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Diesel emissions how harmful are they?
Shared learnings and snapshot!
Kevin Hedges, CIH, COH, PhD candidate
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Weight of the evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners from Diesel Particulate
Matter
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Weight of the evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners from Diesel Particulate
Matter
“Every thing should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”. Albert Einstein
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Levels of exposure and risk of lung cancer, measuring exhaust and exposure, assessing data and acceptable exposures, strategies to lower emissions and exposure. Hopefully this will raise your awareness and bring (increased) attention to this issue!
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Caveat “A number of preliminary toxicological studies have been
conducted on diesel emissions from contemporary post 2007 diesel engines. The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study
(ACES) found no changes in DNA and only mild inflammatory effects in the lungs of rats and mice exposed”
(HEI, 2012, cited in AIOH, 2013 position paper)
“The altered chemical emission profile found with contemporary engines, improved mining ventilation
and improved fuels is now quite different to past DPM exposures upon which the epidemiology studies were
based”. Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) position paper (2013): http://www.aioh.org.au/downloads/documents/PositionPapers/AIOHPostionPaper_DPM.pdf
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Diesel emission what does it consist of?
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) • Organic carbon (PAH, Nitroarenes) • Elemental carbon • Sulphate • (other trace)
Vapours • Organic carbon (ie. aldehydes) • Other organics
Gases • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Nitric oxide (NO) • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
IARC (2012) “Diesel engine exhaust is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)”
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Where can it be found? Agriculture Construction Mechanics Mining Transport
/ material handler
Farmer / gardener Supervisor / foreman Vehicle mechanic Supervisor Docker / freight handler
Forestry Concreter Machinery Fitter, assembler
Miner / quarryman
Heavy equipment operator, Railway worker
Fisherman Other construction Material & stone treater
Motor vehicle driver
Wet driller & borer
Automobile Bus Truck
About 1.2 million Australian workers were estimated to have been exposed to diesel exhaust in their workplace in 2011. Peters et al, 2014: The Australian Work Exposures Study: Prevalence of Occupational Exposure to Diesel Engine Exhaust, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 2015, Vol. 59, No. 5, 600–608
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So what is the big deal? Organisation Year Comments
HEI1 1999 Evidence not strong enough ACGIH2 2002 Recommended 0.02mg/m3 (measured as REC) ACGIH2 2003 Recommended limit withdrawn MSHA3
2008
Evidence becoming stronger - Effective date for Occupational exposure limit (OEL) in the US for underground metal / non-metal 0.16mg/m3 (TC) ~ 0.12 (REC)
IARC1 2012 Strong evidence – IARC monograph – confirmed carcinogen.
NCI / NIOSH4
2010 - 2013
Study findings support a much lower OEL which may have a significant impact on UG mining.
HEI1 2013 Expert panel established HEI1
2014 6 March
Workshop held in Boston – open to public, academia, regulators , industry and engine manufacturers.
HEI1 November 2015
Expert panel review released. Strong evidence! Likely significant impact especially in UG mining! 9
The Health Effects Institute (HEI) is an independent, non-profit corporation chartered in 1980 to provide high- quality, impartial, and relevant science on the health effects of pollutants from motor vehicles and from other sources in the environment.
HEI’s goal is “simply to gain acceptance by all parties of the data that may be necessary for future regulation.” Willam Ruckleshaus, Former EPA Administrator * Balanced funding from USEPA and worldwide motor vehicle industry
Courtesy of Katherine Walker HEI
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What Review? Health Effects Institute - Selected “Expert Panel”
“NEW REPORT EXAMINES LATEST STUDIES OF LUNG CANCER RISK IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO EXHAUST FROM OLDER DIESEL ENGINES: Studies Withstand Scrutiny, Require Care in Efforts to Calculate Risk “ The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) studied a cohort of more than 12,000 male U.S. non-metal miners; and the Trucking Industry Particle Study that examined a cohort of about 31,000 male workers employed in the unionized U.S. trucking industry. HEI Press Release For Immediate Release: November 24, 2015
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Relative risks were estimated using exposures lagged 15 years in Silverman et al. (2012) and 5 years in both the Garshick et al. (2012a and Steenland et al. (1998), based on the best model fit in each study. The authors presented sensitivity analyses to lag choices in supplemental material, available online. Elemental carbon was measured as REC in DEMS, as SEC in Garshick et al. (2012a), and as EC in Steenland et al. (1998). SOURCE: Vermeulen R, Silverman DT, Garshick E, Vlaanderen J, Portengen L, Steenland K. 2014b. Exposure–response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer mortalitybased on data from three occupational cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 122:172–177. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306880.
With an exposure of 100µg/m3 or 0.1mg/m3 per year for 10 years there is more than twice the risk of lung cancer
A more recent review by the IOM suggests that the risk is drastically higher for 45 year exposure period!!
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Courtesy of Katherine Walker Senior Scientist HEI 13
Burden of cancer attributable to occupational diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure in Canada (1961 – 2001) ~ 1.4 million
workers exposed
Exposure period 1961 - 2001
Gender Attributable fraction % Lung Cancer
Male 4.92 Female 0.29 Overall 2.70
1 in 20 men and about 1 in 37 overall Occup Environ Med 2014;71(Suppl 1):A1–A132
1Joanne Kim, 2Cheryl E Peters, 2Chris McLeod, 3Sally Hutchings, 3Lesley Rushton, 1Manisha Pahwa, 1,4Paul A Demers. 1Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 3Imperial College London, London, UK; 4University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 14
What does this mean?
Canadian Cancer Statistics 2015
https://www.cancer.ca/~/media/cancer.ca/CW/cancer%20information/cancer%20101/Canadian%20cancer%20statistics/Canadian-Cancer-Statistics-2015-EN.pdf
Canadian Cancer Society Statistics Canada 15
What does this mean?
This shows that there is a relatively high (excess) risk from relatively low exposures.
Average EC exposure mg/m3 Excess lifetime risk As a % 0.025 mg/m3 689/10,000 7 0.01 mg/m3 200/10,000 2
Source: Vermeulen et al, 2014 p.175.
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What other harm?
Agent Harm Source Exhaust Parental occupational exposure to engine
exhausts and childhood brain tumors
Peters et al, 2013: Int. J. Cancer: 132, 2975–2979 (2013)
Exhaust Urinary bladder cancer IARC 2013
Nitric oxide (NO) respiratory tract irritation, cyanosis, hypoxia ACGIH documentation
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
ocular, mucous membrane, and respiratory tract irritation, pulmonary edema. NO2 exposure concentrations near roadways are of particular concern for susceptible individuals, including people with asthma asthmatics, children, and the elderly
ACGIH documentation US EPA http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/health.html
Carbon monoxide Chemical asphyxiation ACGIH documentation
Carbon dioxide As CO2 in air rises it can cause headaches, dizziness, confusion and loss of consciousness. Since CO2 is heavier than air, fatalities from asphyxiation have occurred when, at high concentrations, it has entered confined spaces such as tanks, sumps or cellars and displaced oxygen. Major GHG
HSE http://www.hse.gov.uk/carboncapture/carbondioxide.htm
Other harm from fatigue, noise, heat, poor ergonomics and whole body vibration 17
Park et al, 2004, Structural Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particles Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Relationships to Particle Mass and Mobility. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/027868290505189 18
theguardian 10 December 2015 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/10/china-plan-beijing-smog
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EXPOSURES - Source IARC Monograph 105 p.96
U Mining Tunnel
D
Dock
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Management of Diesel Emissions
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What can we learn
from mining?
Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) Position paper on diesel particulate matter and occupational health issues https://www.aioh.org.au/
Safe Work Australia http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/australian-strategy/vss/pages/dangers-diesel-exhaust-fumes-for-business (there is a podcast!)
http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/resources/epa/140075coalminestudy.pdf
NSW Mine Design Guideline 29 http://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/419465/MDG-29.pdf
Canada Mining Diesel Emissions Council (MDEC) http://www.mdec.ca/
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Can it be measured?
Raw exhaust monitoring
Personal exposure monitoring
√ √ Chemiluminesence Source: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/monitoring/air-pollution/nitrogen-oxides/
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Can it be measured?
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Think about the future! Switzerland Diesel engines used in new construction machines must comply with a Swiss particle number (PN) emission limit. The PN emission requirements ensures that all construction machines sold in Switzerland be fitted with diesel particulate filters. https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/ch/
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Is measurement reliable (accurate and precise)?
EN 482 2012
Theoretically we should be able to measure at 10% of the limit
In addition, concentrations of exposure must be known well below the limit to allow statistical analysis.
This is very difficult when exposures and occupational exposure limits are relatively low! 27
For Occupational / Industrial Hygienists
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Need to understand what the exposures are by carrying out a baseline exposure assessment for diesel particulate matter (DPM) measured as total and elemental carbon.
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NIOSH 5040
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Carry out statistical analysis to understand exposure profiles, identify outliers and risk rank exposure groups to prioritize controls.
“Drill down” - clearly define similar exposure groups (SEGs).
Avoid pooling the data into a
blancmange! YOU WILL GET FALSE READINGS
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http://www.aiha.org/get-involved/VolunteerGroups/Pages/Exposure-Assessment-Strategies-Committee.aspx
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Carry out real time monitoring (inside cabin).
Average particulate matter 0.08 mg/m3. 33
Examples of guidance / tools
Assessing acceptability of occupational exposures against occupational exposure limits Agency Tool
American Industrial Hygiene Association (Exposure Assessment Strategies Committee)
IHStat https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/VolunteerGroups/Pages/Exposure-Assessment-Strategies-Committee.aspx
British / Dutch Occupational Hygiene Society Sampling strategy guidance published in 2011 'Testing Compliance with OELs for Airborne Substances', BOHS/NVvA (Dutch occupational hygiene society) working group
BOHS / Dutch BWSatv2 http://www.bohs.org/library/technical-publications/
Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists WES Adjustment tool for extended shifts
AIOH https://www.aioh.org.au/
University of Montreal NDExpo – Treatment of non-detects in industrial hygiene samples
University of Montreal http://www.dsest.umontreal.ca/recherche_rayonnement/NDExpo/nd7.htm 34
Be careful!
• Speak with the laboratory - is the limit of quantitation going to be low enough?
• Evaluate alternative methods - What does the UK Health and Safety Laboratory http://www.hsl.gov.uk/ NSW Coal Mines Technical Services (CMTS) use? http://www.cmts.com.au/
• How useful is respirable combustible dust as an index of exposure (used in Quebec)?
• Is there a fixed ratio between elemental carbon and total carbon? What about below 0.05mg/m3? (refer to a paper by Noll et al, 2015) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25380085 (regulators take note!)
Uncertainty must be considered.
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This is not a black box!
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Limits
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Australia MDG 29 2008 (being updated in 2016)
Canada MDEC 2012 With permission: Mahe Gangel Note these may have changed!
Mining (raw exhaust)
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Canada Early 1990’s 1.5mg/m3
Québec 2003 0.6mg/m3 RCD* (This is coming down)
Ontario 2012 0.4mg/m3 TC equivalent to 0.31 EC MSHA American mines
2008 0.16mg/m3 TC equivalent to ~ 0.12 EC (dividing TC by 1.3)
Australia 0.1mg/m3 EC (measured as submicron elemental carbon)
Notes: Newfoundland / Labrador is the same as ON Quebec plans to change from RCD to TC using NIOSH 5040 in early 2016 and reduce to 0.4 in early 2016. Source Presentation by M Grenier NRC Canada (2014) adapted from CanmetMINING Report: CMIN-2015-2651-OA https://www.workplacesafetynorth.ca/sites/default/files/resources/CanmetMINING%20-%20Diesel%20Particulate%20Matter%20in%20Mines.pdf
Note: Occupational Exposure Limit for Provinces in Canada are 3 X US & Australia. Is this acceptable?
Mining (differences between jurisdictions)
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Important - Occupational Exposure Limits are not fine dividing lines between safe and unsafe exposure.
The case of Claude Fortin (Lavery Lawyers 18 Feb 2013)
Mining Companies and Occupational Disease: Regulatory Standards Are Not The Test
On December 17, 2012, the Quebec Superior Court upheld a decision which could have far reaching consequences.
Despite safety measures implemented by those companies In this decision, the superior court supported that an employee, who had been diagnosed with lung cancer, was suffering from an “occupational disease” even though the level of contaminants to which he was exposed fell below regulatory standards.
This was a first! http://blogueplannord.lavery.ca/en/mining-companies-and-occupational-disease-regulatory-standards-are-not-the-test/
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Risk management approach,
& apply: Hierarchy of controls. Must be explicit in legislation!
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Questions
Visible haze or smoke in the workplace?
Are vehicles left idling?
Multiple engines?
Soot deposits in the workplace?
Ill-health complaints? State of the engine, and kilometres or hours? Are emissions piped away?
Are emissions processed through a treatment system?
Personal exposures & raw exhaust emission levels?
Can alternative power sources be used? Guide to managing risks of exposure to diesel in the workplace. SWA 2015 http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/935/guidance-managing-risks-exposure-diesel-exhaust-in-the-workplace.pdf
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If exposure cannot be eliminated by using safer alternative
power (e.g. electricity), using a combination of control
measures will reduce risk:
Reformulated diesel or biodiesel
After-treatment filters
Low-emission diesel engines
Fuel quality
Exhaust extenders
Oxidation catalytic converters
Attach exhaust extractor hoses
Run diesel engines outdoors
job rotation
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Maintain engines regularly Turn engines off Generators in separate, ventilated areas - negative pressure. Ventilate indoor work areas Monitor worker exposure and raw exhaust. Use a respirator as a last resort.
Source CCOHS http://www.ccohs.ca/newsletters/hsreport/issues/2012/06/ezine.html#hsreport-inthenews
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Emission based maintenance. “Measure, measure, measure”
Sean McGinn – international expert in mobile heavy equipment management and maintenance reliability particularly in the mining industry
http://www.mknizdfactors.com/ 50% reduction in diesel particulate
matter http://www.camiro.org/mining/diesel-emission-evaluation-program
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Biodiesel – be cautious!
Source: IARC Monograph 105 p.55
Diesel oxidation catalytic converters – be cautious!
“The four fold increase in percentages of NO2 in total NOx over baseline case was observed for the DOC at high exhaust temperatures” (Burgarski et al NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/userfiles/works/pdfs/eodas.pdf 46
http://www.sy-klone.com/mm5/merchant.mvc http://www.lsmtechnologies.com.au/index.cfm
Positive pressure HEPA filtered air
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Using battery powered vehicles ie. battery powered scoop used underground. https://gereports.ca/breathing-easier-underground/ We have the technology!
GE and BHP Billiton announce global partnership to improve efficiency and reduce emissions in the mining sector http://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-and-bhp-billiton-announce-global-partnership-improve-efficiency-and-reduce
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Establish a diesel emission management program and nominate a champion.
Visibility to the highest level of management in a clear and concise way! What gets measured gets noticed……what gets noticed gets action! Engage all (at risk) workers & managers, across all Departments in raising awareness and management this important issue. Must be multi disciplinary and there is no silver bullet!
Develop performance measures!
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Can an exposure of say 0.1mg/m3
(EC) be achieved in underground mining?
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Source: Manthey, G, Djukic, F, Taylor, C, 2013 52
Diesel emission
Causes harm It can be measured Hierarchy of control – eliminate if possible Check current practices against good practices and improve
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Resources Information, research, and technology transfer: Diesel technology forum http://www.dieselforum.org/ Canadian Mining Industry Research Organization Diesel Emission Evaluation Program http://www.camiro.org/mining/diesel-emission-evaluation-program The Australian Coal Industry’s Research Program (ACARP) http://www.acarp.com.au/ Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC / NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/DieselExhaust.html Mining Diesel Emissions Council (MDEC) http://www.mdec.ca/ CanmetMINING, Natural Resources Canada http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/green-mining/8178 http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/green-mining/approved-diesel-engines/8180
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Taking care of our future
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Every worker home safe and HEALTHY every day
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