Multicultural Music Ed

8/9/2019 Multicultural Music Ed

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Final Draft Camilo Leal

MULTICULTURAL MUSIC EDUCATION: TERMINOLOGY OR IDEOLOGY?

A musi !e"artment#s fault$ mem%er is tea&in' musi "&iloso"&$ to an un!er'ra!uate

musi e!uation lass( At a ertain "oint) &e tou&es t&e to"i of Multiultural Musi E!uation

*MME+( ,e -ants to un!erstan! &is stu!ents# "ere"tions on t&e to"i) so &e as. t&em to -rite a

"a"er on it( /$ t&e !a$ t&e "a"er is !ue) &e reei0es t&e stu!ents# "a"ers an! ta.e t&em &ome to

re0ie- -&at &e t&in.s is 'oin' to %e a %roa! !isussion on met&o!s an! ontents to tea& musi

from !ifferent ountries an! et&ni 'rou"s( To &is sur"rise) alt&ou'& ma1orit$ of t&e "a"ers

fulfille! &is e2"etations) a onsi!era%le num%er of "a"ers referre! to "o" an! ur%an musis(

T&is -as not all of a sur"rise: multiulturalism not onl$ enom"asse! Multi3Et&ni Musi

*MEM+ or fol.lori musi) %ut also 4orl! Musis) -&i&) to some !e'ree) inor"orate! issues of

ur%an an! "o" musis( Yet) one "a"er alle! &is attention to-ar!s somet&in' &e &a! not t&ou'&t

%efore( T&is "a"er -as a%out 4estern Art Musi( It !ealt -it& &istorial an! t&eoretial issues)

%ut o0erall) it !isusse! t&e e"istemolo'$ of 4estern ulture on t&e %asis of its musial

!e0elo"ment( ,e un!erstoo! t&e messa'e: musi is a ultural issue an! it mi'&t %e un!erstoo! as

%earer of ultural 0alues %e$on! t&e musial s$stem itself( ,e still !i! not assoiate t&is messa'e

-it& t&e one"t of multiulturalism) so &e -ante! to .no- t&e moti0ation for t&e stu!ent to

-rite t&at "a"er( 4&en as.e!) t&e stu!ent ans-ere!: 54ell) t&e "a"er -as a%out multiultural

musi e!uation) so I t&ou'&t a%out t-o t&in's( First) as in!i0i!uals in to!a$#s soiet$) -e all are

multiultural to some e2tent) so 4estern Art Musi *4AM+) as om"ose! an! "erforme! to!a$)

mi'&t %e multiultural as -ell( Seon!) as I rea!) MME is relate! to 4orl! Musis *4M+( I t&in.

4AM an! 4estern Culture in 'eneral are "art of t&e -orl!) so I onsi!ere! t&at %$

onte2tuali6in' 4AM as t&e "ro!ut of a s"eifi ulture it s&oul! fit in t&e ate'or$ of 4M)

an! t&us oul! %e un!erstoo! un!er t&e um%rella of MME(7 T&e stu!ent -as o%0iousl$ tr$in' to

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"ro0o.e &im) an! &e &a! suee!e!( T&e tea&er -as sur"rise! an!) to some e2tent) anno$e!( For

&im) it -as lear t&at t&e stu!ent &a! un!erstoo! t&e main o%1eti0e &e &a! in min! for t&is "a"er

an! !eli%eratel$ &a! !one somet&in' !ifferent( ,o-e0er) e0en if t&at -as not t&e ase) t&e

stu!ent "resente! t&e terms in a -a$ t&at) alt&ou'& sim"listi) &e &a! not t&ou'&t a%out %efore(

As t&e 'oo! tea&er &e attem"te! to %e) &e -as not a%le to tell t&e stu!ent t&at &e &a!

misun!erstoo! t&e 'oals of t&e "a"er an! 1ust mo0e on( ,e &a! reali6e! t&at &e &a! a

"reone"tion of -&at MME -as an! t&at t&e stu!ent -as &allen'in' it( No- &e oul! not .ee"

usin' t&e term an! assume t&at e0er$one un!erstoo! t&e same t&in'( ,e -oul! &a0e use more

lear an! s"eifi terminolo'$ if &e -ante! t&e stu!ents to un!erstan! -&at &e reall$ meant(

More im"ortant) t&e "rofessor no- &a! seen t&at &e -as usin' a term assumin' a s"eifi

!efinition) an! t&at t&at !efinition -as 8uestiona%le( T&e stu!ent &a! a "oint: If 4M -as reall$

musi from aroun! t&e -orl!) t&en 4AM s&oul! %e un!erstoo! as 4M) ne0ert&eless it -as not(

As &e .e"t trou%le! %$ &is t&ou'&ts) &e 'ot more an! more on0ine! t&at t&is !ifferentiation

-as im"re'nate! -it& i!eolo'ial onnotations(

From t&is &$"ot&etial situation a fe- onlusions an %e !ra-n: *9+ t&e term

5multiultural7 is om"le2 an! enom"asses a 0ariet$ of issues %e$on! national or et&ni

!esri"tors) *+ t&e tea&er &a! a fi2e! i!ea of -&at MME -as an! &e "ro%a%l$ learne! t&at

!efinition from some-&ere else) *;+ some issues ontaine! %$ MME an %e one"tuali6e! in a

0ariet$ of terms su& as MEM or 4M) an! *


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t&e term t&at seeme! to &a0e an im"liit onnotation t&at oul!) aor!in' to &is estimations) %e

un!erstoo! %$ all of &is stu!ents? 4&at mi'&t %e t&e im"liations an! onse8uenes of s"eifi

uses of t&e terminolo'$? S&oul! -e i'nore all of t&is an! ae"t t&e "ositi0e as"ets of MME or

s&oul! -e attem"t to %e ritial?

T&ere is e0i!ene t&at t&e use of a s"eifi terminolo'$ &as %een an issue for t&e

!e0elo"ment of a onsistent !isourse re'ar!in' MME( T&e !ifferent -a$s in -&i& 0arious

aut&ors &a0e !ei!e! to a!!ress t&e to"i are) onsiousl$ or not) onnete! to i!eolo'ial

"rini"les( T&ese "ostures are not t&e isolate! attem"ts %$ in!i0i!uals to esta%lis& t&eir

in!i0i!ualit$) %ut are onnete! to t&e &istorial onte2t in -&i& s"eifi terminolo'$ &as

!e0elo"e!(

Thesis

Am%i'uit$ on t&e use of MME relate! terminolo'$ ma.es it !iffiult to un!erstan! an!

ta.e a "osition re'ar!in' t&e "olitial im"liations of t&e !ifferent !isourses( Tra!itional notions

of MME -it&in t&e musi e!uation fiel! un!erstan! t&e term 5ulture7 mainl$ as a !esri"tor

for nationalit$ or et&niit$( T&is notions are not "olitiall$ neutral( Critial "ers"eti0es an

"ro0i!e a t&eoretial frame-or. un!er -&i& s"eifi terminolo'$ an %e %etter assoiate! -it&

its "olitial !isourse(

/eause of t&e la. of stan!ar! !efinitions t&e stu!$ of MME in an$ of its "ossi%le

!efinitions turns om"liate! an! am%i'uous( Sine t&e term is use! in so man$ -a$s) it is &ar!

to un!erstan! -&at t&e soio3"olitial im"liations are in an$ 'i0en onte2t( Resear&ers nee! to

e2amine a lar'e amount of literature in a 0ariet$ of fiel!s 1ust to un!erstan! t&eir o-n "osition

re'ar!in' t&e term multiulturalism( As a onse8uene some s&olars use t&e term loosel$ an!

atta& a s"eifi meanin' to it t&at) im"liit or e2"liit) mi'&t %e rat&er ar%itrar$( Ot&ers sim"l$

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"refer ot&er terms to set u" t&eir !isourse on) usuall$ a0oi!in' t&e om"le2ities of

multiulturalism an! !isassoiatin' t&eir !isussion from soial an! "olitial im"liations( In

%ot& ases) t&e !isussion remains s&allo- an! lose ener'$ in terms of t&e im"at it mi'&t &a0e if

it onsi!ere! !ee"er im"liations(

On t&e ot&er &an!) -&en t&e term is use! in a more &olisti manner) it loses re!i%ilit$ as

it is &ar! to un!erstan! -&at t&e e2at im"liations are for ea& ase( T&is untrust-ort&iness is

relate! to t&e fat t&at it is &ar! to onstrut a %o!$ of .no-le!'e -&en a term is use! in su& a

0ariet$ of -a$s( It is also &ar! for a s$stem to a!o"t ne- "ers"eti0es -&en terms &a0e multi"le

meanin's( T&is la. of larit$ un!ermines t&e a""lia%ilit$ of s"eifi resear& to %roa!er

se'ments of soiet$( Critial t&eor$ &as t&e "otential to larif$ -&at ea& term means use! in

-&i& onte2t(

Theoretical framework

4&en !isussin' "olitial im"liations of e!uation re'ar!in' relations&i"s of "o-er

t&rou'&out soiet$) ,enr$ Girou2) an e2"onent of Critial =e!a'o'$ *an a""liation of Critial

T&eor$ to E!uation+ asserte! t&at 5e!uation is not neutral7 an! t&at 5it is im"ossi%le to

se"arate -&at -e !o in t&e lassroom from t&e eonomi an! "olitial on!itions t&at s&a"e our

-or.(794&at an! &o- tea&ers tea&) as -ell as t&e use of s"eifi terminolo'$ in e!uational

!isourses) must &a0e "olitial im"liations( Current an! &istorial uses of s"eifi terminolo'$

re'ar!in' MME) -&en anal$6e! un!er ritial "ers"eti0e) e0i!ene t&e relations&i" %et-een

MME an! "olitial a'en!as( ,o-e0er) sine t&e term 5multicultural educationmeans !ifferent

1,enr$ A( Girou2) 5Demora$) E!uation) an! t&e =olitis of Critial =e!a'o'$)7 in Critical

Pedagogy: Where are We Now?,e!( =eter MLaren an! >oe in&eloe *Ne- Yor.) NY: =eter Lan'

=u%lis&in') @@+) B;(

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t&in's to !ifferent "eo"le)7 it is &ar! to see all t&e "olitial nuanes !ifferent !isourses mi'&t

ta.e(

C&arlene Morton a""lie! in&eloe an! Steim%er'#s ate'ories of Multiultural

E!uation) !ra-n from Critial =e!a'o'$) to i!entif$ im"liit or e2"liit "ro%lems in !i0erse

!isourses re'ar!in' MME(;T&ese ate'ories -ill %e useful as -ell in t&e onte2t of t&is "a"er)

sine t&e -ill "ro0i!e a frame-or. from -&i& -e an ritiall$ inter"ret t&e !ifferent

!isourses( Ta%le 9 "ro0i!es a om"arison of t&e !ifferent ate'ories(


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o-n sa.e to t&e "oint t&at !ifferene is e2otii6e! an! fetis&i6e!(7 T&is

a""roa& 5&as %eome t&e mainstream artiulation of multiulturalism(7

Left3essentialist

multiulturalism

Assumes t&e im"ortant role t&at rae) lass) an! 'en!er issues "la$ for t&e

o""resse!) %ut ten!s to !ra- on essentialist one"tions of ulture( It 5fails

to a""reiate t&e &istorial situate!ness of ultural !ifferenes)7 an! to

reo'ni6e t&e !$nami elements of i!entit$ formation( It is not a-are t&atsoial onstruts su& as rae &an'e in time to mean !ifferent t&in's for

!ifferent 'rou"s( It fouses in one of o""ression as elemental an!

"ree!ent to all ot&er forms of o""ression) t&us alienatin' itself from a

%roa! ran'e of in!i0i!uals an! 'rou"s an! o%surin' t&e "ossi%ilities for

strate'i !emorati allianes for soial 1ustie(

Critial

multiulturalism

5Is onerne! -it& t&e onte2tuali6ation t&at 'i0e rise to rae) lass) an!

'en!er ine8ualitiesJ -it& t&e -a$s "o-er &as o"erate! &istoriall$ an!

ontem"oraneousl$ to le'itimate soial ate'ories an! !i0isionsJ(an!

s&a"e onsiousness(7 Its main fous are 5issues of 1ustie an! soial

&an'e an! t&eir relation to t&e "e!a'o'ial(7 /$ %ein' a-are of &o-5raism) se2ism) an! lass %iases are eonomiall$) semiotiall$J)

"olitiall$) e!uationall$ an! institutionall$ "ro!ue!)7 tea&ers %eome

resear&ers of t&eir stu!ents an! t&eir "lae in t&e !$namis of "o-er) an!

are a%le to &el" t&em to o0erome soial %arriers(

In a!!ition) Ri&ar! =ratte#s ate'ories of i!eolo'ies of ultural !i0ersit$) furt&er a!a"te!

%$ Da0i! Elliot in &is one"ts of multiultural musi e!uation) an %e use! to illustrate t&e

-a$s in -&i& "olitial a'en!as &a0e !ri0en urriular !eisions(HCone"ts su& as assimilation)

amal'amation) an! "luralism are often use! to "oint out t&e "olitial im"liations of &istorial

un!erl$in' "&iloso"&ies of e!uation(T&ese ta2onomies are not onl$ t&eoretial onstruts) %ut

are attem"ts to re"resent t&e &istorial un!erl$in' "&iloso"&ies em"lo$e! to s&a"e "olitial

!eisions re'ar!in' urriulum( T&e first ate'ories of all t&ese ta2onomies) inlu!in'

in&eloes an! Stein%er'#s) an %e assoiate! -it& t&e "&iloso"&ies im"lie! in urriulum

"re0ious to an$ multiultural a""roa&) alt&ou'& -e an also see it in some urrent !isourses(

5To a !esri"tion of t&ese ate'ories see =ratte as ite! in Teresa M( Kol.) usic, !ducation, and

ulticulturalism: #oundations and Principles*Ne- Yor.: O2for! Uni0ersit$ =ress) 9+) 9@ Da0i! >(

Elliot) 5e$ Cone"ts in Multiultural Musi E!uation)7$nternational %ournal of usic !ducation9;)

no(9 *Ma$) 9+: 99B9(

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T&e remainin' ate'ories o0er a 0ariet$ of !isourses re'ar!in' MME) allo-in' us to see &o-

t&ese !isourses re"resent soio3"olitial "ostures(

Discussion

Tra!itional Use of t&e Term Multiultural in MME

Follo-in' Kol. an! >or!an) San'mi an' "ointe! out t&at 5t&e one"t of multiultural

musi e!uation &as its ori'in in t&e %e'innin' of t&e @t& entur$ in t&e Unite! States(7 S&e

referre! to t&e stu!$ of musi from !ifferent ultures) %ut !i! not "ro0i!e !efinitions on -&at

ulture or multiulturalism means for &er( Kol. state! t&at s&e !oes not 5laim t&at 9@@B99

sa- t&e reation of -&at -oul! %e onsi!ere! trul$ multiultural musi e!uation to!a$) %ut I

%elie0e t&at t&e inreasin' !i0ersit$ of musis use! in Amerian s&oolsJ -as an im"ortant

"ree!ent for multiultural !e0elo"ments(7,er o0erall !isussion) -&i& "ro%a%l$ influene!

an'#s assertion) im"lies t&at ulture) for &er) refers to some t$"e of et&ni) raial) or national

!istintion( T&e same is a""lia%le to t&e ase of >or!an) -&o onstantl$ 'i0es e2am"les %ase!

on et&ni or national !esri"tors(

Et&ni !istintion is "art of multiulturalism) %ut to assume t&at ulture is !efine! onl$ %$ its

et&ni om"onent -oul! %e e2tremel$ re!utionist( Culture means more t&an et&niit$ an!

multiulturalism means mu& more t&an interations %et-een et&ni 'rou"s( /$ a!!ressin'

multiulturalism as an e2lusi0e in!iator of et&niit$) -e ne'ate %roa!er !efinitions of ulture

6San'mi an') 5T&e ,istor$ of Multiultural Musi E!uation an! its "ros"ets: T&e Contro0ers$ of

Musi Uni0ersalism an! its A""liation)7 Update: Applications of Research in usic !ducation

*fort&omin'+) 9(

7Teresa M( Kol.) 5Fol. Musi an! Inreasin' Di0ersit$ in Amerian Musi E!uation: 9@@B99)7

%ournal of Research in usic !ducationor!an) 5Multiultural Musi E!uation in a =luralisti Soiet$)7 in&and'oo( of Research on

usic )eaching and *earning) e!( Ri&ar! Col-ell *O2for!) En'lan!: O2for! Uni0ersit$ =ress) 9+)

;HB


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as !$nami) an! in -&i& 'en!er) a'e) soial status) an! man$ ot&er fators "la$ an im"ortant

role( Alt&ou'&) it -oul! %e "resum"tuous to 'enerali6e an! sa$ t&at t&e -&ole fiel! of musi

e!uation uses t&e one"t in t&e same -a$) t&ere is "lent$ e0i!ene t&at s&o-s &o-) for at least

a "erio! of some t&irt$ $ears) t&e term &as %een use! man$ times as a !esri"tor of nationalit$ or

et&niit$(

Kol. !isusses a series of s"eial issues %$ t&eusic !ducators %ournal*ME>+ t&at

a!!resse! multiulturalism in t&e $ears 9) 9;) an! 9( Alt&ou'& t&e 9 s"eial issue

-as title! 5Musi in 4orl! Cultures7 an! !i! not use t&e term multiulturalism) Kol. an! an'

onsi!ere! it an issue on multiultural musi e!uation( /ase! on t&e ontent of t&e issue) one

an sa$ t&at t&e term ulture is use! to im"l$ mostl$ et&niit$ or nationalit$( T&e 9; an! 9

issues are alle! 5T&e Multiultural Im"erati0e7 an! 5Multiultural Musi E!uation7

res"eti0el$ an! %ot& use t&e term as a !esri"tor for et&niit$ or nationalit$ as -ell( T&e 9@

usic !ducation NationalConference#s *MENC+ s$m"osium on multiultural a""roa&es to

musi e!uation follo-s t&e same line(9@T&e @@ "u%liation %$ t&e MENC World usics and

usic !ducation!oes not inlu!e t&e -or! 5multiulturalism7 on its title) %ut most of t&e

artiles ontaine! in it !o) an! in 0arious ases t&e term is use! almost e2lusi0el$ as a !esri"tor

for et&niit$ e0en -&en a!mittin' t&at t&e term is mu& more om"le2( 99Yannis Miralis o%ser0es

9Teresa M( Kol. 5T&e ,istor$ an! De0elo"ment of Multiultural Musi E!uation as E0i!ene! in t&e

Musi E!uation >ournal) 9B9)7%ournal of Research in usic !ducation


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t&at 5-&en musi e!uators refer to multicultural music education) t&e ma1orit$ of t&em is

atuall$ referrin' to some sort of multiethnic music education(79

T&e tra!itional use of t&e term ma$ 0ar$ on its soio3"olitial im"liations !e"en!in' on

-&i& a""roa& is use! %$ ea& aut&or to set u" &er s"eifi !isourse re'ar!in' nationalit$ or

et&niit$( Some of t&ose im"liations -ill emer'e later on t&is "a"er) as -ell as an e2"lanation on

some of t&e terms use! so far( For no-) &o-e0er) t&e !isussion ma.es some-&at lear -&$ t&e

"rofessor in t&e e2am"le 'i0en at t&e %e'innin' of t&is "a"er &a! a s"eifi un!erstan!in' of t&e

term an! %elie0e! t&at t&e same un!erstan!in' -as s&are! %$ &is stu!ents(

T&e Sear& for t&e =ro"er Terminolo'$: Inlusi0e A""roa&es to MME

T&at t&ere is a tra!itional un!erstan!in' of t&e term multiulturalism in MME !oes not

mean t&at t&ere is total a'reement on t&e s"eifi use of terminolo'$ or in t&e "olitial a'en!as

t&at ea& term mi'&t im"l$( Some s&olars &a0e use! t&e term multiulturalism in a more

inlusi0e) om"le2) an! multi!imensional -a$) inor"oratin' !imensions su& as 'en!er) soial

lass) reli'ion) lan'ua'e) a%ilit$!isa%ilit$) se2ual orientation) 'eo'ra"&$ an! a'e to t&e o0erall

notion of ulture(9;Moreo0er) Miralis o%ser0es t&at ulture is a om"oun! of elements an! t&at

in!i0i!uals an %e multiultural in t&e sense t&at t&eir i!entit$ is lin.e! to a 0ariet$ elements

from !ifferent ultures(9anuar$) @@


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Ro%ert Ste"&ens !isusses MME from an Afrian3Amerian "ers"eti0e(9HAlt&ou'& in &is

onte2t et&niit$ "la$s a si'nifiant role) t&e em"&asis on t&e "&iloso"&ial un!erstan!in' of

raial !$namis of t&e !i&otom$ 4&iteNon34&ite) e0i!enes a om"le2 un!erstan!in' of t&e

term( T&ese un!erstan!in' 'oes %e$on! t&e sim"le "ere"tion of ulture as et&niit$ an!

inor"orates issues of soial 1ustie( ,e !elares t&at 5if multiulturalism is to %e meanin'ful an!

lastin') t&en it must inlu!e a mu& %roa!er a'en!a7 t&an sim"l$ sin'in') !anin') or ma.in'

instruments from !ifferent et&ni ori'in(9

>ulia o6a inor"orates a Soial Reonstrutionist "ers"eti0e to MME(9S&e a0oi!s to

!emoni6e t&e fiel! an! a.no-le!'es t&e "ratial !iffiulties fae! %$ e!uators in t&eir

e0er$!a$ e2erise of t&e "rofession( S&e also reo'ni6e t&at t&e !e0elo"ment of a multiultural

!isourse) alt&ou'& %iase! an! fla-e!) o"ene! t&e !oor for ae"tane of !i0ersit$( ,o-e0er)

alt&ou'& s&e noties t&at issues of soial lass) 'en!er) an! !isa%ilit$ are a!!resse! %$ t&e musi

e!uation fiel!) s&e "oints out t&at t&e$ are 5not 'enerall$ foun! un!er t&e multiultural

um%rella7 an! alls for an inlusi0e !efinition of t&e term(9In a !ifferent artile) o6a &i'&li'&ts

&o- musi s&ool s$stematiall$ e2lu!es a""liants -&o mi'&t &a0e musial a"titu!es !ifferent

t&an t&ose nee!e! for 4AM( /$ assoiatin' musial "referene to rae onstruts) s&e onlu!es

15Ste"&ens) 5Memor$) Multiulturalism) an! Musi)7 9B9@(

16Ste"&ens) 5Memor$) Multiulturalism) an! Musi)7 (

17>ulia o6a) 5Multiultural A""roa&es to Musi E!uation)7 in Campus and Classroom: a(ing

+chooling ulticulturaln! e!() e!( Carl A( Grant an! Mar$ Louise Gome6 *U""er Sa!!le Ri0er) N>:

=rentie3,all) @@9+) ;BH

18o6a) 5Multiultural A""roa&es to Musi E!uation)7 ;(

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t&at t&is a""roa& raiali6es t&e seletion of stu!ents(9In !oin' so) s&e is !isussin' ulture) an!

multiulturalism) in terms of t&e relations&i"s of "o-er set u" %$ t&e musi s&ool institution(

Morton asserts t&at onfusion an! inonsistenies are 5'enerate! %$ t&e "o"ular notion

t&at musi urriula s&oul! sim"l$ reflet !i0erse ultures(7@T&is notions are a reation to t&e

o%ser0ations t&at 5s&ool "o"ulation is inreasin'l$ ulturall$ !i0erse an! musi is as 0arie! as

t&e &uman s"eies is(79Alt&ou'& s&e is not su''estin' t&at ulture is %ein' un!erstoo! onl$ in

terms of et&niit$) s&e asserts t&at su& notions !o not "ro0i!e an a!e8uate moral 0ision(

Aor!in' to &er) 5musi e!uators *an! stu!ents+ oul! more full$ reali6e t&e "otential of

multiultural e!uation in 'eneral %$ atten!in' to t&e et&ial tensions an! soio3"olitial

ontra!itions manifest in ultural "ers"eti0es an! &ierar&ies(7

Ot&er aut&ors) su& as Ste0en ell$ an! im%erl$ Kan 4eel!en) an! Emma /roo.s3

/a&am *alt&ou'& s&e still uses t&e term some-&at in t&e tra!itional -a$+ su''est t&at one of t&e

%est resoures to a!!ress multiulturalism an %e foun! -it&in our stu!ents an! ommunities(;

T&is su''estion ali'ns -it& in&eloe an! Stein%er'#s "ere"tion of tea&ers as resear&ers of

t&eir o-n stu!ents an! t&eir ommunities) an! are onse8uent -it& o6a#s all for .ee"in' t&e

fous on "eo"le more t&an in ri'i! 0isions on ontent an! met&o!(ulia E( o6a) 5Listenin' for 4&iteness: ,earin' Raial =olitis in Un!er'ra!uate S&ool Musi)7

Philosophy of usic !ducation Re"iew9) no( *Fall) @@+: 9


12/29


T&e Sear& for t&e =ro"er Terminolo'$: Multiet&ni an! 4orl! Musis E!uation

Miralis !isusses t&e terms 5multiet&ni e!uation7 an! 5-orl! musis e!uation7)

o%ser0in' t&at =atriia S( Cam"%ell an! /ar%ara Lun!8uist) %$ usin' t&e former term) "ro0i!e!

t&e first attem"ts to !ifferentiate -&at t&e main fous of t&e musi e!uation fiel! -as -&en

tal.in' a%out MME(H,e "oints at Cam"%ell as s&e su''ests t&at multiet&ni e!uation a""ears

as a more reasona%le term to %e a!!resse! %$ t&e fiel! of musi e!uation(It is &er o"inion t&at

multiulturalism is an e2essi0el$ %roa! tas. an! en!s u" to %e !estruti0e for t&e fiel! sine it

"uts tea&ers un t&e too om"le2 situation of .no-in' e0er$ faet of t&e musi of one or multi"le

ultures in t&e %roa!er sense of t&e term(

T&en) s&e a!0oates for multiet&ni musi e!uation

an! 4M e!uation as a less am%itious tas.s onerne! -it& !e stu!$ of musi from man$

ultures %ase! on et&ni an! national !esri"tors( S&e !ifferentiates multiet&ni musi e!uation

an! 4M e!uation %$ "ointin' t&at) -&ile t&e former fouses on an in !e"t& stu!$ of a small

seletion of et&ni 'rou"s) t&e later 5is onerne! -it& ross3ultural om"arisons t&at s"an a

'reat man$ musial st$les(7

In &er %oo. )eaching usic lo'ally, Cam"%ell is 0er$ onsistent -it& &er !isourse on

terminolo'$ an! effeti0el$ a0oi!s t&e use t&e term multiulturalism(It mi'&t %e t&e ase t&at

t&e title of t&e @@ "u%liation %$ t&e MENC) as -ell as its intro!ution %$ /ennett Reimer)

25Miralis) Clarif$in' t&e Terms)7 H(

26Cam"%ell as ite! in Miralis) Clarif$in' t&e Terms)7 @(

27=atriia S( Cam%"ell) 5Musi instrution: Mar.e! an! mol!e! %$ multiulturalism)7American usic

)eacherune>ul$ 9;+: 9H(

28Cam%"ell) 5Musi instrution)7 9(

29=atriia S( Cam"%ell) Tea&in' Musi Glo%all$ *O2for!) NY: O2for! Uni0ersit$ =ress) @@


13/29


a0oi! t&e term multiulturalism for similar reasons(;@,o-e0er) in t&is "u%liation aut&ors !o use

t&e term in 0arious -a$s) s&o-in' a ten!en$ to-ar!s t&e tra!itional !efinition e0en -&en

a.no-le!'in' t&e om"le2it$ of t&e issue(;9

Not All t&at Glitter is Gol!

T&e artiulation of one"ts su& multiet&ni an! 4M e!uation) as -ell as t&e a""arent

on0ention in t&e use of t&e term multiulturalism mi'&t su''est t&at t&e to"i is) to some e2tent)

-ell !efine! an! t&at too mu& !isussion is futile an! re!un!ant( ,o-e0er) t&e fat t&at man$

aut&ors still &a0e to !elimitate t&eir !efinitions in or!er to 'enerate t&eir !isourse "ro0es t&at

t&e situation is not t&at sim"le( Moreo0er) -&en anal$6in' t&e !ifferent !isourses from a ritial

"ers"eti0e) one an i!entif$ "ro%lems an! ontra!itions t&at are not all e0i!ent(

Cam"%ell) -&o &as !e!iate! "lent$ of &er -or. to t&e !efinition an! a""liation of

MME relate! one"ts) &onors t&e 0ali!it$ of all musi tra!itions) %ut 8uestions t&eir "otential

use in e!uation( S&e fouses on "ossi%le -a$s in -&i& 0arious musial tra!itions oul!

im"ro0e self3musiians&i" an! emer'e in ne- reati0e -a$s of ma.in' musi( ,o-e0er) for &er)

4AM s&oul! still %e entral *as our musial tra!ition+ an! multiulturalism seon!ar$ to

musiians&i") -&i& is still !efine! in 4estern aest&eti terms(;T&is 0ie- is "ro%lemati not

onl$ %eause it ontra!its more ra!ial !isourses in0ol0in' soial 1ustie) %ut also %eause) as

note! %$ in&eloe an! Stein%er') 5a ommon ulture -&ere all soial 'rou"s "artii"ate e8uall$

30/ennett Reimer) 5T&e Nee! to Fae t&e Issues)7 in World usics and usic !ducation: #acing the

$ssues) e!( /ennett Reimer *Reston) KA: MENC) t&e National Assoiation for Musi E!uation) @@+) ;B

99(

31Reimer) World usics and usic !ducation

32Cam"%ell) 5Musi instrution)7 B(

13


14/29


&as ne0er e2iste! in t&e 4est(7;;T&is statement im"lies t&at t&e one"t of ommon ulture is

soiall$ an! "olitiall$ !efine! %$ t&ose -&o &a0e aess to "o-er from a !ominant ulture

"ers"eti0e(

Cam"%ell#s onser0ati0e !isourse %eomes e0i!ent as s&e states t&at multiulturalism is

"otentiall$ e2"losi0e an! mi'&t su''est uninten!e! soio3"olitial onnotations(;


15/29


4estern ulture onstrution of t&e self in terms of t&e e2lu!e! ot&er(;S&e intro!ues -&at s&e

alls t&e 5"olitis of self3on'ratulation7 to "oint out &o-) %$ on'ratulatin' oursel0es on our

tolerane of t&e raial ot&er) -e esta%lis& our "osition of su"eriorit$(


16/29


!i0ersit$(7


17/29


18/29


Anot&er "ro%lem for musi tea&in' musi from a multiet&ni or 4M "ers"eti0e is t&at

of tea&ers# trainin'( Mu& resear& &as %een !e!iate! to !etermine t&e offer of ourses of 4M

at uni0ersities an! s&ools an! to un!erstan! t&e a""roa&es) "ers"eti0es) an! %eliefs t&at

fault$ mem%ers) "re3ser0ie tea&ers) stu!ent tea&ers) an! tea&ers &a0e in relation to MME(

Miralis "ro0i!es a stu!$ of t&e amount an! t$"e of -orl! musi ourses# offer in a 'rou" of ten

5-ell3.no-n an! res"ete!7 uni0ersities(H; 4an' an! ,um"&re$s "resent a stu!$ of t&e

multiultural an! "o"ular musi ontent in Amerian musi e!uation "ro'ram(Hui3C&in') an! >ere T( ,um"&re$s( 5Multiultural an! =o"ular Musi Content in an Amerian

Musi Tea&er E!uation =ro'ram(7$nternational %ournal of usic !ducation) no(9 *Fe%ruar$ @@+:

9B;(

55at&erine Norman) 5Musi Fault$ =ere"tions of Multiultural E!uation)7.ulletin of the Council

for Research in usic !ducation) no(9; *4inter) 9+: ;B


19/29


Le'ette#s stu!$ re0eals t&at musi tea&ers sel!om reei0e! trainin' on multiultural issues at t&e

un!er'ra!uate le0el( ,o-e0er) alt&ou'& it states t&at ma1orit$ of "artii"ants felt omforta%le

tea&in' multiultural musi) t&e stu!$ is %ase! onl$ on sur0e$s an! it !oes not larif$ an$

im"liations %e$on! t&ose of t&e "artii"ants# "ere"tions(H

4&ere are 4e No-?

Des"ite t&e efforts for larifiation on t&e a""ro"riate! terminolo'$ an! its soial an!

"olitial im"liations) mu& of t&e literature !e0elo"e! !urin' t&is first fourteen $ears of t&e

t-ent$3first entur$ .ee"s usin' t&e term MME in t&e tra!itional -a$( An e2am"le is an artile

%$ >ui3C&in' 4an' an! >ere T( ,um"&re$s in -&i& t&e$ use t&e term multiultural musi as

!istinti0e from "o"ular musi(H Un!erstan!in' "o"ular as a one"t t&at is not inlu!e! un!er

t&e term multiultural s&o-s t&e e2tent in -&i&) for t&ese aut&ors) ulture is !efine! in terms of

et&niit$ or nationalit$ rat&er t&an in ot&er ultural in!iators( Anot&er stu!$) %$ Emil$ Mason in

@9@) om"ares te2t%oo.s in sear& for -&at t&e$ all multiultural musi re"resentation( In &er

artile) s&e refers e2lusi0el$ to son's from !ifferent ountries(@T&is also illustrates &o-

multiulturalism is still ae"te! in t&e tra!itional sense(

T&e a%o0e !isusse! issues on aut&entiit$ an! tea&ers trainin' still "ro0e urrent(

>a8ueline ell$3M,ale#s reent stu!$ on t&e influene of musi tea&er %eliefs an! "raties

on t&e e2"ression of musial i!entit$ in an elementar$ 'eneral musi lassroom is illustrati0e on

58Le'ette) 5Multiultural Musi E!uation)7 H(

594an' an! ,um"&re$s) 5Multiultural an! =o"ular Musi)7 9(

60Emil$ Mason) Elementar$ 3 Multiultural Musi Re"resente! in Current Elementar$ Musi

Te2t%oo.s: A Com"arati0e Stu!$ of T-o =u%lis&e! Musi Series( Update: Applications of Research in

usic !ducation) no( *Ma$) @9@+: B


20/29


&o- all of t&ose elements relate! to tea&ers trainin' &a0e onse8uenes on our stu!ents(9 In

&er stu!$) ell$3M,ale !esri%es t&e isolation of musi) as tau'&t in t&e musi lassroom) from

t&e onstrution of musial i!entities %$ t&e stu!ents outsi!e t&e lassroom( A s&o.in' element

of &er stu!$ is t&e e2lusi0e "ere"tion) %$ t&e stu!ents) of a musiian as 5someone -&o -as

a%le to rea!) -rite an! "erform musi(7T&is "ere"tion !isre'ar!s man$ ot&er -a$s of

musiians&i" an! esta%lis& t&e !ominant !isourse of 4AM(

Summary and Conclusions

4&en tal.in' a%out multiulturalism in musi e!uation) t&ere is la. of larit$ re'ar!in'

terminolo'$( Terms are use! in a 0ariet$ of -a$s an! as inter&an'ea%le to !efine !ifferent

t&in's( T&e resultant onfusion is &armful to resear& an! "ratie in t&e fiel! in t-o -a$s: %$

ma.in' t&e literature am%i'uous an! &ar! to relate -&en reatin' t&eoretial onstruts) an! %$

%lurrin' t&e soio"olitial im"liations of t&e use of an$ s"eifi term( ,o-e0er) t&e main use of

t&e term MME &as %een in relation to et&ni an! raial !esri"tors( T&is use !oes not sol0e t&e

"ro%lems !eri0e! from t&e la. of onsensus a%out t&e meanin' of t&e term an! !elineation

%et-een terms( Furt&ermore) t&e tra!itional use of t&e term -it&in t&e fiel! of musi e!uation

ten!s to arr$ *unritiall$+) as o%ser0e! on t&e issue of essentialist notions of ulture) ol!

"&iloso"&ies of e!uation t&at fa0or urrent relations&i"s of "o-er(;

61>a8ueline ell$3M,ale) 5T&e Influene of Musi Tea&er /eliefs an! =raties on t&e E2"ression of

Musial I!entit$ in an Elementar$ General Musi Classroom)7%ournal of Research in usic !ducation9) no(9H *>une) @9;+: 9HB9(

62ell$3M,ale) 5T&e Influene of Musi Tea&er)7 @(

63See an') 5T&e ,istor$ of Multiultural Musi)7 Gustafson as ite! in ,ess) =erformin'

Tolerane an! Curriulum)7 ; Kol.) 5Fol. Musi an! Inreasin' Di0ersit$)7 HB;@H as ite! in "a'e

9(

20


21/29


Im"liations on musi e!uators# trainin' are 0arious) inlu!in' t&e "ro"er a!!ressin' of

!i0erse musis) ultural res"onsi0eness) an! formation of a lear "&iloso"&i foun!ation on t&e

role of musi e!uation( T&e la. of onsensus on t&e meanin's of t&e terminolo'$ reflets

!ifferenes in "olitial "ositions t&at) if une2amine!) mi'&t 1ust o%sure t&e to"i) ma.in' it

sus"iious to e!uators( Some tea&ers still a!0oate) o0ertl$ or in an una.no-le!'e! manner)

for a 4estern entere! urriulum( Ot&ers s&o- interest in !i0ersit$ %ut !o not un!erstan! t&e

im"liations of a!o"tin' one or anot&er a""roa&) -it&out 8uestionin' t&e -a$s t&e$ tea&

-&ate0er t&e$ onsi!er as !i0erse) an! e2"etin' !i0ersit$ "er se to &a0e a "ositi0e im"at on

stu!ents( T&ose a""roa&es mi'&t %e a res"onse) as su''este! %$ o6a) to "ratial "ro%lems an!

o%stales "ose! %$ elements %e$on! t&eir o-n "&iloso"&ies) su& as t&e time t&e$ &a0e to tea& a

lass an! assessment a""roa&es t&at fa0or s"eifi ontents(


22/29


relate! to t&ose nee!s an! onerns( Culture annot %e un!erstoo! as fi2e! or in an essentialist

manner) an! -e must -or. to e2amine our o-n -a$s of %ein' multiultural %efore -e are a%le to

un!erstan! t&e ulture of ot&ers( 4&en referrin' to et&ni musis) aut&entiit$ is im"ortant) %ut it

loses some rele0ane -&en -e ten! to essentiali6e ulture( A reati0e a""roa&) su& as t&e one

"ro"ose! %$ Cam"%ell) mi'&t offer alternati0es -&en use! in an &onest -a$( 4e must see

oursel0es as o3learners -it& our stu!ents( 4&en a!!ressin' t&e !i0ersit$ of our stu!ents an!

ommunities) t&e "rofile of a tea&er3resear&er) as "ro"ose! %$ ell$ an! Kan 4eel!en) an! %$

/roo.s3/a&ams) offers an alternati0e met&o!olo'ial a""roa&( ,o-e0er) t&is a""roa& annot

un!erstan! ulture neit&er as stati nor as !efine! e2lusi0el$ %$ et&niit$ or nationalit$(

Finall$) to some !e'ree) t&e !isussion -ill al-a$s %e "olitial( In t&e onte2t of a

multiultural soiet$ t&at is "er0a!e! %$ t&e 4estern lo'i of !ominante2lu!e!) an! us an!

t&em) is s&ool to re"ro!ue -&at some mi'&t onsi!er a fairl$ ae"ta%le or!er of soial

relations&i"s or is it to &allen'e o""ressi0e strutures of "o-er? If -e are not -illin' to ma.e a

1u!'ment on our o-n "olitial "osition) furt&er !isussion is !eeme! to re!un!an$ an! failure

to "ro0i!e alternati0e solutions(

22


23/29


Bibliography

/roo.s3/a&am) Emma( 5Colletin' Materials in $our Communit$(7usic !ducators %ournal)

no( *Ma$) 9;+: HBHH(

T&is s&ort artile Emma /roo.s3/a&am !ra-s on Nettl#s fiel!-or. met&o!s to "ro"ose

t&at tea&ers s&oul! sear& for !i0ersit$ -it&in t&e ommunities t&e$ assist( T&is is not tosa$ t&at s&e -as onsious of t&e multi!imensionalit$ of multiulturalism) %ut &era""roa& offer alternati0es to onsi!er -&en t&at a-areness !oes e2ist( In t&is -a$) &er

a""roa& is not far from t&ose %$ ell$ an! Kan 4eel!en) an! in&eloe an! Stein%er'(

Cam%"ell) =atriia S( 5Musi instrution: Mar.e! an! mol!e! %$ multiulturalism(7Americanusic )eacherune>ul$ 9;+:9


24/29


Elliot) Da0i! >( 5e$ Cone"ts in Multiultural Musi E!uation(7$nternational %ournal of

usic !ducation9;) no(9 *Ma$) 9+: 99B9(

T&is artile "ro0i!e an e2tensi0e !isussion on "&iloso"&ial issues re'ar!in' ourun!erstan!in' of musi) musi e!uation) an! multiulturalism( T&e aut&or "resents &is

"ersonal 0ie-s an! !isusses ommon "ere"tions of -&at musi) e!uation) an!

multiulturalism are( ,e e2"lores t&e im"liations of musi e!uation as ulture( T&eaut&or a!a"ts =ratte#s ate'ories of i!eolo'ies of ultural !i0ersit$ to &is o-n ate'ories

of multiulturalism( Some illustrations are use! to su""ort &is i!eas( Referenes are

"ro0i!e!( T&is soure is use! as a referene to =ratte#s ate'ories of multiulturalism an!its a""liation to musi e!uation %$ Elliot) "ro0i!in' t&eoretial frame-or. to

un!erstan! soio"olitial im"liations %e&in! MME !isourses(

Girou2) ,enr$ A( 5Demora$) E!uation) an! t&e =olitis of Critial =e!a'o'$)7 in CriticalPedagogy: Where are We Now?) E!ite! %$ =eter MLaren an! >oe in&eloe) B;( Ne-

Yor.) NY: =eter Lan' =u%lis&in') @@(

T&is s&ort artile ser0es as t&e intro!ution to t&e %oo.) t&us "ro0i!in' %asi informationon t&e "&iloso"&ial a""roa&es of Critial =e!a'o'$ to e!uation( Girou2) as -ell as

MLaren an! in&eloe) is one of t&e most "rominent e2"onents of Critial =e!a'o'$ in

Nort& Ameria( ,e) as -ell as t&e e!itors of t&e %oo.) &a0e learne! t&rou'& -or.in'

!iretl$ -it& =aulo Freire) -&o is "ointe! out as t&e foun!er of t&is t&eor$( Aor!in' toin&eloe) Critial =e!a'o'$ fuses 5li%eration t&eolo'ial et&is an! t&e ritial t&eor$ of

t&e Fran.furt S&ool in German$ -it& "ro'ressi0e im"ulses in e!uation(7H,o-e0er)

in&eloe) MLaren) an! Stein%er') on t&e ot&er &an!) notie t&at ritial t&eor$ &ase0ol0e! sine t&e ort&o!o2$ of t&e Fran.furt S&ool as a reation to t&e &allen'es "ose!

%$ "ost3mo!ern t&eories) reformulatin' t&eir one"tions on t&e onstrution of

in!i0i!uals(

,ess) >uliet( =erformin' Tolerane an! Curriulum: T&e =olitis of Self3Con'ratulation) I!entit$Formation) an! =e!a'o'$ in 4orl! Musi E!uation(Philosophy of usic !ducation

Re"iew9) no( 9 *S"rin') @9;+: B9(

T&is artile a!!s a ne- "ers"eti0e to t&e fiel! of multiultural e!uation: t&at of et&is( It is

frame! un!er ritial "e!a'o'$ an! ritial rae t&eor$ "ers"eti0es( It !isusses &o- t&e

issue of aut&entiit$ an lea! us to essentialist "ers"eti0es on ulture an! to !o ultural

tourism( It also !isusses &o- t&e 0er$ one"t of -orl! musis is frame! in a %i"olarframe-or. t&at reinfores "o-er strutures an! reaffirm 4estern ulture as !ominant

a'ainst an ot&eri6e! rest of t&e -orl!( T&is artile is .e$ to 'enerate !isussion t&at oul!

&el" to !e0elo" a ne- "ers"eti0e on multiultural musi e!uation( E2tensi0e notes are"ro0i!e!(

65>oe L( in&eloe) 5Critial =e!a'o'$ in t&e T-ent$3first Centur$7 in Critial =e!a'o'$: 4&ere are

4e No-?) e!( =eter MLaren an! >oe in&eloe *Ne- Yor.) NY: =eter Lan' =u%lis&in') @@+) Boe L( in&eloe) =eter MLaren) an! S&irle$ R( Stein%er') 5Critial =e!a'o'$ an! ualitati0e

Resear&: Mo0in' to t&e /riola'e)7 in )he *andscape of 0ualitati"e Research) e!( Norman ( Den6in

an! Y0onna S( Linoln *T&ousan! Oa.s) CA: SAGE =u%liations) @9;+) ;;B;@(

24


25/29


>ose"&) Da-n( E2"erienes an! Un!erstan!in's: Stu!ent Tea&ersP /eliefs a%out Multiultural

=ratie in Musi E!uation(Australian %ournal of usic !ducation) no( *@9@+: B

H(

T&is artile is %ase! on a 8ualitati0e resear& on t&e "ere"tion of "re3ser0ie Australian

musi tea&ers on multiultural musi e!uation( T&e resear& fouse! in t&e res"onses

of stu!ent3tea&ers to t&eir o%ser0ations on musi lassroom settin's( Alt&ou'& t&ere areo%0ious !ifferenes %et-een t&e Australian an! t&e Amerian musi e!uation s$stems)

t&is artile an "ro0i!e 0alua%le information re'ar!in' "ratial onerns t&at ma$ %e

a""lie! to almost an$ onte2t(

an') San'mi( 5T&e ,istor$ of Multiultural Musi E!uation an! its "ros"ets: T&e

Contro0ers$ of Musi Uni0ersalism an! its A""liation(7 Update: Applications of

Research in usic !ducation*fort&omin'+(

T&is artile "resents a !isussion on t&e !e0elo"ment an! e0olution of Amerian

"ers"eti0es on multiultural musis an! t&e 8uestion of musi uni0ersalit$( It "ro0i!es

an aount of &istorial !e0elo"ment of t&e one"t of musi uni0ersalit$ an! ontrasts it-it& t&e more urrent "ers"eti0e on musi as a non3uni0ersal "&enomenon( It also -it&

t&e issue of aut&entiit$ "ro1ete! to t&e lassroom settin' an! ma.es "ro1etions of t&e

!e0elo"ment of t&e multiultural a""roa& in t&e future) inor"oratin' t&e element of

te&nolo'$( T&e 0alue of t&is soure lies in its urren$) its effeti0e &istorio'ra"&$) an!t&e %i%lio'ra"&$ it "ro0i!es) -&i& -ill %e of &el" in foun!in' soures for m$ o-n

resear&(

ell$3M,ale) >a8ueline( 5T&e Influene of Musi Tea&er /eliefs an! =raties on t&eE2"ression of Musial I!entit$ in an Elementar$ General Musi Classroom(7%ournal of

Research in usic !ducation9) no(9H *@9;+: 9HB9(

T&is artile !isusses t&e relations&i" %et-een a musi tea&er#s %eliefs re'ar!in' musie!uation an! t&e !e0elo"ment of musial i!entit$ on seon! 'eneration stu!ents from

immi'rant families( Four stu!ents) %esi!es t&e tea&er) -ere t&e "artii"ants( T&e aut&or

!isusses &o- t&e tea&er#s %eliefs influene &er urriular !eisions &o- t&ose urriularare "erei0e! %$ &er stu!ents( Finall$ s&e onlu!es t&at t&e tea&er#s !eisions &el" to

'enerate a musi lass t&at is isolate! from t&e musial i!entities of &er stu!ents outsi!e

t&e lassroom( Notes an! e2tensi0e referenes are "ro0i!e!(

ell$) Ste0en N( an! im%erl$ Kan 4eel!en( Connetin' Meanin'ful Musi an! E2"erienes in

a Multiultural) Multimusial Classroom(usic !ducators %ournal@) no( ; *>anuar$)

@@


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en!all) Franes E( Understanding White Pri"ilege: Creating Pathways to Authentic

Relationshipsacross Racen! e!( Ne- Yor.) NY: Routle!'e) @9;(

Franes en!all is an aut&orit$ -it& t&irt$ $ears of e2"eriene in t&e fiel! of !i0ersit$( Int&is %oo.) s&e e2"lores t&e faes of raism as em%o!ie! %$ e2"liit an! im"liit

!isourses on 4&iteness( S&e "ro0i!es man$ e2am"les of &o- 4&iteness) as in&erentl$

fa0ore! in t&e urrent soial onte2t) is reinfore! %$ e0er$!a$ !isourses an! %e&a0iors(S&e also &i'&li'&ts t&e -a$ institutional !isourses fa0or 4&iteness) an! "ro0i!es

strate'ies to &allen'e institutionali6e! 4&ite "ri0ile'es(

in&eloe) >oe L( an! S&irle$ R( Stein%er'( Changing ulticulturalism( /u.in'&am) =A: O"enUni0ersit$ =ress) 9(

T&is %oo. is "art of t&e series Changing !ducation, e!ite! %$ An!$ ,ar'rea0es an! I0or

Goo!son( in&eloe an! Stein%er' are e2"onents of Critial =e!a'o'$) an! t&e %oo.a""roa&es multiulturalism from t&at s"eifi "ers"eti0e( T&e$ a!0oate for a Critial

Multiulturalism t&at is onerne! -it& issues of "o-er an! !emora$) &e'emon$)

re"resentation) soial 1ustie) an! t&at inor"orates "ers"eti0es of lass) 'en!er) an! rae(T&e %oo. "ro0i!es a ta2onom$ similar an! om"lementar$ -it& =ratte#s an! Elliot#s

ate'ories of multiulturalism) offerin' t&e a!!itional alternati0e of Critial

Multiulturalism(

o6a) >ulia( 5Multiultural A""roa&es to Musi E!uation)7 in Campus and Classroom:a(ing +chooling ulticulturaln! e!( E!ite! %$ Carl A( Grant an! Mar$ Louise

Gome6) ;BH( U""er Sa!!le Ri0er) N>: =rentie3,all) @@9(

In t&is artile) -&i& is inlu!e! in a %oo. on 'eneral e!uation) o6a "resents a 'eneral"iture on &o- t&e musi e!uation fiel! &as a!!resse! t&e issue of multiulturalism( S&e

e2"lores some &istorial issues an! !isusses some "ros an! ons of -&at s&e alls

5Mo!ern MME(7 Follo-in') s&e "ro"oses &an'es in four areas: s&oolin' at lar'e) t&emusi e!uation "ara!i'm) instrutional "raties) an! t&e musi urriulum( S&e

inor"orates 'en!er om"onent an! soial 1ustie issues to t&e !isussion on MME(

( 5Listenin' for 4&iteness: ,earin' Raial =olitis in Un!er'ra!uate S&ool Musi(7Philosophy of usic !ducation Re"iew9) no( *Fall) @@+: 9


27/29


reasons %e&in! it) %$ musi tea&ers to inor"orate a multiultural a""roa& to t&eir

"ro'rams( T&e met&o! utili6e! -as a sur0e$ a""lie! to ;< "artii"ants( Referenes are

"ro0i!e!(

Mason) Emil$( Elementar$ 3 Multiultural Musi Re"resente! in Current Elementar$ Musi

Te2t%oo.s: A Com"arati0e Stu!$ of T-o =u%lis&e! Musi Series( Update: Applications

of Research in usic !ducation) no( *Ma$) @9@+: B


28/29


29/29


an! !isusses onte2tual an! &istorial issues an! one"ts relate! to Amerian soiet$(

T&e !isussion neessaril$ in0ol0es issues outsi!e t&e musi e!uation fiel! sine t&e

"&enomena im"lies &an'es in t&e struture of soiet$ an! one"tuali6ation in t&e fiel!of 'eneral e!uation( Notes) %ut no %i%lio'ra"&$) are "ro0i!e!(

( 5T&e ,istor$ an! De0elo"ment of Multiultural Musi E!uation as E0i!ene! in t&e

Musi E!uation >ournal) 9B9(%ournal of Research in usic !ducation !e!iate! to multiultural musi

e!uation( Ea& issue "resente! 0arious artiles e2lusi0el$ relate! to t&e to"i( Notes)

%ut no %i%lio'ra"&$) are inlu!e!(

(usic, !ducation, and ulticulturalism: #oundations and Principles( Ne- Yor.:

O2for! Uni0ersit$ =ress) 9(

T&is %oo. ontains "lent$ of useful material for furt&er resear&( It is !i0i!e! into t&ree"arts( T&e first "art !isusses "&iloso"&ial issues onernin' multiultural e!uation an!

multiultural musi e!uation) inlu!in' a sur0e$ of !efinitions of terms an!

one"tuali6ations %$ 0arious aut&ors( T&e seon! "art is a om"re&ensi0e &istor$ of

multiulturalism in e!uation an! in musi e!uation sine t&e tur of t&e t-entiet&entur$ on not onl$ in t&e Unite! States) %ut also in a num%er of ot&er ountries( T&e

t&ir! "art a!!resses t&e im"liations of -&at is "resente! in "re0ious &a"ters for musie!uation) !isussin' urriular &an'es) met&o!olo'ies) materials) an! !isussion on t&e

issue of aut&entiit$( A""en!i2es an! an e2tensi0e set of notes) %ut no %i%lio'ra"&$) are

"ro0i!e!( T&is soure is of 'reat im"ortane sine it is 0er$ om"re&ensi0e) %ut it nee!s

to %e om"lemente! -it& more urrent literature(

4an') >ui3C&in') an! >ere T( ,um"&re$s( 5Multiultural an! =o"ular Musi Content in an

Amerian Musi Tea&er E!uation =ro'ram(7$nternational %ournal of usic !ducation

) no(9 *Fe%ruar$ @@+: 9B;(

T&is artile "resents a ase stu!$ on a s"eifi musi tea&er e!uation "ro'ram( Ite2"lores t&e amount of time s"ent in !ifferent musial st$les %$ o%ser0in' elements su&

as t&e offer of ourses in !ifferent musis) ourses# re!its ta.en %$ stu!ents) an! t&eamount of time s"ent %$ !ifferent tea&ers in ea& musi( T&e aut&ors estimate! t&e

amount of time s"ent on ea& musi as follo-s: -estern art *(;Q+) -estern non3art

*(

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Multicultural Music Ed