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Please SWITCH OFF YOUR MOBILES /

KEEP IN SILENT MODE IN CLASS

ROOM

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Be in a position to apply various ideas andBe in a position to apply various ideas andconcepts of measurement to problemsconcepts of measurement to problems

encountered in theencountered in the real work environment.real work environment.

Get to understandGet to understand how to analyzehow to analyzeexperiment dataexperiment data..

Get to knowGet to know how tohow to reducereduce the effects ofthe effects of

experimental errorsexperimental errors in the measurements.in the measurements.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Why measurementsWhy measurements

Theory guides, experiment decidesTheory guides, experiment decides

In past, design mostly based onIn past, design mostly based on trial andtrial anderrorerror approach with very little ofapproach with very little ofanalytical input.analytical input.

This approach is not feasibleThis approach is not feasible e.g.e.g., design and development of a rocket, design and development of a rocket

engine.engine.

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A better approach!A better approach!

An optimum blending of An optimum blending of Theory andTheory and

ExperimentsExperiments..

Constant evaluation of experimental data andConstant evaluation of experimental data and

comparison with theoretical estimates.comparison with theoretical estimates.

Formulation of new theories based onFormulation of new theories based on

experimental results, guiding further experimentsexperimental results, guiding further experiments

andand hence improvements in the design.hence impro

vements in the design.

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Importance of Measurement TechniquesImportance of Measurement Techniques

Good and accurate measurements of physicalGood and accurate measurements of physicalvariables, say, temperature, flow rate,variables, say, temperature, flow rate, etc.,etc., help inhelp in

better control of these variables.better control of these variables.

Careful planning of experiments isCareful planning of experiments is mustmust forfor

obtainingobtaining accurate and meaningful data.accurate and meaningful data.

Requirement isRequirement is

Great care and patience!Great care and patience!

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Our TeamOur Team

Dr Abhijit K DigalwarDr Abhijit K Digalwar (1)(1)

Mr Amit JainMr Amit Jain (2)(2)

Dr Anupam SinghalDr Anupam Singhal (3)(3)Miss Anitha ThakurMiss Anitha Thakur (4)(4)

Prof Surekha BhanotProf Surekha Bhanot (5)(5)

Miss Priya C SandeMiss Priya C Sande (6)(6)Dr Hanumantha RaoDr Hanumantha Rao (7 IC)(7 IC)

Mr Sharad SrivastavaMr Sharad Srivastava (8)(8)

TheoryTheory

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Our TeamOur Team

Practical Instructors -Practical Instructors - EEEEEE

Anitha Thakur (Coordinator)Anitha Thakur (Coordinator)

Aditya Kumar SAditya Kumar S

Gunasoumya GondetiGunasoumya Gondeti

Rakesh KumarRakesh Kumar

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Our TeamOur TeamPractical Instructors -Practical Instructors - ChemicalChemical

Amit Jain (coordinator)Amit Jain (coordinator)

Ashish M GujarathiAshish M Gujarathi

Ajay K PaniAjay K Pani

Amit KanashettiAmit Kanashetti

Dipaloy DattaDipaloy DattaDipesh S PatleDipesh S Patle

Inamdar Rafik SInamdar Rafik S

Priya C SandePriya C Sande

Sriranjani SSriranjani S

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Our TeamOur TeamPractical Instructors -Practical Instructors - CivilCivil

V R Vinayaka Rao (coordinator)V R Vinayaka Rao (coordinator)

Hanumantha Rao (IC)Hanumantha Rao (IC)

Kamalesh KumarKamalesh Kumar

M Selva KumarM Selva Kumar

Rajitha KRajitha KDipendu BhuniaDipendu Bhunia

Varun SinghVarun Singh

G Muttu KumarG Muttu Kumar

Meghana ChardeMeghana ChardeP K MisraP K Misra

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Our TeamOur Team

Practical Instructors -Practical Instructors - MechanicalMechanical

Abhijit K Digalwar (coordinator)Abhijit K Digalwar (coordinator)

Ganesh S SoniGanesh S Soni

Ramakrishna KRamakrishna K

Sharad SrivastavaSharad Srivastava

Stueti GuptaStueti Gupta

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BooksBooks

TextbookTextbook:: J. P. Holman,J. P. Holman,

Experimental Methods forExperimental Methods for

EngineersEngineers,, Tata McGraw-Hill, 7Tata McGraw-Hill, 7thth

Ed, 2004.Ed, 2004.

Laboratory ManualLaboratory ManualA Laboratory Manual for MeasurementA Laboratory Manual for Measurement

Techniques II, Raman K.E.Techniques II, Raman K.E. etet al.,al., EDDEDD

NotesNotes..

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Course PlanCourse PlanLecturesLectures

3 Common Portion3 Common Portion6 Mechanical6 Mechanical

6 Civil6 Civil

Test 1Test 1 11stst March; 3:00PM to 5:00 PMMarch; 3:00PM to 5:00 PM

6 Chemical6 Chemical

6 Electrical6 Electrical

Test 2 (Compre)Test 2 (Compre) 2929thth April FNApril FN

Lab quizLab quiz 2929thth April FNApril FN

(8(8thth Jan 28Jan 28thth Feb)Feb)

(4th March 24th Apr)(4th March 24th Apr)

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Course PlanCourse Plan

PracticalsPracticalsBatch 1 - 12 EEE

Batch 13 - 24 NEEE

Batch 1 - 12 NEEE

Bach 13 - 14 EEE

Cycle 1Cycle 1

Cycle 2Cycle 2

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Instructor Sec. No. Chamber Consultation hour Room No.

A K Digalwar 1 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 2227

Amit Jain 2 Friday 4 PM to 5 PM 1224 - C

Anupam Singhal 3 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 1110-A

Anitha Thakur 4 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM

Surekha Bhanot 5 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 2135

Priya C Sande 6 Thursday 5 PM to 6 PM 1223-B

Hanumantha Rao 7 Tuesday 5 PM to 6 PM 1223 - E

Sharad Srivastava 8 Friday 5 PM to 6 PM 2246-N

Chamber Consultation HourChamber Consultation Hour

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Makeup PolicyMakeup Policy

Makeup will beMakeup will beprovided only forprovided only for

genuinegenuine casescases

Only with prior permission from I/COnly with prior permission from I/C

For detail see HandoutFor detail see Handout

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NoticesNotices All notices related to this course will be displayedAll notices related to this course will be displayed

on FD I, FD II, EEE lab (2119), Chemical Labon FD I, FD II, EEE lab (2119), Chemical Lab(1117) notice boards.(1117) notice boards.

Regular lab classes will start from 9Regular lab classes will start from 9thth JanuaryJanuary

onwards.onwards. The section/Batch-wise studentsThe section/Batch-wise students

list will be displayed at Room No.list will be displayed at Room No.2119 on 82119 on 8thth at 5:00 PM.at 5:00 PM.

Students should go to the respective labs asStudents should go to the respective labs asper notices at Room No. 2119 and 1117.per notices at Room No. 2119 and 1117.

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ORIENTATIONORIENTATION

Practical Sec. 1, 2 & 3:Practical Sec. 1, 2 & 3:99thth & 11& 11thth JanJan

Practical Sec. 4 & 5:Practical Sec. 4 & 5:1010thth & 12& 12thth JanJan

For EEE Cycle:For EEE Cycle:

11stst turnturn Ex.1 Ex.6Ex.1 Ex.622ndnd turnturn EX.7 Ex.12EX.7 Ex.12

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For NEEE Cycle:For NEEE Cycle:

11stst turnturn Batch No. 13-18: Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 CivilBatch No. 13-18: Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil

Batch No. 19-24: Ex.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 MechBatch No. 19-24: Ex.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 Mech

22ndnd turnturn

Batch No. 13-18:Batch No. 13-18:

Ex.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 MechEx.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 MechBatch No. 19-24:Batch No. 19-24:

Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil labEx.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil lab

Negative Marking is there for Orientation attendance inNegative Marking is there for Orientation attendance ineach lab.each lab.

EEE: 1EEE: 1stst turn: -4 marks & 2turn: -4 marks & 2ndnd turn: -4 marksturn: -4 marks NEEE: In each turn: Chem: -2 M & Civil: -2NEEE: In each turn: Chem: -2 M & Civil: -2 M orM or

Civil: - 2 M & Mech: -2 MCivil: - 2 M & Mech: -2 M Total: 120 8 =Total: 120 8 = 112 M112 M ((Without Orientation)Without Orientation)

ORIENTATIONORIENTATION

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Important Things to rememberImportant Things to remember

Before going to the lab read theBefore going to the lab read theLaboratory manual and make necessaryLaboratory manual and make necessary

tables or any preliminary requirements astables or any preliminary requirements as

explained in the orientation.explained in the orientation.

Carry the necessary type of graph sheetCarry the necessary type of graph sheet(Linear/semi-log/log-log), pencil, eraser,(Linear/semi-log/log-log), pencil, eraser,

scale etcscale etc

Dont MISS OrientationDont MISS Orientation Be Punctual.. & Dont apply for makeup..Be Punctual.. & Dont apply for makeup..

Clarify your doubts from your InstructorsClarify your doubts from your Instructors

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DEFINITION of TERMSDEFINITION of TERMS

BASIC CONCEPTS

Ref: - Chapter 2 J. P. Holman

ReadabilityReadability Least countLeast count

SensitivitySensitivity HysteresisHysteresis

AccuracyAccuracy PrecisionPrecisionErrorError UncertaintyUncertainty

CALIBRATION

STANDARDS

DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BASIC CONCEPTS IN DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS

Contents

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Indicates the Closeness with which theIndicates the Closeness with which the

scale of an instrument may be read.scale of an instrument may be read.

ReadabilityReadability

Which scale is more readable?

Example:Example: A 30 cm scale givesA 30 cm scale gives higherhigher

readabilityreadability than a 15 cm scale.than a 15 cm scale.

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Least CountLeast Count

The Smallest differenceThe Smallest difference between twobetween twodivisions on the instrument scale.divisions on the instrument scale.

For each object (a, b, c) and scale above,

determine the Least Count of Scale?

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16 17

Both Readability and

Least Count are

dependent on:scale length

spacing of graduations

size of pointerparallax effects

For instruments witha digital readoutReadability and LeastCount have little

meaning.

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SensitivitySensitivity

Ratio of the linear movement of the pointer on an analogRatio of the linear movement of the pointer on an analoginstrument to the change in the measured variable causing theinstrument to the change in the measured variable causing the

motionmotion

Change in output signal for a change in the physical parameterChange in output signal for a change in the physical parameter

being measuredbeing measured

Ex:- If a 1 mV recorder is having 25 cm scale length, what willEx:- If a 1 mV recorder is having 25 cm scale length, what will

be its sensitivity ?be its sensitivity ?

25 cm/mV

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Hystresis may beHystresis may be

because ofbecause of

Mechanical frictionMechanical frictionMagnetic effectMagnetic effect

Elastic deformationElastic deformation

Thermal effectsThermal effects

HYSTERESIS

Difference in readings depending on whether

the value of the measured quantity isapproached from above or from below.

A

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Precision Ability of an instrument to reproduce a

certain reading with a given accuracy Random error associated with measurement.

Precision is the closeness of repeated

measurements to each other.

Accuracy Amount by which measurement deviates from

known value Systematic error associated with measurement Accuracy is the closeness of measurements to

the true value.E = system output system input

Higher the accuracy, lower the error

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Which of the following is more Precise?

And which one is Accurate?

(A) (C)(B)

B. Precise and inaccurate

A. Imprecise and inaccurate

C. Precise and accurate

Answer:B: Precise

C: Accurate

EE

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ErrorError

Uncertainty

Uncertainty is an estimate of the error in a measurement

The result of all possible errors (sources) give a range in

which the measurement will fall.

Errors (sources) may be summed linearly, which gives theworst case of uncertainty.

More realistically, errors (sources) are summed as the

Root sum of the squares (RSS).

Difference between the measured value and the true value

Error = Measured value True value

measured value = best estimate uncertainty

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In order to compare the experimental results in the different

parts of the world on a consistent basis, it is necessary to usecertain standard units of length, weight, time, temperature, andelectrical quantities.

1 meter = 39.37 inches

1 inch = 2.54 cm1 sec = 1/86400 Mean solar Day

Solar Day is measured as the time interval between two

successive transits of the Sun across a meridian of the Earth.

Solar Year is the time required for the earth to make one

revolution around the Sun.

Mean Solar Year = 365 days 5 h 48 min 48 sec.

32

5

9

+= CF

Standards

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UNITS

Primary Units

Supplementary Units

Derived Units

Primary

Length (m)

Mass (kg)

Time (sec)

Supplementary

o Temparature (K)

o Electrical Current (A)

o Voltage (V)

Derived

Force (N)

Energy (Joule) Velocity (m/s)

Summary

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SummaryReadability & Least Count

Precision & Accuracy

Sensitivity & Hysteresis

Error & Uncertainty

Standards

Dimensions and UnitsIn the Next Class:

The Generalized Measurement System

Static Measurements

Basic Concepts of Dynamic Measurements

Analysis of Experimental Data

- Types of Errors

- Error Analysis

- Uncertainty Analysis

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