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Multilateral Development Finance and Extractive Industries in Africa: The ChadCameroon Oil & Pipeline Project JohnsHopkins University SAIS Bologna Center March 6, 2014 Korinna Horta, Ph.D.

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Page 1: Multilateral Development Finance and Extractive … › BIPREXTRAMATERIALS › 20140306.pdf2014/03/06  · Multilateral Development Finance and Extractive Industries in Africa: The

Multilateral Development Finance and Extractive Industries in Africa: 

The Chad‐Cameroon Oil & Pipeline Project 

Johns‐Hopkins University ‐ SAIS Bologna CenterMarch 6, 2014

Korinna Horta, Ph.D.

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February 5, 2014

World Bank eyes $1 billion African resource mapping fund in July

World Bank: The mapping fund hopes to unearth up to $1 trillion worth of new mineral resources on the continent.

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World Bank commissioned:Extractive Industries Review (EIR)  2003

Conclusion: No World Bank promotion of increased private investment in Extractive Industries where governance is inadequate:

• ‐Quality of the rule of law;• ‐Absence of armed conflict or risk of such conflict;

• ‐Respect for labor and human rights;• ‐Protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. (EIR “Striking a Better Balance, the World Bank Group and Extractive Industries,” 2003 )

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World Bank Operations Evaluation Department(OED) in 2004

“Without the rule of law, the government is unable to implement legal, regulatory and policy solutions that would allow it to control the costs and the risks. There does not seem to be much of an argument in favour of developing or expanding the EI sectors in such environments.”(OED, Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s Activities in the Extractive 

Industries – Factoring in Governance, “ World Bank, 2004, p.23).

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The Chad/Cameroon Oil and Pipeline

• Development of 7 oil fields (initially only 3 were planned) in southern Chad

• Construction of a 1,040 km pipeline from Doba through Cameroon to the Atlantic

• Building of a marine pipeline at Kribi to a floating storage offloading (FSO) vessel

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Initial cost estimate in 2000: US $ 3.5 BillionCost estimate in 2013: US $ 7.2  Billion

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World Bank Group as Catalyst

Exxon Mobil‐led Consortium (Exxon 40%, Petronas 35%, Chevron 25%):World Bank participation is a pre‐condition for the investment.

World Bank:  Consortium unwilling to proceed without the Bank Group’s participation 

“…given the significance that they attach to the mitigation of political risks…”(WB PAD 2000:22)

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Beyond political risk insurance

Cheaper financing:

World Bank Group resources: US$ 93 million(IDA/IBRD) and US$ 100 million (IFC)

Catalyzed an additional US$ 1.9 billion from other sources:  such as European Investment Bank, US Export‐Import Bank, COFACE, commercial banks.

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“…an unprecedented framework to transform oil wealth into benefits for the poor” (World Bank press release June 6, 2000)

“The project provides a unique opportunity for IFC and the Bank to play a significant complementary role in reducing poverty in one of Africa’s poorest regions.” (Project Appraisal Document, April 20, 2000, page 12) 

“Chad has successfully put in place democratic political institutions.” (Project Appraisal Document, April 20, 2000, page 121) 

World Bank: A Model Public‐Private Partnership

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European Investment Bank (EIB) Press Release 22.6.2001

“The project will have a positive economic impact on Cameroon and will constitute a real breakthrough for Chad, one of the least developed countries in the world.”

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International Public Pressure 

*  Re‐Routing of Pipeline

* Revenue Management Law in ChadCivil Society Participation in OversightCommittee

•Establishment of the International AdvisoryGroup (Independent Monitors)   

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October 10, 2003 Official Inauguration of the Chad‐Cameroon Oil & Pipeline Project

Chad’s President Idriss Déby: “…guaranteeing the social well‐being of our people, in short, enabling at last the socio‐economical takeoff of Chad while 

offering the chance of a decent life to future generations.”

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One of Sub‐Saharan Africa’s Single Largest Investments: US$ 7.2 Billion

‐ Initial cost estimate: US$ 3.7 billion‐ After 2007 the Consortium has invested an additional US$ 3.5 billion to maintain production levels.

(There was less oil than initially thought, but oil price more than doubled since when production started – average $ 81.79 per barrel)

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Bonanza for the Déby Regime

‐ Between October 2003 and 2012, Chad exported 436,4 million barrels of oil;

‐ The Chadian government received US$ 9,343 billion in revenues (royalties, income taxes, fees, duties).

(Source: Geointelligence Network, last up‐date March 14, 2013)

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Human Development Index

In 2012 – Chad was ranked 184 out of 186 countries. 

Between 2007 – 2012:Chad’s HDI ranking fell by ‐2CAO to NGOs (April 2013):  Local villages in oil producing region – NO LAND, NO WATER, NO FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT.

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The Impact on Affected People in Cameroon 

Most of the 1040 km long pipeline traverses neighboring Cameroon  ‐ 242 villages are directly affected:

Water wells that do not work;Community compensation of bad quality;Local production systems disrupted (land returned to farmers no longer fertil).

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Indigenous Bagyeli PeopleIndigenous PeoplesOD 4.20 requires their informed participation and the development of an indigenous peoples plan (IPP).

“Si on ne fait rien, ce peuple   va disparaître”Cameroonian physician to Petites Soeurs de  Jesus, 2007

The Oil Consortium made available US$ 600,000 to FEDEC, a Cameroonian Foundation, to finance the IPP over a period of 28 years.

When Exxon Mobil’s chairman Raymond retired in 2006, he took with him a US$ 400,000,000 retirement package. 

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Parliamentary Fact‐Finding Mission Committee for Economic Cooperation of the German 

Bundestag

“The construction of the Pipeline has not solved the real problems in Chad, indeed it has exacerbated them;…No improvement in the situation of the people  could be seen in either country. Instead , there were concerns about a creeping deterioration in their living standards.”

(Report by U. Koczy (MP) and B. Kofler (MP), January 2007)

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World Bank Press Release

Washington, September 9, 2008 “Regrettably, it became evident that thearrangements that had underpinned the Bank’s involvement in the Chad/Cameroon pipeline project were not working. The Bank therefore concluded that it could not continue to support this project under these circumstances.”

IBRD/IDA only pulled out after Chad fully repaid its loans. IFC’s loan was fully repaid in December 2012.

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NEW OILAnother Broken Promise

A key promise of the project, enshrined in the Bank’s loan and project agreements, was that all additional oil passing through the pipeline would have to adhere to World Bank environmental and social standards.The China National Petroleum Corporation and Griffith Energy International (Canada) are in negotiations with the Government of Chad.

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Some of IEG’s Findings (2009)

•Fundamental objective of reducing poverty has not been met. 

•Furthermore “…the oil revenue windfall was associated with resurgence of civil conflict and a worsening of governance.” p.35

•Deterioration of non‐oil economy after the project became operational. 

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World Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group – 2009

“The logic was textbook perfect – except for the revealed weakness of every link in the chain.”

(IEG report,p.38)

Page 23: Multilateral Development Finance and Extractive … › BIPREXTRAMATERIALS › 20140306.pdf2014/03/06  · Multilateral Development Finance and Extractive Industries in Africa: The

Again a case of a logic being textbook perfect?

Jamal Saghir, World Bank, Director Sustainable Development Africa, February 4, 2013:

“Africa is an underexplored continent, but a growing destination for mineral investments.”

Projected investments to quadruple that of the last decade.

Reuters: World Bank wants to unearth a US$ one trillion worthof  new mineral resources (February 5, 2014)

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The Extractive Industries Review (EIR)‐Commissioned in early 2001‐EIR Report published in late 2003

Central EIR recommendation:No World Bank promotion of increased private investment in Extractive Industries where governance is inadequate.

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Operations Evaluation Department“…the Bank should not support increased EIinvestment on the assumption that the Bank’s parallel efforts to strengthen governancewill mitigate current risks” (OED, January 2003)

Both OED and EIR recommend a phased approach: Ensure that government capacity to address  environmental impacts and to equitably manage revenues exist BEFORE investing in EI.

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WBG: New Corporate Strategy (approved by Board of Governors in October 2013)

Two goals: • End extreme poverty by 2030;• Promote shared prosperity for the bottom 40%;Strategy to get there: • Work as one WBG• Catalyze private sector investments/  promote Public‐Private Partnerships

• Focus on transformational projects• Take on more risks and manage them “smartly”

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World Bank “Modernization Plan”

Put an end to:‐ risk aversion‐ Rigid and time‐consuming compliance processes

“To deliver corporate goals, the Bank will need to be more willing to take risks and manage them smartly” (Risks and Accountability Change Team, Preliminary Recommendations, May 15, 2013)

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Whose Risks? Bagyeli children along the oil pipeline (Cameroon)