mtless10f99gastro

8/13/2019 mtless10f99gastro

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Health Sciences Department, Rogers State University

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GastroIntestinal System

Chapter 7


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Student Objectives

Explain the main functions of the

gastrointestinal system.

Identify the main organs and accessory

organs.

Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder

in digestion.


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Responsible for the intake,

digestion of food,

absorption of nutrients,and elimination of solid

waste.

Alimentary Canal (GItract)

Aliment/o - to nourish

Anatomy/Physiology


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Accessory Digestive Organs

Teeth

tongue

salivary glands

liver

gallbladderpancreas


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Oral CavityMouth (bucca, tongue)

papillae

Teech mastication

dentin

pulp

gingiva


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Oral Cavity

Palate, hard and soft

bolus

Pharynx

Uvula

Esophagus

Epiglottis


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Esophagus

Gullet

chymecardiac, or lower

esophageal or

gastroesophagealsphincter


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Stomach

Body, fundus

pylorus

rugae

pyloric sphincter

Fundus

Body


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Small Intestine

small bowel

enter/o - small intestine

villiParts

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

ileocecal valve


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Large Intestine

Large Bowel

col/o or colon/o

cecum

vermiform appendix


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Colon ascending

hepatic flexure

transverse

splenic flexure

descending

Sigmoid

Rectum

Anus


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Functions

production of bile

glucose - glycogen

storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K

erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated

in bile called bilirubin)

bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark color

removes toxins from blood

manufactures blood proteins

Liver - hepat/o


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Pancreas

internal - endocrine function

insulin

glucogon

external - exocrine function

amylase - carbohydrates

trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins

lipase - fats

enzymes inactive until reach duodenum


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Gallbladder

pear-shaped sac under the liver

chol/e means bile or gall

cyst/o means cyst or sac

gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic

duct into common bile duct.


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Bile

bile is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on

fat in a way that lipid enzymes can digest

fat

travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall

bladder, where stored

bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol,

and bilirubin (a colored substance resultingfrom breakdown of hemoglobin)

bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color


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Stomach during Digestion

Gastric juices

HCL - activates

enzymes protease

pepsin

lipase

Chyme


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Small Intestine during Digestion

digestion completed in

small intestine

chyme mixed with bileand pancreatic juices

emulsification

absorption


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Large Intestine

receive fluid waste

products and store

until released frombody.

excess water absorbed

feces, stools

defecation, or bowel

movement


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Pathology - Ulcers

Gastric ulcers

Peptic ulcers

Ulcerative Colitis


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Pathology - Hernias

Diaphragmatic

Hiatal, Gastroesophageal

Inguinal

Umbilical


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Hemorrhoids

Internal

External

Hemorrhoidectomy


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Liver Disorders

Yellow skin - jaundice, icterus

Hepatitis

Type A - fecal, oral

Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal

Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products


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Diverticulosis

Diverticulitis

obstipation

diverticulectomy


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Oncology

Neoplasn from epithelial lining

gastric adenocarcinoma

esophageal carcinomas

hepatocellular carcinomas

pancreatic carcinomas


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Diagnostic, Symptomatic,

Therapeutic TermsAerophagia

anorexia

appendicitis

ascites

borborygmus

bulimia


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Therapeutic Termscachexia

cholelithiasis

cleft palate

Crohns disease

cirrhosis

colic


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Therapeutic Termsdeglutition

dysentery

dysphagia

eructation

fecalith

flatus

gastroesophageal reflux disease


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Therapeutic TermsHalitosis

hematemesis

irritable bowel syndrome

leukoplakia

malabsorption syndrome

melena

obstipation


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Therapeutic TermsPeristalsis

pyloric stenosis

regurgitation

steatorrhea

visceroptosis


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Abbreviations

Ac

bid

hsNPO

pc, pp

PO PRN

qam, qm

qd

qh

q2h qid

qod

qpm, qn stat

tid


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Diagnostic Abbreviations

ABC

alk phos

Ba BaE

Dx

EGD FBS

GB

GTT

IVCPUD SGOT

UGI


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Other Abbreviations

BM

GERD

GI HAV

HBV

IBS

IV

LLQ

LUQ PE

PMH

RUQ

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