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Multiscale Detection and Characterisation of CMEs. J. P. Byrne 1 , P. T. Gallagher 1 , C. A. Young 2 and R. T. J. McAteer 3 1 Astrophysics Research Group, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Multiscale Detection and Characterisation of CMEs
J. P. Byrne1, P. T. Gallagher1, C. A. Young2 and
R. T. J. McAteer3
1 Astrophysics Research Group, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.2 ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
3 Catholic University of America, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
STEREO/Cor1 24-Jan-07
Overview
• CME Models
• Image Processing: Multiscale methods
• CME Morphology & Kinematics
• Application to LASCO and STEREO/SECCHI LASCO/C3 27-Feb-00
CME Models
• Magnetic Flux-Rope:
• Magnetic Break-out:
-Forbes & Priest, 1990-Chen & Krall, 2003
-Antiochos et al. 1999-Lynch et al. 2004
Image Pre-Processing
• Normalisation - exposure time- CCD bias- data dropouts
• Background subtraction
• Median filtering (de-noising)
LASCO/C2 18-Apr-00
Finding the CME Front
Edge Detection:
Our Algorithm
1) Multiscale Decomposition
Vector-Arrow Field
3) Spatio-Temporal Filter
4) Non-Maxima Suppression
5) CME Front Characterisation
Kinematics & Morphology
Image Pre-Processing
2) Gradient Space Information
Our Algorithm
1) Multiscale Decomposition
CME Vector Flow Field
2) Spatio-Temporal Filter
3) Non-Maxima Suppression
4) CME Front Characterisation
Kinematics & Morphology
Image Pre-Processing
Wavelets:
- Scaling / dilation factor (a)- Shifting / translation factor (b)- Suppress noise
€
ψa,b (x) =1
bψ
x − b
a
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
1) Multiscale Decomposition
LASCO/C2 24-Jan-07
Low pass: Approximation
High pass: Detail
Input: f
1) Multiscale Decomposition
€
0
€
0
€
φ
€
∂φ
Vertical Direction:
Horizontal Direction:Scale 1
Scale 1 Scale 3 Scale 5
Scale 3 Scale 5
1) Multiscale Decomposition
€
AN ∗∂yφ
€
AN ∗∂xφ
2) Gradient Space Information
€
DN +1 = AN ∗∂xφ( ), AN ∗∂yφ( )[ ]
Consider the Gradient of an image:(which points in the direction of most rapid change)
We have the Detail at a scale (N+1) resulting from the directional Derivative-of-Gaussian convolved with the Approximation at scale (N):
The gradient specifies:
€
θ =tan−1 ∂f
∂y
∂f
∂x
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟2) Direction:
1) Magnitude:
€
∇f =∂f
∂x
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟2
+∂f
∂y
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
2
So too can the Magnitude and Direction be taken from the multiscale decomposition as illustrated…
Original: Magnitude:Angle:
€
∇f =∂f
∂x
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟2
+∂f
∂y
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
2
€
θ =tan−1 ∂f
∂y
∂f
∂x
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
(McAteer et al. 2007)
2) Gradient Space Information
€
∇fVectors with magnitude:and inclination angle:
€
θ
QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
2) Gradient Space Information
Our Algorithm
1) Multiscale Decomposition
CME Vector Flow Field
2) Spatio-Temporal Filter
3) Non-Maxima Suppression
4) CME Front Characterisation
Kinematics & Morphology
Image Pre-Processing
2) Spatio-Temporal Analysis
Degrees of Freedom: Scale, Magnitude & Angle … in Space & Time
QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Our Algorithm
1) Multiscale Decomposition
CME Vector Flow Field
2) Spatio-Temporal Filter
3) Non-Maxima Suppression
4) CME Front Characterisation
Kinematics & Morphology
Image Pre-Processing
3) Non-Maxima Suppression
1) Nearest-neighbour info.
2) Criteria of angle and magnitude from gradients.
3) Pixels chained along edges.
(Image by C.A.Young)
Our Algorithm
1) Multiscale Decomposition
CME Vector Flow Field
2) Spatio-Temporal Filter
3) Non-Maxima Suppression
4) CME Front Characterisation
Kinematics & Morphology
Image Pre-Processing
• Ellipse fit• Height, Width,
Curvature, Orientation
4) CME Front Characterisation
STEREO/Cor1 24-Jan-07
€
ρ2 =a2b2
a2 + b2
2
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟−
a2 − b2
2
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟cos(2 ′ θ − 2α )
€
ρ2 cos2 θ
a2+
ρ 2 sin2 θ
b2=1
(H.E. Schrank, 1961)
SOHO/LASCO CMEs
C2 & C3 18-Jan-00
C2 & C3 19-Apr-00
SOHO/LASCO CMEs
C2 & C3 23-Apr-01
SOHO/LASCO CMEs
QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
STEREO/Cor1 CMEs
SECCHI-A 9-Feb-07
STEREO/Cor1 CMEs
SECCHI-A 24-Jan-07
STEREO/Cor1 CMEs
SECCHI-B & SECCHI-A 24-Jan-07
STEREO/Cor1 CMEs
SECCHI-A 24-Jan-07
QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
LASCO/C2 24-Jan-07
CME Kinematics
Next Steps…
• More data; distribution of CME kinematics.
• Multiple view points (STEREO); triangulation / projection effects.
• Automated front detection; space weather forecasting.
STEREO illustration
Thank You
NRL:
Angelos Vourlidas, Simon Plunkett.
This work is supported by grants from Science Foundation Ireland & NASA’s Living with a Star Program.
Acknowledgments
C2 & C3 23-Apr-01
SOHO/LASCO CMEs
2) Spatio-Temporal Analysis
Degrees of Freedom: Scale, Magnitude & Angle … in Space & Time
Vector Flow Field
€
∇fVectors with magnitude:and inclination angle:
€
θ
Normalizing Radial Graded Filter
• Radially the coronagraph image intensity drops off steeply.
• The intensity is normalized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation.
€
′ I (r,φ) =I(r,φ) − I(r)<φ>
σ (r)<φ>
(Huw et al. 2006)
remove
Scale Chaining / Masks
Degrees of Freedom: Scale, Magnitude & Angle … in Space & Time
=> Spatio-Temporal Image Processing & Thresholding
remove
Image preprocessing
Multiscale decomposition scale chaining (denoising masks)
Spatio-temporal filter (noisy masks)
Combine scale chain & spatiotemp => filter masks
Non-maxima suppression
Ellipse characterization
Gradient space vector field (angle & magnitude)
Method FlowChart
NRGF: radial filter
Movie Scripts
• http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~jaydog/Solar/canny_atrous/automation/20000118_arrows_combined_rebin.html
• http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~jaydog/Solar/canny_atrous/automation/20000418_arrows_combined_rebin.html
• http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~jaydog/Solar/canny_atrous/automation/20040401_arrows_combined_rebin.html
• http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~jaydog/Solar/CME_ellipse_movies/24jan07/C2_movie_ell.html
• http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~jaydog/Solar/CME_ellipse_movies/24jan07/C3_movie_ell.html
• www.maths.tcd.ie/~jaydog/Solar/STEREO/pb/24jan07/Graphs_plots.html
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