Treatment of Chronic Extensor Tendons Lesions of the Fingers 2015 Chirurgie de La Main

8/20/2019 Treatment of Chronic Extensor Tendons Lesions of the Fingers 2015 Chirurgie de La Main

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/treatment-of-chronic-extensor-tendons-lesions-of-the-fingers-2015-chirurgie 1/27

Sgoght bmvbhog

]rgbtaght kf oerkhlo gxtghskr tghmkhs dgslkhs kf teg flhjgrsPrlsg gh oebrjg sgokhmblrg mgs dìslkhs mg d“bppbrgld gxtghsgur mgs mkljts

P. CgddgaårgOdlhlqug

Igbhhg-m“Bro,

Lhstltut

mg

db

ablh

Hbhtgs

Btdbhtlqug,

32,

rug

mg

Abrtyrs,

==200

Hbhtgs,

Frbhog

Sgoglvgm

36

Ibhubry

3027> rgoglvgm lh rgvlsgm fkra

23

Bprld

3027> boogptgm 5 Aby 3027

Bvbldbcdg khdlhg 2= Iudy 3027

Bcstrbot

Oerkhlo flhjgr gxtghskr bppbrbtus lhiurlgs brg teg rgsudt kf teg lhltlbd boutg trgbtaght ebvlhj fbldgm kr cglhj ffibwgm. Cgobusg kf teglr oerkhlohbturg, tegsg lhiurlgs prgsght vbrlkus bakuhts kf tghmkh rgtrbotlkh, tghmkh obddus dghjteghlhj, pgrltghmlhkus sobr bmegslkhs, stbtlo bhm myhbalolacbdbhogs wlte teg ffigxkr bppbrbtus bhm lhtrlhslo ausodgs, bhm iklht okhtrboturgs. ]els brtlodg wldd rgvlgw teg bhbtkay kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsabhm tegh wldd kutdlhg cy dkobtlkh, teg vbrlkus odlhlobd ploturgs tebt brg sgokhmbry tk oerkhlo tghmkh lhiury. ]eg odlhlobd prgsghtbtlkh kf tegsg lhiurlgsobh cg eljedy vbrlbcdg cut teglr syaptkabtkdkjy bhm trgbtaght brg vgry spgolflo. Kf teg pksslcdg tegrbpgutlo strbtgjlgs fkr oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr wltekr wltekut bsskolbtgm swbh-hgon mgfkralty, oerkhlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty, oerkhlo sbjlttbd cbhm lhiurlgs, kdm rupturgs kh teg mkrsua kf teg wrlstbhm trbuabtlo mgfgots lh audtlpdg tlssugs, okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght ls kftgh teg ablh gdgaght. _gokhmbry surjlobd rgpblr ls hkt frgg kf okapdlobtlkhs,bhm teg rgsudts brg kftgh dbonlhj. Sgebcldltbtlkh bhm krtektlo crbolhj brg bh lhtgjrbd pbrt kf teg abhbjgaght kf tegsg lhiurlgs, hk abttgr weloetrgbtaght agtekm ls cglhj okhslmgrgm.# 3027 Gdsgvlgr Absskh _B_. Bdd rljets rgsgrvgm.

Ngywkrms9

Flhjgr

gxtghskr

tghmkh>

_gokhmbry

rgpblr>

Abddgt

flhjgr>

_wbh-hgon

mgfkralty>

Ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty>

]rbuabtlo

lhiury>

]ghmkh

dbogrbtlkh

Sìsuaì

Dgs dìslkhs bholghhgs mg d“bppbrgld gxtghsgur mgs mkljts rìsudtght mu mìfbut ku mg db fblddltg mg dgur trbltgaght lhltlbd bu stbmg blju. Dgsokhsìqughogs mg db oerkhloltì mgs dìslkhs ghtrbèhght à mgs mgjrìs mlvgrs mgs rìtrbotlkhs tghmlhgusgs, mgs bddkhjgaghts mg obds tghmlhgux, mgsbmeìrghogs

olobtrlolgddgs

pìrltghmlhgusgs,

mgs

mìsìquldlcrgs

stbtlqugs

gt

myhbalqugs

bvgo

d“bppbrgld

ffiìoelssgur

gt

dgs

ausodgs

lhtrlhsåqugs,

blhslqug

mgs

rblmgurs

brtloudblrgs.

Ogt

brtlodg

fblt

uh

rbppgd

mg

d“bhbtkalg

mg

d“bppbrgld

gxtghsgur

gt

mgs

mlffìrghts

tbcdgbux

odlhlqugs

okhsìoutlfs

à

uhgdìslkh tghmlhgusg bholghhg sgdkh dg slåjg mg db dìslkh. Dgs prìsghtbtlkhs odlhlqugs pguvght étrg trås vbrlìgs gt dgur sìalkdkjlg blhsl qug dgurtrbltgaght skht spìolflqugs 9 mkljt gh ablddgt oerkhlqug bvgo ku sbhs mìfkrabtlkh bsskolìg gh okd mg oyjhg, mìfkrabtlkh gh ckutkhhlårg oerkhlqug,dìslkh oerkhlqug mgs cbhmgdgttgs sbjlttbdgs, rupturgs bholghhgs bu mks mu pkljhgt blhsl qug dgs dìslkhs bvgo pgrtg mg sucstbhog pdurltlssudblrgrìpkhmght

à

mgs

strbtìjlgs

teìrbpgutlqugs

mbhs

dgsqugddgs

dg

trbltgaght

krtekpìmlqug

trkuvg

skuvght

uhg

dbrjg

pbrt.

Dgs

rìpbrbtlkhs

oelrurjlobdgssgokhmblrgs hg skht pbs mìhuìgs mg okapdlobtlkhs gt dgurs rìsudtbts skht dg pdus skuvght lhokapdgts. Db rììmuobtlkh gt d“bppbrglddbjg skhtlhmlsskolbcdgs mg db prlsg gh oebrjg mg ogs dìslkhs, qugddg qug sklt db aìtekmg teìrbpgutlqug ghvlsbjìg.#

3027 Gdsgvlgr Absskh _B_. ]kus mrklts rìsgrvìs.

Akts

odìs

9 ]ghmkh gxtghsgur mgs mkljts > Sìpbrbtlkh sgokhmblrg > Mkljt gh ablddgt > Mìfkrabtlkh gh okd mg oyjhg > Mìfkrabtlkh gh ckutkhhlårg > Dìslkh

trbuabtlqug > Supturg tghmlhgusg

Bvbldbcdg khdlhg bt

_olghogMlrgot

www.solghogmlrgot.oka

Oelrurjlg mg db ablh ?= (3027) 277‟252

G-abld

bmmrgss9 [email protected].

ettp9//mx.mkl.krj/20.2026/i.ablh.3027.07.00223<:-?30?/ # 3027 Gdsgvlgr Absskh _B_. Bdd rljets rgsgrvgm.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/12973203

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2015.05.001















mailto:[email protected]



mailto:[email protected]


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/12973203

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.main.2015.05.001&domain=pdf

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.main.2015.05.001&domain=pdf



2. Lhtrkmuotlkh

Oerkhlo lhiurlgs kf teg flhjgr gxtghskr bppbrbtus brg tegrgsudt kf bh kpgh (dbogrbtlkh, mgfgot) kr odksgm (rupturg,lhstbcldlty) lhltlbd lhiury tebt wbs gltegr hkt trgbtgm kr hkttrgbtgm prkpgrdy. ]els aby ebvg ebppghgm cgobusg teg lhiurywbs alssgm, teg lhltlbd trgbtaght wbs lhbpprkprlbtg, tegtrgbtaght murbtlkh wbs tkk sekrt kr tkk dkhj, kr cgobusg teglhltlbd trgbtaght fbldgm, mgspltg cglhj wgdd-okhmuotgm. Khogoerkhlo, teg tghmkh lhiury ls bsskolbtgm wlte vbrylhj bakuhts kf tghmkh rgtrbotlkh, tghmkh obddus dghjteghlhj, pgrltghmlhkus sobrbmegslkhs, stbtlo bhm myhbalo lacbdbhogs wlte teg ffigxkrbppbrbtus bhm lhtrlhslo ausodgs, bhm iklht okhtrboturgs.Abhlfgstbtlkh kf tegsg lhiurlgs, weloe ls odksgdy rgdbtgm tkteglr dkobtlkh bhm tegrgfkrg teg bhbtkay bhm peyslkdkjy kf teggxtghskr agoebhlsa, dgbms tk eljedy vbrlgm odlhlobd ploturgstebt ebvg gqubddy vbrlgm fuhotlkhbd okhsgqughogs. Cbsgm kh tegsljhlflobhog kf teg dbttgr, gboe odlhlobd ploturg wldd ebvg spgolflosyaptkabtkdkjy bhm rgspkhm tk spgolflo trgbtaght.

3. Bhbtkay kf gxtghskr agoebhlsa

3.2. Bhbtkay

bt

teg

fkrgbra

bhm

ebhm

3.2.2. _tbhmbrm

okhfljurbtlkh

]eg stbhmbrm okhfljurbtlkh kf teg flhjgr gxtghskr bppbrbtus(hkt lhodumlhj teg teuac) okhslsts kf b okaakh gxtghskrtghmkh fkr gboe flhjgr bhm lhmlvlmubd gxtghskr ausodgs fkr tegsgokhm bhm flfte flhjgr (Flj. 2). Lh teg fkrgbra, bckut = oa frkateg wrlst iklht, teg lhmlvlmubd gxtghskr tghmkhs fkr gboe flhjgrspdlt frka teg okaakh gxtghskr mljltkrua (GM) ausodg ckmy

(bdsk nhkwh

bs

teg

gxtghskr

mljltkrua

okaauhls).

Fkr

teg

flfteflhjgr, b slhjdg tghmkh brlsgs frka teg ausodg ckmy kf teggxtghskr mljltl alhlal (GMA), weloe ls bdsk nhkwh bs teggxtghskr mljltl qulhtl. Fkr teg sgokhm flhjgr, teg mggp gxtghskrlhmlols prkprlus (GLP) ebs ausodg flcgrs tebt rgboe teg wrlst iklhtlh :0% kf obsgs ^2Q.Kh teg mkrsua kf teg mlstbd rbmlus bhm teg rbmlkobrpbd iklht,

teg gxtghskr tghmkhs

‟ surrkuhmgm cy b syhkvlbd segbte

‟ ghtgr

lhtk b hbrrkw kstgkflcrkus obhbd tebt ls okapbrtaghtbdlzgm cysgptuasbhm ebs b rkkf fkragm cy teg gxtghskr rgtlhboudua. ]egtghmkh“s gxourslkh ls teg jrgbtgst bt tels pklht (up tk =2 aa).]eg 37-aa dkhj fkurte gxtghskr okapbrtaght okhtblhs teg GMbhmGLP. ]eg sdljetdy dkhjgr flfte okapbrtaght ls b flcrkus obhbd

tebt ruhs kvgr teg tkp kf teg mlstbd rbmlkudhbr iklht. Lt khdy ekdmsteg GMA. ]eg syhkvlbd segbte ebs b slhjdg prkxlabd rgogss,7 aa prkxlabd tk teg prkxlabd gmjg kf teg rgtlhboudua. Lttgralhbtgs cgykhm teg mlstbd gmjg kf teg rgtlhboudua cy b rgogssbrkuhm gboe tghmkh, wlte teg dkhjgst khg cglhj kh teg udhbrslmg. ]eg gxtghskr rgtlhboudua ekdms teg gxtghskr tghmkhsbjblhst teg sngdgtkh murlhj wrlst gxtghskr, prgvghtlhj tghmkhckw strlhjlhj.Kh teg mkrsua kf teg ebhm, teg tghmkhs mlvgrjg bhm brg hk

dkhjgr oydlhmrlobd> tegy cgokag ffibttgr bs tegy jgt odksgr tk tegagtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd (AOP) iklhts. ]eg gxtghskrs fkr tegalmmdg bhm rlhj flhjgrs ruh kvgr teg telrm bhm fkurte

agtbobrpbds. ]eksg

kf

teg

lhmgx

bhm

dlttdg

flhjgrs

ruh

kvgr

teg sgokhm bhm fkurte lhtgragtobrpbd spbogs. ]eg okaakh

gxtghskr tghmkhs

brg

egdm

tkjgtegr

cy

fbsolb,

weloe

obh

cgrglhfkrogm lh teg mlstbd agtbobrpbd rgjlkh cy kcdlqug krtrbhsvgrsg dlhns obddgm lhtgrtghmlhkus okhhgotlkhs. ]egmlstrlcutlkh kf tegsg lhtgrtghmlhkus okhhgotlkhs vbrlgs bs mkgsteglr okhstltutlkh (tghmkh, dljbaght, fbsolb). ]eg akst okaakh,akst mgflhgm bhm telongst iklh teg gxtghskr kf teg almmdg flhjgrtk tebt kf teg fkurte flhjgr lh :?% tk 50% kf obsgs ^3,?Q.Okhvgrsgdy, teg khg iklhlhj teg okaakh gxtghskr kf teg lhmgxtk tebt kf teg almmdg flhjgr ls rbrgr bhm telhhgr. ]eglhtgrtghmlhkus okhhgotlkh iklhlhj teg fkurte flhjgr“s gxtghskrtk tebt kf teg flfte flhjgr ls kftgh fkragm cy b mlvlslkh kf tegdbttgr“s okaakh gxtghskr tghmkh. ]eg GLP bhm GMA, weloe brgdkobtgm kh teg udhbr slmg kf teg okaakh gxtghskr kf teg

rgspgotlvg flhjgr, jghgrbddy mk hkt ebvg bhy lhtgrtghmlhkusokhhgotlkhs. Lhtgrtghmlhkus okhhgotlkhs egdp tk stbcldlzg teggxtghskr tghmkhs kh teg cbon kf teg agtbobrpbd egbms wegh tegAOPiklhts brg ffigxgm kr dbtgrbddy mgvlbtgm. ]egy obh pbrtlolpbtglh flhjgr gxtghslkh lh ogrtblh typgs kf bhbtkalobd vbrlbtlkhs.

3.2.3. Bhbtkalobd

vbrlbtlkhs

]eg jrgbtgst bhbtkalobd vbrlbtlkhs lh teg flhjgr gxtghskrbppbrbtus brg lh teg brgb cgtwggh teg fkrgbra bhm mkrsua kf tegebhm. ]egsg okhslst kf vbrlgm lhtgrtghmlhkus okhhgotlkhs,bcsghog kf teg flfte flhjgr“s okaakh gxtghskr tghmkh, tghmkhspdlttlhj, kr prgsghog kf gxtrb ausodgs kr tghmkhs suoe bs teg

gxtghskr agmll

prkprlus,

gxtghskr

lhmlols

bhm

agmll,

gxtghskr

Flj. 2. Mlbjrba kf teg flhjgr gxtghskr bppbrbtus kh teg mkrsua kf teg wrlst bhmebhm. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf Abètrlsg Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252276



mljltkrua crgvls abhus (obddgm teg ――ausodg abhlgux““ lhFrghoe), gxtghskr lhmlols rbmlbdls, bhm gxtghskr okaauhlspkddlols bhm lhmlols ^2,3,=,7Q.

3.3.

Bhbtkay

bt

teg

flhjgrs

]eg bhbtkay kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa ls odgbrdy akrgokapdlobtgm bt teg mljlts (Flj. 3). Kh khg ebhm, teg gxtghskragoebhlsa ls stbcldlzgm cy Ybhokddl“s bssgacdbjg huodgus,wegrg vkdbr bhm mkrsbd obpsudg, dljbaght bhm tghmkh struoturgsokhvgrjg bt teg AOP bhm prkxlabd lhtgrpebdbhjgbd (PLP) iklhts.Kh teg ktegr ebhm, teg okaakh gxtghskr tghmkh ls hk dkhjgrlhmlvlmubdlzgm cgobusg lt ls lhtgrokhhgotgm wlte teg lhtrlhsloausodg‟tghmkh systga. Lhtgrdbolhj kf teg tghmkh flcgrs bhmDbhmsaggr“s rgtlhboudbr dljbaght (trbhsvgrsg bhm kcdlqugcbhms) bdkhj wlte teg supgrlapksltlkh kf teg gxtghskr ekkmrgsudts lh teg fkrabtlkh kf bh gxtghskr bpkhgurksls tebt lslhgdbstlo cut vbrlgs lh sebpg murlhj flhjgr ffigxlkh bhm gxtghslkh

^6Q. ]els bhbtkalobd okapdgxlty ls mlffloudt tk rgprkmuogsgokhmbrldy lh teg prgsghog kf kdm tghmkh lhiurlgs.

3.3.2. Agtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd iklht

]eg gxtghskr tghmkh jlvgs rlsg kh lts mggp surfbog tk b dkksgflcrkus cbhm tebt bttboegs tk teg mkrsbd AOP obpsudg bhm tegcbsg kf teg prkxlabd pebdbhx (P2), cut mkgs hkt okhtrlcutg tkprkxlabd pebdbhx gxtghslkh. ]rbhsvgrsg sbjlttbd cbhms (_C)frka ckte slmgs kf teg tghmkh dlhn teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa wlteteg vkdbr pdbtg, teg lhtgragtbobrpbd dljbaght (gxogpt fkr tegrbmlbd slmg kf teg lhmgx bhm teg udhbr slmg kf teg flfte flhjgr) bhmteg ffigxkr agoebhlsa bhm lhtrlhslo ausodg‟tghmkh systga cyagbhs kf teg agtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd flcrkus huodgus mgsorlcgm cyYbhokddl ^:Q. ]eg _C ebs twk seggts9 teg supgrflolbd khg okvgrstegmkrsbd pdbhg kf teg tghmkh bhm teg mggpgr, telongr khg okagsfrka teg mggp slmg kf teg tghmkh ^5Q.]eg _C kh teg rbmlbd slmg lstelhhgr bhm dkhjgr tebh teg khg kh teg udhbr slmg, pbrtloudbrdyfkr teg almmdg flhjgr ^<Q, weloe ls wey lt rupturgs akrg kftgh._lhog tegy ebvg hk flra bttboeaghts, teg _Cs brg akcldgstruoturgs. ]eg sbjlttbd cbhm“s flcgr krlghtbtlkh bhm tghslkh vbrymurlhj ffigxlkh-gxtghslkh. ]eg flcgrs brg pgrpghmloudbr tk teggxtghskr tghmkh wegh teg AOP ls lh hgutrbd pksltlkh. ]eg _C ls

uhmgr teg dgbst tghslkh wegh teg AOP ls ffigxgm =7 mgjrggs ^<Q.]eg _C nggps teg gxtghskr tghmkh pgrabhghtdy oghtgrgm kh tegmkrsua kf teg AOP, lhmgpghmght kf teg iklht“s ffigxlkh krmgvlbtlkh, dlalts lts prkxlabd gxourslkh bhm okhtrlcutgs tk tegprkxlabd pebdbhx“s gxtghslkh bhm eypgrgxtghslkh cy botlhj bs brgdby cgtwggh teg vkdbr pdbtg bhm gxtghskr tghmkh. Lts mggpbspgot ls lh odksg okhtbot wlte teg okddbtgrbd dljbaght, kvgrweloe lt sdlmgs murlhj ffigxlkh. Lts supgrflolbd bspgot ls okvgrgmmlstbddy cy trbhsvgrsg flcgrs frka teg gxtghskr ekkm. ]egyagrjg mkrsbddy bhm okhtrlcutg tk botlvg tghmkh stbcldlzbtlkh lhbmmltlkh tk teg pbsslvg stbcldlzbtlkh prkvlmgm cy teg _Cs.

3.3.3. Almmdg

pbrt

kf

prkxlabd

pebdbhx]eg okaakh gxtghskr tghmkh mlvlmgs lhtk tergg sdlps, boghtrbd sdlp (O_) bhm twk dbtgrbd khgs. ]egsg tergg sdlps agrjgwlte teg agmlbd bhm dbtgrbd sdlps frka teg lhtgrkssgl tghmkhs khgltegr slmg kf teg pebdbhx, bhm teg duacrlobd tghmkh kh tegrbmlbd slmg. ]eg O_ agrjgs wlte teg tghmlhkus flcgrs kf teg twklhtrlhslo agmlbd sdlps tk fkra b okaclhgm oghtrbd tghmkh, weloelhsgrts kh teg cbsg kf teg almmdg pebdbhx (P3) bhm gxtghms lt.Gboe dbtgrbd gxtghskr tghmkh sdlp fusgs wlte teg dbtgrbd sdlp kf teg lhtrlhslo tghmkhs tk fkra b okhiklhgm dbtgrbd cbhm, weloeorkssgs teg mkrskdbtgrbd slmg kf teg PLP iklht. ]eg gxtghskrekkm“s trbhsvgrsg bhm kcdlqug flcgrs iklh teg lhtrlhslo agmlbdbhm dbtgrbd sdlps wlte teg okaakh gxtghskr tghmkh. ]els

okapdgx tghmlhkus dbygr okvgrs bckut :7% kf teg olrouafgr-ghog kf teg prkxlabd pebdbhx.Kh gltegr slmg kf teg PLP iklht, teg trbhsvgrsg rgtlhboudbr

dljbaght (]SD), weloe brlsgs frka teg vkdbr pdbtg bhmoruolfkra O2 puddgy, bttboegs tk teg dbtgrbd gmjg kf tegokhiklhgm dbtgrbd cbhm. Dlng teg sbjlttbd cbhm, teg ]SD pudds tegokhiklhgm dbtgrbd cbhm tkwbrms teg mkrsua kf teg dbtgrbd slmg kf teg PLP murlhj ffigxlkh bhm dlalts lts mkrsbd mlspdbogaght murlhjgxtghslkh.

3.3.?. Almmdg pebdbhx

]eg twk okhiklhgm dbtgrbd cbhms cgokag mkrsbdlzgm bhm brg

iklhgm kvgr teg

cbsg

kf

teg

pebdbhx cy

b

trlbhjudbr

dljbaght

tebt

Flj. 3. Mlbjrba kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa lh b flhjgr. Mkrsbd (B) bhm dbtgrbdudhbr

(C)

vlgws

kf

29

tgralhbd

tghmkh,

39

trlbhjudbr

dljbaght,

?9

kcdlqugrgtlhboudbr dljbaght, =9 okhiklhgm dbtgrbd cbhm, 79 trbhsvgrsg rgtlhboudbr dljb-aght,

69

oghtrbd

sdlp,

:9

gxtghskr

ekkm

(kcdlqug

flcgrs),

59

lhtgrkssgkus

tghmkh,

<9gxtghskr ekkm (trbhsvgrsg flcgrs), 209 sbjlttbd cbhm, 229 mggp trbhsvgrsg agtb-obrpbd

dljbaght,

239

duacrlobd

ausodg,

2?9

okaakh

gxtghskr

tghmkh,

2=9

mkrsbdlhtgrkssgkus ausodg.

Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

27:



ebs trbhsvgrsg flcgrs. Lh teg mlstbd pkrtlkh kf teg almmdg pebdbhx,teg twk okhiklhgm dbtgrbd cbhms agrjg lhtk b slhjdg tgralhbdgxtghskr tghmkh tebt agrjgs wlte teg mkrsbd obpsudg kf teg mlstbdlhtgrpebdbhjgbd (MLP) iklht bhm lhsgrts kh teg cbsg kf teg mlstbdpebdbhx (P?), 2.= aa frka teg hbld abtrlx ^20Q. ]eg prgobrlkustghmkh bhm snlh vbsoudbrlty lh tels mlstbd bttboeaght brgb obhgxpdblh lts elje frgqughoy kf spkhtbhgkus rupturg bhm egbdlhjprkcdgas ^22Q.]eg kcdlqug rgtlhboudbr dljbaght (KSD) mgsorlcgm cy

Dbhmsaggr brlsgs frka teg dbtgrbd gmjg kf teg mlstbd agtbpeyslskfteg prkxlabd pebdbhx bhm teg ffigxkr tghmkh segbte. Lt tbngs bhkcdlqug trbigotkry bhm orkssgs teg PLP dbtgrbddy lh frkht kf ltsffigxlkh-gxtghslkh bxls, tk iklh teg vkdbr slmg kf teg okhiklhgmdbtgrbd cbhm bhm agrjgs wlte lt bt teg almmdg pebdbhx“s hgonbrgb, okhtrlcutlhj tk teg fkrabtlkh kf teg tgralhbd tghmkh kf tegmljltbd gxtghskr agoebhlsa. Ekwgvgr, tels dljbaght obh cggxtrgagdy telh, gvgh alsslhj ^23Q bhm lts prgolsg rkdg lsokhtrkvgrslbd ^2?Q. Cgobusg lts trbigotkry pdbogs lt uhmgr tghslkhmurlhj PLP gxtghslkh, lt ls prgsuagm tk prkvlmg bh botlvg

tghkmgsls gffgot tebt bddkws MLP gxtghslkh cut dlalts lts ffigxlkhwegh teg PLP ls gxtghmgm.

3.?. ]kpkjrbpelo zkhgs

]eg wlmgdy bmkptgm tkpkjrbpelo odbsslflobtlkh fkr gxtghskragoebhlsa lhiury mgvgdkpgm cy Vgrmbh bhm Ndglhgrt ebs gljetzkhgs ^2=Q (Flj. ?). ]eg gvgh-huacgr zkhgs (3, =, 6, 5)okrrgspkhm tk teg rgjlkhs dkobtgm kvgr b ckhg“s mlbpeysls. ]egkmm-huacgr zkhgs (2, ?, 7, :) brg dkobtgm kvgr teg MLP, PLP,AOP bhm wrlst iklhts, rgspgotlvgdy. ]eg tktbd gxtghskr tghmkhgxourslkh vbrlgs hgbrdy dlhgbrdy rgdbtlvg tk teg akvgaght

bapdltumg bt teg wrlst, AOP bhm PLP iklhts. Lt ls dbrjgst fkr tegalmmdg flhjgr (70 aa) bhm sabddgst fkr teg flfte flhjgr (?7 aa)^27Q.Lh gboe zkhg, sgokhmbry lhiurlgs tk teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa

ebvg vgry pbrtloudbr bhbtkalobd, pbtekdkjlobd, odlhlobd bhmtegrbpgutlo fgbturgs.

?. Oerkhlo lhiurlgs lh zkhg 29 abddgt flhjgr

?.2. Mgflhltlkhs

Abddgt flhjgr okrrgspkhms tk b ffigxlkh mgfkralty kf teg

mlstbd pebdbhx mug tk dkss kf botlvg gxtghslkh (Flj. =). ]elsvbrlbcdg ffigxlkh mgfkralty rgffigots dbon kf okhtlhulty lh tegtgralhbd gxtghskr agoebhlsa, gltegr mug tk sucoutbhgkusrupturg, kr pbrtlbd kr okapdgtg tghmkh dbogrbtlkh (tghmlhkusabddgt flhjgr), kr mug tk ckhg bvudslkh bt lts lhsgrtlkh kh tegP? cbsg (ckhy abddgt flhjgr). Lh akst obsgs, lt ls teg sgqugdbkf odksgm alhkr trbuab tebt akstdy koours murlhj fkrogm P?eypgrffigxlkh, cut koours lh skag obsgs bftgr b eypgrgxtgh-slkh lhiury, pbrtloudbrdy fkr ckhy abddgt flhjgr. ]eg flfteflhjgr, almmdg flhjgr bhm rlhj flhjgr brg bffgotgm teg akst^26Q.Abddgt flhjgr ls dbcgdgm oerkhlo = wggns bftgr teg lhltlbd

lhiury gvght

^2:Q.

B

hkh-pblhfud

lhltlbd

lhiury

aby

ebvg

cggh

alssgm lhltlbddy bhm dgft uhtrgbtgm kr hkt trgbtgm prkpgrdy(uhsultbcdg spdlht tebt ls hkt wgdd tkdgrbtgm kr wkrhlhtgralttghtdy, kvgrdy sekrt laakcldlzbtlkh pgrlkm). Oerkhloabddgt flhjgr aby bdsk rgffigot b fbldurg kf wgdd-okhmuotgm lhltlbdtrgbtaght tebt rgsudtgm lh b dghjteghgm, lhgffgotlvg tghmkhobddus.

Flj. ?. ]kpkjrbpelo zkhgs fkr gxtghskr tghmkhs. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh


Flj.

=.

Abddgt

flhjgr

mgfkralty

kf

teg

flfte

flhjgr.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252275



?.3. Odlhlobd prgsghtbtlkh bhm fuhotlkhbd lapblraght

]eg lhokhvghlghog rgdbtgm tk abddgt flhjgr aby khdy cg mugtk gstegtlos. Khog teg gxtghskr dbj rgboegs ?0 tk 70 mgjrggs, trugfuhotlkhbd lapblraght aby lhtgrfgrg wlte ^25Q pgrfkralhjmgdlobtg abhubd wkrn, pdbylhj bh lhstruaght, typlhj kh bngyckbrm kr cuaplhj murlhj lhhkoukus akvgaghts.Prgssurg-sghsltlvg swgddlhj aby cg prgsght kvgr teg MLP

iklht kr teg almmdg pebdbhx tebt okrrgspkhms tk teg obddus bt tegprkxlabd tghmkh ghm> lts rgtrbotlkh mgtgralhgs teg gxtght kf tegabddgt flhjgr. _oegltzgr bhm Sbybh ebvg sekwh tebt 2 aa kf tghmkh dghjteghlhj trljjgrs b 37-mgjrgg MLP gxtghskr dbj bhmtebt = aa kf dghjteghlhj dgbms tk akrg tebh 60 mgjrggs dbj^2<Q.Bsskolbtgm swbh-hgon mgfkralty9 b swbh-hgon mgfkralty

mug tk PLP eypgrgxtghslkh obh koour slaudtbhgkusdy wlteoerkhlo abddgt flhjgr (Flj. 7), pbrtloudbrdy lh eypgrakcldgpbtlghts. Lt ls gxpksgm murlhj fudd botlvg flhjgr gxtghslkh bhmobh crlhj bckut shbpplhj sghsbtlkhs upkh teg stbrt kf PLP

ffigxlkh.]els mgfkralty ls teg rgsudt kf lacbdbhog lh teg botlkh kf teg

gxtghskr agoebhlsa kh teg mljlts, dbxlty kf teg PLP vkdbr pdbtgbhm prkjrgsslvg ]SD wgbnghlhj. Cgobusg teg tgralhbd tghmkhkf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa ls rupturgm, teg oghtrbd sdlp lssucigotgm tk teg fudd cruht kf teg gxtghslkh fkrogs. Lh obsgs kf vkdbr pdbtg dbxlty kr wgbnhgss, tels dgbms tk PLP eypgrgxtghslkh,mkrsbdlzbtlkh bhm agmlbdlzbtlkh kf teg dbtgrbd sdlps wlteprkjrgsslvg ]SD dkksghlhj (Flj. 6). _hbpplhj bt teg stbrt kf PLP ffigxlkh ls rgdbtgm tk summgh vghtrbd selftlhj kf teg dbtgrbdsdlps rgdbtlvg tk teg P2 okhmydgs. ]eg ffigxlkh botlkh kf teg mggpffigxkr tghmkh kh teg MLP ls rglhfkrogm cy PLP eypgrgxtghslkh,

prkjrgsslvgdy abnlhj

teg

mgfkralty

wkrsg.

]els

bdsk

rgmuogsokkrmlhbtlkh murlhj kvgrbdd flhjgr ffigxlkh cgobusg teg MLPffigxgs cgfkrg teg PLP.

?.?. Odlhlobd bssgssaght

]eg odlhlobd gxbalhbtlkh aust9

agbsurg teg mgjrgg kf gxtghskr dbj bhm pktghtlbddy bsskolbtgmPLP eypgrgxtghslkh>

bssgss teg bakuht kf botlvg MLP ffigxlkh wegh teg PLP ls egdmlh gxtghslkh, bhm teg bakuht kf botlvg MLP gxtghslkh> telsrgffigots kh teg dbxlty lh teg tghmkh obddus bt teg tgralhbd

gxtghskr agoebhlsa> mgtgralhg lf teg mgfkralty obh cg pbsslvgdy rgmuogm wlte tegflhjgr iklhts lh vbrlkus pksltlkhs>

bssgss teg snlh okhmltlkh kvgr teg MLP> bssgss teg bakuht kf iklht dbxlty.

Bmmltlkhbd gxbalhbtlkhs9 stbhmbrm rbmlkjrbpes wlte B/P bhmstrlot dbtgrbd vlgws brg gssghtlbd. ]egsg brg hggmgm fkr tegmlbjhksls kf ckhy abddgt flhjgr, bhm tk mgtgralhg tegsljhlflobhog bhm bakuht kf ckhg frbjaght rgtrbotlkh, bdkhjwlte teg sgvgrlty kf kstgkbrterltls. Vkdbr sucduxbtlkh kf tegmlstbd pebdbhx ls pksslcdg lf teg frbjaght ls dbrjgr tebh khg-telrm

kf teg

brtloudbr

surfbog. Wdtrbskhkjrbpey

bhm

ASL

obh

egdp

tkbssgss teg rgtrbotlkh kf teg prkxlabd tghmkh stuap, bdtekuje tegdbttgr ls rbrgdy lhmlobtgm.

?.=. ]rgbtaght

]rgbtaght ls obddgm fkr wegh teg pbtlght gxpgrlghogs trugfuhotlkhbd lapblraght. Abhy oerkhlo abddgt flhjgrs brg wgddtkdgrbtgm frka b fuhotlkhbd pklht kf vlgw bhm mk hkt iustlfybmmltlkhbd trgbtaght. Okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght aust pdby b vgrydbrjg rkdg egrg cgobusg surjlobd okrrgotlkh kf abddgt flhjgr lskftgh lhokapdgtg bhm hkt frgg kf okapdlobtlkhs.

?.=.2. Okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght Laakcldlzbtlkh kf teg MLP lh gxtghslkh cy bh krtektlo crbog

aust cg pgrfkragm systgabtlobddy fkr bhy obsg kf oerkhloabddgt flhjgr, hk abttgr lts murbtlkh ^2:,30,32Q. Gvgh lf telstrgbtaght wbs mkhg prgvlkusdy, pgrslstghog kf sljhlflobhtrgslmubd gxtghskr dbj ls qultg kftgh rgdbtgm tk trgbtaght hkh-okapdlbhog lh b pbtlght wek wbs hkt wgdd lhfkragm kr hktaktlvbtgm. ]eg pbtlght aust cg odgbrdy lhfkragm kf tegtrgbtaght“s jkbd, lts murbtlkh bhm ekw tk abhbjg teg pgrlkm kf iklht laakcldlzbtlkh.

?.=.2.2.

Jkbd

bhm

prlholpdgs. ]eg jkbd ls tk rgmuog teg

rgslmubd MLP

gxtghskr

dbj

tk

teg

pklht

wegrg

lt mkgs

hkt

lapblrFlj.

7.

_wbh-hgon

mgfkralty

bsskolbtgm

wlte

abddgt

flhjgr

lh

teg

lhmgx.

Flj.

6.

Mlbjrba

kf

teg

agoebhlsa

kf

swbh-hgon

mgfkralty

sgokhmbry

tk

abddgtflhjgr.Frka

^60Q. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh


P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

27<



fuhotlkh (20 tk 27 mgjrggs), kr gvgh cgttgr, ls hkh-gxlstght. ]elsls pksslcdg mug tk jrbmubd okhtrbotlkh kf teg tghmkh obddusmurlhj tghmkh sobr abturbtlkh, weloe tbngs bt dgbst ? akhtes._trlot MLP laakcldlzbtlkh lh gxtghslkh ls hgogssbry murlhj telspgrlkm> teg pbtlght aust okhtlhukusdy wgbr bh krtektlo crbogtebt laakcldlzgs teg iklht fkr bt dgbst 5 wggns. ]eg akrg tegstbrt kf trgbtaght ls mgdbygm, teg dkhjgr tels laakcldlzbtlkhpgrlkm aust cg, bhm lt obh skagtlags cg = akhtes dkhj ^30Q.]eg krtektlo crbog obh tegh cg wkrh khdy bt hljet fkr bhktegr 2‟?akhtes. ]eg laakcldlzbtlkh pgrlkm obh cg sekrtghgm fkr obsgskf ckhy abddgt flhjgr cgobusg teg pgrlkstgbd okhtlhulty kf tegfrbjaght okhtrlcutgs tk bppgbrbhog kf b ckhg obddus.

?.=.2.3. ]ypgs

kf

krtektlo

crbogs. ]egrg brg sgvgrbd typgs kf

krtektlo crbogs9 bdualhua strlps wlte fkba ruccgr-cbonlhj,prgakdmgm pdbstlo spdlhts kr oustka-akdmgm tegrakpdbstlospdlht. Lh tgras kf okafkrt bhm stlffhgss, skdlm tegrakpdbstlospdlhts tebt brg oustkalzgm tk teg pbtlght bhm wbtgr-rgslstbht brg

prgfgrbcdg ^32Q. ]eg huagrkus vkdbr kr mkrsbd crbogs bvbldbcdglh stkrgs brg kftgh hkt wgdd tkdgrbtgm lh teg dkhj tgra, bhm mk hktbdwbys prkvlmg strlot MLP laakcldlzbtlkh. Akrgkvgr, ogrtblhspdlhts bdsk laakcldlzg teg PLP iklht, weloe ls uhhgogssbrycgobusg teg PLP“s aktlkh mkgs hkt bffgot teg tgralhbd tghmkh“smlstbd rgtrbotlkh> lh bmmltlkh, tegy brg uhokafkrtbcdg bhm obhpktghtlbddy dgbm tk stlffhgss.Lh kur prbotlog, wg abng b mkrsbd tegrakpdbstlo spdlht tebt ls

jdugm skdlmdy tk teg hbld bhm bttboegm tk P3 cy b rgakvbcdgVgdork strbp (Flj. :). ]els dgbvgs teg flhjgrtlp frgg, bdtekuje ltobh cg suppkrtgm murlhj lhtghsg abhubd botlvltlgs wlte bhbmmltlkhbd Vgdork strbp tebt prktgots teg jdugm pkrtlkh kh teg

hbld. ]eg

MLP

aust

cg

laakcldlzgm

lh

b

okapdgtgdy

strbljetpksltlkh, kr gvgh up tk 20 mgjrggs eypgrgxtghslkh. Cgykhm tels,teg MLP“s mkrsbd snlh vbsoudbrlzbtlkh ls okaprkalsgm cgobusgteg mkrsbd okddbtgrbd brtgrlbd crbhoegs brg strgtoegm. Zegh bsljhlflobht, uhokafkrtbcdg swbh-hgon mgfkralty ls bdsk prgsght,wg dlalt PLP gxtghslkh gltegr wlte b PLP-stkp typg mkrsbd spdlhtgxtghslkh kr wlte b Cgbsdgy rlhj (Flj. 5).

?.=.2.?. Sgsudts. Lh b sgrlgs kf 20 obsgs, Pbtgd gt bd. fkuhm hkrgslmubd gxtghskr dbj lh flvg obsgs, b 20-mgjrgg dbj lh fkur obsgsbhm b 20- tk 30-mgjrgg dbj lh khg obsg ^30Q. ]eg mgfkraltyrgkoourrgm lh twk pbtlghts wltelh b wggn kf teg trgbtaght“s ghm,cut tegy udtlabtgdy ebm jkkm rgsudts wlte bh bmmltlkhbd 5-wggnlaakcldlzbtlkh pgrlkm. Jbrcgrabh gt bd. fkuhm hk mlffgrghogslh teg kutokags kf boutg bhm oerkhlo abddgt flhjgrs trgbtgm wlteokhtlhukus crbolhj fkr 6‟20 wggns, bhm tegh bh bmmltlkhbd =wggns bt hljet ^2:Q> teg agbh rgslmubd gxtghskr dbj wbs dgsstebh 20 mgjrggs lh ckte jrkups.Ogrtblh okapdlobtlkhs ebvg cggh rgpkrtgm wlte krtektlo

crbog trgbtaght9 snlh lhtkdgrbhog, abogrbtlkh, prgssurg skrgs,trbhslght hbld mystrkpey, okdm-lhmuogm pblh ^33Q. ]egsg obh cgprgvghtgm cy rgjudbr odlhlobd oegon-ups murlhj teg trgbtaghtpgrlkm.

?.=.3. _urjlobd trgbtaght

Flvg typgs kf prkogmurgs obh cg pgrfkragm fkr abddgt flhjgr9tghmkh obddus sekrtghlhj, tghmkh jrbftlhj, rgcbdbholhj kf tegflhjgr gxtghskr agoebhlsa, splrbd kcdlqug rgtlhboudbr dljbaght(_KSD) rgokhstruotlkh bhm MLP fuslkh. ]egsg agtekms ebvgcggh mgsorlcgm lh pucdlsegm rgtrkspgotlvg stumlgs tebt typlobddylhodumg khdy b sabdd huacgr kf obsgs bhm brg mlffloudt tk

okapbrg tk

gboe

ktegr.

Hk

agtekm

ebs

trudy

cggh

sekwh

tk

cg

Flj. :. Mkrsbd tegrakpdbstlo crbog jdugm tk teg hbld, dgbvlhj teg flhjgr pbm frgg.

Bh

bmmltlkhbd

Vgdork

strbp

obh

cg

bmmgm

tk

prktgot

teg

pkrtlkh

jdugm

kh

teg

hbld.

Flj. 5. Cgbsdgy-typg rlhj tk rgstrlots PLP eypgrgxtghslkh. Bppgbrbhog wlte teg iklht

ffigxgm

(b)

bhm

gxtghmgm

(c).

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252260



supgrlkr rgdbtlvgtk bhktegr, kr rgdbtlvgtk okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght.Bs b okhsgqughog, teg lhmlobtlkh fkr surjlobd trgbtaght ls dlaltgmtk fbldurg kf wgdd-okhmuotgm okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght.

?.=.3.2. ]ghmkh obddus sekrtghlhj. Gxolslkh kf teg tghmkhobddus fkddkwgm cy mlrgot suturg ls teg kdmgst tgoehlqug stlddcglhj usgm fkr trgbtlhj oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr. _lapdy outtlhj tegtghmkh obddus bhm tegh suturlhj lt dgbms tk alxgm rgsudts (60%jkkm bhm vgry jkkm) ^3?Q. B tghmkh obddus sekrtghlhj‟suturlhjprkogmurg bppgbrs tk cg akrg bpprkprlbtg.Wslhj b cbykhgt-typg mkrsbd lholslkh, 3‟? aa kf teg tghmkh

obddus ls gxolsgm bhm teg tghmkh suturgm wlte b ruhhlhj =-0akhkfldbaght. Lt ls prktgotgm cy plhhlhj teg iklht lh sdljeteypgrgxtghslkh fkr 6 wggns. Dgvbhtg gt bd. rgpkrtgm kh sgrlgs kf 66 obsgs wlte bt dgbst ?0 mgjrggs gxtghskr dbj trgbtgm wlte telstgoehlqug bftgr b agbh mgdby kf 2= wggns ^3=Q. ]els wbs teg flrsttrgbtaght bttgaptgm lh akrg tebh ebdf kf teg obsgs. Zlteb agbhfkddkw-up kf 36 akhtes, teg agbh rgslmubd gxtghskr dbj wbs =.7mgjrggs, bhm wbs hgvgr jrgbtgr tebh 37 mgjrggs. ]eg agbh MLP

ffigxlkh wbs 70 mgjrggs. ]egrg wgrg twk fbldurgs mug tkgxtghslkh okhtrboturg, khg kf weloe wbs dbtgr trgbtgm wlte MLPfuslkh. ]eg cgst rgsudts wgrg lh teg ykuhjgr pbtlghts> teg wkrsgrgsudts wgrg lh teksg wlte ckhy abddgt flhjgr, dlngdy cgobusg kf jrgbtgr tghmkh sekrtghlhj bftgr rgsgotlkh kf teg ckhg frbjaght._oewgltzgr bhm Sbybh“s gxpgrlaghtbd wkrn ebs sekwh tebt lt lsvgry mlffloudt tk rglhsgrt teg tgralhbd gxtghskr tghmkh lf lt lsakrg tebh 2 aa rgtrbotgm ^2<Q. _laldbr rgsudts wgrg kctblhgmcy Wdnôr gt bd. wek rglhsgrtgm teg tgralhbd tghmkh kh teg P?cbsg wlte b ckhg bhoekr ^37Q bhm wlte pudd-kut bhm pudd-lhsuturg tgoehlqugs ^36,3:Q.]ghkmgrakmgsls kr teg Crkkns-Jrbhgr tgoehlqug ls b

vbrlbtlkh tebt

bvklms

teg

pktghtlbd

mgvbsoudbrlzbtlkh

rgdbtgmtk snlh mgtboeaght bhm gxpksurg kf tghmkh frbjaghts tebt tegprgvlkus tgoehlqug ebs cggh orltlolzgm fkr. B 3‟? aa cdkon kf snlh bhm tghmkh kvgr teg MLP ls gxolsgm bhm teg rgsudtlhj mgfgotsuturgm, fkddkwgm cy laakcldlzbtlkh wlte bxlbd plhhlhj kf tegfuddy gxtghmgm MLP (Flj. <). Lh kur prbotlog, teg lholslkh lsodksgm uslhj ?-0 kr =-0 hkh-rgskrcbcdg suturg lh b vgrtlobdabttrgss pbttgrh, wlte teg nhkt dkobtgm kh teg prkxlabd slmg.]eg suturg ls prktgotgm wlte bh bxlbd trbhs-MLP 2.0 aa N-wlrgterkuje teg pudp fkr bt dgbst 5 wggns> b rgakvbcdg prktgotlvgspdlht ls wkrh tk prgvght teg N-wlrg frka crgbnlhj. _uturgrgakvbd ls mgdbygm bs auoe bs pksslcdg, mgpghmlhj kh snlhtkdgrbhog. ]eg pucdlsegm rgsudts wlte tels tgoehlqug ^35‟?0Q

bppgbr gqulvbdght tk teg khgs wlte teg sekrtghlhj‟suturlhjtgoehlqug mgsorlcgm cy Dgvbhtg ^3=Q, wlte b rgslmubd gxtghskrdbj kf 20 mgjrggs kr dgss, bhm prgsgrvgm MLP ffigxlkh.]eg tgoehlqug rgoghtdy mgsorlcgm cy Jgkrjgsou dgbms tk

slaldbr rgsudts ^?2Q. Lt abngs usg kf b mg-gpltegdlbdlzgm pgmlodgmsnlh ffibp tk rglhfkrog teg gxtghskr tghmkh, weloe ls mlstbddyrgbttboegm uslhj teg pudd-kut tgoehlqug.

?.=.3.3.

]ghmkh

jrbftlhj. ]ghmkh jrbftlhj tgoehlqugs bftgrobddus gxolslkh ebvg cggh mgsorlcgm akrg rgoghtdy. ]eglhmlobtlkh sggas pbrtloudbrdy rgdgvbht bftgr dkss kf tghmkhsucstbhog fkddkwlhj bh kpgh gxtghskr agoebhlsa lhiury ^?3Q.

]eg jrbft

obh

cg

tbngh

frka

teg

pbdabrls

dkhjus,

lhsgrtgm

lhtk

b

ckhg tuhhgd kh P? bhm tegh suturgm bt teg prkxlabd ghm bsmgsorlcgm cy Ju bhm Yeu ^?3Q. B prktgotlvg spdlht ls wkrh fkr =wggns. Zbhj gt bd. ebrvgstgm b ckhg-tghmkh jrbft frka teggxtghskr obrpl rbmlbdls crgvls (GOSC)

‟ lhodumlhj lts mlstbd ckhg

bttboeaght ‟ bhm sgourgm lt tk teg P? cbsg ^??Q. ]eg MLP iklhtwbs plhhgm lh 20‟27 mgjrggs eypgrgxtghslkh fkr = wggns.]egsg twk tgoehlqugs sgga tk jlvg okapbrbcdg rgsudts tk teksgkf teg bckvg-mgsorlcgm tgoehlqugs. Lh b sgrlgs kf =0 oerkhlo

obsgs, Ju

bhm

Yeu

rgpkrtgm

rgstkrlhj

<:.6%

kf

teg

rbhjg

kf aktlkh kf teg okhtrbdbtgrbd MLP iklht bhm ebvlhj <5.7% jkkm krgxogddght rgsudts ^?3Q. Lh teg 35 pbtlght sgrlgs mgsorlcgm cyZbhj gt bd., teg agbh rgslmubd pkstkpgrbtlvg MLP gxtghskr dbjwbs = mgjrggs> 3= pbtlghts ebm bh gxogddght kutokag bhm tegktegr fkur ebm b jkkm kutokag ^??Q.

?.=.3.?.

Gxtghskr

agoebhlsa

rgcbdbholhj. Gxtghskr agoebh-

lsa rgcbdbholhj okhslsts kf oghtrbd sdlp tghktkay (Fkwdgr“stgoehlqug) bhm rgdbtgm prkogmurgs. ]eg prlholpdg cgelhm telstgoehlqug ls tk rgmuog teg gxtghslkh fkrogs pdbogm kh teg PLP cyrgdgbslhj teg O_ lhsgrtlkh. ]eg rgsudt ls tebt teg dbtgrbd sdlpstrbhsalt gxtghslkh fkrogs tk teg tgralhbd tghmkh bhm tk lts

dghjteghlhj obddus, tegrgcy bddkwlhj P? gxtghslkh (Flj. 20).]eg trlbhjudbr dljbaght aust cg prgsgrvgm tk bvklm orgbtlhj bckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. ]eg tgoehlqug mgsorlcgm cy Fkwdgr obhcg pgrfkragm wlte dkobd bhgstegslb uslhj b mkrskdbtgrbdbpprkboe. Cy outtlhj teg ]SD, teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa obhcg dlftgm bhm rgffigotgm. Frka teg mggp slmg kf teg gxtghskragoebhlsa, teg O_ lhsgrtlkh ls tegh jrbmubddy mgtboegmprkxlabddy tk mlstbddy. Botlvg MLP gxtghslkh obh cg bssgssgmlhtrbkpgrbtlvgdy lf teg prkogmurg ls pgrfkragm wlte b sghskryhgrvg cdkon ^?=Q.B mlrgot mkrsbd lholslkh obh bdsk cg abmg, bhm teg O_

rgdgbsgm kvgr teg PLP iklht ^?7Q. ]erkuje b trbhsvgrsg bpprkboe,

Skzabryh rgokaaghmgm

gxolslkh

kf

70%

kf

teg

oghtrbd

sdlp“s

Flj. <. Mlbjrba kf teg tghkmgrakmgsls tgoehlqug. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

262



wlmte (? kf 6 aa), bckut 7 aa prkxlabd tk teg iklht dlhg tkbvklm teg dbtgrbd cbhms bhm trlbhjudbr dljbaght ^?6Q. Bookrmlhj

tk Skzabryh, tels jghulhg O_ tghgotkay ls iustlflgm cbsgm khteg okhoduslkhs kf Elwbtbrl“s clkagoebhlobd stumy sekwlhjtebt teg rgslmubd MLP gxtghskr dbj ls dgss wegh akrg kf teg O_wbs gxolsgm kh teg mkrsbd slmg kf P2 ^?:Q.Pkstkpgrbtlvg PLP spdlht laakcldlzbtlkh lh gxtghslkh fkr 3

wggns ls rgokaaghmgm tk bvklmkr prgvght PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt^?7,?6Q. ]eg MLP iklht aust cg laagmlbtgdy akcldlzgm.Fkwdgr“s tgoehlqug okrrgots abddgt flhjgr wlte b agbh

rgslmubd pkstkpgrbtlvg gxtghskr dbj kf 20 mgjrggs kr dgss ^?7‟=0Q (Flj. 22). Lt ls hkt uhegbrm kf tk kcsgrvg jrbmubdlaprkvgaght lh teg MLP gxtghskr dbj lh teg akhtes fkddkwlhjteg prkogmurg (up tk 2 ygbr), bdkhj wlte okrrgotlkh kf bhy

rgsudtlhj PLP

gxtghslkh

mgflolt ^?=,?7Q.

]eg

koourrghog

kf sgokhmbry ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty ls rbrg, bhm ebs cggh rgpkrtgmlh =.7% kf pucdlsegm obsgs ^?7‟=0Q. ]els obh cg prgvghtgm cyprgsgrvlhj teg trlbhjudbr dljbaght bhm dbtgrbd cbhms murlhj tegtghktkay, bhm trbhslght pkstkpgrbtlvg PLP laakcldlzbtlkh lhgxtghslkh. Fkwdgr“s tgoehlqug obh cg okaclhgm wlte bprkogmurg kh teg tgralhbd tghmkh kvgr teg MLP iklht, bsrgokaaghmgm cy Skzabryh wegh teg abddgt flhjgr“s gxtghskrdbj ls sljhlflobht ^?6Q. Clkagoebhlobd stumlgs, pgrfkragm cyOebk bhm tegh Elwbtbrl, ebvg sekwh tebt Fkwdgr“s tgoehlqug lshkt tktbddy gffgotlvg wegh teg MLP gxtghskr dbj ls jrgbtgr tebh ?6mgjrggs ^?:,=2Q. Lh suoe obsgs, Skzabryh bdsk sekrtghs tegtghmkh obddus cy pdlobturg (wltekut gxolslkh) wlte twk alork-

ckhg bhoekrs pdbogm bt teg P? cbsg, lh okaclhbtlkh wlte MLPplhhlhj lh gxtghslkh fkr = wggns ^?6Q. Cbrbtz gt bd. ebvg stbtgmtebt Fkwdgr“s prkogmurg sekudm hkt cg pgrfkragm wegh teg MLPgxtghskr dbj ls jrgbtgr tebh =7 mgjrggs kr wegh tegrg ls hkokhtlhulty cgtwggh teg tgralhbd gxtghskr tghmkh bhm teg mlstbdpebdbhx ^?=Q. ]egsg okhtrblhmlobtlkhs ebvg dgm tega tk usg teg_KSD tgoehlqug lhstgbm (mgsorlcgm dbtgr kh).Zegh b swbh-hgon mgfkralty gxlsts wlte teg abddgt flhjgr,

Fkwdgr“s tgoehlqug bddkws fkr pbrtlbd kr gvgh fudd okrrgotlkh kf tels mgfkralty, mgpghmlhj kh teg bakuht kf PLP eypgrgxtghslkh.Lh Skzabryh“s ?<-obsg sgrlgs, teg agbh prg-kpgrbtlvg PLPeypgrgxtghslkh kf 25 mgjrggs (0 tk :0 mgjrggs) wbs rgmuogm tk

=.5 mgjrggs

(0

tk

?0

mgjrggs)

uslhj

Fkwdgr“s

tgoehlqug

^?6Q.

Hgvgrtegdgss, tels tgoehlqug ls hkt rgokaaghmgm wegh PLP

eypgrgxtghslkh gxoggms

37

mgjrggs

^?6,?5,=3Q. ]els

ls

bhlhmlobtlkh fkr teg _KSD tgoehlqug.

?.=.3.=.

_plrbd

kcdlqug

rgtlhboudbr

dljbaght

rgokhstruotlkh

(_KSD) tgoehlqug. ]els eljedy lhjghlkus tgoehlqug ls cbsgm

kh Dbhmsaggr“s bhbtkalobd wkrn kh teg KSD. Flrst mgsorlcgmcy ]ekapskh bhm Dlttdgr, lt ls mgrlvgm frka Dlttdgr“s krljlhbdtgoehlqug kf lskdbtgm KSD rgokhstruotlkh uslhj b sdlp kf tegdbtgrbd cbhm. Ekwgvgr, teg krljlhbd tgoehlqug ls mlffloudt tk obrrykut lf teg tgralhbd tghmkh ls mlsokhtlhukus, suoe bs lh oerkhloabddgt flhjgr ^=3,=?Q. _KSD bots bs b myhbalo tghkmgsls. Khkhg ebhm, lt okrrgots teg mgfkralty kf teg oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr

wlte swbh-hgon mgfkralty, bhm kh teg ktegr ebhm, lt rgstkrgs tegsyhgrjy kf PLP bhm MLP ffigxlkh murlhj flhjgr ourdlhj (Flj. 23).Lh jghgrbd, b ebdf-strlp kf frgg pbdabrls dkhjus tghmkh ls usgm bsteg jrbft, cut wg bdsk usg syhtegtlo abtgrlbds suoe bs JKSG-]GU2 OV-0 suturg. ]eg jrbft tbngs b splrbd okursg brkuhm tegmkrsbd slmg kf P?, fkddkwlhj teg KSD“s trbigotkry, tegh orkssgsteg PLP vghtrbddy cgtwggh teg ffigxkr segbte bhm teg okddbtgrbdpgmlodgs tk rgboe teg kppksltg dbtgrbd slmg kf teg cbsg kf P2.]rbhskssgkus flxbtlkh kf teg jrbft prkxlabddy bhm mlstbddy lspgrfkragm terkuje b mkrskpbdabr tuhhgd bt teg P? cbsg bhmbhktegr trbhsvgrsg tuhhgd bt teg P2 cbsg> teg suturgs brgtyplobddy suppkrtgm kh b pudd-kut cuttkh, cut ckhg bhoekrs ^=3Q

bhm prkxlabd

skft

tlssug

flxbtlkh

obh

bdsk

cg

usgm

^==Q.

Flj. 22. ]rgbtaght kf oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr wlte swbh-hgon mgfkralty uslhjFkwdgr“s tgoehlqug. Prgkpgrbtlvg bppgbrbhog (b). Pkstkpgrbtlvg rgsudt (c).

Flj. 20. Mlbjrba kf teg prlholpdg cgelhm Fkwdgr“s tgoehlqug usgm tk trgbtoerkhlo

abddgt

flhjgr. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh


P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252263



]eg prlabry oebddghjg rgslmgs lh sgttlhj teg okrrgot tghslkhkh teg jrbftgm tghmkh. Lhsufflolght tghslkh wldd hkt okrrgot tegmgfkralty. Okhvgrsgdy, tkk auoe tghslkh wldd obusg MLPeypgrgxtghslkh bhm PLP ffigxlkh wlte b ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty.Bdtekuje ]ekapskh mlm hkt plh teg rgokhstruotlkh, NdglhabhbhmPgtgrsgh rgokaaghm plhhlhj teg MLP lh hgutrbd pksltlkh fkr=.7 wggns bhm teg PLP lh 27 mgjrggs ffigxlkh fkr ? wggns ^==Q.Nbhbyb gt bd. rgokaaghm pdbolhj teg PLP lh hgutrbd pksltlkhbhm ffigxlhj teg MLP 27 mgjrggs, weldg abnlhj surg tebt ckte tegPLP bhm MLP obh cg slaudtbhgkusdy ffigxgm fuddy pbsslvgdy, bhmtegh plhhlhj teg MLP khdy fkr 7 wggns ^=7Q.Wslhj teg JKSG-]GU2 OV-0 suturg bddkws us tk orgbtg b

mkucdg _KSD rgokhstruotlkh. ]eg suturg ls pbssgm terkuje bekrlzkhtbd trbhskssgkus tuhhgd lh teg P2 cbsg> gboe strbhmfkddkwgm teg _KSD trbigotkry kh gltegr slmg kf teg flhjgr> khg kf teg strbhms rgturhs tk teg P? cbsg lh teg tgralhbd gxtghskrtghmkh, kr lf lt ls alsslhj, lh b ekrlzkhtbd trbhskssgkus tuhhgd>teg twk strbhms brg tegh tlgm dbtgrbddy bt teg hgon kf teg almmdgpebdbhx (Flj. 2?). Hk plhhlhj ls pgrfkragm> teg flhjgr ls ffigxgm

gbrdy kh wlte b Cgbsdgy rlhj fkr 3‟? wggns. ]eg tghslkh obh cgsgt gbsldy wlte tels tgoehlqug, bhm tegrg ls hk rlsn kf obuslhjodlhkmbotydy. Cy uslhj b syhtegtlo suturg, b tghmkh jrbft mkgshkt hggm tk cg ebrvgstgm> tels abtgrlbd ls dgss cudny tebh tegjrbft, iust bs skdlm bhm iust bs wgdd tkdgrbtgm.

Flj. 23. Mlbjrba kf teg _KSD tgoehlqug wlte teg ghms kf teg tghmkh trbhspdbhtsgourgm wlte ckhg bhoekrs. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh


Flj. 2?. Lhtrbkpgrbtlvg vlgw kf teg trgbtaght kf b swbh-hgon mgfkralty sgokhmbry tk oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr uslhj teg mkucdg _KSD tgoehlqug wlte b JKSG-]GU2OV-

0

suturg.

Pbdabr

vlgw

(b).

Peyslkdkjlobd

ffigxlkh

(c)

bhm

gxtghslkh

(o)

bftgr

bmiustlhj

teg

_KSD

tghslkh.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

26?



Lh teg sabdd obsg sgrlgs tebt ebvg cggh pucdlsegm up tk hkw,teg_KSD tgoehlqug okrrgots teg swbh-hgon mgfkralty, rgmuogs tegMLPgxtghskrdbj tkcgtwggh 0 bhm 20 mgjrggs, wltekutlhtgrfgrlhjwlte fudd PLP bhm MLP ffigxlkh. Ekwgvgr, MLP eypgrgxtghslkh kf 20 tk 37 mgjrggs ebs cggh kcsgrvgm lh ? kf teg 23 obsgs lh tegNdglhabh bhm Pgtgrsgh stumy, bdkhj wlte khg obsg kf iklhtokhtrboturg> tegsg okapdlobtlkhs dgm tk twk rg-kpgrbtlkhs ^==Q.]els tgoehlqug mkgs hkt rgokhstruot teg tgralhbd tghmkh kf teggxtghskr agoebhlsa cut obh cg usgm suoogssfuddy wegh lt lsbcsght (mug tk bvudslkh kr trbuab-lhmuogm mgfgot) kr bftgr fbldgmsgokhmbry rgpblr kf tels tghmkh ^?=,=7Q.

?.=.3.7. Fuslkh. MLP fuslkh ls lhmlobtgm wegh teg ktegrsurjlobd skdutlkhs brg okhtrblhmlobtgm (prgobrlkus snlh okhml-tlkh, pgrslstght iklht stlffhgss, kstgkbrterltls pblh) kr ebvg fbldgm.]eg fuslkh bhjdg ls sgt cgtwggh 0 bhm 37 mgjrggs kf ffigxlkhmgpghmlhj kh teg flhjgr lhvkdvgm bhm teg pbtlght“s fuhotlkhbdmgabhms. Zg rgokaaghm ghsurlhj okhtlhulty kf teg tgralhbdgxtghskr tghmkh cy tghkmgrakmgsls suturg, sk bs tk rgmuog teg

rlsn kf sgokhmbry swbh-hgon mgfkralty. Zegh teg dbttgr lsprgsght, b Fkwdgr-typg tghktkay prkogmurg kh teg oghtrbd sdlpobh cg pgrfkragm lh okaclhbtlkh wlte teg fuslkh.

?.7. ]rgbtaght bdjkrltea fkr oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr

Flj. 2= suaabrlzgs teg trgbtaght lhmlobtlkh kptlkhs tebt obhcg put fkrwbrm lh obsgs kf oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr tebt brg hkt wgdd

tkdgrbtgm fuhotlkhbddy. ]wk gdgaghts aust cg tbngh lhtkokhslmgrbtlkh9 teg bakuht kf MLP gxtghskr dbj bhm teg prgsghogkf swbh-hgon mgfkralty. Lhmgpghmght kf teg oeksgh tegrbpgutloagtekm, bh 5‟23 wggn trgbtaght pgrlkm ls rgqulrgm.Hk agtekm ebs cggh sekwh tk cg supgrlkr tk bhktegr. Hkhg

obh ghsurg okapdgtg okrrgotlkh kf teg mgfkralty, bhm rgslmubdMLP gxtghskr dbj kf bpprkxlabtgdy 20 mgjrggs ls vgry okaakh^=6Q.]eg bmvbhtbjgs bhm mlsbmvbhtbjgs kf gboe trgbtaght agtekm

aust cg wgdd uhmgrstkkm, pbrtloudbrdy fkr bhy surjlobdtrgbtaghts cgobusg kf teglr pktghtlbd okapdlobtlkhs9 lhfgotlkh,N-wlrgaljrbtlkh kr crgbnbjg, wkuhm egbdlhj prkcdga, pblhfudsobr-lhmuogm swgddlhj kh mkrsua kf P? bhm teg MLP iklht, hbldmgfkralty mug tk abtrlx dgslkh, MLP kr PLP iklht okhtrboturg,pgrslstght rgslmubd mgfkralty kr rgourrght mgfkralty.

=. Oerkhlo lhiurlgs lh zkhg 3

Oerkhlo zkhg 3 lhiurlgs brg teg okhsgqughog kf bh lhltlbddy

kpgh tghmkh lhiury tebt rgsudts lh MLP okhtrboturg mug tkpgrltghmlhkus bmegslkhs kr MLP gxtghskr dbj (abddgt flhjgr) mugtk sgokhmbry rupturg kr tghmkh mgfgot.

=.2. Okhtrboturg obusgm cy bmegslkhs

]egsg brg bmegslkhs brkuhm khg kr ckte dbtgrbd cbhms bs bokhsgqughog kf bh lhltlbd pbrtlbd kr tktbd tghmkh dbogrbtlkh tebt

Okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght

Fbldurg

Hk swbh hgon

]ghmkh mgfgot

Jrbft kr

MLP fuslkh_gokhmbry rgpblr kr

]ghkmgrakmgsls

_wbh hgon +

PLP eypgrgxtghslkh ≭ 37°

MLP gxtghskr dbj ≭ ?7°

Fkwdgr“s tgoehlqug

PLP eypgrgxtghslkh 8 37°

_KSD

Flj. 2=. ]rgbtaght bdjkrltea fkr oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟25226=



wbs laakcldlzgm fkr tkk dkhj bftgr cglhj rgpblrgm, kr wegrg tegagoebhlsa kf lhiury dgm tk bsskolbtgm ckhg kr snlh mbabjg, krlh obsgs kf tghmkh sekrtghlhj mug tk mlrgot suturlhj kf b mgfgot.Wpkh gxbalhbtlkh, teg botlvg bhm pbsslvg ffigxlkh bhm/krgxtghslkh kf teg MLP iklht ls dlaltgm kr gvgh hkh-gxlstght.]rgbtaghtaust lhltlbddy okhslst kf abhubddy crgbnlhj up teg

sobr tlssug lh okaclhbtlkh wlte rgebcldltbtlkh bhm peyslktegr-bpy, bhm lhtgralttght wgbr kf b MLP ffigxlkh kr gxtghslkh crbog lf hggmgm. Lf teg pbtlght gxpgrlghogs pgrslstght fuhotlkhbdlapblraght, lt ls lapkrtbht tk wblt fkr teg lhltlbd egbdlhjsgqughog tk cg okapdgtgm (bckut 6 akhtes) bhm fkr bhyfrboturgs tk cg egbdgm cgfkrg okhslmgrlhj b surjlobd trgbtaght.Lf teg snlh okhmltlkh bddkws, tghkdysls obh cg pgrfkragm cy

rgdgbslhj teg pgrltghmlhkus ckhg bhm snlh bmegslkhs. Mgcrlmg-aght kf teg tghmkh ghms cy pbrtlbd kr tktbd rgsgotlkh kf b sobrgm,hkh-okhtlhukus dbtgrbd cbhm aby cg rgqulrgm, bs dkhj bs tegktegr dbtgrbd cbhm ls okhtlhukus bhm frgg kf bmegslkhs. ]egMLP“s bcldlty tk ffigx bhm gxtghm wldd hkt cg elhmgrgm cy mklhjtels. Bhtl-bmegslkh prkmuots lh teg fkra kf jgds bhm rgskrcbcdg

agacrbhgs ebvg cggh mgsorlcgm, cut teglr cghgflts ebvg hkt ygtcggh mgakhstrbtgm. B snlh trbhspdbht kr dkobd ffibp prkogmurgaby cg hgogssbry lf teg snlh okhmltlkh ls prgobrlkus.Gxtghslvg pkstkpgrbtlvg rgebcldltbtlkh fkr PLP bhm MLP

ffigxlkh bhm gxtghslkh aust cg lhltlbtgm laagmlbtgdy. Pkst-tghkdysls okapdlobtlkhs lhodumg lhfgotlkh, rgourrght bmegslkhs,tghmkh rupturg bhm snlh wkuhm egbdlhj prkcdgas.

=.3. Gxtghslkh

mgflolt

mug

tk

tghmkh

rupturg

kr

mgfgot

Pbsslvg rgmuotlkh kf teg abddgt flhjgr aust cg okhflragm. Bslh Ykhg 2, okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght wlte bh gxtghslkh crbog aust

cg stbrtgm

laagmlbtgdy.

Lf

tels

fblds,

bh

lhtgrobdbtgm

tghmkh

jrbftobh cg prkpksgm lf teg snlh okhmltlkhs bddkws ^??Q. ]egbdtgrhbtlvg skdutlkh ls b _KSD rgokhstruotlkh, gspgolbddy lh tegprgsghog kf bh bsskolbtgm swbh-hgon mgfkralty ^?=Q.

7. Oerkhlo

lhiurlgs

lh

zkhg

?9

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty

]egsg lhiurlgs lhvkdvg teg oghtrbd sdlp kf teg gxtghskragoebhlsa. ]egy brg teg okhsgqughog kf gltegr mkrsbd PLPdbogrbtlkh kr odksgm trbuab (PLP vkdbr mlsdkobtlkh, fkrogmffigxlkh kf teg PLP lh gxtghslkh, mlrgot mkrsbd cdkw tk ffigxgm PLP iklht) dgbmlhj tk O_ rupturg kr bvudslkh kf lts mlstbd lhsgrtlkh,skagtlags wlte b alhlsoudg ckhg frbjaght. ]eg oerkhlo okursg

kf tegsg lhiurlgs rgsudts lh ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty.

7.2. Mgflhltlkh bhm pbtekpeyslkdkjy

]els flhjgr mgfkralty ls typlobd kf bh kdm mlsruptlkh (bt dgbst3 kr ? wggns) ^?=Q lh teg oghtrbd sdlp (Flj. 27). Lt okaclhgs PLPffigxlkh bhm MLP eypgrgxtghslkh. Fudd botlvg PLP gxtghslkh lslapksslcdg. ]eg O_ mlsruptlkh lhmuogs b PLP ffigxlkh mgfkraltybhm prkjrgsslvg rgtrbotlkh kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa wltetrbhsfgr kf tghslkh tk teg dbtgrbd sdlps, weloe lh turhprkjrgsslvgdy strgtoegs teg trlbhjudbr dljbaght bhm lhmuogsMLP gxtghslkh (Flj. 26). Jrbmubddy, teg dbtgrbd sdlps aljrbtg lh

frkht kf

teg

PLP

ffigxlkh-gxtghslkh

bxls

cgobusg

tegy

brg

cglhj

puddgm cy teg ]SD> tels furtegr lhorgbsgs teg PLP ffigxlkh bhmMLP eypgrgxtghslkh. ]els mgfkralty jgts lts hbag frka teg fbot

tebt teg PLP sdlmgs cgtwggh teg twk dbtgrbd sdlps, dlng b cuttkh lhb cuttkh ekdg. Kvgr tlag, teg mgfkralty wkrsghs bhm cgokagshkh-rgmuolcdg wlte prkjrgsslvg okhtrboturg kf teg PLP bhm MLP iklhts (vkdbr pdbtg bhm dbtgrbd dljbaghts)> tels okhtrlcutgs tkKSD rgtrbotlkh tebt lh turh dlalts pbsslvg PLP gxtghslkh bhmbotlvg bhm pbsslvg MLP ffigxlkh.Oerkhlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty ls mgflhgm cy Cbrbtz gt bd.

^?=Q bs b hkh-rgmuolcdg okhtrboturg kf teg PLP bhm MLP iklhts.Pkshgr bhm Jrggh ^=:Q cgdlgvg tebt teg murbtlkh kf teg mgfkralty(cgykhm 5 wggns) abngs lt oerkhlo lh hbturg.Hkt gvgry kdm lhiury tk teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa lh zkhg ?

wldd dgbm tk teg typlobd ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. MLP eypgrgxtgh-

slkh obh

cg

bcsght,

pbrtloudbrdy

wegh

teg

lhltlbd

lhiury

jkgscgykhm teg O_ bhm gxtghms dbtgrbddy tk teg dbtgrbd sdlps,prgvghtlhj tega frka gxtghmlhj teg MLP iklht. ]eg sbag telhjkoours wegh sobr bmegslkhs clhm teg dbtgrbd sdlps tk teg mkrsbdslmg kf teg PLP iklht.

Flj.

27.

Ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty.

Flj.

26.

Mlbjrba

kf

teg

agoebhlsa

kf

teg

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty.

Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

267



7.3. Odlhlobd prgsghtbtlkh bhm fuhotlkhbd lapblraght

]eg lapblraght obh cg bppgbrbhog-rgdbtgm, cut lt ls ablhdyfuhotlkhbd9 lt ls mug tk bh botlvg PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt tebt obhobusg flhjgr ekknlhj boolmghts, bhm tk lhokapdgtgdy botlvg MLPffigxlkh, weloe dlalts bhm wgbnghs teg jrlp murlhj flhjgrourdlhj. ]eg MLP ffigxlkh dlaltbtlkh kftgh ls teg cljjgstokhtrlcutkr tk fuhotlkhbd lapblraght (Flj. 2:).]eg odlhlobd gxbalhbtlkh ls usgm tk9

agbsurg teg botlvg PLP bhm MLP rbhjg kf aktlkh murlhj flhjgrffigxlkh-gxtghslkh. Gbrdy lh teg mgvgdkpaght kf ckutkhhlgrgmgfkralty, Gdskh“s tgst ls pksltlvg9 PLP gxtghslkh bjblhstrgslstbhog ls wgbn kr dlaltgm bhm dgbms tk MLP gxtghslkh ^=5Q>

mgtgralhg lf teg PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt obh cg pbsslvgdyrgmuogm>

gvbdubtg teg pksslcldlty kf MLP botlvg bhm pbsslvg ffigxlkhwegh teg PLP ls pbsslvgdy egdm lh gxtghslkh. ]els abhguvgr(Eblhgs-Ybhokddl tgst kr Ckygs tgst) gvbdubtgs KSD tghslkh.

Zegh lt ls rgtrbotgm, teg tgst ls pksltlvg cgobusg botlvg bhmpbsslvg MLP ffigxlkh ls dlaltgm kr gvgh lapksslcdg, cut lt lspksslcdg wlte teg PLP ffigxgm (Flj. 25)>

agbsurg jrlp strghjte, weloe obh cg rgmuogm cgobusg kf tegmgflolt lh MLP botlvg ffigxlkh.

7.?. Bmmltlkhbd

gxbalhbtlkhs

_tbhmbrm rbmlkjrbpes wlte B/P bhm dbtgrbd vlgws kf teggxtghmgm flhjgr obh egdp rgvgbd bvudslkh kf teg O_ ckhylhsgrtlkh bhm gvbdubtg teg okhmltlkh kf teg iklht. _ljhs kf kstgkbrterltls aby cg prgsght lh oerkhlo hkh-rgmuolcdgckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. ASL bhm udtrbskuhm labjlhj obh sekwteg O_ rgtrbotlkh bhm pksltlkh kf teg dbtgrbd sdlps.

7.=. ]rgbtaght

Lt aust cg stbtgm upfrkht tebt lt wldd cg mlffloudt tk boelgvgokapdgtgdy rgstkrgm fuhotlkh wlte trgbtaght. ]eg PLP gxtghslkhmgflolt aust hkt cg trbhsfkragm lhtk bh gxtghslkh okhtrboturgtebt ls gvgh dgss fuhotlkhbd. _ghslcdg kcigotlvgs brg tk rgokvgrfudd MLP botlvg ffigxlkh bhm dlalt teg PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt tk dgss

tebh ?0 mgjrggs. Bdtekuje abhy trgbtaght tgoehlqugs gxlst,tegy bdd sebrg teg sbag pkkr flhbd kutokags, rgqulrgaght tkwgbr b crbog fkr bh gxtghmgm pgrlkm kf tlag bhm hggm fkrmldljght rgebcldltbtlkh, pksslcldlty kf mgtgrlkrbtlkh kf tegkutokag lh teg dkhj-tgra bdkhj wlte teg koourrghog kf okapdlobtlkhs, suoe bs pgrslstghog kf teg mgfkralty bhmfuhotlkhbd lapblraght, iklht okhtrboturg, lhfgotlkh, pblhfudbhm sghsltlvg swgddlhj kvgr teg mkrsua kf teg PLP iklht.

7.=.2. Ltgas tk tbng lhtk okhslmgrbtlkh

_gvgrbd orltgrlb aust cg bhbdyzgm cgfkrgabnlhj b trgbtaghtmgolslkh9

mgjrgg kf fuhotlkhbd lapblraght bhm teg pbtlght“s hggms,pbrtloudbrdy bh lhbcldlty tk ffigx teg MLP iklht. _kag pbtlghtskhdy wbht cgttgr MLP ffigxlkh cgobusg teg PLP ffigxlkhmgfkralty mkgs hkt lhokhvghlghog tega. Botlvg PLP gxtghslkhmgflolt kf dgss tebh ?0 mgjrggs ls kftgh wgdd tkdgrbtgm>

mgjrgg kf PLP bhm MLP iklht mgfkralty bhm pksslcldlty tebttegsg mgfkraltlgs obh cg botlvgdy bhm pbsslvgdy rgmuogm>

Flj.

2:.

Dlaltgm

botlvg

MLP

ffigxlkh

mug

tk

oerkhlo

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty.

Bppgbrbhog

lh

gxtghslkh

(b)

bhm

ffigxlkh

(c).

Flj.

25.

Mlbjrba

kf

teg

Eblhgs-Ybhokddl

kr

Ckygs

tgst

sekwlhj

KSD

rgtrbotlkh.

Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252266



snlh okhmltlkh, weloe obh cg b okhtrblhmlobtlkh fkr bhy dkobdprkogmurg kr iustlfy bsskolbtgm snlh rgokhstruotlkh prkog-murgs>

sljhs kf kstgkbrterltls lh teg PLP bhm/kr MLP iklht.

7.=.3. Odbsslflobtlkh

Zg prkpksg b odbsslflobtlkh lh ]bcdg 2 tebt ls mgrlvgm frkateg khg sgt kut cy Curtkh ^=<Q bhm dbtgr akmlflgm cy _trbuoe.]els odbsslflobtlkh tbngs lhtk bookuht teg rgmuolcldlty kf teg MLPbhm PLP mgfkralty, mgjrgg kf PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt (akrg kr dgsstebh ?0 mgjrggs), bhm teg prgsghog kf kstgkbrterltls lh teg dbststbjg.

7.=.?. Okhsgrvbtlvg

trgbtaght

B vgry dbrjg pkrtlkhs kf tegsg obsgs aust cg trgbtgmokhsgrvbtlvgdy, hbagdy bdd teksg lh stbjgs L tk LLL.]eg jkbds brg tk mkrsbdlzg teg dbtgrbd sdlps cy ekdmlhj teg PLP

lh gxtghslkh, tk bddkw teg MLP tk ffigx frggdy, bhm tk okrrgot teg

iklht okhtrboturg, pbrtloudbrdy lh teg PLP. ]els rgqulrgs usg kf bstbtlo bhm/kr myhbalo PLP gxtghslkh krtektlo crbog, wkrh mbybhmhljet (Flj. 2<). Cy hkt pdbolhj teg MLP lh teg spdlt, lt obh cgpbsslvgdy bhm botlvgdy ffigxgm. Lh bmmltlkh bhm lh pbrbddgd,pbsslvg bhm botlvg MLP ffigxlkh bhm PLP gxtghslkh akcldlzbtlkhls obrrlgm kut murlhj rgebcldltbtlkh bhm sgdf-mlrgotgm rgebcldltb-tlkh. ]eg trgbtaght wldd dbst 6 tk 23 wggns, uhtld teg sobr tlssugebs abturgm. Lt aby hggm tk cg dkhjgr lf bh kdm odksgm lhiury lscglhj trgbtgm.Lf fuhotlkhbd lapblraght pgrslsts mgspltg teg okhsgrvbtlvg

trgbtaght mug tk akrg tebh ?0 mgjrggs PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt kr

lhbmgqubtg MLP botlvg ffigxlkh, surjlobd trgbtaght obh tegh cgokhslmgrgm.

7.=.=. _urjlobd

trgbtaght

]eg rgsudts kf surjlobd trgbtaght brg kftgh lhokapdgtg.

_gvgrbd prkogmurgs obh cg obrrlgm kut, gltegr bdkhg kr lhokaclhbtlkh, murlhj teg sbag surjgry sgsslkh. ]eg jkbds brg tk9

dghjtegh teg tgralhbd gxtghskr tghmkh> rgdgbsg teg dbtgrbd sdlps bhm rgmuog teglr vkdbr mlsdkobtlkh> rgbttboe kr rgokhstruot teg oghtrbd sdlp> abng teg PLP iklht akrg ffigxlcdg.

7.=.=.2. Lskdbtgm tghktkay kf teg tgralhbd gxtghskr tgh-

mkh. ]els tghktkay tgoehlqug, weloe wbs mgsorlcgm cyFkwdgr tegh Mkdpelh ^70Q, rgmuogs teg gxtghslkh fkrogs kh

]bcdg 2Odbsslflobtlkh kf ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty obsgs.

Mgfkralty PLP mgflolt

_tbjg L9 MLP bhm PLP rgmuolcdgLB

4

?05LC

8

?05_tbjg LL9 MLP stlffhgss bhm PLP rgmuolcdg

LLB 4 ?05LLC

8

?05_tbjg

LLL9

MLP

bhm

PLP

stlffhgssLLLB 4 ?05LLLC 8 ?05

_tbjg

LV9

PLP

kstgkbrterltls

Flj. 2<. Okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght kf b oerkhlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. PLP gxtghslkh spdlht tebt bddkws MLP ffigxlkh (b). Myhbalo gxtghslkh crbog usgm tk abng b stlff

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty

akrg

ffigxlcdg

(c).

P. Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

26:



teg tgralhbd tghmkh bt P? bhm, cy sdlmlhj teg gxtghskragoebhlsa prkxlabddy, lhorgbsgs teksg pdbogm kh teg PLP iklht. B mkrsbd snlh lholslkh ls abmg kh teg mkrsua kf P3. ]eggxtghskr tghmkh obh gltegr cg out ekrlzkhtbddy, bt bh bhjdg ^?=Q,lh b cbykhgt okhfljurbtlkh kr lh b oegvrkh sebpg cgykhm tegtrlbhjudbr dljbaght stbrtlhj bt teg iuhotlkh kf teg almmdg telrmbhm prkxlabd telrm kf teg almmdg pebdbhx bhm prkxlabd tk tegmlstbd KSD lhsgrtlkh. Zg prgfgr obrrylhj kut b agse-dlngdghjteghlhj kf teg tgralhbd gxtghskr tghmkh cy abnlhj sgvgrbdtrbhsvgrsg, tlgrgm bhm lrrgjudbr sabdd tghktkalgs tebt prgsgrvgteg gxtghskr“s okhtlhulty> tels bddkws rgebcldltbtlkh tk stbrtlaagmlbtgdy (Flj. 30). ]eg prkogmurg ls pgrfkragm uhmgr dkobdbhgstegslb wlte b sghskry hgrvg cdkon> tels bddkws teg huacgrbhm slzg kf teg tghktkalgs tk cg bmiustgm bookrmlhj tk teglaprkvgaght lh ffigxlkh kctblhgm lhtrbkpgrbtlvgdy.Lskdbtgm Fkwdgr/Mkdpelh tghktkay ls lhmlobtgm fkr pbtlghts

wek brg khdy okhogrhgm wlte teg MLP ffigxlkh mgflolt kr wegh tegPLP mgflolt ls ?0 mgjrggs kr dgss ^72,73Q. Bh lhorgbsg kf bckut =0mgjrggs lh MLP ffigxlkh obh cg boelgvgm ^7?Q bhm b rgmuotlkh lh

teg PLP gxtghslkh mgflolt ebs cggh kcsgrvgm lh hgbrdy ebdf tegobsgs ^7?,7=Q. Bcsghog kf rgslmubd abddgt flhjgr bs bokhsgqughog kf teg tghktkay ls rgdbtgm tk teg prg-gxlstlhjokhtrboturg kf teg obpsudg bhm MLP okddbtgrbd dljbaghts ^?=Q.

7.=.=.3. Sgdgbsg

bhm

mkrsbdlzbtlkh

kf

dbtgrbd

sdlps. Bftgr

abnlhj b ourvgm mkrsbd lholslkh kf teg PLP, teg ]SDs brg

mlvlmgm bhm tegh teg dbtgrbd sdlps rgdgbsgm up tk teg P2 cbsg.Zegh pgrfkragm uhmgr mlstbd sghskry bhgstegslb, bhm lh obsgswlte alhkr ffigxlkh mgfkralty, tels prkogmurg obh cg sufflolght tkrgstkrg skag kf teg PLP gxtghslkh murlhj botlvg lhtrbkpgrbtlvggxtghslkh ^72Q. Cut lh abhy obsgs, teg trlbhjudbr dljbaght austbdsk cg rgokhstruotgm tk ablhtblh mkrsbdlzbtlkh kf teg dbtgrbdsdlps cy suturlhj tega tkjgtegr bhm abnlhj surg hkt tk gxtghmpbst teg PLP prkxlabddy”tels ghsurg lts ffigxlkh obpbolty ls hktrgmuogm. ]eg bcldlty tk pbsslvgdy ffigx teg MLP weldg nggplhj tegPLP gxtghmgm aust cg vgrlflgm. Bhy dlaltbtlkh aby rgqulrg bhbsskolbtgm tghktkay prkogmurg suoe bs teg Fkwdgr/Mkdpelhkhg. Sgdgbsg bhm mkrsbdlzbtlkh kf teg dbtgrbd sdlps jghgrbddyprgogmgs sgokhmbry rgpblr kf teg oghtrbd sdlp lh teg sbag surjgrysgsslkh. ^26,?=,=:,73,77Q.

7.=.=.?.

_gokhmbry

rgpblr

kf

oghtrbd

sdlp

_gvgrbdagtekms brg pksslcdg9 mlrgot rgpblr, dkobd pdbsty, jrbftkr tghmkh trbhsfgr.

7.=.=.?.2. Mlrgot rgpblr.

]els

okhslsts

kf

rgakvlhj

3‟? aa kf teg dghjteghgm obddus bhm suturlhj teg oghtrbd sdlp^73,77‟7:Q kr rgbttboelhj lt bt teg P3 cbsg uslhj ckhg bhoekrs krwlrg ogrodbjg lf bvudsgm ^75Q. Bs abhy ktegrs, wg rgokaaghmtels prkogmurg weghgvgr pksslcdg lh obsgs wlte sljhlflobht PLPgxtghslkh mgflolts ^?=,=:,73,77Q. Kcdlqug plhhlhj kf teg iklhtwlte b 2.0 kr 2.3 aa N-wlrg ls kftgh hgogssbry, wlte teg N-wlrgcglhj pdbogm vkdbr tk teg dbtgrbd sdlps. Lt ls dgft lh pdbog fkr bt

Flj. 30. Agse-dghjteghlhj kf tgralhbd gxtghskr tghmkh fkr trgbtlhj b ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. _bag pbtlght bs Flj. 2:. Lhtrbkpgrbtlvg vlgw kf teg stbjgm tghktkay

wltekut

mlsruptlkh

tk

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkh

(b).

Odlhlobd

kutokag

lh

gxtghslkh

(c)

bhm

ffigxlkh

(o).

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252265



dgbst ? wggns bhm up tk 7 wggns ^77Q. Murlhj tels tlag, botlvgbhm pbsslvg MLP ffigxlkh aust cg pgrfkragm rgjudbrdy cy tegpbtlght audtlpdg tlags gboe mby.]eg okaclhbtlkh kf O_ rgpblr bhm dbtgrbd sdlp rgdgbsg dgbms tk

jkkm bhm gvgh vgry jkkm rgsudts lh 60% kf obsgs wlte ffigxlcdgckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty ^77‟7:Q (Flj. 32). ]eg bvgrbjg rgslmubdgxtghslkh mgflolt ls 20 mgjrggs wlte tels tgoehlqug ^72Q. Lh obsgskf stlff ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty, teg kutokags brg auoe wkrsg9Dg Cgddgo gt bd. rgpkrtgm 70% pkkr rgsudts bhm hk jkkm kr vgryjkkm rgsudts lh teglr stumy ^77Q.7.=.=.?.3.

Sgokhstruotlkh

kf

teg

oghtrbd

sdlp

cy

dkobd

pdbsty,

jrbftlhj kr

tghmkh

trbhsfgr. Sgokhstruotlkh ls lhmlobtgm lf teg

O_ obhhkt cg mlrgotdy rgpblrgm cgobusg kf b tghmkh mgfgot krprgobrlkus egbdlhj okhmltlkh. Abhy tgoehlqugs ebvg cgghmgsorlcgm (Flj. 33). ]eglr prlholpdgs wldd cg rgvlgwgm wltekutjklhj lhtk teg mgtblds kf teg tgoehlobd akmlflobtlkhs abmg cyvbrlkus butekrs. ]egy lhvkdvg gltegr dkobd pdbsty, jrbftlhj krtghmkh trbhsfgr.

Dkobd

pdbsty

kf

oghtrbd

sdlp9

vbrlkus

typgs

gxlst9

trlbhjudbr ffibp kf dkobd tlssug lhodumlhj b pkrtlkh kf teg dbtgrbdsdlps ^7<Q>

O_ ffibp mlvlmgm kvgr teg P2 cbsg, fkdmgm kvgr ltsgdf teghsgourgm tk teg O_ lhsgrtlkh (_hkw)> bdtekuje tels tgoehlqug lskftgh usgm lh trbuabtkdkjy wlte b frgse lhiury, lt ls hkt vgrygffgotlvg fkr sgokhmbry rgokhstruotlkh ^60Q>

lhvgrtgm trbhspksltlkh kf dbtgrbd sdlps (Abtgv) ^62Q9 khg kf tegsdlps ls mlvlmgm kvgr teg mlstbd sgotlkh kf teg trlbhjudbrdljbaght bhm teg ktegr khg bt teg P3 cbsg> teg sekrtgst sdlp lstergbmgm terkuje teg prkxlabd pbrt kf teg O_ bhm suturgm,weldg teg dkhjgst sdlp ls suturgm tk teg mlstbd pbrt kf tegokhtrbdbtgrbd sdlp>

mlstbd mlvlslkh kf khg kr ckte dbtgrbd sdlps (Dlttdgr) bhmtrbhsdkobtlkh khtk teg O_ lhsgrtlkh ^63Q. Dkhjltumlhbdmlvlslkh kf dbtgrbd sdlps lhtk twk okhtlhukus ebdf-sdlps tebtbrg crkujet tk teg almdlhg> tegy brg suturgm tkjgtegr bhmsgourgs tk teg O_ lhsgrtlkh (Dlttdgr-Curnbdtgr-Blboeg)^6?,6=Q>

twk oghtrbd sdlps, weloe brg prgvlkusdy sgpbrbtgm frka tegduacrlobds bhm KSD, brg turhgm-kvgr mkrsbddy, mlvlmgmmlstbddy bhm tegh suturgm tk gboe ktegr bhm sgourgm tk tegP3 cbsg ^63Q (Dlttdgr-Gbtkh)>

]SD mlvlslkh iust bckvg wlte teg vkdbr pdbtg, weloe ls teghfkdmgm-kvgr mkrsbddy bhm suturgm tkjgtegr ^67Q.Bdd kf tegsg pdbsty prkogmurgs bdsk rgqulrg tgapkrbry PLP

plhhlhj, cut teg MLP obh cg ffigxgm rljet bwby. Lhmlobtlkhs fkrtegsg vbrlkus tgoehlqugs mgpghm kh teg mgfgot slzg bhmwegtegr lt khdy bffgots teg oghtrbd sdlp kr khg kr ckte kf tegdbtgrbd sdlps.

]ghmkh jrbftlhj kf oghtrbd sdlp9 tels okhslsts kf teg fkddkwlhj

tgoehlqugs9

Flj.

32.

]rgbtaght

kf

b

ffigxlcdg

oerkhlo

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty

cy

sgokhmbry

O_

rgpblr,

rgdgbsg

kf

dbtgrbd

sdlps

bhm

PLP

plhhlhj.

Prgkpgrbtlvg

bppgbrbhog

(b).Lhtrbkpgrbtlvg vlgw (c) Odlhlobd kutokag (o,m).

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

26<



sekrt frgg pbdabrls dkhjus jrbft sgourgm tk teg P3 cbsg bhmsuturgm prkxlabddy tk teg dbtgrbd sdlps ^66‟65Q>

pgmlodgm ffigxkr supgrflobdls mljltkrua (F_M) jrbft ^6<Q tebt lsokapdgtgdy rgdgbsgm prkxlabddy> khg strlp ls tuhhgdgmsucoutbhgkusdy tk rgokhstruot teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa bhmteg ktegr strlp ls suturgm tk teg ffigxkr segbte tk prgvght PLPeypgrgxtghslkh. Babm rgoghtdy prkpksgm b vbrlbtlkh wegrg bprkxlabddy mlvlmgm F_M sdlp ls pbssgm mkrsbddy terkuje bckhg tuhhgd lh teg P3 cbsg tk skdlmdy rgokhstruot teg O_ bhmbddkw gbrdy PLP akcldlzbtlkh ^:0Q.

]eg pdbsty bhm tghmkh jrbftlhj tgoehlqugs usgm tkrgokhstruot teg O_ ebvg dgm tk kutokags tebt brg mlffloudttk lhtgrprgt cgobusg kf teg vbrlgty kf pbtekdkjlgs bhmtgoehlqugs usgm, weloe brg kftgh mgsorlcgm lh khdy b fgwobsgs, bdkhj wlte teg kutokag agbsurgs. Lh bhy obsg, tegy brghkt bhy cgttgr tebh teg khgs bsskolbtgm wlte mlrgot O_ rgpblr.

]ghmkh trbhsfgr

gxtghmgm

wlte

frgg

dkhj

jrbft

(cy-pbss

tgoehlqug)9 teg tgoehlqug prkpksgm cy Kcgrdlh gt bd. usgs b

trbhsfgr kf teg gxtghskr lhmlols prkprlus ausodg tebt ls gxtghmgmcy b frgg pbdabrls dkhjus jrbft lh b cy-pbss okhfljurbtlkh ^:2Q.]eg jrbft ls pbssgm sucoutbhgkusdy kh teg cbon kf teg flhjgr bhm

sgourgm tk

teg

O_

bt

teg

P3

cbsg

(Flj.

3?).

Zg

rgokaaghm

stbcldlzlhj teg jrbft kh teg mkrsua kf teg AOP iklht tk stkp ltfrka mlsdkobtlkhj cgtwggh teg agtbobrpbds bhm dkslhj ltstghslkh. Okhtrbry tk akst kf teg prgvlkus tgoehlqugs, weloergqulrg tgapkrbry plhhlhj, tels botlvg trbhsfgr tgoehlqug bddkwsfkr laagmlbtg rgebcldltbtlkh kf PLP bhm MLP ffigxlkh bhmgxtghslkh, prktgotgm cy spdlhtlhj kf teg wrlst lh gxtghslkh bhmAOP lh b hgutrbd pksltlkh fkr ? wggns. ]eg kutokags kf telstgoehlqug sgga prkalslhj cbsgm kh teg flvg obsgs mgsorlcgm cyKcgrdlh gt bd.9 twk gxogddght, twk jkkm bhm khg fblr rgsudt.

7.=.=.=. PLP

brterkdysls. Fudd PLP iklht ffigxlcldlty ls hggmgm

cgfkrg bhy prkogmurg ls pgrfkragm kh teg dbtgrbd sdlps bhm tegoghtrbd sdlp. Lf tels obhhkt cg boelgvgm wlte krtektlo crbolhj bhmpeyslktegrbpy, brterkdysls wldd cg hgogssbry. ]els obh cg tegflrst prkogmurg pgrfkragm murlhj surjlobd trgbtaght kf bckutkhhlgrgmgfkralty lf teg PLP ffigxlkh mgflolt ls hkt sljhlflobht(dgss tebh =0 mgjrggs). Okhvgrsgdy, lf teg ffigxlkh mgflolt ls akrgtebh =0 mgjrggs, lt ls cgst tk pgrfkra teg brterkdysls khdy>sgokhmbry rgpblr kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa obh cg okhslmgrgmkhog iklht ffigxlcldlty ebs cggh rgstkrgm bhm ablhtblhgmpbsslvgdy bftgr sgvgrbd akhtes kf rgebcldltbtlkh bhm krtektlo

crbolhj ^?=,72,77Q.

Flj.

33.

Mlbjrba

kf

oghtrbd

sdlp

rgokhstruotlkh

tgoehlqugs.

_hkw

tgoehlqug

(b)

Abtgv

tgoehlqug

(c)

Dlttdgr-Curnbdtgr-Blboeg

tgoehlqug

(o).

Dlttdgr-Gbtkh

tgoehlqug(m).

Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟2522:0



7.=.=.7. Fuslkh bhm brterkpdbsty. PLP brterkpdbsty obh cglhmlobtgm lh oerkhlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty tebt okgxlsts wlte bpblhfud, stlffghgm brterltlo iklht. ]eg bdtgrhbtlvg ls PLP fuslkh lhb fuhotlkhbd pksltlkh. ]egsg prkogmurgs kh teg iklht obh cg

okaclhgm wlte b Fkwdgr/Mkdpelh tghktkay, sk bs tk kctblh fuddbotlvg MLP ffigxlkh> tels prkvlmg mgflhltg fuhotlkhbd laprkvg-aght, pbrtloudbrdy lh obsgs kf PLP fuslkh. _gokhmbry O_ rgpblrobh cg pgrfkragm lh teg sbag surjlobd sgsslkh lf brterkpdbsty lspgrfkragm.

7.=.=.6.

]rgbtaght bdjkrltea. Abhy surjgkhs fkddkw teg

trgbtaght sgqughog prkpksgm cy Ourtls bookrmlhj tk tegmgfkralty okrrgotlkh kctblhgm murlhj teg surjgry> tegprkogmurgs brg pgrfkragm stgp-cy-stgp uhmgr b purg mljltbdhgrvg cdkon ^2,?7,=:,=<,72,73Q. ]eg trgbtaght bdjkrlteaprkpksgm lh Flj. 3= tbngs lhtk bookuht teg prgkpgrbtlvgodbsslflobtlkh (]bcdg 2) bhm teg vbrlbcdgs tebt ebvg b sljhlflobhtgffgot kh teg flhbd kutokag9 PLP rgmuolcldlty, abjhltumg kf PLPmgflolt, MLP ffigxlcldlty, brterltlo iklht.

6. Oerkhlo

lhiurlgs

lh

zkhg

=

_lhog teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa crkbmdy okvgrs P2, lt ls rbrg tk

sgg oerkhlo lhiurlgs lh tels zkhg wlte okapdgtg dkss kf tghmkhokhtlhulty. ]rgbtaght okhslsts kf sgokhmbry rgpblr bftgrrgsgotlkh kf teg tghmkh obddus.Pgrltghmlhkus bmegslkhs brg auoe akrg okaakh ekwgvgr,

bhm obh koour gvgh bftgr odksgm trbuab (P2 frboturg),pbrtloudbrdy lf teg lhltlbd trbuab lhodumgm b oruse okapkhght.]egsg bmegslkhs dgbm tk flhjgr stlffhgss, weloe aust cgboourbtgdy bhbdyzgm odlhlobddy. Nldjkrg“s tgst sekws teg

Flj.

3?.

Mlbjrba

kf

Kcgrdlh“s

cy-pbss

trbhsfgr

tgoehlqug. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

Ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty

Okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght

FbldurgPLP rgmuolcdg

Hk prkogmurg kr

O_ rgdgbsg kr

DC rgpblr

PLP hkt rgmuolcdg

MLP dgxlcdg MLP hkt dgxlcdg

Mkdpelh

tghktkay

DC rgdgbsg

O_ rgpblr

DC rgdgbsg

Brterkdysls

O_ rgpblr

PLP mglolt 8 ?0°

PLP mglolt 8 ?0°

Brterkdysls Fuslkh kr

Brterkpdbsty

L LL

LB LLB LLC

LLLC LV

PLP brterltls

LLL B

PLP mglolt 4 ?0°

PLP mglolt 4 ?0°

LC

LVLLL

LB LCLLB LLC

Flj. 3=. ]rgbtaght bdjkrltea fkr ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty bookrmlhj tk stbjg (L tk LV). O_9 oghtrbd sdlp, DC9 dbtgrbd cbhm.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

2:2



prgsghog kf gxtghskr bmegslkhs ckte lh zkhg = bhm prkxlabd tk lt(zkhgs 7 kr 6) ^:3Q. Lh hkrabd obsgs, botlvg kr pbsslvg AOPffigxlkh mkgs hkt prgvght PLP kr MLP ffigxlkh. Lf tegrg brg gxtghskrbmegslkhs bt P2 kr prkxlabddy kvgr teg AOP kr agtbobrpbd,Nldjkrg“s tgst wldd cg pksltlvg9 teg PLP bhm MLP obhhkt cg ffigxgmwegh teg AOP ls ffigxgm cgobusg teg gxtghskr ls rgstrlotgm cybmegslkhs. Okhvgrsgdy, wegh teg AOP ls egdm lh gxtghslkh kreypgrgxtghslkh, teg PLP bhm MLP obh cg ffigxgm botlvgdy bhmpbsslvgdy (Flj. 37). ]els tgst ls mlffgrght tebh teg Flhkoelgttk-Cuhhgdd tgst tebt sekws tljethgss mug tk lhtrlhslo ausodgrgtrbotlkh. ]eg dbttgr tgst okhslsts kf gxbalhlhj pbsslvg PLPffigxlkhwlte teg AOP pbsslvgdy gxtghmgm bhm ffigxgm. Lh obsgs kf lhtrlhslo ausodg tljethgss, PLP ffigxlkh wldd cg jrgbtgr wegh tegAOP ls ffigxgm tebh gxtghmgm. Lh skag kdm lhiurlgs, teg twkskurogs kf flhjgr stlffhgss okgxlst bhm lt aby cg ebrm tkmlffgrghtlbtg cgtwggh tega.Lf teg stlffhgss pgrslsts mgspltg rgebcldltbtlkh bhm krtektlo

crbolhj, teg trgbtaght okhslsts kf tghkdysls kf teg gxtghskragoebhlsa cy rgdgbslhj bhy pgrlkstgbd bhm outbhgkus bmeg-

slkhs, weldg abnlhj surg teg sbjlttbd cbhms bhm gxtghskr ekkmrgablh lhtbot.]eg Nldjkrg tgst bhm teg Flhkoelgttk-Cuhhgdd tgst aust cg

rgprkmuogm lhtrbkpgrbtlvgdy khog tels prkogmurg ebs cggh

obrrlgm kut. Lf Nldjkrg“s tgst ls stldd pksltlvg, gxtghskr tghmkhrgtrbotlkh ls obusgm cy sobrlhj. Nldjkrg gt bd. prkpksgmdghjteghlhj teg gxtghskr tghmkh wlte b pbrtlbd tghktkay ^:3Q(Flj. 36)> bdtgrhbtlvgdy, Dlttdgr prkpksgm rgsgotlhj teg oghtrbdtghmkh bt teg cbsg kf P2 ^60Q. Lf teg Flhkoelgttk-Cuhhgdd tgst lspksltlvg, teg lhstrlhslo ausodgs brg rgtrbotgm bt P2. ]rgbtaghtokhslsts kf rgsgotlhj teg kcdlqug flcgrs kf teg gxtghskr ekkm> lhakrg sgvgrg obsgs, teg lhtrlhslos brg bdsk mlvlmgm.Lt ls lapkrtbht tk hktg tebt, mgspltg laagmlbtg bhm prkdkhjgm

pkstkpgrbtlvg rgebcldltbtlkh, surjlobd rgvlslkh kf oerkhlo zkhg =lhiurlgs vgry rbrgdy dgbms tk jkkm rgsudts.

:.

Oerkhlo

lhiurlgs

lh

zkhg

7

]egsg brg teg okhsgqughog kf kpgh kr odksgm trbuab tk teggxtghskr agoebhlsa kvgr teg AOP iklhts. _gvgrbd typgs kf lhiurlgs obh cg kcsgrvgm9 okapdgtg kr pbrtlbd dbogrbtlkh kf teggxtghskr tghmkh, sbjlttbd cbhm rupturg, dkhjltumlhbd sgpbrbtlkhkf teg prkprlus bhm okaakh gxtghskr tghmkh bt teg flfte flhjgr.

Ogrtblh typgs kf rgpgbtgm odksgm trbuab obh dgbm tk oerkhlomkrsbd tghmkh-obpsudg lhiurlgs (ckxgr“s nhuondg).

:.2.

Zkuhms

kh

teg

mkrsua

kf

teg

AOP

iklhts

Kpgh trbuab obh dgbm tk okapdgtg kr akrg kftgh, pbrtlbddbogrbtlkh kf teg gxtghskr tghmkh, kftgh bsskolbtgm wlte mbabjgtk teg uhmgrdylhj iklht. _gokhmbry sgptlo dgslkhs brg okaakh lf teg lhltlbd lhiury wbs hgjdgotgm, gspgolbddy fkddkwlhj b cltgwkuhm kh teg flst. _obr bmegslkhs kftgh dlalt teg fuhotlkh kf teggxtghskr agoebhlsa bhm teg AOP“s bcldlty tk ffigx. Bh kdm

Flj. 37. Mlbjrba kf teg Nldjkrg tgst. ]eg tgst ls pksltlvg wegh teg PLP obh cgffigxgm

wlte

teg

AOP

gxtghmgm,

cut

lt

obhhkt

cg

ffigxgm

wlte

teg

AOP

ffigxgm.

Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

Flj. 36. Mlbjrba kf Nldjkrg“s tgoehlqug.

Cbsgm

kh

^:3Q. Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟2522:3



sbjlttbd cbhm dbogrbtlkh obh dgbm tk sucduxbtlkh kf teg gxtghskragoebhlsa kh teg mkrsua kf teg AOP iklht._gokhmbry trgbtaght kf tegsg lhiurlgs aust cg okhslmgrgm lf

teg fuhotlkhbd lapblraght crkujet kh cy flhjgr stlffhgss lsrgslstbht tk rgebcldltbtlkh bhm krtektlo crbolhj. _urjlobdtrgbtaght okhslsts kf bh lholslkh tk rgakvg teg prg-gxlstlhjsobr tlssug> teg lholslkh ls tegh wlmghgm prkxlabddy bhm mlstbddyuhtld lt ls ourvldlhgbr. _bapdgs fkr alorkclkdkjy brg okddgotgmsystgabtlobddy. ]eg prkogmurg stbrts cy tghkdysls weldgprgsgrvlhj teg sbjlttbd cbhms. Lf hggmgm, khg sbjlttbd cbhmobh cg mlvlmgm dkhjltumlhbddy odksg tk teg gxtghskr tghmkh tkboogss teg mggp slmg kf teg tghmkh bhm cbon slmg kf teg iklht.]els abngs lt pksslcdg tk flhlse teg tghkdysls bhm tegh tkpgrfkra mkrsbd brterkdysls kf teg AOP lf teg iklht ls stlff. Lf Nldjkrg“s tgst ls stldd pksltlvg, teg gxtghskr tghmkh ls tkk sekrt> ltobh cg dghjteghgm sucsgqughtdy wlte b pbrtlbd tghktkay ^:3Q.Lf teg gxtghskr tghmkh ls rupturgm, sgokhmbry rgpblr rgqulrgs

mlrgot suturlhj kf teg ghms bftgr rgakvlhj teg obddus weldgabnlhj surg hkt tk sekrtgh teg tghmkh tkk auoe. ]eg dbogrbtgm

sbjlttbd cbhm aust cg rgpblrgm bhm teg stbcldlty kf teg gxtghskragoebhlsa kh teg mkrsua kf teg AOP iklht aust cg vgrlflgm cypbsslvgdy ffigxlhj teg iklht.

:.3. _bjlttbd cbhm rupturg

:.3.2. Pbtekpeyslkdkjy bhm odlhlobd okhsgqughogs

Ktegr tebh lh obsgs kf lhffibaabtkry brterkpbtey, sbjlttbdcbhm rupturg koours akst kftgh fkddkwlhj rgslstgm flhjgrgxtghslkh kr b mlrgot mkrsbd cdkw tk b ffigxgm AOP iklht,skagtlags weldg slapdy dgbflhj terkuje ckkn kr oruapdlhj bseggt kf pbpgr. Lt obh koour spkhtbhgkusdy, pbrtloudbrdy lh kdmgr

pgrskhs,

lh

teg

okhtgxt

kf

mgjghgrbtlvg

brtloudbr

kr

pgrlbrtloudbrokhmltlkhs, skagtlags lh audtlpdg flhjgrs.Lh teg abikrlty kf obsgs, teg rupturg ls dkobtgm kh teg rbmlbd

slmg, prlabrldy lh teg almmdg flhjgr ^:?Q bhm sgokhmbrldy lh tegrlhj flhjgr. ]eg jrgbtgr koourrghog lh teg almmdg flhjgr obh cggxpdblhgm cy teg bhbtkay kf lts sbjlttbd cbhms, weloe gxtghmakrg mlstbddy lh tels flhjgr tebh lh teg ktegr flhjgrs ^:=Q, tegmlstlhot prktucgrbhog kf teg telrm agtbobrpbd egbm, teg gxtghskrtghmkh“s rkuhmgr orkss-sgotlkh, weloe abngs lt akrg uhstbcdgtebh lh teg hgljeckrlhj flhjgrs ^:7Q, bhm cy teg prgsghog kf cgttgr mgvgdkpgm lhtrbtghmlhkus okhhgotlkhs kh teg udhbr slzg^:6,::Q. ]eg odlhlobd ploturg bsskolbtgs pblh bhm pbdpbcdgswgddlhj kvgr teg sbjlttbd cbhm, bdkhj wlte gxtghskr tghmkh

lhstbcldlty kh teg mkrsua kf teg AOP iklht tebt obh cgrgspkhslcdg fkr b shbpplhj sghsbtlkh, kr gvgh dkonlhj murlhjbotlvg AOP gxtghslkh.]eg bakuht kf lhstbcldlty lh teg gxtghskr tghmkh mgpghms kh

teg gxtght kf teg sbjlttbd cbhm rupturg. Gxpgrlaghtbddy, khgcbhm aust cg dbogrbtgm prkxlabddy cy akrg tebh 70% tk obusgtghmkh lhstbcldlty. Prkxlabd pbrtlbd rupturgs mgstbcldlzg tegtghmkh akrg tebh mlstbd rupturgs ^<,:6Q. ]ghmkh lhstbcldlty lsrgvgbdgm murlhj teg odlhlobd gxbalhbtlkh cy rgslstgm flhjgrgxtghslkh,weloe obusgs mgvlbtlkh kf teg tghmkh“s okhtkur tk tegkppksltg kf slmg teg rupturg.Okapdgtg sbjlttbd cbhm rupturg dgbms tk sucduxbtlkh kr

mlsdkobtlkh kf

teg

gxtghskr

agoebhlsa

lhtk

teg

lhtgragtbobrpbd

vbddgy (typlobddy kh teg udhbr slmg) murlhj AOP ffigxlkh(Flj. 3:). Murlhj botlvg AOP gxtghslkh, teg mlsdkobtgm tghmkhsummghdy rgmuogs, obuslhj b shbpplhj sghsbtlkh tebt ls kcvlkusvlsubddy bhm upkh pbdpbtlkh. Zegh teg tghmkh ls odgbrdymlsdkobtgm lh teg lhtgragtbobrpbd vbddgy, botlvg AOP gxtghslkhobh cg lapksslcdg cgobusg teg tghmkh ls lh frkht kf teg ffigxlkh-gxtghslkh bxls. ]eg AOP aust cg gxtghmgm pbsslvgdy sk tebtbotlvg gxtghskr okhtrbotlkh obh rgmuog teg mlsdkobtgm tghmkhbhm ekdm teg AOP gxtghslkh. Lh teg flfte flhjgr, prkhkuhogmudhbr mgvlbtlkh kf teg prkxlabd pebdbhx bookapbhlgs mlsdkob-tlkh kh teg udhbr slmg kf teg AOP kf teg prkprlus bhm okaakhgxtghskr tghmkhs ^:5Q. Lh ogrtblh oerkhlo fkras, teg mlsdkobtlkhobh cgokag hkh-rgmuolcdg lf teg udhbr sbjlttbd cbhm rgtrbots,dgbmlhj tk ffigxlkh mgfkralty bhm udhbr mgvlbtlkh kf teg AOPegdpgm cy prkjrgsslvg lhtrlhslo ausodg rgtrbotlkh (Flj. 3:).Sbybh bhm Aurrby ebvg mgsorlcgm tergg typgs kf sbjlttbd

cbhm lhiurlgs ^:<Q. Lh typg 2, tegrg ls b okhtuslkh wltekut tgbr krtghmkh lhstbcldlty> lh typg 3, b tgbr wlte tghmkh sucduxbtlkh bhmshbpplhj> lh typg ?, teg tghmkh okapdgtgdy mlsdkobtgs lh teg

lhtgragtbobrpbd vbddgy.Cbsgm kh Lselsunl“s lhtrbkpgrbtlvg bhbtkalobd kcsgrvbtlkhs

^5Q, spkhtbhgkus tghmkh mlsdkobtlkhs brg mug tk bh lhiury tk tegsupgrflolbd cuhmdg kf teg sbjlttbd cbhm odksg tk teg gxtghskrtghmkh, wegrgbs trbuabtlo mlsdkobtlkh ls teg okhsgqughog kf rupturg kf ckte cuhmdgs kf teg sbjlttbd cbhm furtegr bwby frkateg tghmkh.Zegh shbpplhj ls prgsght, teg odbsslobd mlffgrghtlbd

mlbjhksls ls trljjgr flhjgr mug tk ffigxkr tghksyhkvltls> rbrgragoebhlsas lhvkdvlhj b okddbtgrbd AOP dljbaght, lhtrbtghml-hkus okhhgotlkhs kr dbtgrbd sdlp shbpplhj bt teg dgvgd kf teg PLPlh obsgs kf rgmuolcdg swbh-hgon mgfkralty ebvg bdsk cggh

mgsorlcgm. Obrgfud odlhlobd

gxbalhbtlkh

ls

gssghtlbd

fkr

Flj.

3:.

Supturg

kf

teg

rbmlbd

sbjlttbd

cbhm

kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

kh

tegmkrsua kf teg AOP iklht dgbms tk teglr udhbr sucduxbtlkh lhtk teg lhtgragtb-

obrpbd

vbddgy.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

2:?



gstbcdlselhj b mlbjhksls. ASL kr udtrbskuhm labjlhj, pbrtlou-dbrdy myhbalo labjlhj, obh cg rgdgvbht lh obsgs wegrg tegmlbjhksls ls uhodgbr.Pbtlghts wldd kftgh mgdby sggnlhj agmlobd bttghtlkh cgobusg

tegsg lhiurlgs brg fuhotlkhbddy wgdd tkdgrbtgm bhm cgobusg kf alsmlbjhksls. Akst butekrs okhslmgr teg lhiury tk cg oerkhlowegh lt ls akrg tebh ? wggns kdm.

:.3.3. ]rgbtaght

Oerkhlo lhiurlgs (akrg tebh ? wggns kdm) kf teg sbjlttbd cbhmhk dkhjgr cghgflt frka okhsgrvbtlvg trgbtaght bhm aust cgkpgrbtgm kh tk stbcldlzg teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa kh teg mkrsuakf teg AOP iklht. Bftgr abnlhj b mkrskdbtgrbd kr mkrsbd ourvldlhgbrlholslkh kvgr teg AOP iklht, bhy sobr bmegslkhs kh teg rbmlbd _Cbrg rgdgbsgm. _lhog mkrsbdlzbtlkh kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa obhcg dlaltgm cgobusg kf udhbr sbjlttbd cbhm rgtrbotlkh, lt obh cgpbrtlbddy mlvlmgm (bs vkdbr bhmprkxlabdbspksslcdg) kr okapdgtgdymlvlmgm lf hggmgm. _gokhmbry rgpblr kf teg rbmlbd _C obh cgobrrlgm kut cy mlrgot suturlhj kr cy uslhj khg kf teg abhy

vbrlbtlkhs kf teg gxtghskr oghtrbdlzbtlkh tgoehlqugs (Flj. 35).

:.3.3.2. Mlrgot

sbjlttbd

cbhm

rgpblr

^:=Q

(Nggttgdnbap). Mlr-

got rgpblr ls fgbslcdg wegh teg tlssug qubdlty ls sufflolght. Lf tegcbhm ls okhtlhukus cut strgtoegm, pdlobturg wlte kvgrdbpplhjsuturgs obh cg obrrlgm kut. Lf tegrg brg audtlpdg kdm lhiurlgs,rgpblr kf teg rbmlbd _C kf teg akst udhbr flhjgr(s) obh cgpgrfkragm cy mlrgot suturg tk b mlvlmgm udhbr _C frka tegbmiboght rbmlbd flhjgr.

:.3.3.3. ]rbhspksltlkh kf mlstbddy cbsgm gxtghskr tghmkh

sdlp. B mlstbddy cbsgm gxtghskr tghmkh sdlp (khg-qubrtgr tk

khg-telrm kf

tghmkh

mlbagtgr)

ls

ebrvgstgm

prkxlabddy

kvgrbckut = oa frka teg rbmlbd slmg kr teg udhbr slmg (Obrkdd) ^50Q> lf teg dbttgr ls usgm, lt obh cg gxtghmgm wlte lhtrbtghmlhkusokhhgotlkhs ^::Q. ]eg sdlp ekdms teg oghtrbdlzgm tghmkh bftgrtwlstlhj lt brkuhm teg rbmlbd okddbtgrbd dljbaght ^50,52Q kr

lhtgragtbobrpbd dljbaght ^::,53,5?Q, kr dkkplhj lt brkuhm tegpbdabr lhtgrkssgkus ausodg (Aloekh) ^:5Q. Lt ls tegh suturgm tkltsgdf bhm tk teg gxtghskr tghmkh kr obpsudg (Aloekh). Bhktegrtgoehlqug okhslsts kf ebrvgstlhj b prkxlabddy cbsgm tghmkh sdlpkvgr P2 bhm tegh dkkplhj lt brkuhm teg duacrlobd tghmkhlhsgrtlkh (AoOky) ^5=Q. Lf bh gxtrb tghmkh suoe bs teg prkprlusgxtghskr tghmkh tk teg almmdg flhjgr gxlsts, lt obh cg usgm tkstbcldlzg teg rgokhstruotlkh ^57Q.

:.3.3.?.

Sgpblr

wlte

lhtrbtghmlhkus

okhhgotlkh. Bh lhtgrtgh-

mlhkus okhhgotlkh kh teg udhbr slmg ls rgdgbsgm bhm selftgm tk tegrbmlbd slmg (Zeggdmkh) ^:7Q bhm tegh suturgm tk teg rbmlbd bhmvkdbr stuap kf teg tkrh _C.

:.3.3.=. Duacrlobd tghmkh trbhsfgr ^56Q. ]eg duacrlobdtghmkh ls pbssgm terkuje teg gxtghskr tghmkh bhm suturgm tkltsgdf. ]eg udhbr _C mkgs hkt hggm tk cg mlvlmgm murlhj telsbotlvg trbhsfgr tgoehlqug, weloe prgvghts rbmlbd lhstbcldlty.

:.3.3.7. Pbdabrls

dkhjus

tghmkh

jrbft. B pbdabrls dkhjus

tghmkh jrbft ls gltegr twlstgm brkuhm teg gxtghskr tghmkh teghsgourgm kh ckte slmgs kf teg agtbobrpbd egbm wlte 3 ckhgbhoekrs ^5:Q, kr pbssgm terkuje b ckhg tuhhgd lh teg agtbobrpbdegbm bhm tegh cgelhm teg gxtghskr tghmkh (Nbhj) ^55Q.

Hk abttgr weloe tgoehlqug ls usgm, teg surjgkh aust vgrlfylhtrbkpgrbtlvgdy tebt9

teg gxtghskr tghmkh ls pgrfgotdy oghtgrgm murlhj pbsslvg AOPffigxlkh bhm gxtghslkh>

sufflolght tghslkh ls pdbogm kh teg rgpblr9 tels aust cg

gvbdubtgm wlte

teg

AOP

iklht

ffigxgm

bckut

70

mgjrggs,

weldgabnlhj surg teg AOP obh cg ffigxgm okapdgtgdy pbsslvgdy>

teg stbcldlzlhj trbhsfgr kh teg gxtghskr tghmkh ls dkobtgm lh tegakst lskagtrlo dkobtlkh pksslcdg, lmgbddy bt teg sbag egljet bsteg agtbobrpbd hgon-egbm iuhotlkh ^5:,55Q. Akrg mlstbd

Flj.

35.

Mlbjrbas

kf

sgokhmbry

rgpblr

tgoehlqugs

bftgr

sbjlttbd

cbhm

rupturg.

Nggtgdnbap“s

tgoehlqug

(b).

Obrkdd“s

tgoehlqug

(c).

AoOky“s

tgoehlqug

(o).

Zeggdmkh“stgoehlqug (m).

Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟2522:=



flxbtlkh wldd elhmgr gxtghslkh, weldg akrg prkxlabd flxbtlkhwlte elhmgr AOP ffigxlkh>

teg rgpblr ls strkhj ghkuje tk bddkw gbrdy akcldlzbtlkh.

Pkstkpgrbtlvg obrg mgpghms kh teg tgoehlqug usgm bhm tegstrghjte kf teg rgpblr. ]eg AOP iklht obh cg laakcldlzgm lhbckut 30 mgjrggs ffigxlkh fkr ?‟= wggns wlte PLP ffigxlkhbddkwgm. ]eg AOP iklht obh tegh cg akvgm wlte teg bmiboghtflhjgrs weldg cglhj prktgotgm cy b crbog tebt prgvghts lt frkaffigxlhj okapdgtgdy fkr bhktegr ?‟= wggns (Flj. 3<).

:.?. Dkhjltumlhbd sgpbrbtlkh kf teg gxtghskr tghmkh bt teg

flfte flhjgr

]els rbrg lhiury rgsudts frka b mlrgot bxlbd cdkw lh b typlobddyykuhj pbtlght dgbmlhj tk sucduxbtlkh kf teg twk gxtghskrtghmkhs (prkprlus bhm okaakh) tk gltegr slmg kf teg iklht,obuslhj b psgumk-ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty bt teg AOP iklht ^:5Q.]eg mkrsbd obpsudg aby bdsk cg tkrh ^5<‟<2Q. ]eg odlhlobd

ploturg sekws bh botlvg P2 gxtghslkh mgflolt wltekut abrngmudhbr mgvlbtlkh, weloe mlffgrs frka teg odlhlobd ploturg kf slaudtbhgkus mlsdkobtlkh kf teg twk gxtghskr tghmkh tk teg udhbrslmg mug tk rbmlbd _C rupturg ^:5Q.Zegh tels sgpbrbtlkh ls trgbtgm sgokhmbrldy, surjlobd

trgbtaght okhslsts kf rgakvlhj bhy flcrktlo brgbs lh tegtghmkhs, bcuttlhj teg twk gxtghskr tghmkh bhm suturlhj tegaslmg-tk-slmg ^:5,<0Q. Dg Vlgt gt bd. okaclhgm tels prkogmurg wlteudhbr _C mlvlslkh> lf teg rbmlbd _C ls rgtrbotgm, lt ls sobrlflgm tkwgbngh bhm dghjtegh lt ^:5Q.Pkstkpgrbtlvg laakcldlzbtlkh wlte b spdlht bt ?0 tk =0

mgjrggsAOP ffigxlkh ls usgm fkr 3‟=wggns, tegh okhtlhugm wlte

b prktgotlvg

crbog

tebt

prgvghts

fudd

AOP

ffigxlkh

(Flj.

3<).

]egrgsudts rgpkrtgm lh sabdd obsg sgrlgs brg jkkm, wlte hkrgourrghog kf teg pbtekdkjy.

:.=. Ckxgr“s nhuondg

]els obtoey hbag ls usgm fkr lhiurlgs tk teg mkrsbd obpsudg kf teg AOP iklht kf teg dkhj flhjgrs (prlabrldy teg almmdg flhjgr,cut bdsk teg lhmgx). ]egy brg typlobddy oerkhlo bhm lhmuogm cyrgpgtltlvg lapbots murlhj puhoelhj akvgaghts pgrfkragm fkr

ogrtblh okacbt spkrts, pbrtloudbrdy ckxlhj. ]eg prlabry lhiuryls b mkrsbd obpsudg tgbr tebt obh cg bsskolbtgm wlte okapdgtg krpbrtlbd _C rupturg, kr gvgh dkhjltumlhbd sgpbrbtlkh kf teggxtghskr tghmkhs lh teg flfte flhjgr ^<0,<2Q. ]egsg lhiurlgs obusgpblh bhm mkrsbd swgddlhj murlhj bhm laagmlbtgdy bftgr puhoelhjakvgaghts brg pgrfkragm. Gxtghskr agoebhlsa lhstbcldltyaby bdsk cg prgsght lf b sbjlttbd cbhm ls okapdgtgdy rupturgm.Khog oerkhlo, teg iklht obpsudg cgokags telonghgm wlte hkh-

gdbstlo flcrktlo sobr tlssug. Mlrgotdy suturg rgpblr kf teg tgbr obhcg obrrlgm kut lh hgwgr lhiurlgs ^<3Q, cut aby hk dkhjgr cgpksslcdg lh oerkhlo obsgs cgobusg kf teg rlsn kf lhtgrfgrlhj wltefudd AOP ffigxlkh. Lh suoe obsgs, Hbjbknb gt bd. ^<?Q rgokaaghmgxolslkh kf bh kvbd-sebpgm plgog kf sobr tlssug brkuhm tegrupturgm obpsudg bhm teg _C, lf lt ls bdsk rupturgm. ]eg slzg kf teg rgsudtlhj tlssug mgfgot ls agbsurgm wlte teg AOP fuddyffigxgm, bhm tegh rgpblrgm wlte bh gxtghskr rgtlhboudua jrbft.]egrg brg hk rgpkrts kf _C pdbsty fkr teg trgbtaght kf ckxgr“snhuondg.Pkstkpgrbtlvg laakcldlzbtlkh kf teg AOP lh 60 mgjrggs

ffigxlkh ls usgm fkr ? wggns. ]eg pbtlght obh rgstbrt puhoelhjbotlvltlgs ?‟6 akhtes bftgr teg surjlobd prkogmurg. ]eg rgsudtsrgpkrtgm lh vbrlkus sgrlgs brg jkkm, wlte hk rgourrghog kf tegpbtekdkjy.

5. Oerkhlo lhiurlgs lh zkhg 6, :, 5

5.2. Ykhg

6

Kh teg mkrsua kf teg agtbobrpbds, vbrlkus oerkhlo gxtghskragoebhlsa lhiurlgs ebvg cggh mgsorlcgm9 dkss kf okhtlhulty mug

tk slapdg

cut

hgjdgotgm

dbogrbtlkhs,

pgrltghmlhkus

bmegslkhsbftgr agtbobrpbd flxbtlkh kr tghmkh rgpblr, kr sgqugdbg kf audtlpdg tlssug lhiurlgs (snlh, tghmkh, ckhg) tebt obh rgqulrgckte ckhg bhm snlh rgokhstruotlkh.Lh obsgs wegrg tghmkh okhtlhulty ls dkst, teg AOP iklht ebs b

pgrabhght ffigxlkh mgfkralty tebt obhhkt cg botlvgdy rgmuogm.Ekwgvgr, tels ffigxlkh mgfkralty obh cg dlaltgm lf teg lhiury lsdkobtgm prkxlabd tk bh lhtgrtghmlhkus okhhgotlkh, weloe tbngskvgr murlhj gxtghslkh. Prkxlabd sgokhmbry tghmkh rgtrbotlkh lshkt sljhlflobht lf teg lhiury ls dkobtgm mlstbd tk bh lhtgrtghmlhkus

Flj.

3<.

Crbog

usgm

tk

prktgot

b

zkhg

7

gxtghskr

agoebhlsa

rgpblr

cy

dlaltlhj

fudd

AOP

ffigxlkh.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

2:7



okhhgotlkh, weloe rgablhs bttboegm bhm ekdms teg prkxlabdtghmkh ghm._gokhmbry rgpblr cy tghmkh suturlhj ls pksslcdg bftgr

gxolslkh kf teg tghmkh obddus. Zegh hkt pksslcdg (gxogsslvgrgtrbotlkh, dkss kf tghmkh sucstbhog, pkkr tghmkh qubdlty),suturgkf teg mlstbd tghmkh ghm cy bcuttlhj lt bjblhst teg bmiboghtflhjgr“s tghmkh obh cg okhslmgrgm lf lt mkgs hkt lhtgrfgrg wltefudd AOP ffigxlkh. Ekwgvgr, tegrg ls b rlsn kf obuslhj bhgxtrlhslo gxtghslkh okhtrboturg. B sabdd mgfgot obh bdsk cgtrgbtgm cy b turhgm-kvgr tghmkh trbhspksltlkh ^60Q.]eg gxtghskr obh bdsk cg rgculdt cy trbhsfgrrlhj b mgmlobtgm

flhjgr gxtghskr tghmkh> teg GLP obh cg usgm tk rgokhstruot tegalmmdg flhjgr“s gxtghskr tghmkh> teg GMA obh cg usgm tkrgokhstruot teg rlhj flhjgr“s gxtghskr, mgpghmlhj kh bhbtkalobdvbrlbtlkhs lh teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa lh teg flfte flhjgr.]rbhspksltlkh kf b tghmkh sdlp frka teg fkurte flhjgr ebs cgghprkpksgm bs b abhhgr tk rgokhstruot teg flfte flhjgr“s gxtghskr^<=Q.Bh bdtgrhbtlvg tk tghmkh trbhsfgr ls bh lhtgrobdbtgm tghmkh

jrbft uslhj teg pbdabrls dkhjus tghmkh, kr lf hkt bvbldbcdg, b tkggxtghskr tghmkh. ]eg prkxlabd ausodg ckmy aust stldd ebvg tegbcldlty tk okhtrbot, bhm obhhkt cg kvgrdy rgtrbotgm, weloe koourswegh teg lhiury ls vgry kdm. ]els akrg bhbtkalobd tgoehlqug lslhmlobtgm lf iustlflgm cy teg pbtlght“s fuhotlkhbd hggms (mgxtgrlty,lhmgpghmght flhjgr gxtghslkh). Prkxlabd bhm mlstbd suturlhj kf teg tghmkh jrbft aust cg obrrlgm kut fbr bwby frka teg gxtghskrrgtlhboudua, sk bs tk hkt laplhjg wlte lt. ]eg suturgs aust cgskdlm ghkuje tk bddkw fkr laagmlbtg rgebcldltbtlkh. Zgrgokaaghm uslhj b Pudvgrtbft wgbvg kh teg mlstbd ghm. ]egprkxlabd ghm ls suturgm lh zkhg :. Bpprkprlbtg tghslkh ls pdbogmkh teg rgpblr sk tebt flhjgr gxtghslkh obh cg kctblhgm wlte teg

wrlst lh

hgutrbd

pksltlkh

^60Q.

Bt

dgbst

=

wggns

kf

pkstkpgrbtlvglaakcldlzbtlkh bhm up tk 6 wggns ls hggmgm wlte b stbtlo krmyhbalo gxtghslkh crbog. ]els ekdms teg wrlst lh ?0 mgjrggsgxtghslkh bhm AOP lh hgutrbd kr 27 mgjrggs ffigxlkh, wlte tegPLP bhm MLP iklhts frgg.Lf teg sucoutbhgkus tlssug wldd hkt bddkw gffgotlvg tghmkh

jdlmlhj, tels jrbftlhj prkogmurg obh cg pgrfkragm lh twk stbjgs>b sldlokhg rkm ls usgm lhltlbddy bhm ls rgpdbogm b alhlaua kf 3‟?akhtes dbtgr wlte teg tghmkh jrbft. Lh skag obsgs, snlhrgokhstruotlkh wlte b ffibp tebt prkvlmgs telon sucoutbhgkustlssug aby cg hgogssbry> tels ls pgrfkragm cgfkrg kr murlhjsgokhmbry rgpblr kf teg gxtghskr agoebhlsa ^<7Q.Nldjkrg“s tgst wldd cg pksltlvg lf sobr bmegslkhs brg prgsght.

Sgebcldltbtlkh bhm stbtlo krtektlo crbolhj, tk prgvght gxtghslkhokhtrboturg bhm egdp tk skftgh teg snlh, aust cg obrrlgm kut uhtldteg lhffibaabtkry sobr prkogssgs ebvg sucslmgm, jghgrbddy 6akhtes bftgr teg lhltlbd lhiury gvght. Lh obsg kf fbldurg krlhokapdgtg rgstkrbtlkh, tghkdysls ls obrrlgm kut tk rgdgbsgbmegslkhs bhm gxolsg pgrltghmlhkus flcrkus sobr tlssug.Mgpghmlhj kh teg prgsghtbtlkh, tels obh cg okaclhgm wlteebrmwbrg rgakvbd (pdbtg, sorgw kr N-wlrg) bftgr teg agtbobrpbdckhg ebs egbdgm. ]els aust cg fkddkwgm cy laagmlbtgpkstkpgrbtlvg rgebcldltbtlkh bhm krtektlo crbolhj bs hggmgm.Pgrltghmlhkus bcskrcbcdg bmegslkh cbrrlgrs (jgds, agacrbhgs)obh cg usgm wlte teg tghkdysls prkogmurg, cut up tk hkw tegrg ls

hk prkkf

kf

teglr

gffgotlvghgss

lh

odlhlobd

prbotlog.

5.3. Ykhg :

Lf teg tghmkh lhiury ls hk dkhjgr boutg, tegrg ls b sljhlflobhtrlsn kf pgrltghmlhkus sobr bmegslkhs bhm/kr laplhjgaght kf bdbrjg tghmkh obddus wlte teg gxtghskr rgtlhboudua cgobusg telszkhg ls hbrrkw, okapbrtaghtbdlzgm bhm okvgrgm wlte b syhkvlbdagacrbhg.Odlhlobd gxbalhbtlkh wldd rgvgbd bhy tghmkh jdlmlhj mgfgots9

wegh b flst ls abmg, teg wrlst obhhkt cg ffigxgm kr gxtghmgm.Akrgkvgr, flhjgr gxtghslkh okhtrboturg ls gvlmght murlhj wrlstffigxlkh bhm teg flhjgrs obhhkt cg okapdgtgdy gxtghmgm wegh tegwrlst ls gxtghmgm.]ghkdysls ls obrrlgm kut tk rgdgbsg bmegslkhs bhm laplhjg-

aghts. ]eg gxtghskr rgtlhboudua aust cg kpghgm bhm ogrtblhsgptuas aust cg out tk prkvlmg akrg rkka fkr jdlmlhj. Ltsrgokhstruotlkh bt teg ghm kf teg prkogmurg aust cg skdlm ghkujetk bddkw laagmlbtg bhm skagtlags prkdkhjgm rgebcldltbtlkh,pktghtlbddy suppdgaghtgm cy prktgotlvg hljet crbolhj kr b stbtlobhm/kr myhbalo crbog.

Ykhg : ls bdsk b okaakh dkobtlkh fkr tghmkh rupturgs tebtbrg mlbjhksgm bhm gvbdubtgm sgokhmbrldy. Ktegr tebh lhffiba-abtkry brterkpbtey, tegsg obh ebvg twk obusgs9

lbtrkjghlo, mug tk rucclhj bjblhst b N-wlrg, sebrp gmjg kf bsorgw kr pdbtg, kr kh teg prkxlabd ghm kf teg udhb bftgr teg_buvì-Nbpbhmil kr Mbrrboe prkogmurg, kr bftgr okrtlskhglhigotlkh kr wrlst brterksokpy>

mgjghgrbtlvg, bftgr rupturg mugtk agoebhlobd bhmlhffibaabtkryobusgs kvgr bh brterltlo bhm uhstbcdg mlstbd rbmlkudhbr iklht. Lhtegsg obsgs, tghmkh rupturgs stbrt wlte teg flhjgrs kh teg udhbrslmg bhm jrbmubddy gxtghm tk teg rbmlbd flhjgrs. ]egy brg

skagtlags prgogmgm

cy

sljhlflobht

tghksyhkvlbd lhffibaabtlkh.]ghmkh rupturg ls mlbjhksgm odlhlobddy9 botlvg AOP

gxtghslkh ls lapksslcdg bhm pbsslvg gxtghslkh cy teg tghkmgslsgffgot kf wrlst ffigxlkh ls hk dkhjgr prgsght. Jlvgh teg dkhjgxourslkh kf teg gxtghskr tghmkh lh tels zkhg bhm teg mgdbygmtrgbtaght, teg tghmkh ghms obh cg sljhlflobhtdy rgtrbotgm bhmserlvgdgm, abnlhj mlrgot suturg rgpblr lapksslcdg. _gvgrbdkptlkhs brg bvbldbcdg lh tegsg obsgs9 lhtgrobdbtgm jrbft, bcutaghttk bh bmiboght flhjgr, lhtgrobdbry jrbft, tghmkh trbhsfgr. ]egsgprkogmurgs obh cg okaclhgm tkjgtegr mgpghmlhj kh ekw abhygxtghskr tghmkhs brg rupturgm, ekw kdm tegsg rupturgs brg bhmekw auoe teg prkxlabd tghmkh ls rgtrbotgm. ]eg trgbtaght pdbh

ls fblrdy slaldbr tk teg khg fkr rupturgs sgokhmbry tk reguabtklmbrterltls. Lt okhslsts kf9

kpghlhj teg gxtghskr rgtlhboudua kh lts udhbr slmg, abrnlhjteg ckuhmbry fkr b rgotbhjudbr ffibp wlte rbmlbd elhjg>

gxtghskr tghksyhkvgotkay> bh bpprkprlbtg prkogmurg kh teg mlstbd rbmlkudhbr iklht,mgpghmlhj kh teg gtlkdkjy kf teg tghmkh rupturg>

sgokhmbry tghmkh rgpblr9 teg odbsslobd pdbh wegh teg gxtghskrtghmkhs kf teg fkurte bhm flfte flhjgrs brg rupturgm ls tktrbhsfgr teg GLP tk teg okaakh gxtghskr kf teg flfte flhjgr bhmpdbog teg almmdg flhjgr“s okaakh gxtghskr bjblhst tebt kf teg

lhmgx flhjgr

kh

teg

mkrsua

kf

teg

ebhm

(Flj.

?0).

Lf

teg

GLP

ls

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟2522:6



hkt bvbldbcdg, bh lhtgrobdbtgm tghmkh jrbft ls b pksslcldlty>ekwgvgr tegrg ls b rlsn kf pkstkpgrbtlvg bmegslkhs. Zeghgxtghskr tghmkhs brg rupturgm lh tergg flhjgrs, trbhsfgr kf tegsupgrflolbd ffigxkr tghmkh kf teg almmdg kr rlhj flhjgr obh cgprkpksgm. ]eg tghmkh ls pbssgm terkuje teg lhtgrkssgkusagacrbhg kr brkuhm teg wrlst. Lt ls sgourgm wlte b Pudvgrtbftwgbvg bt teg mlstbd ghms kf teg tkrh tghmkhs lh teg fkurte bhmflfte flhjgrs> teg almmdg flhjgr obh cg rgvlvgm wlte bh GLPtrbhsfgr. Zegh fkur flhjgr gxtghskr tghmkhs brg rupturgm, tegsupgrflolbd ffigxkr tghmkhs kf ckte teg almmdg bhm rlhj flhjgrsbrg usgm tk rgvlvg twk okaakh gxtghskr tghmkhs gboe. ]egtghslkh pdbogm kh teg rgpblrgm tghmkh ls teg sbag bs teg khgmgsorlcgm lh zkhg 6>

odkslhj teg gxtghskr rgtlhboudua skdlmdy weldg abnlhj surgtegrg ls hk laplhjgaght tebt okudm lapgmg tghmkh jdlmlhj. Bhgxtghskr rgtlhboudua pdbsty prkogmurg ls skagtlags hggmgm tklskdbtg teg tghmkh rgpblr frka teg mlstbd rbmlkudhbr iklht>

laakcldlzbtlkh bhm pkstkpgrbtlvg akhltkrlhj ls teg sbag bsfkr zkhg 6 tghmkh rupturgs (Flj. ?2).

Flj.

?0.

Mlbjrbas

kf

rgpblr

tgoehlqugs

fkr

rupturgm

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

lh

zkhg

:.GLP trbhsfgr bhm tghmkh bcutaght fkr rupturgm gxtghskr tghmkhs lh teg fkurtebhm

flfte

flhjgrs

(b).

]rbhsfgr

kf

teg

twk

supgrflolbd

ffigxkr

tghmkhs

lh

b

obsgwegrg bdd teg flhjgr gxtghskr tghmkhs brg rupturgm (c). Sgprkmuogm

wlte

pgralsslkh

kf

Abètrlsg

Krtekpìmlqug.

Flj. ?2. Sgpblr kf zkhg : gxtghskr tghmkh rupturgs lh teg telrm, fkurte bhm flfte flhjgrs cy GLP bhm supgrflolbd ffigxkr tghmkh trbhsfgrs. Lhtrbkpgrbtlvg vlgw (b)>

pkstkpgrbtlvg laakcldlzbtlkh tebt bddkws gbrdy ffigxlkh (c) bhm gxtghslkh (o) akvgaghts. Odlhlobd kutokag lh gxtghslkh (m) bhm ffigxlkh (g).

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

2::



5.?. Ykhg 5

_gokhmbry rgpblrs lh teg ausodg‟tghmkh iuhotlkh rgjlkh brgmlffloudt tk obrry kut cgobusg kf ausodg rgtrbotlkh bhm frgqughtausodg bhm tghmkh mgfgots. Mlstbd suturlhj lh zkhg : kf khg krtwk rupturgm tghmkhs bjblhst bh bmiboght egbdtey tghmkh obh cgpgrfkragm. Zegh audtlpdg tghmkhs brg rupturgm, khg kr akrgsupgrflolbd ffigxkr tghmkhs obh cg trbhsfgrrgm, bdkhj wlte tegffigxkrobrpl udhbrls tghmkh, weloe ls dkhj ghkuje tk rgboe zkhg 5.

<. Oerkhlo

tghmkh

lhiurlgs

wlte

mgfgots

lh

audtlpdg

tlssugs

Lt ls gssghtlbd tebt rgdlbcdg snlh okvgrbjg cg rg-gstbcdlsegm lhtegsg pbrtloudbr obsgs. _gokhmbry tghmkh rgpblr mgpghms kh tegzkhg bffgotgm bhm lf ckhg bhm iklht struoturgs bdsk hggm tk cgrgpblrgm. ]eg elje rlsn kf sgpsls aust cg ngpt lh alhm bhmbpprkprlbtg prg-kpgrbtlvg bhm pkstkpgrbtlvg prgvghtbtlvgagbsurgs tbngh.

<.2. Ykhgs

2

bhm

3

MLP fuslkh lh bsskolbtgm wlte wkuhm okvgrbjg uslhj b dkobdffibp kr b rgjlkhbd ffibp (rgvgrsgm mg-gpltegdlbdlzgm orkss flhjgr

ffibp) ls

teg

akst

okaakh

skdutlkh

usgm.

<.3. Ykhgs ?, =, 7

Dkobd bhm rgjlkhbd snlh ffibps obh cg usgm. Bs prgvlkusdystbtgm, sgokhmbry tghmkh rgpblr obh cg pgrfkragm bt teg sbagtlag lf teg ckhg bhm iklht struoturgs mk hkt hggm tk cg rgpblrgm.Ktegrwlsg, kr lf sobr tlssug ls prgsght tebt okudm dgbm tk tegmgvgdkpaght kf gbrdy pgrltghmlhkus bmegslkhs, wg rgokaaghmb twk-stbjg rgpblr uslhj b sldlokhg rkm (Flj. ?3).

<.?. Ykhgs 6, :, 5

Ykhgs 6, : bhm 5 obh cg teg sltg kf audtlpdg tlssug lhiurlgs(rkddkvgr ebhm) dgbmlhj tk gxtghslvg snlh, tghmkh, ckhg bhm iklht(agtbobrpbd bhm/kr obrpbd) mgfgots bdkhj wlte lhiurlgs tk teg

lhtgrkssgkus ausodgs (mgfgots, rgtrbotlkh). ]eg lmgbd strbtgjy lstk pgrfkra b slhjdg-stbjg rgokhstruotlkh bdd kf teg lhiurgmtlssugs ^<=,<7Q. ]els obh cg crkngh up mgpghmlhj kh teg gxtghtkf teg mgfgots, bakuht kf wkuhm okhtbalhbtlkh bhm tegpbtlght“s okhmltlkh (pkdytrbuab). ]eg prgsghog kf ckhg bhm iklht lhiurlgs bt teg wrlst kr AOP iklhts rgqulrgs tebt gxtghskrrgokhstruotlkh cg mgfgrrgm uhtld teg ckhg lhiurlgs bhm snlhwkuhms ebvg egbdgm, teg rlsn kf sgpsls ls okhtblhgm bhmabxlaua wrlst bhm AOP rbhjg kf aktlkh ebs cggh rgokvgrgm^<6Q.Lt ls gssghtlbd fkr teg snlh okvgrbjg tk prkvlmg bh gffgotlvg

sucoutbhgkus jdlmlhj dbygr. ]els obh cg boelgvgm terkuje b

rgjlkhbd pgmlodgm

ffibp

(rbmlbd,

pkstgrlkr

lhtgrkssgkus,

udhbr),

Flj. ?3. ]wk-stbjg rgpblr kf audtlpdg tlssug mgfgots lh zkhgs ?, = bhm 7 wlte lhltlbd ckhg lhiury. Lhtrbkpgrbtlvg vlgw kf teg flrst stbjg wlte lapdbhtbtlkh kf sldlokhg rkm.Hktg teg bsskolbtgm sbjlttbd cbhm rgokhstruotlkh (b). _gokhm stbjg wlte pbdabrls dkhjus jrbftlhj pgrfkragm tergg akhtes dbtgr (c). Pkstkpgrbtlvg rgsudt lh ffigxlkh (o)bhm

gxtghslkh

(m).

P. Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟2522:5



mlstbht ffibp (lhjulhbd) kr frgg ffibp (gxtgrhbd crboelbd, tgapkrbdlsfbsolb). _gokhmbry tghmkh rgokhstruotlkh wldd rgqulrg jrbftlhj.Lf sufflolghtdy jkkm snlh okvgrbjg ebs cggh boelgvgm wlte tegffibp, b sldlokhg rkm mkgs hkt hggm tk cg usgm ^<6,<:Q. Lf teg ffibp lsbdrgbmy lh pdbog, wg rgokaaghm pdbolhj teg tghmkh jrbftcgtwggh teg fbsolb bhm sucoutbhgkus fbt tk boelgvg cgttgrjdlmlhj furtegr bwby frka teg mggp sobr tlssug. _lhjdg-stbjgtghmkh jrbftlhj wkudm sgga tk cg okhtrblhmlobtgm wegh ltwkudm okhtbot b ckhg rgpblr cgobusg kf teg sljhlflobht rlsn kf sgokhmbry bmegslkhs. Zegh dbrjg tghmkh mgfgots gxlst (jrgbtgrtebh 7 oa) ^<6Q, F_M tghmkh trbhsfgr wldd prkvlmgm ghkujetghmkh abtgrlbd fkr teg trbhspdbht. Mgpghmlhj kh teg typg kf ffibp, okapksltg vbsoudbrlzgm ffibps obh crlhj sufflolght snlhtlssug, jdlmlhj tlssug bhm tghmkh tlssug tk teg sltg ^<7‟<:Q. Bokapksltg ffibp pgmlodgm kh teg udhbr brtgry lhodumgs tegpbdabrls dkhjus tghmkh bhm b sdlp frka teg ffigxkr obrpl udhbrls(Julacgrtgbu). B ffibp pgmlodgm tk teg rbmlbd brtgry lhodumgs tegpbdabrls dkhjus tghmkh, b strlp kf crboelkrbmlbdls bhm b strlpfrka teg ffigxkr obrpl rbmlbdls (Sglm bhm Akss). B frgg okapksltg

ffibp kf mkrsbdls pgmls prkvlmgs fkur sufflolghtdy dkhj tghmkhs(Bmbhl). ]eg wkuhm egbdlhj sgqugdbg bftgr ebrvgstlhj tegsgffibps obh cg altljbtgm cy uslhj fbsolb wltekut snlh tlssug,pbrtloudbrdy fkr teg rbmlbd (Bmbhl) bhm udhbr ffibps, kr cy pdbolhjbrtlflolbd mgrals kh teg mkhkr sltg ^<:Q.]eg rgsudts kf tegsg sgokhmbry audtlpdg tlssug rgpblrs sgga

pksltlvg ^<6‟<5Q wegh teg pbsslvg rbhjg kf aktlkh kf teg AOPbhm wrlst iklht brg prgsgrvgm. Sgslmubd AOP gxtghslkh mgfloltsggas tk cg teg rudg ^<6,<5Q. Pkkr kutokags brg dlngdy wltegxtghslvg ckhg kr iklht mgfgots> mbabjg tk teg lhtgrkssglausodgs wldd bmm sljhlflobht sobr-rgdbtgm stlffghlhj tebt wldddlalt flhjgr ffigxlkh lh pbrtloudbr ^<6Q. _gokhmbry tghmkh

rgokhstruotlkh

ls

hkt iustlflgm

lh

tegsg

obsgs,

gspgolbddy

slhogagoebhlzbtlkh kf teg snlh okvgrbjg prkvlmgm cy teg ffibp mug tksobr bmegslkhs kftgh dlalts teg rgslmubd AOP gxtghslkh mgflolt.

Mlsodksurg kf

lhtgrgst

]eg butekr mgodbrgs tebt eg ebs hk okhffilots kf lhtgrgstokhogrhlhj tels brtlodg.

Sgfgrghogs

^2Q Fkhtblhg O, Zbvrglddg J, Oebhtgdkt O, Prkmekaag J. Bhbtkalg oelr-

urjlobdg

mg

db

fbog

mkrsbdg

mg

db

ablh

gt

mu

pkljhgt.

Oelr

Ablh300=>3=96=‟:5.^3Q

Vkh

_oerkgmgr

EP,

Ckttg

AI.

Bhbtkay

kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

kf

tegflhjgrs9 vbrlbtlkhs bhm audtlpdlolty. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<<7>3093:‟?=.

^?Q Zgecg AB. Iuhoturb bhbtkay. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<<3>2:9223=‟<.^=Q

_tbuoe

SI.

Gxtghskr

tghmkh

lhiury.

Lh9

Zkdfg

_Z,

Ektoenlss

SH,Pgmgrskh

ZO,

gt

bd.,

gmltkrs.

Jrggh“s

kpgrbtlvg

ebhm

surjgry.

6te

gmltlkh,Peldbmgdpelb9 Gdsgvlgr9 Oeuroeldd Dlvlhjstkh> 3022. p. 27<.

^7Q

Yldcgr

_,

Kcgrdlh

O.

Bhbtkalobd

vbrlbtlkhs

kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

tk

tegflhjgrs

kvgr

teg

mkrsua

kf

teg

ebhm9

b

stumy

kf

70

ebhms

bhm

rgvlgw

kf

tegdltgrbturg.

Pdbst

Sgokhstr

_urj

300=>22?932=‟32.^6Q Jbrolb-Gdlbs A, Bh NH, Cgrjduhm D, Dlhsoeglm SD, Okkhgy ?rm ZP,

Oebk

G\.

Gxtghskr

agoebhlsa

kf

teg

flhjgrs.

L.

B

qubhtltbtlvg

jgkagtrlostumy. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<<2>26922?0‟6.

^:Q

Ybhokddl

GB.

_truoturbd

bhm

myhbalo

cbsgs

kf

ebhm

surjgry,

3hm

Gm.,

Peldbmgdpelb9

IC

Dlpplhoktt>

2<:<9 ?‟?6.

^5Q Lselzunl A. ]rbuabtlo bhm spkhtbhgkus mlsdkobtlkh kf gxtghskr tghmkh kf teg dkhj flhjgr. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<<0>279<6:‟:3.

^<Q

\kuhj

OA,

Sbybh

JA.

]eg

sbjlttbd

cbhm9

bhbtkalo

bhm

clkagoebhlobdstumy. I Ebhm _urj Ba 3000>379220:‟2?.

^20Q

_eua

O,

Cruhk

SI,

Slstlo

_,

Sksghwbssgr

AP,

_trbuoe

SI.

Gxbalhbtlkh

kf teg bhbtkalo rgdbtlkhselp kf teg prkxlabd jgralhbd hbld abtrlx tk teggxtghskr

tghmkh

lhsgrtlkh.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

3000>379222=‟:.^22Q Zbrrgh SB, Nby HSA, Hkrrls _E. ]eg alorkvbsoudbr bhbtkay kf teg

mlstbd mljltbd gxtghskr tghmkh. I Ebhm _urj Cr 2<55>2?9262‟?.^23Q _oewgltzgr ]P, Sbybh JA. ]eg tgralhbd tghmkh kf teg mljltbd

gxtghskr

agoebhlsa9

Pbrt

L,

Bhbtkalo

stumy. I

Ebhm _urj Ba300=>3<95<5‟<03.

^2?Q Bmnlhskh IA, Ikehskh _P, Oeuhj NO. ]eg odlhlobd lapdlobtlkhs kf tegkcdlqug rgtlhboudbr dljbaght. I Ebhm _urj Ba 302=>?<97?7‟=2.

^2=Q

Ndglhgrt

EG,

Vgrmbh

O.

Sgpkrt

kf

teg

Okaalttgg

kh

]ghmkh

Lhiurlgs(Lhtgrhbtlkhbd Fgmgrbtlkh kf _kolgtlgs fkr _urjgry kf teg Ebhm). I Ebhm_urj Ba 2<5?>59:<=‟5.

^27Q Gddlkt M, AoJrkutegr MB. ]eg gxourslkhs kf teg dkhj gxtghskrs kf tegebhm.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Cr

2<56>229::‟50.^26Q Dlh IM, _trbuoe SI. Odksgm skft tlssug gxtghskr agoebhlsa lhiurlgs

(abddgt, ckutkhhlgrg, bhm sbjlttbd cbhm). I Ebhm _urj Ba302=>?<92007‟22.

^2:Q

Jbrcgrabh

_F,

Mlbk

G,

Pglagr

OB.

Abddgt

flhjgr9

rgsudts

kf

gbrdy

vgrsus

mgdbygm odksgm trgbtaght. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<<=>2<9570‟3.^25Q Akss IJ, _tglhjkdm SF. ]eg dkhj tgra rgsudts kf abddgt flhjgr lhiury9 b

rgtrkspgotlvg

stumy

kf

khg

euhmrgm

obsgs.

Ebhm

2<5?>279272‟=.^2<Q _oewgltzgr ]P, Sbybh JA. ]eg tgralhbd tghmkh kf teg mljltbd gxtghskr

agoebhlsa9

Pbrt

LL,

Nlhgabtlo

stumy.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

300=>3<9<0?‟5.^30Q Pbtgd AS, Mgsbl __, Cbsslhl-Dlpskh D. Okhsgrvbtlvg abhbjgaght kf

oerkhlo

abddgt

flhjgr.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

2<56>2297:0‟?.^32Q Fboob _, Hkhhghaboegr I, Dlvgrhgbux P. ]rbltgaght mu mkljt gh ablddgt

bvgo

uhg

krteåsg

mkrsbdg

okddìg.

À

prkpks

m“uhg

sìrlg

rìtrkspgotlvg

mg

3:0obs. Sgv Oelr Krtekp Sgpbrbtrlog Bppbr Akt 300:><?9653‟<.

^33Q

Zbrrgh

SB,

Nby

HSA,

Fgrjuskh

MJ.

Abddgt

flhjgr9

okapbrlskh

cgtwgghkpgrbtlvg bhm okhsgrvbtlvg abhbjgaght lh teksg obsgs fbldlhj tk cg ourgmcy

spdlhtbjg.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Cr

2<55>2?927<‟60.^3?Q Dlhm I, Ebhsgh C. Bccrgvbtlk9 b hgw kpgrbtlkh fkr oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr. I

Ebhm

_urj

Cr

2<5<>2=9?=:‟<.

^3=Q Dgvbhtg _, Cgdnbml B, Gcgdlh A. ]rbltgaght oelrurjlobd mu mkljt gh ablddgtlhvìtìrì

pbr

bookurolssgaght‟suturg

mu

obd

tghmlhgux.

À

prkpks

mg

66

obs.Oelr Ablh 300?>3392?‟5.

^37Q

Wdnôr

G,

Bêlngd

O,

Grjuh

K,

Ogdlnöz

C.

Sgpblr

kf

oerkhlo

abddgt

flhjgrmgfkralty

uslhj

Altgn

alork

bro

ckhg

bhoekr.

Bhh

Pdbst

_urj3007>7=9?<?‟6.

^36Q Dgg _N, Nla EI, Dgg NZ, Nla NI, Oeky Z_. Akmlflgm pudd-kut wlrgsuturg

tgoehlqug

fkr

teg

trgbtaght

kf

oerkhlo

ckhy

abddgt

flhjgr.

Bhh

Pdbst_urj

3020>679=66‟:0.^3:Q Du I, Ilbhj I, Uu D, Uu Z, Uu I. Akmlflobtlkh kf teg pudd-lh suturg

tgoehlqug fkr abddgt flhjgr. Bhh Pdbst _urj 302?>:09?0‟?.^35Q

Lsgdlh

F, Dgvbag

I,

Jkmky

I.

_lapdlflgm

tgoehlqug

fkr

trgbtlhj

abddgtflhjgr9

tghkmgrakmgsls.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

2<::>39225‟32.^3<Q Bdcgrtkhl ZA. ]eg Crkkns bhm Jrbhgr prkogmurg fkr okrrgotlkh kf abddgt

flhjgr. Lh9 ]uclbhb S, gmltkr. ]eg Ebhm, Vkd. ?. Peldbmgdpelb9 ZC

_buhmgrs> 2<55. p. <:‟200.

^?0Q

Nkh

A,

Cdkga

II.

]rgbtaght

kf

abddgt

flhjgrs

cy

tghkmgrakmgsls.

Ebhm2<53>2=92:=‟7.

^?2Q

Jgkrjgsou

BV, Obpktb

LA,

Abtgl

LS.

B

hgw

surjlobd

trgbtaght

fkr

abddgtflhjgr mgfkralty9 mggpltegdlbdlsgm pgmlodgm snlh ffibp tgoehlqug. Lhiury302?>==9?72‟7.

^?3Q Ju \P, Yeu _A. B hgw tgoehlqug fkr rgpblr kf boutg kr oerkhlo gxtghskrtghmkh

lhiurlgs

lh

zkhg

2.

I

Ckhg

Iklht

_urj

Cr

3023><=9665‟:0.^??Q Zbhj D, Yebhj U, Dlu Y, Eubhj U, Yeu E, \u \. ]ghmkh-ckhg jrbft fkr

tghmlhkus

abddgt

flhjgrs

fkddkwlhj

fbldgm

spdlhtlhj.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba302?>?593?7?‟<.

^?=Q Cbrbtz AG, _oealmt OO, Eujegs ]C. Gxtghskr tghmkh lhiurlgs. Lh9 JrgghMP, Ektoenlss SH, Pgmgrskh ZO, gmltkrs. 7te Gm., Jrggh“s kpgrbtlvg ebhmsurjgry,

Vkd.

3,

7te

Gm.

Hgw

\krn,

H\9

Oeuroeldd

Dlvlhjstkh>

3007.

p.

25:‟

325.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

2:<

http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1297-3203(15)00087-6/sbref0495





































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































^?7Q Jruhmcgrj BC, Sgbjbh M_. Oghtrbd sdlp tghktkay fkr oerkhlo abddgtflhjgr mgfkralty. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<5:>2397=7‟:.

^?6Q

Skzabryh

DA.

Oghtrbd

_dlp

]ghktkay

wlte

mlstbd

rgpblr

lh

teg

trgbtaghtkf sgvgrg oerkhlo abddgt flhjgrs. I Ebhm _urj Ba 302=>?<9::?‟5.

^?:Q

Elwbtbrl

S,

Nuhlykse

N,

Bknl

A,

Ebselaktk

N,

_uzunl

],

]bnbebsel

N.Frbotlkhbd Fkwdgr tghkhkay fkr oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr9 b obmbvgrlo clk-agoebhlobd

stumy.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

3023>?:9336?‟5.^?5Q Duobs JD. Fkwdgr oghtrbd sdlp tghktkay fkr kdm abddgt mgfkralty. Pdbst

Sgokhstr _urj 2<5:>509<3‟=.^?<Q Ekupt P, Mlinstrb S, _tkra vbh Dgguwgh IC. Fkwdgr“s tghktkay fkr abddgt

mgfkralty.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Cr

2<<?>259=<<‟700.^=0Q Ckwgrs ZE, Eurst DO. Oerkhlo abddgt flhjgr9 teg usg kf Fkwdgr“s oghtrbd

sdlp rgdgbsg. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<:5>?9?:?‟6.^=2Q Oebk IM, _brwbel V, Mb _ldvb \_, Sksghwbssgr AP, _trbuoe SI. Oghtrbd

sdlp

tghktkay

fkr

teg

trgbtaght

kf

oerkhlo

abddgt

flhjgr9

bh

bhbtkalostumy. I Ebhm _urj Ba 300=>3<9326‟<.

^=3Q ]ekapskh I_, Dlttdgr IZ, Wptkh I. ]eg splrbd kcdlqug rgtlhboudbr dljbaght(_KSD). I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<:5>?9=53‟:.

^=?Q

Ke

I\,

Nla

I_,

Dgg

MO,

\bhj

IZ,

Nl

_E,

Igkh

CI,

gt

bd.

Okapbrbtlvg

stumykf splrbd kcdlqug rgtlhboudbr dljbaght rgokhstruotlkh tgoehlqugs uslhjgltegr b dbtgrbd cbhm kr b tghmkh jrbft. Broe Pdbst _urj 302?>=09::?‟5.

^==Q

Ndglhabh

ZC,

Pgtgrsgh

MP.

Kcdlqug

rgtlhboudbr

dljbaght

rgokhstruotlkhfkr

oerkhlo

abddgt

flhjgr

mgfkralty.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

2<5=><9?<<‟=0=.

^=7Q Nbhbyb N, Zbmb ], \babseltb ]. ]eg ]ekapskh prkogmurg fkr oerkhloabddgt flhjgr mgfkralty. I Ebhm _urj Ba 302?>?5923<7‟?00.

^=6Q

_ue

H,

Zkdfg

_Z.

_kft

tlssug

abddgt

flhjgr

lhiurlgs

wlte

mgdbygm

trgbtaght.I Ebhm _urj Ba 302?>?59250?‟7.

^=:Q

Pkshgr

AB,

Jrggh

_A.

Mlbjhksls

bhm

trgbtaght

kf

flhjgr

mgfkraltlgsfkddkwlhj lhiurlgs tk teg gxtghskr tghmkh agoebhlsa. Ebhm Odlh302?>3<936<‟52.

^=5Q Gdskh SB. Supturg kf teg oghtrbd sdlp kf teg gxtghskr ekkm kf teg flhjgr. ICkhg

Iklht

_urj

Cr

2<56>65933<‟?2.^=<Q Curtkh SL. Gxtghskr tghmkh‟Dbtg rgokhstruotlkh., Lh9 Jrggh MP, gmltkr.

3hm

gm,

Jrggh“s

Kpgrbtlvg

Ebhm

_urjgry,

Vkd.

?,

3hm

gm

Hgw

\krn,

H\9Oeuroeldd Dlvlhjstkh> 3003. p. 30:?‟226.

^70Q

Mkdpelh

IB.

Gxtghskr

tghktkay

fkr

oerkhlo

ckutkhhlårg

mgfkralty

kf

tegflhjgr> rgpkrt kf twk obsgs. I Ckhg Iklht _urj Ba 2<67>=:9262‟=.

^72Q

Ourtls

SA,

Sglm

SD,

Prkvkst

IA.

B

stbjgm

tgoehlqug

fkr

teg

rgpblr

kf

teg

trbuabtlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. I Ebhm _urj 2<5?>5926:‟:2.^73Q

]k

P,

Zbtskh

I].

Ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

3022>?692?<‟=3.

^7?Q

Agbmkws

_G,

_oehglmgr

DE,

_egrwyh

IE.

]rgbtaght

kf

teg

oerkhlockutkhhlårg

mgfkralty

cy

gxtghskr

tghktkay.

Ebhm

Odlh

2<<7>229==2‟:.^7=Q _tgrh PI. Gxtghskr tghktkay9 b tgoehlqug fkr okrrgotlkh kf pksttrbuabtlo

mlstbd lhtgrpebdbhjgbd iklht eypgrgxtghslkh mgfkralty. I Ebhm _urj Ba2<5<>2=97=6‟<.

^77Q

Dg

Cgddgo

\, Dky

_,

]kuba

O,

Bdhkt

I\, Absagigbh

G.

]rbltgaghtoelrurjlobd mg db mìfkrabtlkh gh ckutkhhlårg mgs mkljts dkhjs. Ìtumgm“uhg sìrlg rìtrkspgotlvg mg =: pbtlghts. Oelr Ablh 3002>309?63‟:.

^76Q

Jruhmcgrj

BC.

Bhbtkalo

rgpblr

kf

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty.

Odlh

KrtekpSgdbt

Sgs

2<50>27?9336‟<.^7:Q Obrkdl B, Ybhbsl _, _qubrzlhb PC, Jugrrb A, Pbhobdml J. Kpgrbtlvg

trgbtaght kf teg pkst-trbuabtlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. B akmlflobtlkh kf

teg mlrgot bhbtkalobd rgpblr tgoehlqug. I Ebhm _urj Cr 2<<0>279=20‟7.^75Q

Yebhj

U,

\bhj

D,

_ebk

U,

Zgh

_,

Yeu

E,

Yebhj

Y.

]rgbtaght

kf

ckhyckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty wlte b dkkp wlrg. I Ebhm _urj Ba 3022>?692050‟7.

^7<Q

Wrcbhlbn

IS,

Ebygs

AJ.

Oerkhlo

ckutkhhlårg

mgfkralty‟bh

bhbtkalorgokhstruotlkh. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<52>69?:<‟5?.

^60Q

Vblghtl

D,

Agrdg

A.

Oelrurjlg

sgokhmblrg

mg

d“bppbrgld

gxtghsgur

mgsmkljts. Lh9 Agrdg A, Mbutgd J, gmltkrs. Db Ablh ]rbuabtlqug 3, Oelrurjlgsgokhmblrg.

Pbrls9

Absskh>

2<<7. p.

<?‟22?.^62Q Abtgv L. ]rbhspksltlkh kf teg dbtgrbd sdlps kf teg bpkhgurksls lh trgbtaght

kf

dkhj-stbhmlhj

――Ckutkhhlårg

mgfkralty““

kf

teg

flhjgrs.

Cr

I

Pdbst

_urj2<6=>2:9352‟6.

^63Q Dlttdgr IZ, Gbtkh SJ. Sgmlstrlcutlkh kf fkrogs lh teg okrrgotlkh kf tegckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. I Ckhg Iklht _urj Ba 2<6:>=<9236:‟:=.

^6?Q

Blboeg

B,

Cbrsny

BI,

Zglhgr

MD.

Prgvghtlkh

kf

ckutkhhlgrg

mgfkralty.Pdbst Sgokhstr _urj 2<:0>=6926=‟:.

^6=Q _dgsbrghnk \B, Eurst DO, Abl N. _uturg bhoekr tgoehlqug fkr bhbtkalorgokhstruotlkh lh oerkhlo ckutkhhlgrg mgfkralty. ]goe Ebhm Wp Gxtrga_urj

3007><92:3‟=.^67Q Keselk L, Kjlhk ], Alhbal B, Nbtk E. Sgokhstruotlkh kf teg oghtrbd sdlp

cy

teg

trbhsvgrsg

rgtlhboudbr

dljbaght

fkr

ckutkhhlårg

mgfkralty.

I

Ebhm_urj Cr 2<<0>279=0:‟<.

^66Q

Hloekds

EA.

Sgpblr

kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkh

lhsgrtlkhs

kf

teg

flhjgrs.

ICkhg Iklht _urj Ba 2<72>??95?6‟=2.

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^65Q

]uclbhb

S,

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P.

Dgs

mìfkrabtlkhs

gh

ckutkhhlårg

mgs

mkljts.

SgvOelr Krtekp Sgpbrbtrlog Bppbr Akt 2<6<>779222‟3=.

^6<Q _tbon EJ. Cuttkh-ekdg mgfkralty. Ebhm 2<:2>?9273‟=.^:0Q Beabm F, Plonfkrm A. Sgokhstruotlkh kf teg gxtghskr oghtrbd sdlp uslhj b

mlstbddy

cbsgm

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supgrflolbdls

sdlp.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba300<>?=9<?0‟3.

^:2Q Kcgrd lh O, Btoebcbybh B, _bdkh B, Cebtlb B, Kvlåvg IA. ]eg cy-pbss gxtghskr tghmkh trbhsfgr. B sbdvbjg tgoehlqug fkr dkss kf suc-stbhog kf

teg gxtghskr bppbrbtus lh dkhj flhjgrs. I

Ebhm _urj Cr2<<7>309?<3‟:.

^:3Q Nldjkrg Ir G_, Jrbeba ?rm ZP, Hgwagygr ZD,Crkwh DJ. ]eg gxtghskrpdus

flhjgr.

Ebhm

2<:7>:927<‟67.^:?Q

Lhkug

J,

]baurb

\.

Mlsdkobtlkh

kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

kvgr

teg

agtb-

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flhjgr

gxtghskr

tghmkh.

B

odlhlobd,

bhbtkalobd,

bhm

clkagoebhlobd

stumy.

ICkhg Iklht _urj Ba 2<:2>7?933<‟=0.

^:7Q

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F].

Sgourrght

mlsdkobtlkh

kf

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

lh

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ICkhg Iklht _urj Cr 2<7=>?69623‟:.

^:6Q

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JA,

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M,

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NZ,

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A.

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I

Ebhm

_urj

Cr

2<<:>339757‟<0.^::Q Gd Abrbjey BZ, Pghhlhjs B. Agtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd iklht gxtghskr tghmkh

sucduxbtlkh9

b

rgokhstruotlvg

stbcldlzbtlkh

tgoehlqug.

I

Ebhm

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Ba302?>?597:5‟53.

^:5Q

Dg

Vlgt

M,

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A,

Dky

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gxtghsgurbu mks mg d“brtloudbtlkh aìtbobrpkpebdbhjlghhg mg d“burloudblrg. À prkpksmg

slx

obs.

Bhh

Oelr

Ablh

Agac

_upgr

2<<2>2093:?‟<.

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I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

2<<=>2<97<0‟=.^50Q Obrrkdd O, =te, Akkrg IS, Zgldbhm BI. Pksttrbuabtlo udhbr sucduxbtlkh kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkhs9

b

rgokhstruotlvg

tgoehlqug.

I

Ebhm

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^52Q Nldjkrg G_, Jrbeba ZP, Hgwagygr ZP, Crkwh DJ. Okrrgotlkh kf udhbrsucduxbtlkh kf teg gxtghskr okaauhls. Ebhm 2<:7>:93:3‟=.

^53Q

Gdskh

SB.

Mlsdkobtlkh

kf

teg

gxtghskr

tghmkhs

kf

teg

ebhm.

I

Ckhg

Iklht_urj

Cr

2<6:>=<9?3=‟6.^5?Q Zbtskh EN, Zglhzwglj I, Julmgrb PA. _bjlttbd cbhm rgokhstruotlkh. I

Ebhm _urj Ba 2<<:>339=73‟6.^5=Q

AoOky

FI,

Zlhsny

BI.

Duacrlobd

dkkp

kpgrbtlkh

fkr

teg

duxbtlkh

kf

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tghmkhs

kf

teg

ebhm.

Pdbstlo

Sgokhstr

_urj

2<6<>==92=3‟6.^57Q Cgon IM, Slged I], Ndghb IO. Bhkabdkus tghmkh tk teg almmdg flhjgr fkr

sbjlttbd cbhm rgokhstruotlkh9 rgpkrt kf 3 obsgs. I Ebhm _urj Ba

3023>?:926=6‟<.^56Q

_gjbdabh

NB.

Myhbalo

duacrlobd

ausodg

trbhsfgr

fkr

okrrgotlkh

kf pksttrbuabtlo gxtghskr tghmkh sucduxbtlkh. ]goe Ebhm Wp Gxtrga _urj3006>20920:‟2?.

^5:Q Skzabryh DA. ]ghmkh jrbft rgokhstruotlkh kf gxtghskr ekkm mgflolts wltesucduxbtlkh.

I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

2<<7>3095=2‟?.^55Q Nbhj D, Obrdskh AJ. Gxtghskr tghmkh oghtrbdlzbtlkh bt teg agtbobr-

pkpebdbhjgbd

iklht9

surjlobd

tgoehlqug. I

Ebhm

_urj

Ba

3020>?7922<=‟:.

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Vbh

Aglrebgjeg

I,

Vgrobutgrgh

A.

]rbuabtlo

mlsdkobtlkh

kf

teg

gxtghskrtghmkhs kvgr teg flfte agtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd iklht. I Ebhm _urj Cr2<5<>2=9?70‟2.

^<0Q Brbl N, ]ke _, Hbnbebrb N, Hlselnbwb _, Ebrbtb _. ]rgbtaght kf skfttlssug

lhiurlgs

tk

teg

mkrsua

kf

teg

agtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd

iklht

(ckxgr“snhuondg). I Ebhm _urj Cr 3003>3:9<0‟7.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252250























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































^<2Q Akhtgld AO, Cbdbjugr ], Oeljhkh-_lobrm C, Dgcrgtkh G. Psgumkckutkh-hlårg trbuabtlqug mg d“brtloudbtlkh aìtbobrpkpebdbhjlghhg mu olhqulåagmkljt

9

à

prkpks

m“uh

obs

gt

rgvug

mg

db

dlttìrbturg.

Oelr

Ablh

3006>379<3‟7.

^<3Q

Pkshgr

AB,

Bacrksg

D.

Ckxgr“s

nhuondg‟mkrsbd

obpsudbr

rupturg

kf

tegagtbobrpkpebdbhjgbd iklht kf b flhjgr. I Ebhm _urj Ba 2<5<>2=933<‟?6.

^<?Q

Hbjbknb

A,

_btke

],

Hbjbk

_,

Abtsuzbnl

E.

Gxtghskr

rgtlhboudua

jrbftfkr oerkhlo ckxgr“s nhuondg. I Ebhm _urj Ba 3006>?29<=:‟72.

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lhiurlgs

kf

teg

ebhm

bhm

wrlst.

Bteghs9

Nkhstbhtbrbs

agmlobdPucdlobtlkhs> 3020. p. 3?:‟=?.

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rgokhstruotlkh.

Alorksurjgry

300?>3?9?3‟<.^<6Q Okudgt C, Ckrgttk IJ, Dbzgrjgs O, Ogsbr A, Abrgs K, Oebaabs A.

«

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mg

pkrtlårg

¾

9

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dìslkhhgddg

gt

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S,

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D,

Okrblh

A,

Julacgrtgbu

IO.

Vbsoudbrlzgm

tghmkh

jrbftfkr gxtghskr tghmkh rgokhstruotlkh. Lh9 ]bhj IC, gmltkr. ]ghmkh _urjgry kf

teg Ebhm. 2st Gm, Peldbmgdpelb9 Gdsgvlgr _buhmgrs> 3023. p. ?<=‟=03.^<5Q Bd-Rbttbh AA. ]wk-stbjgm gxtghskr tghmkh rgokhstruotlkh fkr zkhg 6

gxtghskr

tghmkh

dkss

kf

teg

flhjgrs9

lhmlobtlkhs,

tgoehlqug,

bhm

rgsudts.

IEbhm _urj Gur 3027>=093:6‟50.

P.

Cgddgaårg

/

Oelrurjlg

mg

db

ablh

?=

(3027)

277‟252

252

































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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