Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

1 Victor Gonzalez

CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

MUSCLE WORKING IN PAIRS: Muscles usually work in pairs or groups (e.g. the

biceps flexes the elbow and the triceps extends it). This is called antagonistic muscle

action.

The working muscle is called the prime mover or agonist. The relaxing muscle is

the antagonist. The other main pair of muscle that work together are the quadriceps

and hamstrings.

The prime mover is helped by other muscles called synergists. These contract at

the same time as the prime mover. They hold the body in position so that the prime

mover can work smoothly.

When muscles cause a limb to move through the joint's range of motion, they usually

act in the following cooperating groups:

Agonists. These muscles cause the movement to occur. They create the normal range

of movement in a joint by contracting.

Agonists are also referred to as prime movers since they are the muscles that are

primarily responsible for generating the movement.

Antagonists. These muscles act in opposition to the movement generated by the

agonists and are responsible for returning a limb to its initial position.

Synergists. These muscles perform, or assist in performing, the same set of joint

motion as the agonists. Synergists are sometimes referred to as neutralizers because

they help cancel out, or neutralize, extra motion from the agonists to make sure that

the force generated works within the desired plane of motion.

Fixators. These muscles provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of

the body in place while the movement occurs. Fixators are also sometimes called

stabilizers.

The contraction of a muscle does not necessarily imply that the muscle shortens; it

only means that tension has been generated. Muscles can contract in the following

ways:

Isometric contraction: This is a contraction in which no movement takes place,

because the load on the muscle exceeds the tension generated by the contracting

muscle. This occurs when a muscle attempts to push or pull an immovable object.

Isotonic contraction: This is a contraction in which movement does take place,

because the tension generated by the contracting muscle exceeds the load on the

muscle. This occurs when you use your muscles to successfully push or pull an object.

Isotonic contractions are further divided into two types:

MUSCLES & MOVEMENTS

1. Introduction

2. Types of contraction.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Concentric contraction

This is a contraction in which the muscle decreases in length (shortens) against an

opposing load, such as lifting a weight up.

Eccentric contraction

This is a contraction in which the muscle increases in length (lengthens) as it resists a

load, such as lowering a weight down in a slow, controlled fashion.

During a concentric contraction, the muscles that are shortening serve as the agonists

and hence do all of the work. During an eccentric contraction the muscles that are

lengthening serve as the agonists (and do all of the work)

Bones need the help of the muscles so that we can move.

Muscles also help our body perform other functions so that we can

grow and remain strong, such as maintain proper posture or chewing

food and transport it through the digestive system. Although there

are another functions that we will learn in the future.

The human body has over 650 muscles that make up half of

the body weight of a person. Muscles are attached to bones by tough

tissues called tendons, which allow the muscles to pull on bones. If

you move your fingers, you will see the movement of the tendons as

they work.

3. Muscles used in physical and sports activities

Detail of the powerful Achilles tendon. Do you remember the movie "Troy" ?. (10)

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

3 Victor Gonzalez

CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

1. A good trick to store and organize what we have learned, is to make an outline.

Organizes the muscles of the body that we have learned in groups: muscles of the

trunk, muscles of the arm and muscles of the legs.Put each of them in the correct

box. To avoid mistakes, fill it first to other paper, and when you are reliable,

complete the diagram. If in doubt, you can help Internet or any book you have on

hand.

3. Activities.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

2. Up to now, we have study muscles and bones names, but now we are going to localize in the body. First study the previous

outline, and then study the pictures. Can you fill the blank pictures with muscles and bones names?

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

4.1 Plains of movements: Movements of the human body are often described in terms of the ‘plane’ in which they pass

through. There are three planes of the human body, these planes are shown in the following

table.

4.2 Plains of movements: Knowing how the body moves and the actions that various joints allow is crucial for safe and

effective exercise instruction. Some of the key joint actions that you should know are detailed in

the following tables.

Flexion:

Refers to movement where the angle between two bones

decreases. Flexion is commonly known as bending.

Extension:

Refers to movement where the angle between two bones

increases. Extension is otherwise known as straightening.

Frontal Transverse Sagittal

Description

The frontal plane passes through

the body from left to right,

dividing the body into anterior

and posterior portions.

Description

The transverse plane passes through

the body in a line parallel to the floor,

dividing the body into top and bottom

portions.

Description

The sagittal plane passes

through the body from front to

back, dividing the body into left

and right portions.

Example

Side to side movements occur in

the frontal plane, such as raising

your arms or legs out to the side

like in a star jump.

Example

Twisting or rotational movements

occur in the transverse plane, such as

twisting your head from side to side.

Example

Front to back movements

occur in the sagittal plane,

such as walking, pushing,

pulling and squatting.

4. BODY MOVEMENTS.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Horizontal flexion:

Refers to movement where the angle between two bones decreases and

on the horizontal plane.

Horizontal extension:

Refers to movement where the angle between two bones increases and

occurs on the horizontal plane.

Lateral Flexion:

Refers to movement of the spine laterally away from the midline of the

body. This can be seen when we bend to one side.

Abduction:

Is movement of a body segment away from the midline of the body.

Adduction:

Is movement of a body segment toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction:

This is a movement where the joint is the pivot and the body segment

moves in a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and

abduction.

Elevation:

Refers to the raising of the scapula to a superior level (shrugging

the shoulders).

Depression:

Refers to the scapula moving to a inferior position as they are

pulled downwards.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Supination:

Hand – movement so the palm of the hand faces

upward or forward (anteriorly).

Foot – combination of inversion, plantar flexion and

adduction of the foot occurring at the same time.

Pronation:

Hand – movement so the palm of the hand faces

downward or backward (posteriorly).

Foot – combination of eversion, dorsiflexion and

abduction of the foot occurring at the same time.

Medial rotation: The movement of a body segment where the

front (anterior) of the segment rotates medially (inwards) towards

the midline of the body.

Lateral rotation: The movement of a body segment where the

front (anterior) of the segment rotates laterally (outwards) away

from the midline of the body.

4.3 Muscles actions:

Major muscles of the back, shoulder and chest:

Rotation:

Refers to a pivoting or ‘twisting’ movement. Rotation is broken

down further into medial and lateral rotation.

Plantar flexion (right):

Is moving the top of the foot away from the shin or ‘pointing’ the

toes.

Dorsiflexion (left):

Is moving the top of the foot toward the shin or ‘raising’ the

toes.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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Muscle Origin Insertion Movement/Action

Erector spinae

Lower four thoracic

vertebrae

Upper thoracic

vertebrae and the

cervical vertebrae

Extension of the

vertebral column

Latissimus dorsi

Thoracic, lumbar

vertebrae, sacrum

and top of pelvis

Upper part of

humerus

Adduction, and

extension of the arm.

Trapezius

Cervical and

thoracic vertebrae,

base of skull

Clavicle and

scapula

Elevation and depression

of the scapula

Deltoid

Clavicle and spine

of scapula

Upper part of

humerus

Abduction of arm.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Pectoralis major

Sternum, clavicle

and 1st-6th ribs

Upper front area

of humerus

Adduction and flexion

of arm

Major muscles of the upper arm:

Muscle Origin Insertion Movement/Action

Biceps brachii

Scapula Radius Flexion of elbow

Triceps brachii

Scapula and upper

part of humerus

Ulna Extension of elbow

Major muscles of the Abdomen:

Muscle Origin Insertion Movement/Action

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Rectus

abdominus

Front lower

part of

pelvis

5th, 6th and 7th ribs

and lowest part of

sternum

Flexion of vertebral column

External

oblique’s

Lower ribs Front upper part of

pelvis

Rotation of vertebral column and

flexion of vertebral column (both sides

contraction)

Internal

oblique’s

Top of

pelvis

Lower three ribs Rotation of vertebral column and

flexion of vertebral column (both sides

contraction)

Major muscles of the hip region:

Muscle Origin Insertion Movement/Action

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Gluteus maximus

Rear part of pelvis,

sacrum and coccyx

Top of femur Extension and lateral rotation

of leg

Gluteus medius

Upper part of pelvis Outside of upper

part of femur

Abduction and medial

rotation of leg

Psoas major

Lumbar vertebrae

and top of pelvis

Upper part of

femur

Flexion of femur and vertebral

column.

Muscles of thigh:

Muscle Origin Insertion Movement/Action

Quadriceps

Front lower

part of pelvis

and upper part

of femur

Top front part of

tibia

Flexion of the hip

and extension of

the knee.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

(Rectus femoris, Vastus

lateralis, Vastus intermedius,

Vastus medialis)

Hamstrings

(Semimembranosus,

Semitendinosus, Biceps

femoris)

Lower back

part of pelvis

and femur

Upper part of tibia

and fibula

Extension of hip

and flexion of

knee.

Adductor

Pubic Bone Posterior and

upper surface of

the femur (Linea

aspera)

Adduction of leg.

Muscles of the leg:

Muscle Origin Insertion Movement/

Action

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Gastrocnemius

Lower rear

part of femur

Heel bone Plantar

flexion of

ankle and

flexion of

knee

Soleus

Upper rear

part of tibia

and fibula

Heel bone Plantar

flexion of

ankle

Tibialis anterior

Upper two-

thirds of the

lateral

(outside)

surface of the

tibia

The medial

cuneiform and

first metatarsal

bones of the foot

Dorsi

flexion of

ankle.

5. Information Resources.

Physical Education IES CONDESTABLE ÁLVARO DE LUNA European Section.

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CREATED (2016) – 1ST REVISION (2017)

Bibliography:

http://www.medioscan.com/ies/musculosyhuesos

https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_1/chapter_2.html

https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-

textbook/skeletal-system-parts-of-the-skeleton-7/the-skull-79/general-features-and-functions-of-the-

skull-458-5063/

http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php

http://www2.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/notes/art.htm

http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/joints-joint-actions-planes-of-

movement

http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/key-muscle-locations-and-actions

Pictures:

1) https://pekewiki-loja.wikispaces.com/Your+body+moves

2) https://askabiologist.asu.edu/bone-anatomy

3) http://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/8121-how-to-prevent-cramps-in-surfing

4) http://www.crossfitsouthbay.com/muscle-spotlight-diaphragm/

5) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cranial_bones_en_v2.svg/2000

px-Cranial_bones_en_v2.svg.png

6) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Facial_skeleton_-

_en.svg/250px-Facial_skeleton_-_en.svg.png

7) http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/592/flashcards/33592/png/symph1352425780294.

png

8) http://www.healthhype.com/wrist-joint-hand-and-finger-joints-and-bones-pictures.html

9) http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/bones/bones-of-the-foot-tarsals-metatarsals-and-

phalanges/