pollution, etc)
Sources(households, private sector, transport, energy, etc.)
Impact(quantitative and qualitative)
Urban Planning
1. Zoning and land-use2. Titling3. Future growth
Critical Path Analysis
Training
• Capacity of stakeholders
Network of stakeholders
•Consultations and suggestions
•Involving private sector and civil society
Mechanisms to involve stakeholders
Decentralization
• Local Institutions
•Local action plans
Public awareness campaigns
• Motivating stakeholders to improve their cooperation and capacity for UEM
Stakeholder participation
• Assessment: monitoring, identification of polluters, and analysis of the impact
•Response: urban planning, regulations, financial mechanisms, and technology
Local Capacity Building Process - 1
Network of Researcher
•International researchers/institutes
•Local researchers/institutes
Collection/Analysis of Successful Practices
•Learning from Experiences
•Transferability (with or without modifications to suit local conditions)
Modifications (Local Situation)
Existing technology, regulations, financial mechanism, and stakeholder participation
Output (Better Policies/Techniques)
Improvements in:1. Technology2. Regulations3. Institutions4. Financial mechanisms5. Stakeholder participation
Research Agenda
Existing challenges:1. General (for all Asian cities)2. Particular (with specific situation and characteristics) for urban water management
Stakeholders for Policy Making
•Government officials, NGOs, Private sector, Community
•Bilateral and multilateral agencies
Local Capacity Building Process - 2
• Networking(Information sharing among cities and other stakeholders)
• Lessons Learnt (Successful Practices)
• Pilot activities(Local Initiatives)
Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment
Support Local Initiatives for Tangible Outputs“Scan Globally and Reinvent Locally”
Section - II
Database
Overall Urban Environmental Management
City/Country Focal Point
Jeju Restoration of severely polluted and damaged streams
Daegu Tearing-Down-Walls Campaign
Dalian (China) Removal and modification of polluting industries
Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) Promotion of cleaner production
Jiangyin (China) Structural adjustment in urban environmental management
Ningbo (China) Integrated urban environmental policies
Surabaya (Indonesia)
Comprehensive Kampung Improvement (Model for community participation)
Taiyuan (China) Cleaner production
Yantai (China) National Model City for Environmental Protection
Zhang Jiagang (China)
Integrating environment and economy (Three First System)
Zhenjiang (China) Environmental information disclosure system
Municipal Solid Waste Management
City/Country Focal Point
Nonthaburi (Thailand)
Community Awareness in Recycling and Solid Waste Management
Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Innovation in community-driven composting
Surabaya (Indonesia)
Integrated sustainable approach to waste management
Water Supply and Wastewater Management
City/Country Focal Point
Cartagena (Colombia)
Public-Private Partnerships in Water and Sanitation
Cordoba (Argentina)
Public-Private Partnerships in Urban Water (Concession Contracts)
Johor Bahru (Malaysia) Public-Private Partnerships in Bulk Water Supply
Manila (Philippines)
Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment
Macao (China)Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment
Weihai (China) Wastewater management
Rongcheng (China) Water management models
Shenzhen (China)Construction and operation of environmental infrastructure
Air Quality Management
City/Country Focal Point
Bangkok (Thailand)
Integrated urban air quality management
Kathmandu (Nepal)Role of Government, private sector and civic society in promoting battery operated electric three-wheelers in Kathmandu, Nepal
Kitakyushu (Japan) Coexistance of industry and community
SingaporeDe-coupling of urban mobility need from environmental degradation in Singapore
SingaporeSuccessful experiences in containing environmental problems from transportation
Chongqing (China) SO2 pollution control
Guiyang (China) Strategies for air pollution control
Lanzhou (China) Special program on air pollution
United Kingdom Local air quality management
Section - III
Analysis
Dhaka 1
Features:• Population and growth rate 6.61 million (5.52%)• Water and sanitation 80% and 44%
• Solid waste management:Generation 4750 t/dCollection 50.3%Landfill 1540 t/d (Matualil) + 380 t/d (Mirpur)Illegal dumping 2400 t/dRecycling 140 t/d (at source) + 290 t/d (scavengers)Composting 2 t/d by Waste Concerns (NGO)
Dhaka 2
Innovative Composting• Objective:
To overcome conventional constraint of compost material, being used at small scale due to its quality and marketing beyond the generation limits
• Methodology:1. Agreement with Map Agro Ltd. Bangladesh
To enrich the compost in accordance with the soil and crop demands and also to market throughout the country
2. Agreement with a local NGO (PROSHIKA) for organic farmingThis NGO buys the compost for organic farming and sells the products at three outlets in the city
Dhaka 3
Lessons:• Urban Planning: Primary to final disposal sites and
process• Regulatory: Regulations on solid waste management
including hazardous and industrial waste• Institutional: Proper human and physical resources• Financial: Charge system (MBI) to promote proper waste
disposal as well as to cover the costs. However, due to larger poor community, a good subsidy system (from other sources) could also be added to cover the costs
• Public participation: Public participation in primary collection, including segregation for recycling and compost materials, is very important. Moreover, the awareness to share the costs for final disposal is also very important to implement the regulations.
Targets for PPP based concession agreement:•Non-revenue water to decrease from 56% to 32% in 10 years.
•The one third of service area for the poorest.
•Wastewater program to attain over 80% coverage within 25-year.
•24 hour service (WHO standards) within 10 years
•No increase in real tariff.
•Non-revenue water to decrease from 56% to 32% within 10 years
•$7.5b to be invested to with in 25 years
•Upstream treatment plants to be managed/financed by concessionairesWater Supply 67% 92% 97% 98% 98% 98%
Gravity (sanitation) 7% 7% 10% 17% 23% 33%Sewerage (sanitation) 26% 23% 21% 24% 22%Total (sanitation) 7% 33% 33% 38% 47% 55%
Metro Manila 1
Lessons:•Urban Planning: Interconnection agreement for two concessionaires was not resolved
•Regulatory: Regulatory body was not in place
•Institutional: Bulk water rights and trading in MWSS
•Financial: The community sees a sharp increase in tariff; however, devaluation and high debt for MWSS is a factor.
•Public participation: Public hearing prior to raise the tariffs.
Metro Manila 2Outcomes:•The privatization process was highly successful and speedy
•There is no pressure on the public sector funds
•Unaccounted-for-water was reduced considerably
•The crises due to El Nino effect (drought) was managed well
Bangkok 1
Air Quality Management: Transport Sector
Year Lead content( gm / liter )• Before 1984 0.84• 1984 0.45• 1989 0.40• 1991 premium ULG available• 1992 0.15• 1994 phase out regular leaded gasoline• 1996 phase out premium leaded gasoline
Year Sulfur content (% by weight)• Before 1993 < 1.0 %• 1993 < 0.5 %• 1996 < 0.25 %• 1999 < 0.05 %
Bangkok 2
Major actions:• Vapor recovery system by July recovery system by July
2001• After 1996, annual vehicle inspection for passenger vehicles
(above 7 years old) and motor cycles (above 5 years old)• Electricity operated sky train for mass transit since 1999• Sub-way will be operated from 2003 (2004)• All new gasoline cars to install Catalytic converters• Most of the taxis and trucks converted to LPG• All in-use buses and trucks are subjected to inspections
during annual registration renewals• Penalty on polluter vehicles during surprise inspections• Public awareness campaigns• Training of mechanics of repair and maintenance garages• Monitoring stations for continuous monitoring
Bangkok 3
Lessons:
• Urban Planning: Zoning and land-use, especially for mass transit system (sub-way, sky trains, and bus lanes)
• Regulatory: Appropriate standards for fuel and vehicles
• Institutional: Clear role of PCD and BMA
• Financial: Economic incentives for cleaner technologies and fuels, and penalty on the polluters
• Technology: proper monitoring stations and proper vehicle repair garages
• Public participation: Public campaigns to promote the proper implementation of the regulations and use of mass transit system
LAQM in UK 1
• The local air quality management (LAQM) framework in the UK was initiated by the Environment Act 1995, Part IV
• Part of national air quality management (NAQS): policies with respect to the assessment and management of local air quality
• Air quality regulations 1997 based on the ambient air quality assessment and management directive 96/62/EC (Daughter Directives of EU)
• First Daughter Directives came into force in 1July 1999, establishing legally binding limits for SO2, NO2, particles, and lead to be achieved by 2005 and 2010. The proposal on 4th Daughter Directives (heavy metals and PAHs) were adapted in July 2003
Pollutant Air Quality Objective Date to be achieved
byConcentration1 Measured as
Benzene (All authorities) 16.25 g/m3 running annual mean 31.12.2003
Authorities in England and Wales 5 g/m3 annual mean 31.12.2010
Authorities in Scotland and NI 3.25 g/m3 running annual mean 31.12.2010
1,3 Butadiene 2.25 g/m3 running annual mean 31.12.2003
Carbon monoxide 10.0 mg/m3 running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003
Lead 0.5 g/m3
0.25 g/m3
annual meanannual mean
31.12.200431.12.2008
Nitrogen dioxide1 200 g/m3 <18 times/year40 g/m3
1 hour meanannual mean
31.12.200531.12.2005
Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)2
All authorities
50 g/m3 < 35 times/year40 g/m3
24 hour meanannual mean
31.12.200431.12.2004
Sulphur dioxide 350 g/m3 <24 times/ year125 g/m3 < 3 times/year
266 g/m3 < 35 times/year
1 hour mean24 hour mean
15 minute mean
31.12.200431.12.200431.12.2005
Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)2
Authorities in Scotland only3
50 g/m3 < 7 times/year18 g/m3
24 hour meanannual mean
31.12.201031.12.2010
LAQM in UK 2
LAQM in UK 3
LAQM in UK 4
Overall Policy Related Lessons
1. Political will and public will are the most crucial elements, as hard decisions, having temporary hardships, should be taken and implemented
2. Communities can put pressure leading towards environmental management decision-making
3. Zoning and infrastructure development are the fundamentals for improving current and future environmental quality
4. Success of public-private partnerships require strong regulatory setup
5. Regulations and institutions constitute the basis for UEM, where a mix of economic and command and control measures, with clear jurisdiction are required
6. Appropriate technology should be explored in accordance to local problems
Recommendations
1. For overall UEM: the capacity of local governments should be strengthening through an active support for national and international agencies as well as through an active local stakeholder participation
2. For SWM: recycling and composting through segregation at source, and integration of various informal and formal initiatives/actions are vital
3. For UWM: involvement of private sector and communities at various levels of production and management as well as strengthening the regulatory role of the government
4. For UAQM: phasing out of leaded gasoline, strengthening the local capacity, and a mix regulatory and economic instruments are vital
Section - IV
Conclusions and Considerations
Conclusions
1. There is no universal recipe, which can work well for all the cities, or for all times in the same city
2. There are quite a few good “examples” those can be transferred with little modification, including phasing out of leaded gasoline, segregation of recycling waste at source and integration of formal and informal sector, voluntary agreements to start effective UEM, and stakeholder participation in decision-making and various activities including provision of the services
3. Try to avoid finding ready-made solutions without analyzing the local conditions
Future Considerations
The major limitations, so far, for our SP are:1. Their scope and transferability into local
actions/policies2. Involvement of local partners in collection and
analysis of “successful practices”
Considerations:1. Promotion of city-to-city level cooperation for
learning from their experiences2. Single format to be adapted for SP database
with one section on the transferability, with the assistance from the local stakeholders
3. There may be some monitoring process to see how “successful practices” are being transformed into “local actions/policies”
