Multiple choice Free response questions

50 questions# correct x 0.9 =

2 questionsQuestion 1 _____ x 1.5 = Question 2 _____ x 1.5 = Total FRQ + MC =

40/75= 55%

Overview of Chapter 17Land Use

World land useUS land use

Wilderness Park and Wildlife RefugesNational ParksWildlife Refuge

ForestsForest management Deforestation

Rangeland and Agricultural LandWetlands and Coastal AreasConservation of Land Resources

Land Use- Worldwide

Most is low density (nonurban/rural)Benefits of land not impacted by humans:

Many ecological servicesEducational – science and historyRecreational – hiking, swimming, hunting,

fishingAesthetic/spiritual – escape civilized world

Key players: Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir (major player in establishing 2nd national park and founder of Sierra Club)

Land Use- Worldwide

Land Use- United States

Land Use- United States55% of US land is privately ownedRemainder of land is owned by government

Most federally owned land is in Alaska and 11 western states

Wilderness

WildernessA protected area of land in which no human

development is permittedSome areas have a limited number of permitted human

guests to reduce impactOther problems include invasive species

Wilderness Act (1964)Set aside federally owned land as part of National

Wilderness Preservation SystemNo development permitted (including roads)

National Park SystemCreated in 1916Managed by National

Park ServicePreserved land

1st: Yellowstone (1872)No taking of resources

(timber)

Yosemite National ParkYosemite National Park

National Park SystemTheodore Roosevelt – Antiquities ActThreats to U.S. Parks –

tourism! (good and bad) - $, but overcrowdedCrime & VandalismTraffic jamsPollution of the soil, water and air

Originating both inside and outside the parkNatural Regulation

Policy to let nature take it courseNo culling wildlifeNo suppressing wildfire

Wildlife RefugesNational Wildlife Refuge System (1903)Managed by US Fish and Wildlife Service1st wildlife refuge was created by Theodore

Roosevelt – Pelican Island, FloridaMission

To preserve lands and waters for the conservation of fishes, wildlife and plants of the US

Recreation (including hunting and fishing) are permitted

Forest ManagementTraditional Forest

ManagementManaged by US Forestry

ServiceLow diversity- monocultures

(right); many pests/diseases sprays

Managed for timber production

Ecological Sustainable Forest ManagementDiverse trees Prevent soil erosionPreserve watershedsWildlife corridors- unlogged

Harvesting Trees

Harvesting Trees - Clearcutting

Forestsecosystem services:

Influence climate: precipitation and shade

Store carbon to help prevent global warming

Release oxygenReduce erosionProtect watersheds:

Control floodsImprove water qualityHabitats for many

Benefits for human:Wood for fuel, building materials and paperFruits, nuts, medicinesEmploymentRecreation

Forests

DeforestationTemporary or permanent clearance of large

expanses of forest for agriculture or other useMost serious problem for forestsCauses

FireExpansion of agricultureConstruction of roadsTree harvestInsect and disease

DeforestationResults

Decreased soil fertilityUncontrolled soil erosionsilt build up behind damsIncreased sedimentation of waterways – harm

fish downstreamFormation of desertsExtinction of speciesGlobal climate changes

Old-growth forests

forests never loggedOld, mixed-aged treesLots of biodiversityDead tress important

habitatsMany indicator

species: including lichens

May take LOOOOONG time to re-grow

Forest firesBAD GOOD

Release stored carbon dioxide

Kills animalsThreatens homesIncrease soil erosion

Surface fires:Clear ground litterRelease minerals to soilStimulates germination

for some cone-bearing plants

Kill pathogens/insects

Forest Trends in USMost temperate forests are

steady or expanding from secondary succession on abandoned farms, tree plantations, and gov. protection.

Returning stands lack biodiversity of original forests; still threatened by population

More than half of US forests are privately owned (right)Conservation easement

US National ForestsManaged for multiple uses

Timber harvestLivestock forageWater resource and watershed protectionMining, hunting, fishing, etc.

Road building is an issueProvides logging companies with access to

forestClearcutting is an issue

Case-In-Point Tongass National ForestTongass National ForestOne of world’s few

temperate rainforests

Old-growth forest Prime logging areaRoadless Area

Conservation Rule (2000) – protects 1/3 of national forests from road construction and logging

Trends in Tropical ForestsTropical rainforests (below) and tropical dry

forests

Disappearing Tropical Rain ForestsGreatest in AsiaPopulation growthImmediate causes

Subsistence agriculture Slash and burn

Commercial logging Cattle ranching

Other causesMining

Disappearing Tropical Dry ForestsPrimarily destroyed for fuelwood

Used for heating and cooking by most developing countries. Wood used to make charcoal (not efficient)

Boreal ForestsWorld’s largest biome (Alaska, Canada, N.

Russia)Extensive clearcutting

Primary source of world’s industrial wood and wood fiber

Rangeland (grassland)Public rangeland managed by BLM (Bureau of Land

Management)Land that is not intensively managed and is used for grazing

livestock

Rangeland Degradation

Overgrazing (grazed before roots recover) leaves ground barrenAnimals exceed their carrying capacity

Increase erosion Cattle waste increase eutrophication and spreads disease Graze on riparian areas

Solution: limit permit #; charge market value to grazeDesertification

1. animals graze all plant life2. rain washes soil away3. wells, springs dry up because nothing holding water4. left vegetation dies from drought or removed for firewood5. wind blows away topsoil

Rangeland Trends in USMake up 30% of total US land areaPressure from developers to subdividePublic rangeland managed by BLM:

Taylor Grazing Act (1934) – requires grazing permits on federal land

Public Rangelands Improvement Act (1978) – established a commitment to improve rangelands to be as productive as possible

Conditions of public rangeland are slowly improvingGrazing fees is an issue

WetlandsLands covered with water at times during the yearHigh plant productivity!! (hold carbon!)Converting land to agriculture is greatest threat.Restoration of Everglades – famous exampleBenefits

Habitat for migratory waterfowl and wildlife (many endangered species) – reminder: Endangered Species Act

Recharge groundwaterReduce damage from floodingImprove water quality (trap nitrogen/phosphates,

pesticides)Stabilize shorelines, reduce damage from stormsRecreation – photography, fishing

WetlandsHuman activity that threatens wetlands

Drainage for agriculture Drainage for urbanizationmosquito controlDredging for navigationConstruction of damsFilling in for solid waste disposalRoad buildingMining

Conservation and Land Resources

Urban land development½ SO2, ¼ NO, 1/3 CO2 emissionsGreen buildings/city design:

Rebates/tax incentives for solar energyXeriscaping for water conservationUse recycled materialsBuild near public transportationPedestrian friendly – close shopping, parksMonitor indoor air quality

Suburban sprawl and urbanization

Most people live in citiesLatin America most urbanized of developing areas; Asia and

Africa growing quicklyReasons: access to jobs, better standard of living, access to

health care, industrialized agriculture, access to educationCity living:

Pros: less land used, less fossil fuels b/c commuting distances are shorter, better sanitation, more efficient recycling

Cons: urban heat islands urban heat islands (mitigate w/ green roofs), ozone levels, more pronounced pollution due to overwhelmed systems, landfill space, overcrowded schools, not enough jobs for all slums, more crime

Rooftop Farming

TransportationFederal Highway system reduces env. impact:

Less pollutants (carbon monoxide, NO)Reduce greenhouse gasesImprove fuel economy and reduce dependence

of foreign oil

Canals and Channels (straits)Requires dredging

Panama Canal – prevent going around s. america Suez Canal – prevent going around Africa

GOWANUS CANAL SLUDGE WHEN IT RAINS

Land conservation termsPreservation: Never harmed. Ex. National ParksRestoration: Return to original state. Ex:

EvergladesRemediation: removal of a pollutant, typically for

health reasons, environmental reasons, or to redevelop a unused industrial site (brownfield). Ex: phytoremdiation for soil salinization

Mitigation: projects that offset known environmental issues. Ex: stop deer from crossing road, purchase other land