MSC HONS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SEMESTER I to ...gndu.ac.in/syllabus/201213/LIFE/MSC HONS ENVIRONMENTAL...Fibonacci sequence. 8. Differentiation and Integration: Growth rates, instantaneous

FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES

SYLLABUS

for

M.Sc. (Hons.) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (Semester I-IV)

(Under Credit Based Continuous Evaluation Grading System)

Examinations: 2012-13

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR

Note: (i) Copy rights are reserved.

Nobody is allowed to print it in any form. Defaulters will be prosecuted. (ii) Subject to change in the syllabi at any time. Please visit the University website time to time.

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester System)


1

Programme Code: ESB Master of Science (Honours) in Environmental Sciences

Scheme of Course Semester–I

Credits Course No. C/E/I Course Title L T P

Total Credits

Core Courses BSL401 C Mathematical Biology 3 - - 3 BSL402 C Computer Applications and

Bioinformatics 3 - - 3

ESL403 C Environmental Chemistry 3 - - 3 ESL404 C Air Pollution 3 - - 3 ESL405 C Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 3 - - 3 ESL406 C Environmental Laws and Impact

Assessment 3 - - 3

ESP421 C Environmental Science Lab I (Based on ESL401, ESL402 and ESL403)

- - 3.5 3.5

ESP422 C Environmental Science Lab II (Based on ESL404, ESL405 and ESL406)

- - 3.5 3.5

Elective Courses (3 Credits) E Elective Course 3 - - 3

Total Credits 21 - 7 28

Semester–II Credits Course No. C/E/I Course Title

L T P Total

Credits Core Courses BSL451 C Statistical Techniques 3 - - 3 BSL452 C Computer Programming in Botany and

Ecology 3 - - 3

BSL453 C Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3 - - 3 ESL454 C Environmental Engineering 3 - - 3 ESL455 C Environmental Geology 3 - - 3 ESL456 C Sanitary Engineering and Environmental

Biology 3 - - 3

ESP471 C Environmental Science Lab III (Based on ESL451, ESL452 and ESL453)

- - 3 3

ESP472 C Environmental Science Lab IV (Based on ESL454, ESL455 and ESL456)

- - 3 3

ESD473 C Case Study - - 1 1 Interdisciplinary/ Optional Courses (3 Credits)

I To be offered from outside the department 3 - - 3 Total Credits 21 - 7 28



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Semester–III Credits Course No. C/E/I Course Title

L T P Total

Credits Core Courses ESL501 C Wastewater Treatment Plant Design 3 - - 3

ESL502 C Software System Analysis in Ecology 3 - - 3

ESL503 C Environmental Biotechnology 3 - - 3

ESL504 C Environmental Microbiology 3 - - 3

ESL505 C Hazardous Chemicals 3 - - 3

ESL506 C Ecological Modelling 3 - - 3

ESP521 C Environmental Science Lab V (Based on ESL501, ESL502 and ESL503)

- - 3 3

ESP522 C Environmental Science Lab VI (Based on ESL504, ESL506 )

- - 3 3

ESP523 C Seminar 1 - - 1 Interdisciplinary/ Optional Courses (3 Credits)

I To be offered from outside the department

3 - - 3


Semester– IV


Total Credits

Core Courses ESL551 C Industrial Wastewater Management 3 - - 3

ESL552 C Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation

3 - - 3

ESL553 C Environmental Toxicology 3 - - 3

ESL554 C Natural Resource Management 3 - - 3

ESL555 C Remote Sensing and GIS 2 - - 2

ESL556 C Climatology 2 - - 2

ESP571 C Environmental Science Practicals VII (Based on ESL551, ESL553)

- - 3 3

ESP572 Environmental Science Practicals VIII (Based ESL554, ESL555 and ESL556)

- - 3 3

ESD573 C Project report/ Advance practicals /Assignment/Review/Status Report

- - 1 1

ESF574 C Field Study/ Industrial visit - - 1 1 Elective Courses (3 Credits)

E Elective Course 3 - - 3




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Master of Science (Honours) in Environmental Sciences List of Elective Courses


Total Credits

Elective Courses ESL581 E Urban Planning and Development 3 - - 3

ESL582 E Preventive and Social Medicine 3 - - 3

ESL583 E Geoinformatics for Environmental Management

3 - - 3

ESL584 E Ecological Biochemistry 3 - - 3

ESL585 E Design and analysis of experiments 3 - - 3

ESL586 E Biochemical Engineering 3 - - 3

BSL581 E Agroforestry Systems 3 - - 3

BSL582 E Seed Biotechnology 3 - - 3

BSL583 E Human Values and Professional Ethics

3 - - 3

BSL584 E Genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics

3 - - 3

BSL585 E Dynamics of Biogeography 3 - - 3

BSL586 E History of Science in India 3 - - 3

BSL587 E Immunology 3 - - 3

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-I)


4

BSL401 – Mathematical Biology Credits 3-0-0

1. Linear function: y=ax and y=ax+b, implicit and explicit functions, linear relation, linear

programming 2. Power function: y=axn , polynomials, differences, quadratic equation. 3. Periodic function: Cycloid, polar coordinates, sine and cosine, conversion of polar

coordinates into rectangular coordinates, trigonometric relations, polar graphs, trigonometric polynomials.

4. Exponential and logarithmic functions: Geometric sequence and mean, arithmatic sequence and mean, exponential function y=aqx , logarithmic function, scaling, Weber’s law, spirals- spiral of Archimedes and logarithmic spiral, helix.

5. Graphical methods: Linear and non-linear scales, semilogarithmic and double logarithmic plots, triangular charts, pictorial views.

6. Probability: Events, concept of probability, conditional probabilities, multiplication rule, permutations and combinations, random variable, binomial, Poisson, continuous, uniform, normal and chisquare distributions.

7. Limits: Limits of sequences, constant and continuous and discontinuous functions, Fibonacci sequence.

8. Differentiation and Integration: Growth rates, instantaneous rate of change, differentiation of some important functions, product rule and quotient rule of differentiation, chain rule of differentiation.

9. Integration: Integrals, definite integral, rules of integration, second derivative, extremes of a function, mean of a continuous function.

10. Exponential and logarithmic functions: d/dx(ex), d/dx(ln x), integral of 1/x, properties of ln x, inverse functions of ln x, logarithms, ax = exlna , introduction to hyperbolic functions.

11. Ordinary differential equations: y’=ay, y’=ay+b, y’=ay2 + by+c, dy/dx=k.y/x, system of linear differential equations.

12. Fractal dimension: Measurement by divider method, applications in biology.

References: 1. Batschelet, E. (1971). Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientists. Springer-Verlag,

Berlin. 2. Krebs, C.J. (1989). Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, New York, USA. 3. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 4. Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Chapman & Hall,

London. 5. Pielou, E.C. (1984). The Interpretation of Ecological Data. Wiley, New York.

6. Poole, R.W. (1974). An Introduction to Quantitative Ecology. McGraw Hill Book Co., New

York. 7. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco.



5

BSL402 - Computer Applications and Bioinformatics Credits 3-0-0

1. Number systems: Binary, octal, hexadecimal and decimal numbers, conversion from one system to another, 1’s and 2’s complements, binary addition and subtraction, gates, half adder, full adder.

2. Computer organization: Components of digital computers, hardware and software, programming languages, compiler & interpreters.

3. Overview of bioinformatics: Introduction, bioinformatics and the internet, useful bioinformatics sites on the WWW.

4. Introduction to PERL: Scalar variables, strings and numbers, Assignment statements, Arrays, Hashes, Operators, Input from file, Standard Input, Conditional and logical operators, loops, I/O, Input from file named in command line, Regular expression, Pattern matching, Meta symbols, Pattern modifiers, Subroutines.

5. Applications of PERL in bioinformatics: Storing DNA sequence, DNA to RNA transcription, Finding motifs, Counting nucleotides, Generating random numbers, simulating DNA mutation, generating random DNA, Analyzing DNA.

6. Biological databases: Introduction, classification of databases on the basis of type of molecule, nucleic acid, protein sequence and structure databases, classification of databases on the basis of source and type of information.

7. Data mining methods for sequence analysis: Data retrieval with Entrez and DBGET/ Link DB and SRS (Sequence retrieval system).

8. Analysis of data: sequence similarity search, amino acid substitution matrices, web-based tools for sequence searches (FASTA and BLAST), motif analysis.

9. Sequence alignment: Multiple sequence alignment and family relationships, phylogenetics. 10. Structural bioinformatics: Obtaining, viewing and analyzing structural data, structural

alignment, classification of known three dimensional structure : CATH and SCOP, structure prediction by comparative modeling.

11. Applications of Bioinformatics. References:

1. Malvino, A.P., and Leach, Donald P. (1996). Digital Principles and Applications. Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

2. Sinha, P.K. (1998). Computer Fundamentals. BPB Publications, New Delhi.

3. Tisdall, J. (2001). Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics. O’ Rilley.

4. Foy, B.D. Phoenix, T and Schwartz, R. L. (2005). Learning Perl, 4th Edition. O’ Rilley.

5. Westhead, D.R., Parish , J.H. (2003). Instant Notes : Bioinformatics. Viva Books Private

Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Sensen, C.W. (Ed.) (2002). Essentials of Genomics and Bioinformatics Wiley-VCH, Verlag

GmbH Winheim.

7. Mount, D.W. (2001). Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis. Cold spring Leubn

Laboratory Press, NewYork.



6

8. Baxevains, A.D. and Ouellete, B.F.F. (2001). Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the

Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.

9. Misenere, S. and Krawetz, S.A. (2001). Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols. Humana

Press, Totowa, New Jersey.

10. Rastogi, S.C., Mendiratta, N. and Rastogi, P. (2004). Bioinformatics - Methods and

Application. Genomics, Proteomics and Drug Discovery. Prentice - Hall of India Pvt Ltd.

New Delhi.



7

ESL403 – Environmental Chemistry Credits 3-0-0

1. Fundamentals of environmental chemistry: Stoichiometry, Gibbs' energy, Chemical

potential, chemical equilibria, acid base reactions, solubility product, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, radionuclides.

2. Physical processes of pollutant transport and dispersion: Transport media, transport of pollutants in air, some important types of reactions which pollutants undergo in the atmosphere.

3. Dispersion of pollutants in water: physical transport in surface water, dispersion of pollutants in ground water, biochemical processes in water involving microorganisms.

4. Dispersion of pollutants in soil: Adsorption and decomposition of organic pollutants in soil, fate of soil pollutants. Sorptive properties of soil: Colloids, cation exchange capacity, anion retention, absorption of organics. Detrimental effects of soil pollution and soil erosion. Siltation of lakes, methods to minimize soil pollution, soil pollution monitoring.

5. Major types of water pollutants: Oxygen demanding wastes, disease causing agents, synthetic organic compounds, plant nutrients, inorganic chemicals and minerals, sediments, oil. impact of water pollution on environment, radioactive and thermal pollution.

6. Monitoring and Analysis of water/wastewater parameters: Turbidity, colour, pH, acidity, hardness, residual chlorine and chlorine demand, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, solids, iron and manganese, fluoride, sulphate, phosphorus and phosphate, oil and grease, volatile acids, gas analysis, trace contaminants, biological examination of water.

7. Soil chemistry: Inorganic and organic components of soil, Nitrogen pathways and NPK in soils.Physico-chemical, bacteriological sampling and analysis of soil quality. Soil pollution control. Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components. Soil micro-organisms and their functions, degradation of different insecticides, fungicides and weedicides in soil. Different kinds of synthetic fertilizers (NP & K) and their interactions with different components of soil. Rocks, weathering, processes of soil formation and soil classification.

8. Environmental geochemistry: Concept of major, trace and REE. Classification of trace elements, Mobility of trace elements, Geochemical cycles. Biogeochemical factors in environmental health. Human use of trace elements and health. Possible effects of imbalance of some trace elements. Diseases induced by human use of lead.

References:

1. Alloway, B. J., Ayres, D.C. (1997) Chemical Principles of Environmental Pollution. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.

2. Hemond, H.F. and Fechner, E. (1994). Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment. Academic Press, San Diego.

3. Karikalan, V.L. (2002) Environmental Engineering. Dhanpati Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., Delhi. 4. Manahan, S.E. (1991) Environmental Chemistry. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan. 5. O’ Neill, P. (1993) Environmental Chemistry. Chapman and Hall, London. 6. Peavy, A.S., Rowe, D.R., Tchobanoglous, G. (1985). Environmental Engineering.

McGraw Hill, Singapore.



8

7. Rao, C.S. (1991). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.

8. Richardson, M.L. (ed.)(1991). Chemistry, Agriculture and the Environment. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

9. Rowell, D.L. (1994) Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Harlow. 10. Sawyer, C.N., Mc Carty, P.L. and Parkin, G.F. (1994). Chemistry for Environmental

Engineering. McGraw Hill Inc., New York . 11. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M. and Imboden, D.M. (1993) Environmental

Organic Chemistry, Wiley Interscience, New York. 12. Sharma, B.K. and Kaur H.(1998) Environmental Chemistry. Goel Publishing House,

Meerut. 13. Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L. (1979). Waste water engineering: Treatment,

Disposal, and Reuse. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 14. Wild, A. (1993). Soils and the Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.



9

ESL404 - Air Pollution Credits 3-0-0

1. Chemical composition of air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation, Particles, ions and

radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic

particulate matter. Thermo-chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Oxygen

and ozone chemistry, chemistry of air pollutants, Photochemical smog.

2. Natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution. Primary and Secondary pollutants, Transport

and diffusion of pollutants. Gas law governing the behaviour of pollutants in the atmosphere.

Methods of monitoring and control of air pollution SO2, NOx, CO, SPM. Effect of pollutants on

human beings, plants, animals, materials and on climate. Acid rain, Air Quality standards.

3. First and second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes. Scale of meteorology,

pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. Atmospheric stability,

inversion, and mixing height, wind rose.

4. Effect of lapse rate on plume behaviour. Maximum mixing depth, Gaussian dispersion model,

Effective stack height.

5. Control devices for particulate matter: Principle and design of gravitational settler, centrifugal

collector, wet collector, fabric filters and electrostatic precipitator. Control of gaseous

contaminants through adsorption, absorption, condensation and combustion including catalytic

combustion.

6. Stack sampling (with special emphasis on isokinetic sampling) and analysis of temperature,

flow velocity, composition.

7. Global environmental problems: ozone depletion, global warming and climate change. Green

belt design. Control of air pollution by process change. Management strategies for air pollution

abatement. Vehicular pollution and urban air quality.



10

References:

1. Lodge, J. P. (1995). Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, Intersociety committee, AWMA,

ACS, AIChE, APWA, ASME, AOAC, HPS, ISA, Lewis Publication, New York.

2. Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, GOI, New Delhi, May 2000.

3. Nevers, N. D. (1995). Air Pollution Control Engineering. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,

New York.

4. Peavy, H. S., Rowe, D. R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1985). Environmental Engineering.

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.

5. Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications Issued Thereunder (2001) Pollution Control

Law Series, PCLS/02/1002, 4th Edition, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.

6. Rao, M. N. & Rao, H. V. N. (1989). Air Pollution. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

7. Stern, A. C. & Boubel, A. (2000). Fundamentals of Air Pollution 3/e, Academic Press, New

York.

8. Stern, A. C. (1968). Air Pollution, Academic Press, New York. (8 volumes).

9. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. And Eliassen, R. (1977). Solid Waste: Engineering Principles

and Management issues, Mc-Graww Hill, New York.

10. Wang, L. K., Hung, Y-T., Lo, H. H. & Yapijakis, C. (Ed.) (2007). Hazardous Industrial Waste

Treatment, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.

11. Warner, C. F., Wayne T. D. and Wark, K. Jr. (1998). Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control. Dur

Donnelly Publication, New York.



11

ESL405 - Atmosphere and Hydrosphere Credits 3-0-0

1. The earth systems and biosphere : Conservation of matter in various geospheres- lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, Energy budget of Earth, Earth’s thermal environment and seasons.

2. Seasons and time: Foucault pendulum, rotation and revolt earth, perihelion and aphelion, solstice and equinox, sun’s declination, local and standard time, daylight saving time, time zones, international date line.

3. Atmosphere and oceans: Composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and temperature, ozone layer, magnetic atmosphere. Ecosystems flow of energy and matter. Coexistence in communities-food webs, Earth’s major ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic, General relationship between landscape, biomes and climate, world ocean, Oceans as new areas for exploration of mineral resources, Ocean ore and recycling of resources, Environmental impact of exploitation, processing and smelting of minerals.

4. Water resources and environment: Global water balance, Ice sheets and fluctuations as sea levels. Origin and composition of sea water, hydrological cycle, Factors influencing the surface water, Types of water, Resources of oceans, Ocean pollution by toxic wastes, Human use of surface and ground waters, ground water and its pollution

5. Runoff and streams: Ground water, drawdown and cone of depression, salt water intrusion, Overload flow interflow, drainage system, stream channel geometry (flow, discharge, gauging), base flow, floods, hydrologic effects of urbanization, lakes and ponds.

6. Radiation balance: Electromagnetic radiation, solar constant, energy spectrum of sun and earth, Stefan – Boltzmann law, isolation, world latitude zones, insolation losses, radiation balance, albedo, man’s impact on radiation balance, daily cycles of insolation, net radiation and air temperature, temperature inversion, land and water temperature contrasts, global climate changes.

7. Global circulation: Winds, pressure gradient force, sea and breezes, anemometer, Coriolis effect, cyclones and anticyclones, surface pressure systems, monsoon, local winds, geostrophic wind, meridional winds, Hadley cell circulation, Westerlies, Rossby winds, jet stream, ocean currents.

8. Atmospheric water: Water states and heat, humidity, adiabetic process, cloud particles and forms, fog, precipitation, and stable air, thunderstorms, hail and lightening, Orographic precipitation, global balances of energy and water, convective storm, low and upper level inversions, Pollution dome and acid deposition.

9. Air masses and cyclones: Climates of India, Indian monsoon, El Nino, Droughts, Tropical cyclones, air masses and warm fronts, tornadoes, Western disturbances.

10. World climates: Net radiation, air temperature, precipitation, air masses and frontal zones as bases of climate classification, climate types, koppen system of climate classification.

11. Cartography: Maridians and parallels, longitude and latitude scales, map projections – zenithal, conic, cylindric, stereographic, secant conic, Mercator, homolographic, Sinusoidal, homolosice, universal transverse Mercator, multipurpose and thematics, planimetric and flow maps, importance of third dimension on maps.



12

References:

1. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.N. (1992). Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons,

Inc., New York.

2. Dlij, H.J. and Muller, P.O. (1996). Physical Geography of the Global Environment. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

3. Skinner, B.J. and Porter, S.C. (1987). Physical Geology John Wiley & Sons, New York.

4. Donn, W.L. (1972). The Earth, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.



13

ESL406 - Environmental Laws and Impact Assessment Credits 3-0-0

1. Meaning, definition and historical development of Environment Law, environment and constitution of India, environmental legislative machinery, fundamental rights, directive principles of State policy and fundamental duties.

Judgements: Bandua Mukti Morcha V. Union of India AIR 1984 SC802. Ratlam Municipality V. Vardhichand AIR 1980 SC1622.

2. Environment Protection Act, 1986 and Environment Protection and Rules with latest amendments

3. The Factories Act, 1948 (Chapter III and IV – A). Judgements: Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun V. State of U.P. AIR 1988 SC 2187. Ram Rattan V. Munna Lal AIR Pb. 217.

4. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Rules with latest amendments 5. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.

Judgements: M/s. Delhi Bottling Co. Pvt. Ltd. V. Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution AIR 1986. M.C. Mehta, V. Union of India AIR 1988 SC 1037.

6. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules with latest amendments. 7. Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. 8. Indian Boiler’s Act, 1923.

Judgements: Chaitanay Pulverising Industries V. Karnatka State Pollution Control Board AIR 1987 Kart. 82. M.G. Mehta, V. Union of India AIR 1987 SC 965.

9. Forest Conservation Act 1980, Indian Forest Act (Revised 1982) with latest amendments. 10. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 with latest amendments. 11. Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976.

Judgements: The Goa Foundation V. Konkan Railway Construction Corp. AIR. Banwasi Sena Ashram V. State of U.P. AIR 1987 SC 374.

12. Suggested Readings: 1. Paras Diwan Environmental Administration. 2. Peevashi Diwan Law and Judicial Attitude. 3. Gurdip Singh Environmental Law. 4. Chetan Singh Mehta Environmental Protection. 5. Satish Shastri Pollution and the Environment Law.

13. Introduction to Environmental Impact Analysis: Environmental impact statement and Environmental management plan, EIA guidelines 1994, Notification of Government of India, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool in environmental management, need for EIA, scope of EIA.



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14. Details of EIA process: Goal identification, Survey of current and future resource needs, Identification and prediction of environmental effects and benefits, Alternatives, Evaluation of environmental effects, cost benefit analysis, risk benefit analysis, Record of decisions taken, Creation of Environmental impact statement.

15. Impact assessment methodologies: Generalized approach to impact analysis, Procedure for reviewing Environmental impact analysis and statement, guidelines for Environmental audit.

16. Introduction to environmental planning: Baseline information and predictions (Land, water, atmosphere, energy etc.), Restoration and rehabilitation technologies.

17. Landuse policy for India: Urban planning for India, rural planning and landuse pattern, Concept and strategies of sustainable development, Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development.

18. EIA for various projects: Impacts of thermal power plants, hydro–electric projects, mining and metallurgical industry, urbanisation, slums and agriculture on the state of India’s Environment.

References:

1. Canter, L. W. (1996). Environmental Impact Assessmen. McGraw Hill, New York. 2. Jain, R.K., Urban L.V. and Stacey, G.S. (1981). Environmental Impact Analysis: A New

Dimension in Decision Making. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 3. Kreske, D.L. (1996). Environmental Impact Statemement: A practical guide for agencies,

citizens and consultants. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.. 4. Kulkarni, V.S., Kaul, S.N. and Trivedi, R.K. (2002). A Handbook of Environmental Impact

Assessment. Scientific Publishers, India. 5. Singh, P.P. and Sharma, S. (2004). Environment and Pollution Education. Deep and Deep

Publication pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 6. Smith, K. (1996). Environmental Hazards. Routledge, London.

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-II)


15

BSL451 - Statistical Techniques Credits 3-0-0

Basic principles of statistical techniques with numericals for analysis of ecological data.

1. Statistical methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; sampling distribution;

difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; confidence interval; errors; levels of significance; basic introduction to Multivariate statistics, etc.

2. Central tendency: Arithmatic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median, mode. 3. Dispersion: Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation,

standard error, coefficient of variation, Lorenz curve. 4. Skewness, moments and kurtosis: Measures of skewness, moments about mean, measures

of kurtosis. 5. Probability: Events, concept of probability, conditional probabilities, multiplication rule,

permutations and combinations. 6. Probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions 7. Normal distribution: Mathematical equation for normal curve, confidence limits,

hypothesis testing, null hypothesis, comparing the mean of a sample with a known standard, comparing the means of two samples, Student's t-test.

8. Binomial distribution: Comparison of percentage with a known standard, comparison of two percentages.

9. Poisson distribution: Comparing two Poisson distributions. 10. Chi square distribution: Goodness of fit. 11. Regression and correlation: Computation of correlation coefficient and regression

equation. 12. Partial correlation and multiple regression: Partial correlation, multiple regression with

two independent variables, multiple regression with three independent variables. 13. Elements of path and principal component analysis. 14. Analysis of variance: F-test, one way and two way analysis of variance, multivariate

statistics 15. Non-parametric and distribution –free tests: Wilcoxon’s signed rank sum test for single

sample Wilcoxon’s signed rank sum test for two samples, Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient.

16. Time series analysis: Seasonal, cyclic and irregular variations, trend analysis, Index numbers and their classification.

References:

1. Bailey, N.T.J. (1995). Statistical Methods in Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

2. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 3. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco.



16

BSL452 – Computer Programming in Botany and Ecology Credits 3-0-0

1. Network: Introduction, objectives, applications, types of network, components of network,

elementary idea of OSI model, network topologies; star, ring, bus, hybrid, tree. 2. Internet: development, management, services available, various applications of Internet

Programming in C

3. Introduction to C language: About C language, evolution of C, structure of a C program, compiling a C program, character set, keywords, Operators: arithmetic operators, unary operators, relational and logical operators, hierarchy of operators, expressions Data types: basic data types, constants and variables in C, type declaration, local and global variables, constraints in C.

4. Input/Output functions: Input function, output functions, formatted I/O, character I/O and string I/O functions.

5. Control statements: Why control statements, if statement, if-else statement, for statement, while statement, do-while statement, break and continue statements, switch statement, goto statement, ternary operators.

6. Arrays & String: Introduction to arrays, advantages of arrays, types of arrays, one, two and three dimensional arrays, array declaration, array initialization, accessing data from array, character arrays, string variables, reading & writing strings, string handling functions, array of strings.

7. Functions: Introduction to functions, library functions vs user-defined functions, advantages of functions, declaring a function, calling a function, passing arguments to a function, passing array to functions, recursion in functions, call by value and call by reference.

8. Pointers: Introduction to pointers, pointer variables, declaring pointer variables, assessing values via pointers, pointer to string, passing arguments using pointers.

References:

1. Crumlish, C. (1996). The ABC’s of the Internet. BPB Publications, New Delhi. 2. Tanen, Baun A.S. (1977). Computer Networks. Prentice Hall of India, Delhi. 3. Salaria, R.S. (1998). Application Programming in C. Khanna Publications, Delhi. 4. Kanetkar, Y. (2004). Let Us C - Fifth Edition. BPB Publications, New Delhi. 5. Balagurusamy, E. (1992). Programming in ANSI C. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi



17

BSL453 - Instrumental Methods of Analysis Credits 3-0-0

1. Principles of Analytical Methods: Titrometry, Gravimetry, Colorimetry,

Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Flame Photometry 2. Histochemical and immunotechniques: Antibody generation, detection of molecules using

ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.

3. Biophysical methods: Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, UV, ORD/CD, Visible, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy, structure determination using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction and NMR; analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods, GC - MS/LC - MS Hydrodynamic methods; Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy.

4. Principles and techniques of nucleic acid: hybridisation and Cot curves; Sequencing of proteins and nucleic acids; Southern, Northern and South Western blotting techniques; Polymerase chain reaction.

5. Principles and applications of Gel-filteration: Ion exchange and Affinity chromatography; Thin layer gas chromatography; GLC, HPLC; Electrophoresis and electrofocussing; Ultracentrifugation.

6. Radiolabeling techniques: Properties of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, their detection and measurement; incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.

7. Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT.

References:

1. Wilson K. and Walker J. (Eds.) (1995). Practical Biochemistry : Principles and Techniques, Cambridge University Press, U.K.

2. Riley, T. and Tomilson, C. (1987). Principles of Electroanalytical Methods. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , Chichester, England.

3. Sheehan, D. (2000). Physical Biochemistry : Principles and Applications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , Chichester, England.

4. Pungor, E. (1995). A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis. CRC Press LCC, U.S.A



18

ESL454 - Environmental Engineering Credits 3-0-0

1. Water chemistry: Chemistry of water, concept of DO, BOD, COD, sedimentation coagulation,

filtration, Redox potential

2. BOD test procedure, determination of BOD5 and modelling of BOD5. Calculation BOD

constants using Least square and Fujimoto methods. Interrelationship between BOD, COD and

TOC.

3. Box model, point source stream pollution, Dissolved oxygen model (oxygen sag curve). Basic

design of Screening, sedimentation, Filtration, Softening. Break point chlorination.

4. Physico-chemical and bacteriological sampling including MPN test and analysis of water

quality. Standards for water quality and wastewater discharge.

5. Methods of sampling: Grab, Composite and integrated. Sample volumes, Selection of sampling

points. Tests performed in the laboratory for raw sewage, primary sedimentation tank, aeration

tank, secondary settling tank, sludge digester and stabilization ponds.

6. Flow measurements: Notches and Weirs, Flumes, Venturi meters, Drops, Current meter. Flow

Equalization

7. Treatment plant operation and maintenance for screens, grit chamber, sedimentation tank,

aeration tank, trickling filters, sludge digestion tanks, sludge drying beds and stabilization

ponds.

8. Chemical precipitation for the removal of Heavy metals and dissolved inorganic substances.

Adsorption (Freundich & Langmuir isotherm).

9. Advanced Oxidation Process, Multiple Effect Evaporator, Flow sheets of wastewater treatment

plant.

References:

1. Benefield, L. D., Jedkins, J. F. Jr. and Weand, B. L. (1985). Process chemistry for water and

wastewater Treatment. Prentice Hall Inc., New York.

2. Cornwell, D. A. and Davis, M. (1999). Introduction to Environmental Engineering. McGraw-

Hill, New York.

3. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1989). Industrial Water Pollution Control. McGraw-Hill Book

Company, New York.



19

4. Elangovan, R. and Saseetharan, M. K. (1995). Unit operations in Environmental Engineering.

New Age International, New Delhi.

5. Fair, G. M., Geyer, J. C. and Okun, K. (1979). Water and wastewater Engineering. vol. 2, John

Wiley, New York.

6. Garg, S. K. (2003) Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.

7. Khandpur, R.S. (1989). Handbook of Analytical Instruments, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

8. Manual of Water Supply and Treatment. (1999). Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.

9. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. (1993). Central Public Health and Environmental


10. McGhee, T. J. (1991). Water Supply and Sewerage. McGraw-Hill, New York.

11. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2002).

Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4/e. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

12. Modi, P. N. (2003). Water Supply Engineering and Wastewater Engineering, Volume I & II,

Standard Book House, Delhi.

13. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S. and Kreig, N. R. (1993). Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill, New

Delhi.

14. Punmia, B. C. and Jain, A. (1998) Wastewater Engineering, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd., New

Delhi.

15. Raju, B. N. S. (1995) Water Supply and Wastewater Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill Company

Ltd, New Delhi.



20

ESL455 - Environmental Geology Credits 3-0-0

1. Earth’s crust: Composition, rocks and minerals, magmas, igneous rocks, weathering, clastic and non clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks.

2. Earth's processes and geological hazards: Earth's processes; concepts of residence, time and rates of natural cycles. Catastrophic geological hazards. Prediction and perception of the hazards and adjustments to hazardous activities.

3. Lithosphere and plate tectonics: Earth’s interior and crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere, continents and ocean basins, earth’s relief features, geologic time scale, second order relief features of continents, alpine chains, continental shields and mountain roots, second order relief features of ocean basins, plate tectonics, boundaries and geography, subduction tectonics and volcanic arcs, oregeny, Cordilleran type and Eurasian type orgens, Continental drift, tectonic system, earth’s internal energy system.

4. Volcanic and tectonic landforms: Initial and sequential land forms igneous rock bodies, composite volcanoes, calderas, flood basalts and shield volcanoes, cinder cones, volcanic activity and land forms, geothermal energy sources, landforms of tectonic activity, foreland fold belts, faults, rift valley landforms, earthquakes, Seismic sea waves.

5. Landforms of weathering and mass wasting: Wasting of slopes, geometry of rock breakup, effects of physical and chemical weathering, lime stone caverns, karst landscapes, mass wasting, arctic tundra.

6. Landforms made by running water: Fluvial processes and landform normal and accelerated slope erosion, infiltration capacity, land use and sediment yield, accelerated soil erosion, stream erosion and transport, suspended sediment load of large rivers, gradial stream gorges and water falls, aggradation and alluvial traces, landforms of flood plains, flood abatement.

7. Denudation: Available land mass, tectonic uplift, landmass rejuvination, desert climate process system, hill slope evolution, svanna.

8. Landforms and rock structure: Dip and strike, interior shield covers, ground water in sedimentary strata, coastal plains, deformed strata, sedimentary domes, black hills dome, syncline anticline, plunging folds, fault scrap, fault trap, exposed batholiths, erosional landforms of volcanoes.

9. Landforms made by waves and currents: Water waves, waves in deep water, shoaling waves and breakers, marine erosion, beaches, beach profile, littoral drift, wave refraction, tidal currents and tidal power coastlines.

10. Landforms made by wind: Glaciers, alpine glaciers, glacial erosion, landforms made by glaciers, glacial throughs and fibre ice sheets, sea ice, iceberg and ice islands, ice age, erosion and depositor by ice sheets late cerozoic ice age, alpine and periglacial ice age environments, causes of ice ages, glaciation and interglaciations ice age changes of sea level, Holocene, climate cycles.

11. Soil forming processes: Concepts of pedon and polypedon, soil colour, texture, consistence, structure, soil horizons, soil solution, ions, colloids and cation exchange, acidity and alkalinity temperature and water regimes biological processes, pedogeny.



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12. World soils: Comprehensive soil classification system, diagnostic horizons, salient features of Marbut system of soil classification, characteristics of different soils.

13. Biogeography: Water requirements of plants, temperature and other climatic factors, biomes, geomorphic and edaphic factors, succession, major biomes.

References:

1. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, Arthur, N. (1992). Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

2. De Dlij, H.J. and Muller, P.O. (1996). Physical Geography of the Global Environment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

3. Skinner, B. J. and Porter, S. C. (1987). Physical Geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

4. Donn, W.L. (1972). The Earth. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.



22

ESL456 - Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Management

Credits 3-0-0

1. Concepts of Sanitary Engineering: History and importance, Layout of sanitary engineering, relationship between water supply engineering and sanitary engineering, sanitary works, Principles of sanitation, Necessity of collection and disposal of waste, sewage disposal, layout of sewage disposal system, waste and its types.

2. Quantity of sewage: Classification of sewage, sanitary sewage or dry weather flow (D.W.F), Sources of dry weather flow, Factors effecting dry weather flow, Determination of dry weather flow, Storm sewage, necessity of storm sewers, factors affecting storm sewage, determination, time of concentration, design of sewers, flow diagrams, partial flow diagrams, Use of nomogram based on Hazen-William formula, design of distribution systems.

3. Sewerage system: Methods of collection as sanitation, dry or conservancy method, water carriage method, sewerage system, sewers and their types sewer joints, Spigot and socket point, collar joints, mechanical joint, bandage joints, flush joints, manholes, drop holes, lamp holes, filled and poured type joints.

4. Building drainage: Principle of house/building drainage, plumbing system, sanitary fitting and fixtures, wash basin, kitchen sinks, bath tubs, drinking fountains, traps and types.

5. Maintenance of sewage system: Maintenance and purpose of inspection, causes of damage to sewer, problems in sewer maintenance, breaking and clogging of sewers, hazards and preventions, precautions during cleaning and maintenance of sewers, safety equipments.

6. Sewage treatment: Quality of sewage, physical, chemical and biological examination of sewage, composition of sewage, exothermal, endothermal and biochemical reactions, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment methods, (sedimentation process, sedimentation with coagulation, filteration, trickling filters: low rate and high rate, activated sludge process, aeration of sewage, drying and disposal, oxidation ponds).

7. Sewage disposal: Methods of sewage disposal, sewage disposal by dilution, land treatment methods, sewage farming, sewage sickness, sewage pumping and air ejectors.

References:

1. Sharma, J.L. (2000). Public health Engineering, Satya Prakashan, New Delhi. 2. Gupta, N.L. (1994). Urban Water Supply, Rawat Publications, New Delhi. 3. Bijlani, H.U. and Rao, P.S.N. (1990). Water supply and sanitation in India. Oxford and

IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Shah, C.S. (1998). Water supply and Sanitation. Golgotia Publishing Company, New

Delhi.

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-III)


23

ESL501 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Credits 3-0-0

1. Characteristics of wastewater: Classification of organic impurities of wastewater. Types of

Biological processes for wastewater treatment: Suspended and Attached growth processes. 2. Oxygen transfer: Oxygen transfer coefficient, Oxygen transfer in clean water and wastewater,

Effect of temperature on oxygen transfer, Alpha and Beta correction factor, Application of correction factors.

3. Aeration system: Diffused air systems, Mechanical aerators, High purity oxygen system.

Energy requirements for mixing in aeration systems. 4. Activated sludge process: Mathematical modelling, Kinetic relationships and formulation of

continuous biological reactor. Biokinetic parameters for aerobic biological reactors: Y, Y, kd, a and b. Basic concepts of HRT, SRT, F/M, MLSS and, recycling ratio.

5. Material balance for determination of oxygen utilization and net yield of biomass and recycle

ratio. Concepts of mean solids residence time and sludge age. Relationship between recycle ratio r and sludge age ( c).

6. Michaelis-Menten relationship: Derivation, Corollaries, Relationship in terms of specific

growth rate. Comparison of Plug Flow reactor and Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CFSTR).

7. Trickling filters: Basic design considerations (NRC and First order). Rotating Biological

Contactor: Basic design parameters and operation. 8. Anaerobic treatment of wastewater: Advantages, Disadvantages, General design

considerations for wastewater characteristics, solid retention time, expected methane production. Conversion process in anaerobic systems: Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Methanogenesis.

9. Design of anaerobic suspended growth process. Design of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Reactor: Design consideration, Start up, Operational problems. Attached growth anaerobic processes. Fermentation Technology.



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References:

1. Benefield, L. D. and Randoll (1988). Biological Treatment Processes, Prentice Hall Inc., New York.

2. Benefield, L. D., Jedkins, J. F. Jr. and Weand, B. L. (1990). Process chemistry for water and

wastewater treatment. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.

3. Eckenfelder, W. W. and O’Conner, D. J. (1980). Biological Waste Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

4. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1961). Biological Waste Treatment. Pergamon Press, New York


Company, New York.

6. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1997). Developing Industrial Water Pollution Control Programs: A Primer. CRC Press. New York.

7. Haandel, A. C. and Lettinga, G. (1994) Anaerobic Sewage Treatment, John Wiley and

Sons, Chichester.

8. Malina, J. F. Jr. and Pohland, F. G. (1992) Design of anaerobic processes for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastes, Technomic Publishing Co. Inc., Lancaster.

9. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. (1993). Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.

10. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2002). Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4/e. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

11. Ramalho, R. S. (1983). Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Processes. Academic Press

Inc., San Diego.

12. Schroeder, E. D. (1977). Water and Wastewater Treatment. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.



25

ESL502 - Software System Analysis in Ecology

Credits 3-0-0

Bio Markup Languages

1. Introduction to HTML: About Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), commonly used HTML commands: the structure of an HTML program, document head, document body, titles and footers; text formatting: paragraph breaks, line breaks, emphasizing material in a web page: heading styles, drawing lines, text styles: bold, italics, underline, centering text, images, indenting text, changing the background color of a text.

2. Lists & graphics: Types of lists: unordered list, ordered lists, definition lists. Adding graphics

to HTML documents: border attribute, width and height attribute, align attribute, alt attribute. 3. Tables: Introduction: header, data rows, the caption tag, using the width and border attribute,

using the cellpadding, cellspacing, bgcolor, colspan and rowspan attributes. 4. Linking documents & frames: Links: external document references, internal document

references, images as hyperlinks. Frames: introduction to frames, the <FRAMESET> tag, the <FRAME> tag, targeting named frames.

5. Introduction to eXtensible Markup Language (XML), Chemical Markup Language (CML) and

Bioinformation Sequence Markup Language (BSML).

Numerical Methods

6. Pitfalls in computing in computers, approximations and errors in computation, accuracy of numbers. Types of errors: inherent errors, rounding errors, truncation errors, absolute, relative and percentage errors.

7. Roots of equation: Bisection method, Newton method. 8. Solution of system of linear equations: Gauss elimination, Gauss-Seidel method. 9. Interpolation: Lagrange’s method, inverse interpolation using Lagrange’s method. 10. Integration: Trapezoidal method, Simpson’s one-third method, Simpson’s three-eight method. 11. Solution of differential equations: Runge-Kutta forth order method.



26

System Analysis & Design

12. System concept: Introduction, definition of system, characteristics of a system, elements of system, types of system

13. System development life cycle: Problem analysis, project selection, feasibility study, analysis,

design, implementation, testing, post-implementation and maintenance, considerations for candidate systems.

14. System analysis: System planning, bases for planning, initial investigation, problem definition

and project initiation, background analysis, fact-finding, fact analysis, determination of feasibility., information gathering, information about the firm, work flow and user staff, information gathering tools.

15. Tools of structured analysis: Introduction, data flow diagram (DFD), data dictionary, decision

tree and structured English, decision tables, pros and cons ofeach tool. 16. Feasibility study: Introduction, identification of specific system objectives, description of

outputs, steps in feasibility analysis, feasibility report. 17. System design: Introduction, process of design, logical and physical design, design

methodologies 18. System testing and quality assurance: Introduction, need of system testing, nature of test data,

test plan, activity network for system testing, quality assurance goals in the systems life cycle, levels of quality assurance.

19. Implementation and software maintenance: Introduction, conversion, activity network for

conversion, post-implementation review and review plans, software maintenance, primary activity of a maintenance procedure.

References:

1. Awad. E.M. (2000). System Analysis & Design. Galgotia Publications, New Delhi. 2. Grewal, B.S. (2001). Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science. Khanna Publishers,

Delhi. 3. Salaria R.S. (1996). A Computer Oriented Numerical Method. BPB Publications, Delhi. 4. Darnell, R. (2004). HTML 4 Unleashed Edition. Techmedia, New Delhi 5. Sybex (2005). XML Complete. BPB Publications, New Delhi



27

ESL503 - Environmental Biotechnology

Credits 3-0-0

1. Waste water treatment with aquatic macrophytes: Introduction, Concepts of aquatic macrophyte - based waste water treatment systems, economics, Thin film techniques for waste water treatment using aquatic plants.

2. Anaerobic digestion: Process and low rate digesters, high rate digesters, anaerobic

digestion of high-solid wastes.

3. Solid waste management with vermicomposting: Resource recovery or reclamation, organic waste processing, composting, anaerobic digestion, vermiculture and vermicomposting, essential precautionary steps in vermicomposting, vermiculturing and protein production, vermiwash, overall benefits, economics and marketing. Fermentation.

4. Bioremediation: Types of bioremediation, use of fungi, algae and bacteria in biosorption,

cautions for using bioremediations, biodegradation of oilspills, TNT wastes, dye stuff wastes, pesticides and xenobiotics.

5. Polymers and plastic degradation: Introduction, polymer synthesis, polymer degradation,

photochemical degradation, biodegradation of naturally occurring polymeric substances, disposable synthetic polymers, polymer recycling, carry bags – a menace, role of microorganisms in degradation of polymers and plastic.

6. Biofertilizer: Bacteria, bacterization, mass cultivation of microbial inoculants, green

manuring, the blue green algae,algalization,Azolla, present status and improvements.

7. Biological nitrogen fixation:The range of nitrogen fixing organisms, biochemistry of nitrogenase, genetics of nitrogen fixation, regulation of nif gene expression, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, genetic analysis of Rhizobium bacteria, regulation of nod gene expression, transfer of nif genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae to other organisms,application and future prospects.

8. Biomass production technology: Introduction, plant biomass, sources of biomass, forest

biomass, crop residues (cereals, leguminous crops, sugar cane etc.) aquatic biomass, wastes as a source of energy, composition of plant biomass (cellulose,hemicellulose and lignins), biomass conversion, biological and non- biological processes, useful products biomass (ethyl alcohol, methanol,methane ), Application and future prospects.

9. Food from microorganisms: Single cell proteins, advantages, type of microorganisms,

substrates, nutritional value, genetic improvement, algal, bacterial, actinomycetous, yeast and fungal biomass as a source of food, food additives, food colors, food flavors, sweetners.



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10. Tissue culture technology: Micropropagation, somatic hybridization, clonal propagation, production of genetically variable plants, production of useful biochemicals through tissue culture technology, preservation of plant gene transfer ( Nature’s Genetic Engineer), biotechnology, Resistance to drought and flooding, Importance of tissue culture technology in environmental metal ion toxicity, increased photosynthetic efficiency.

References:

1. Alexander, M.(1999). Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Acadamic Press, San Diego. 2. Abbasi, S.A., and Ramasami, E. (1999). Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control.

Universities Press, Hyderabad.

3. Manahan, S. E. (2000), Environmental Science and Technology, Lewis Publishers, New York.

4. Rittmann, D.E., McCarty, P.L. (2001). Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and

Applications. McGraw Hill, New York.



29

ESL504 - Environmental Microbiology Credits 3-0-0

1. Introduction to environmental microbiology: Sampling techniques, identification of

micro organism (aeroallergens), diseases caused by micro organism.

2. Industrial microbiology : The microbe : Primary and secondary metabolites, major industrial products: foods, flavouring agents and food supplement, vitamins and beverages; organic acids; enzymes and microbial transformation; inhibitors; genetically engineered microorganisms – Human insulin and human growth hormones and vaccines.

3. Microbiology of wastewater : Sewage (waster water) treatment : Ecological impact of raw

sewage on receiving water, public health impact of raw sewage discharge, primary waste water treatment, secondary treatment, microbial treatment problems, tertiary waste water treatment., Drinking water treatment total coliform bacteria analysis, Fecal coliform bacteria analysis.

4. Landfills and composting : Land fills, composting. Pesticides : alternatives to use of

persistant pesticides. 5. Bioremediation : Biodegradative organisms, advantages of bioremediations, problem

associated with bioremediation, methodology of bioremediation, land farming, the future of bioremediation. Acid mine drainage.

6. Aeromicrobiology: Important airborne plant, animal and human pathogens, important

airborne toxins, nature of bioaerosols aeromicrobiological pathways, sampling devices for the collection of bioaerosols, microbial survival in the air, extramural aeromicrobiology, intramural aeromicrobiology, bioqerosol control, microbial habitats in the aquatic environment.

7. Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical means: Fundamentals of control,

physical agents, high temperature, low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, surface tension and interfacial tension, filtration, characterisation of an ideal antimicrobial chemical agent, selection of a chemical agent for practical application, major groups of antimicrobial agents.

References:

1. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S., Krieg, N. R. (1993). Microbiology-Concepts and Applications. McGraw Hill Inc.

2. Tortora, G.J. Funke, B. R., Case, C. L. (2001). Microbiology-An introduction (7th ed.) Addison Wesley longman, Inc.

3. Taussig, M. J. (1984). Microbiology (2nd ed.) Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford London.



30

ESL505- Hazardous Chemicals

Credits 3-0-0 1. Toxic chemicals in the environment-air, water and soil: Pesticides, Biochemical aspects

of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, carbon Monoxide, O3, PAN, MIC and other carcinogens.

2. Sources and generation of solid wastes: Characterization, chemical composition and

classification. Different methods of disposal and management of solid wastes (hospital Wastes and Hazardous Wastes). Recycling of waste material. Waste minimization technologies, Marine pollution and control, Criteria employed for disposal of pollutants in marine system-coastal management, Radioactive and Thermal pollution.

3. Physical properties of hazardous chemicals: Vapour pressure, vapour density, solubility,

octanol/ water partition coefficient, odor

4. Combustible and explosive properties : Flashpoint and autoignition temperature of some chemicals, explosive properties.

5. Toxic chemicals: Aldehydes, Alkaloids, Amines, Azodyes, Chlorohydrins, Nitriles,

Cyanides, Organic isocyanates., Dioxins, Epoxy compounds, Esters, Haloethers, Halogenated hydrocarbons, Halogens, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Polynuclear aromatics.

6. Toxic gases: Arsine, Mustard Gas, Sarin, Soman, VX, Tabun, Phosgene.

7. Explosives: Nitroexplosives – Nitroglycerine, dynamite, Nitrocellulose, 2,4,6-

Trinitrotoluene, Picric acid.

8. Hazardous waste management: Hazardous Waste Handling Rules, 1989, Resource Management, Disaster Management and Risk Analysis

References:

1. Karm, W. and Sehwederski, B.C. (2001). Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic elements in Chemistry of Life. An Introduction and Guide. John Wiley and Sons. New York.

2. Patnaik, P. (1999). A comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances. Wiley, New York.

3. Shaw, I.C. and Chadwick, I. (1998). Principles of Environmental Toxicology. TJ International Ltd. Padstow, U.K.

4. Smith, A.G. (2004). Toxicology of organochlorine Insecticides. In: Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulations (Eds. T.C. Marrs and B. Ballantyne) John Weily and Sons Ltd. USA.



31

ESL506 - Ecological Modelling Credits 3-0-0

1. Exponential population growth: Differential and difference equations, finite rate of

increase, population doubling time, life tables, life expectancy, net reproduction rate, generation time, intrinsic rate of natural increase, stable age distribution.

2. Matrix model for population growth: Matrix operations, addition, subtraction,

multiplication, inversion, latent roots of a matrix, Leslies matrix model for population growth in unlimited environment, finite rate of increase with stable age distribution.

3. Logistic population growth: Differential, difference and matrix models for population

growth in limited environment.

4. Dispersal: Empirical models, random walk model.

5. Dispersion: Poisson and negative binomial distribution, random, regular and aggregate patterns, Morisita’s index of aggregation.

6. Interaction between two species: Competition – Differential and difference equations,

Leslie-Gower Model, Lotka-Volterra model for predator – prey interaction, Leslie model, deterministic models for simple and general epidemics.

7. Association analysis and community classification: Chisquare, Cole’s measures and point

correlation coefficient for association, information analysis, ordination, continuum concept.

8. Species diversity: Species area relationships, species abundance relationships – Logarithmic series, broken stick model, niche pre-emption model, Log normal distribution, information measures of diversity. Brillouin’s measure, Shannon-Wiener measure, Simpson’s measure. Extinction and formation of single populations, McArthur – Wilson theory of biogeography.

9. Production and energy flow: Production in animal populations, efficiency, measurement of

ingestion. Bertalanffy’s growth equation, measurement of production in plants, litter decomposition – differential and difference equations, Gompertz curve – differential and difference equations, theoretical analysis of energy flow and nutrient cycling.



32

References:

1. Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. (1987). Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Benjamin/Cummings Publication Company, California.

2. Batschelet, E. (1971). Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientists. Springer-Verlag,

Berlin.

3. Begon, M., Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. (1996). Ecology. Blackwell Science, Cambridge.

4. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1988). Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

5. Curran, P.J. (1988). Principles of Remote Sensing. E.L.B.S., Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow.

6. Heywood, V.H. and Watson, R.T. (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

7. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

8. Krebs, C.J. (1989). Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, New York, USA.)

9. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

10. Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Chapman & Hall, London.

11. Misra, R. (1968). Ecology Work Book. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

12. Moldan, B. and Billharz, S. (1997). Sustainability Indicators. John Wiley & Sons, New

York.

13. Moore, P .W and Chapman, S.B. (1986). Methods in Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge.

14. Muller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberq, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology,

Wiley, New York.

15. Muller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, Wiley, New York.



33

16. Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia..

17. Odum, E.P. (1983). Basic Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia

18. Pielou, E.C. (1984). The Interpretation of Ecological Data. Wiley, New York.

19. Poole, R.W. (1974). An Introduction to Quantitative Ecology. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

20. Sabbins Jr, F.F. (1986) Remote Sensing: Principles and Intrepretation. WH Freeman & Co.,

New York. 21. Smith, R.L. (1996). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper Collins, New York.

22. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco.

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-IV)


34

ESL551 - Industrial Wastewater Management 3-0-0

1. Characteristics of industrial wastewater, types of industrial pollutants. List of green, orange and red industries.

2. Characteristics of wastewater from different industries along with their discharge standards. 3. Waste water generation standards for different industries. 4. Sampling of sewage and wastewater: Methods of sampling: Grab, Composite and integrated.

Sample volumes, Selection of sampling points. Tests performed in the laboratory for raw sewage, primary sedimentation tank, trickling filters, aeration tank, secondary settling tank, sludge digester and stabilization ponds.

5. Flow measurements: Notches and Weirs, Flumes, Venturi meters, Drops, Current meter. 6. Treatment plant operation and maintenance for screens, grit chamber, sedimentation tank,

aeration tank, trickling filters, sludge digestion tanks, sludge drying beds and stabilization ponds.

7. Economics of waste treatment: Benefits of pollution abatement, Primary, secondary and

intangible benefits, Capital and operating cost of different treatment processes for industrial waste.

8. Management of industrial wastewater through Volume reduction, Strength reduction,

Neutralization, Equalization, Removal of suspended solids, Removal of colloidal solids, Removal of inorganic dissolved solids, Removal of organic dissolved solids, Treatment and disposal of sludge solids.

9. Manufacturing process, Sources of waste, Characteristics and treatment of waste water for the

following industries: 1. Brewery and distillery

2. Cement

3. Chlora alkali

4. Corn Starch

5. Dairy

6. Fertilizer

7. Food Processing

8. Oil refinery

9. Pulp and Paper

10. Pharmaceutical (Antibiotic)



35

11. Slaughter house

12. Steel Plant

13. Sugar

14. Tannery

15. Textile

10. Environmental Management Systems (EMS): Scope, Definition, Environmental Policy,

Planning, Implementation and operation, Checking and corrective action, Management review with special reference to IS/ISO 14001: 2004.

11. EMS principles and elements: Commitment and policy, Planning, Implementation,

Measurement and evaluation, Review and improvement with special reference to IS/ISO 14004: 2004.

12. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing: Scope, Definitions, Requirements, General principles,

Audit objectives, Role and responsibility of Lead auditor, Auditor and Audit team. Initiating audit, Preparing the audit, Conducting the audit with reference to IS/ISO 14010: 1996 and IS/ISO 14011: 1996. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing by Central Pollution Control Board, Selected Case studies.

References: 1. Cascio, J., Woodside, G. and Mitchell, P. (1996). ISO 14000 Guide: The New International

Environmental Management Standards. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York.

2. Comprehensive guidelines on pollution clearance for industrial plants. (2004). Punjab Pollution

Control Board, Nabha Road, Patiala.


Company, New York.

4. Haas, C. N. and Vamos, R. J. (1995). Hazardous and industrial waste treatment. Prentice-Hall,

New Jersey.

5. IS/ISO 14001: 2004. Environmental Management Systems- Specifications with guidance for

use. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

6. IS/ISO 14004: 2004. Environmental Management Systems- General guidelines on principles,

systems and supporting techniques. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

7. IS/ISO 14010: 1996. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing- General Principles. Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.



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8. IS/ISO 14011: 1996. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing- Audit Procedures- Auditing of

Environmental Management Systems. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

9. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. (1993). Central Public Health and Environmental


10. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2002).

Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4/e. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

11. Nemerow, N. L. (1978). Industrial Water Pollution: Origin, Characteristics and Treatment.

Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, New York.

12. Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications Issued Thereunder (2001) Pollution Control

Law Series, PCLS/02/1002, 4th Edition, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.

13. Qasim, S. R. (1999). Wastewater Treatment Plant: Planning, Design and Operation. Lancaster

Technomic, New York.

14. Ramalho, R. S. (1983). Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Processes. Academic Press Inc.,

San Diego.

15. Rao, M. N. and Datta, A. K. (1987). Waste Water Treatment, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

16. Rudolfs, W. (Ed.), (1997) Industrial Wastes: Their Disposal and Treatment, Allied Scientific

Publishers, Bikaner.

17. Sayre, D. (1997). Inside ISO 14000. Variety Book International, New Delhi.

18. Willig, J. T. (Ed.), (1994). Environmental TQM. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.



37

ESL552 - Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation

Credits 3-0-0

1. Introduction to Electronics:

Introduction, applications of electronics, modern trends, electronic components: active and passive components.

2. Semiconductor Devices:

Band structure, transport phenomenon, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, PN junction diode, depletion region, forward and reverse bias, V-I characteristics of diode, breakdown phenomena and zener diode, LED and photodiode, Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Common Base (CB), Common Emitter (CE), Common Collector (CC) configuration, input and output characteristics, current gain, Junction Field Effect Transistors(JFET), MOSFET.

3. Digital Electronics:

Analog and digital signals, advantages of digital techniques, boolean algebra, De Morgan’s first and second theorem, boolean laws and theorem, duality theorem, logic gates, multiplexers: 16-to-1 multiplexers, multiplexer logic, Demultiplexers: 1-16 demultiplexers, Read Only Memory (ROM), diode ROM, Programmable ROMs(PROM), Erasable PROMS (EPROM), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), programming a PAL Flip Flops: RS flip-flop, clocked RS flip flops, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, JK master slave flip flop, schmitt trigger. Display Devices: Electronic indication instruments (LCD and LED), seven segment display

4. Electronic Instruments:

Introduction to electronic instruments Electronic Voltmeter: advantages, difference amplifier type of electronic voltmeter, principle of operation, output voltage equation, electronic voltmeter using rectifiers Electronic Multimeter: principle of operation, basic circuit, resistance ranges, electronic ohmmeter Current Transformer: theory, phase diagram, errors, construction of current transformer Potential Transformer: difference between current transformer and potential transformer, phase diagram of potential transformer, errors, construction of potential transformer

5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO):

Introduction, basic CRO operation, block diagram of general-purpose oscilloscope, principles and working of CRO, CRO-probes: introduction, passive voltage probes, active voltage probes, current probes, high voltage probes, construction of Lissajous figures, measurement of voltage, frequency and phase angle with CRO.



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References:

1. Bhargava, N.N., Kulshreshtha, D.C., and Gupta, S.C. (2001). Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

2. Cooper, William David (1995). Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques.

Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

3. Malvino, A.P., and Leach, Donald P. (1996). Digital Principles and Applications. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

4. Mittal , G.K. (1994). Basic Electronics. G.K. Publishers, Jabalpur.

5. Sawhney, A.K. and Sawhney, P.(2002). A Course in Electrical and Electronic

Measurements and Instrumentation. Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., New Delhi.



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ESL553 - Environmental Toxicology Credits 3-0-0

1. Toxic substances and risk assessment: Introduction, Toxic substances, xenobiotics, Acceptable

Daily Intake (ADI), Procedure for estimating ADI, Potential Daily Intake (PDI), Relationship between ADI and PDI, Models for estimating risk.

2. Conventional toxicity studies: Acute toxicity studies, Short term and Long term toxicity studies, Importance of conventional toxicity studies, Examples for acute, short term and long term toxicity studies.

3. Toxic effects: Spectrum of toxic effects: Quantal and graded effects, idiosynchratic and allergic effects, immediate and prolonged effects, Target organs: liver, kidney, intestine, central nervous system, Molecular targets: DNA, RNA, Proteins, Enzymes.

4. Modifying factors of toxic effects: Host factors, Social factors, Environmental Factors. 5. Absorption, distribution, excretion of toxicants: Passive diffusion, Filtration, Carrier-mediated

Transport, Engulfing by cell, Gastrointestinl tract, Respiratory tract, skin, Barriers, Binding and storage organs, Urinary and biliary excretion, Lungs and other routes of excretions

6. Biotransformation of toxicants: Levels of toxicants in body, Phase I (Degradation) reactions: Oxidation, Reduction and hydrolysis; Phase II (Conjugation) reaction: Glucuronide formation, Sulfate conjugation, methylation, acetylation, aminoacid conjugation, glutathione conjugation.

7. Bioactivation: Epoxide formation, N-Hydroxylation, free radicals and superoxide formation, Activation in gastrointestinal tract.

8. Sources of natural and artificial radiations: Dosimetry, types of dosimeters, radioactive substances, applications and handling of isotopes and other radionuclides in

environment, Nuclear industry: benefits and harmful effects. 9. Effects of radiations on plants and animals including human beings: mutagenicity,

genotoxicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity, Radiation episodes, Protection and control from radiation.

10. Bioassays for mutagenicity/ genotoxicity testing: Microbial: Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, Disc diffusion assay, Plant: Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay, Allium cepa chromosomal aberration and micronuclei assay in pollen mother cells, Tradescantia stamen hair mutation assay, Tradescantia/ Vicia faba micronuclei assay; Animal: Comet assay, Rattus micro nuclei assay

References: 1. C.Lu.Frank and Kacew.Sam (2002). Lu,s Basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs and risk

assessment;4th edition.Taylor and Francis, London. 2. Tambrell, J(2002).Introduction to Toxicology. Taylor and Francis, London.



40

ESL554 - Natural Resource Management

Credits 3-0-0. 1. Natural resource conservation and management: Population explosion and resource

crunch, classification of natural resources, approaches to natural resource management. 2. Wildlife extinction: Extinction: Eroding the earth’s Biological Diversity, understanding

population – dynamics, causes of extinction, methods of preventing extinction, legislation and policy for species conservation.

3. Wildlife management: Wildlife, types of animal movements, mortality factors, waterfowl

sickness, wildlife management, regulating population, non – game management. 4. Freshwater fisheries management: The lake ecosystem, the stream ecosystem, the

reproductive potential of fish, environmental resistance encountered by fish, fisheries management.

5. Coastlands, estuaries and oceans: Coastal erosion problems, estuaries, the ocean and marine

fishery industry.

6. Introduction to energy sources: Energy consumption as a measure of prosperity, world energy future, energy sources and their availability, new energy technologies, prospects of renewable non conventional energy.

7. Applications of solar energy: Solar water heating, solar heating of buildings, solar cooling of

buildings, solar photo-voltaics, agriculture and industrial process heat, solar distillation, solar cooking and solar green house.

8. Wind energy: Basic components of wind energy conversion system, applications of wind

energy, interconnected system, safety systems and environmental aspects. 9. Biomass as a source of energy: Energy plantation, advantages of energy plantation, plants

proposed for energy plantation, methods for obtaining energy from biomass. 10. Biomass conversion technologies

a) Wet processes b) Dry processes Photosynthesis, biogas generation and factors affecting biodigestion or generation of gas.



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11. Biogas plants: Classification of biogas plants, advantages and disadvantages of floating drum plant, advantages and disadvantages of fixed drum plant, types of biogas plants, constructional details of some main digesters, biogas from plant wastes, community biogas plants, material used for biogas generation, selection of site for a biogas plant, digester design considerations, methods of maintaining biogas production, problems related to biogas plants, starting a biogas plant, filling a digester for starting fuel properties of biogas utilization of biogas.

12. Biomass gasification: Classification of biomass gasifiers, chemistry of gasification process,

applications of the gasifier, problems in development of gasifier, advantages and disadvantages of biological conversion of solar energy.

13. Range land managements: The growth characteristics of range grasses, rangeland abuse, range

condition, range management and desertification. 14. Forest management: Forest ecology, forest management, harvest methods, reforestation,

monoculture controversy, developing genetically superior trees, the logging plan, the logging operation, control of forest pests. Fire control, use of controlled fires, forest conservation by efficient utilization, meeting future timber demands. Removal of tropical rain forests, causes of deforestation, effects of deforestation and what can be done to save tropical forests?.

15. Conservation of biological diversity: In situ conservation, Ex situ conservation, protected

areas network and biosphere reserves. 16. Management of agro industrial wastes: Agricultural crop residues, forest residues and fruit

byproducts. Animal wastes and their recycling and vermiculture. References: 1. Oliver, S. O. and Daniel, D. C. (1990). Natural Resource Conservation : Management for a

Sustainable future. Prentice Hall International, New Jersey. 2. Rai, G. D. (1993). Non Conventional Energy Sources, Khanna Publishers, Delhi. 3. Ramijhan, S.K.(1990). Agro Industrial By Products and Non Conventional Feed for Live Stock

Indian Council for Agriculture Research, New Delhi.



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ESL555 - Remote Sensing and GIS

Credits 2-0-0 1. Electromagnetic Energy: Electromaganic spectrum, image characteristics, remote sensing

systems. 2. Aerial Photographs: Interaction between light and matter, film technology, characteristics of

aerial photographs, stereopairs of aerial photographs.

3. Black and White Photography: Panchromatic, IR and UV photography.

4. Multispectral Images: colour photography, normal colour, IR and multispectral photography, multispectral scanner images.

5. Thermal Infrared Images: Thermal processes and properties, IR detection and imaging technology, characteristics of IR images.

6. Radar Images: Aircraft and satellite Radar systems. 7. Imaging System, Multispectral scanner, return beam vidicon, thematic mapper, high resolution

visible imaging system. 8. Digital Image Processing: Image structure restoration and enhancement, information

extraction, image processing system. 9. Remote Sensing Satellites: Specifications of Landsat, SPOT and IRS satellites. 10. Applications of Remote Sensing: Landuse and landcover analysis, resource exploration and

environmental monitoring.

11. Geographical Information System: GIS techniques, Data representation, Raster, Vector, data capture, spatial analysis with GIS, data modelling, topological modelling, networks, cartographical modelling, map overlays.

References: 1. Curran, P.J. (1988). Principles of Remote Sensing. E.L.B.S., Longman Scientific and Technical,

Harlow. 2. Sabbins Jr, F.F. (1986). Remote Sensing: Principles and Intrepretation. WH Freeman & Co.,

New York.



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ESL556 - Climatology

Credits 2-0-0

1. Climate and environment: The boundary layer, Radiations, Radiation laws, short wave and long wave radiations, Albedo, Emissivity, Greenhouse effect, Radiation balance, Relief convection and mechanical turbulence, Laminar boundary layer, Friction layer, Spiral layer, convection, Precipitation, Local microclimate, surface conditions, energy balances.

2. Atmospheric movements: Controlling factors of general circulations, Distribution of

radiation, rotation of earth, Coriolis acceleration, angular momentum, General meridonial circulations, Hadley cells, middle latitudes, circulation of water in atmosphere, circulation of energy in atmosphere, energy content and enrgy transport.

3. Equatorial climates: The tropical atmosphere, radiation and temperature, air masses,

subtropical anticyclones, the trade winds, the equatorial trough, easterly waves, tropical storms and cyclones, Contour models, zonal flow, factors determining weather, circulation systems, radiation and temperature, rainfall, evapotranspiration and water balance.

4. Tropical arid and semiarid climates: Arid climates, deserts, ocean temperatures, aridity,

radiation and temperature, rainfall variability, Alice springs, southern sahara, north Africa and middle east.

5. Middle and high latitude atmosphere: Long waves, thermal patterns and their

development, index cycles, southern hemisphere, Quasi-stationary anticyclones, meridonial temperature gradients, continentality, topography, air masses.

6. Temperate maritime climates: Seasonal variation, weather types, singularities, Southern

Europe, synoptic conditions

7. Climates of continental interiors and eastern coasts: Contrasting air masses, Tornadoes, land water modifications, Tundra vegetation, forests, grasslands, Theoratical yields, precipitation, snow and hail fall.

8. Polar climates: Distribution, radiation and temperature, cloud effect, inversions, surface

temperature, snow cover, precipitation and water balance. References:

1. Lockwood, J.G. (1979). World climatology: An environmental approach. Whitstable Litho Ltd. Whit stable, Kent.

2. Menon, P.A. (1993). Our weather, National Trust, India.



44

ELECTIVE COURSE

ESL581 - Urban Planning and Development Credits 3-0-0

1. Historical perspectives: The roots of planning, Classic planning, Islamic planning,

medieval planning, Islamic planning, Indian Indus valley, Medieval planning I and II, Dark ages, Arab influences in Europe planning. Later planning theories: Haussman’s Boulevards, Sitte’s artistic planning, Howard’s garden city.

2. Economy in Urban systems models: Causes and effects in urban development,

components of growth model, economic base-multiplier model, Input-out model, Economy and Quality of urban life, Land-use forecasting, modeling framework, trend model, gravity model, intervening opportunity mode, land market model.

3. City planning: Evolution of cities, principles of city planning, types of cities & new towns,

planning regulations and building byelaws, eco-city concept, sustainable development.

4. Housing: Concept of housing, neighbourhood concept, site planning principles, housing typology, housing standards, housing infrastructure, housing policies, finance and management, housing programs in India, self help housing.

5. Environmental Studies in Building Science: Components of Ecosystem, ecological

principles concerning environment, climate responsive design, energy efficient building design, thermal comfort, solar architecture, principles of lighting and styles for illumination, basic principles of architectural acoustics, environment pollution, their control & abatement.

6. Development of Contemporary Architecture: Architectural developments and impacts on

society since industrial revolution, influence of modern art on architecture, works of national and international architects, art novuea, eclecticism.

7. Building Services: Water supply, sewerage and drainage systems, sanitary fittings and

fixtures, plumbing systems, principles of internal & external drainage systems, principles of electrification of buildings, intelligent buildings, elevators & escalators, their standards and uses, air-conditioning systems, fire fighting systems, building safety and security systems.

8. Materials and Structural Systems: Behavioural characteristics of all types of building

materials e.g. mud, timber, bamboo, brick, concrete, steel, glass, FRP, different polymers, composites, principles of strength of materials, design of structural elements in wood, steel and RCC, elastic and limit state design, complex structural systems, principles of pre-stressing, tall buildings, principles of disaster resistant structures.



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9. Techniques of Planning: Planning survey techniques, preparation of urban and regional structure plans, development plans, action plans, site planning principles and design, statistical methods of data analysis, application of G.I.S and remote sensing techniques in urban and regional planning, decision making models.

10. Traffic and Transportation Planning: Principles of traffic engineering and transportation

planning, traffic survey methods, design of roads, intersections, grade separators and parking areas, hierarchy of roads and levels of services, traffic and transport management in urban areas, intelligent transportation system, mass transportation planning, para-transits and other modes of transportation, pedestrian & slow moving traffic planning.

References:

1. Broadbent, G. (1990). Emerging concepts in urban space design. Van Nostrnd Reinhold (International) London.

2. Helly, W. (1975). Urban system models. Academic Press. New York.

3. Hambleton, R. (!978). Policy Planning and Local Government. Hutchinson of London.

London.

4. Sain, M. (1982). Urban planning in third world. Mansell P Publishing Limited. London.



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ESL582 - Preventive and Social Medicine

Credits 3-0-0 1. Concepts in Community Health, Genetics and Health, Sociology and Health, Nutrition and

Health 2. Environment and Health: ` Water, Air, Ventilation, Lighting, Noise, Radiation,

Meteorological Environment, Housing, Solid Wastes Disposal, Excreta Disposal, Medical Entomology, Insecticides, Rodents.

3. Epidemiology : Epidemiologic methods, Uses of epidemiology, Screening for disease,

Epidemic Investigation, Infectious disease epidemiology, Disease transmission, immunity, immunizing agents, disease control and prevent, health advice to travelers, hospital acquired, infection, disinfection.

4. Diseases : A) Communicable I) Respiratory Tract Infections – smallpox, chickenpox,

measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis. II) Intestinal Infections – poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis, cholera, typhoid fever, food poisoning, amoebiasis, ancylostomiasis, III) Arthropod borne infections –yellow fever, dengue, KFD, rickettsial diseases, plague., malaria, sleeping sickness, kala azar, filariasis. IV) Suface Infections – Rabies, trachoma, tetanus, AIDS, leprosy, STD, yaws. B) Non-Communicable diseases and conditions Cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes.

Reference: Park, J.E. & Park, K. (1991). Preventive and Social Medicine. M/S Banarsidas Bhanot, Jabalpur.



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ESL583 - Geoinformatics in Environmental Management Credits 3-0-0

1. Introduction: Geoinformatics and geographic information sciences, components of

geoinformatics, applications of geoinformatics, approach to the study of geoinformatics, legal implications, geoinformatics and environmental modelling, GIS data collection, concept and techniques of geoinformatics.

2. Surveying Technology: Introduction, surveyors, datum and reference systems, survey operations classification of surveys, principles of surveying, methods of surveying, stages in surveying, modern trends in surveying and mapping.

3. Cartography: Introduction, task of cartographer, model of cartographic communication, cartographic symbolization, cartographic generalization, cartographic design, thematic cartography, digital cartography, conventional mapping Vs. Digital mapping, layout and numbering of topographical maps, classification of maps and map projections.

4. Photogrammetry: Introduction, brief history of photogrammetry, stereo photogrammetry, stereoscopic parallax, aerial photography: classification, geometry and scale of vertical aerial photographs, aerial triangulation, digital or soft copy photogrammetry.

5. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Satellites: Introduction, GPS elements, GPS satellite constellation and signals, GPS measurements, GPS instrumentation, earth resources satellites, meteorological satellites, satellite carrying microwave sensors, OCEANSAT-1(IRS-P4) and Ikonos satellite series.

6. Geodesy: Definition, problems of geodesy, the ellipsoid of revolution, coordinate system of rotational ellipsoid, spatial ellipsoid coordinate system, computations on the ellipsoid and satellite geodesy.

7. Geographic Information Systems: Introduction, roots of GIS, overview of information system, the four Ms, GIS architecture, theoretical models of GIS, theoretical frame work for GIS, GIS softwares, GIS applications and GIS operations.

8. Forest Resources Management: Geomatics in forestry, forest cover mapping and change detection, forest inventory (stock mapping), parameters of forest inventory, development of working plan, Forest Management Information system(FMIS), forest fire forecasting and risk area mapping, biodiversity characterization, wildlife habitat mapping.

9. Watershed Management: Introduction, concept of watershed, GIS database for watershed management, model watershed, landuse and landcover, slope analysis, soil mapping, hydrogeomorphological mapping, groundwater prospects map and drainage mapping

10. Water Quality Mapping and Modelling: Introduction, role of GIS and remote sensing in water quality mapping and modeling, case study of Hyderabad city, correlation between water quality and groundwater level, correlation between water quality index and landuse, groundwater quality studies using SPANS and evaluation of impact of landuse / land cover changes on groundwater quality.

11. Management of Natural Disaster (Landslides): Introduction, types and features and causes of landslides, landslide analysis, remote sensing for landslide mapping, landslide analysis in GIS, hazard mapping of landslides, case study of Kohima area.



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12. Urban Planning and Management: Introduction, role of GIS and remote sensing in urban planning and management, issues in urban planning, urban land use and infrastructure identification and delineation, urban transport network identification and mapping, urban city guide map change detection and updation.

References:

1. Curran, P.J. (1988). Principles of Remote Sensing. E.L.B.S., Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow.

2. Reddy, M.A. (2004).Geoinformatics for Environmental Management. BS Publications,

Hyderabad.

3. Smith, K. (1996). Environmental Hazards. Routledge Publishers, London.

4. Ustin, S.L. (Ed.) (2004). Remote Sensing for Natural Resource Management and Environmental Monitoring. John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A.



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ESL584 - Ecological Biochemistry

Credits 3-0-0

1. Biochemical adaptation of plants to environment: Adaptation to climate, soil, detxification mechanisms.

2. Biochemistry of plant pollination: Role of flower colour, flower scent, nectar and pollen

3. Plant toxins and their effects on animals: Different classes of plant toxins, cyanogenic

glycosides, cardiac glycosides, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, utilization of plant toxins by animals.

4. Hormonal interactions between plants and animals: Plant estrogens, insect moulting hormones in plants, insect juvenile hormones in plants, pheromones.

5. Insect feeding preferences: Biochemical basis of plant selection by insects, secondary

compounds as feeding attractants, secondary compounds as feeding deterrents.

6. Feeding preferences of vertebrates: Domestic animals, wild animals, birds, man.

7. Coevolution: Static plant defence, induced plant defence, animal response.

8. Animal pheromones and defence substances: Insect pheromones, mammalian pheromones, defence substances.

9. Biochemical interactions between higher plants: Allelopathy, biochemistry of host-

parasite interactions. 10. Higher plant-lower plant interactions: Biochemical basis of disease resistance,

phytotoxins. Reference:

1. Harborne, J.B. (1992). Ecological Biochemistry. Academic Press Ltd., London.



50

ESL585 - Design and Analysis of Experiments Credits 3-0-0

Strategy of experimentation, Basic principle, Guidelines for designing experiments. Experiments with single factor: ANOVA, Model adequacy checking, Interpretation of results, Use of computers in analysis. Randomized complete block design, Latin square design, factorial design, two factor factorial design with design example, Fitting response curve and surfaces, Blocking in factorial design. Two level fractional factorial design: One half fractional 2k design, One-quarter fraction of 2k design, Resolution III, IV, and V designs. Fitting regression models: Linear regression models, Estimates of parameters in linear regression models, Hypothesis testing, Confidence intervals, regression model diagnostic, Scaled residuals and PRESS, Testing of lack of fit. Response surface methods and process optimization: Method of steepest ascent, Analysis of second order response surface, Mixture experiments, Robust design. References: 1. Box, G.E.P. and Draper, N.R. (1987) Empirical model building and response surfaces, 2nd ed.,

Wiley, New York. 2. Cochran and Cox. Experimental design, 2nd ed., Wiley, Singapore. 3. Draper N.R., Smith H. (2004) Applied regression analysis, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York. 4. Montgomery D.C., Peck E.A. (1992) Introduction to Linear regression analysis, 2nd ed., Wiley,

New York. 5. Montgomery, D.C. (2004) Design and analysis of experiments, 5th ed., Wiley, Singapore. 6. Myers R.H., Montgomery D.C. (1995) Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product

Optimization Using Designed Experiments, Wiley, New York. 7. Ravindran A., Ragsdell K.M., Reklaitis G.V. (2006) Engineering optimization: Methods and

applications, 2nd ed., Wiley, Singapore.



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ESL586 Biochemical Engineering Credits 3-0-0

Overview of Chemical and Biochemical engineering, Introduction to Reactor design, Enzymes, Cofactors, Effect of temperature, pH and trace elements on biochemical processes. Kinetics of substrate utilization: Ideal reactor for kinetic measurements, Batch, CFSTR, Monod kinetics, Product limiting microbial fermentation, Mathematical modeling of batch growth, Specific growth rate. Structured kinetic models: Compartment models, Metabolic models, Modeling of cell growth as an optimum process, Transport phenomenon in bioprocess systems, Gas-Liquid mass transfer in cellular system, Determination of oxygen transfer rate, Measurement of KLa, Factors affecting. KLa, Non Newtonian fluids, Heat transfer, Sterilization of gases and liquids by filtration. References: 1. Bailey, J.E, Ollis, D.F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill, 1986. 2. Bungay, H.R., Belfort, G. Advanced Biochemical Engineering (Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 1987. 3. Cappuccino, J.G., Sherman, N. Microbiology A Laboratory Manual, Pearson Education, 2005. 4. Casida, L.E. Jr. Industrial Microbiology, New Age International, 1968. 5. Levenspiel, O. Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2004. 6. Nazaraff, W.W., Alvarez-Cohen, L. Environmental Engineering Science, John Wiley & Sons,

2004. 7. Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P.L., Parkin, G.F. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and

Science, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003. 8. Segel, Biochemical Calculations: How to solve Mathematical Problems in General

Biochemistry, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons.



52

BSL581 - Agroforestry Systems Credits 3-0-0

1. Introduction: The history of agroforestry, Definition and concepts of agroforestry, community

forestry, farm forestry, and social forestry. 2. Classification of agroforestry systems: Structural classification of systems Classification based

on function of systems. Ecological classification . Classification based on socioeconomic criteria. A framework for classification. Agroforestry systems and practices.

3. Distribution of agroforestry systems in the tropics: The tropical environment. Distribution of tropical agroforestry systems. Agroecological spread of tropical agroforestry systems.

4. Shifting cultivation and improved fallows: System overview, soil management and shifting cultivation, the evolution of planted fallows. Improved tree fallows.

5. Plantation crop combinations: Integrated land-use systems with plantation crops. Small holder systems with coconuts: a notable example of integrated land-use. Crop combinations with other plantation crops. Multistory tree gardens.

6. Alley cropping: Nutrient yield. Effect on soil properties and soil conservation. Effect on crop yields. Future directions.

7. Other agroforestry systems and practices: Tree fodder and silvopastoral systems. Agroforestry for firewood production. Intercropping under scattered or regularly planted trees. Agroforestry for reclamation of problem soils. Underexploited trees in indigenous agroforestry systems. Buffer-zone agroforestry.

8. Agroforestry species: Multipurpose trees (MPTs). Herbaceous species. 9. Component interactions: Positive (production-enhancing) interactions. Negative (production-

decreasing) interactions. Component management. 10. Effects of trees on soils: Beneficial effects. Adverse effects. 11. Field experiments in agroforestry : Agroforestry research, different perspectives. Principles

of field experimentation. Special considerations in agroforestry experiments. The current state of agroforestry field experimentation. Prognosis of the directions in agroforestry research.

12. Sociocultural considerations: Agroforestry as a social science. Important sociocultural factors in agrogorestry. Farmer's perception of tree planting. Government policies and agroforestry implementation. Social acceptability of agroforestry.

13. Evaluation of agroforestry systems: Productivity evaluation. Sustainability evaluation. Adoptability evaluation. Towards development of a methodology for evaluating agroforestry systems.

References:

1. Nair, P.K.R.(1993). An introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London

2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979) Proceedings of National Seminar on Agroforestry, May, 1979, ICAR, New Delhi India

3. Raintree, J.B. (1987) The state of the art of agroforestry diagnosis and design. Agroforestry Systems 5:219-250

4. Evans, J.(1992) Plantation Forestry in the Tropics, 2nd edition Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K.



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5. MacDicken, K.G and Vergara, N.T. (eds.) 1990. Agroforestry: Classification and Management. JohnWiley, New York, USA

6. Nair, P.K.R(eds.) (1989) Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

7. Grigg, D.B.(1974) The agricultural systems of the world. Cambridge University Press, London, U.K.

8. Bavappa, K.V.A. and Jacob, V.J. (1982) High intensity multispecies cropping: A new approach to small scale forming in tropics. World Crops, 47-50.



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BSL582 - Seed Biotechnology Credits 3-0-0

1. Seed Enhancements :- Seed hydration –prehydration priming and solid matrix priming ,

preplant germination, factors affecting priming. 2. Synthetic seed Biotechnology: Introduction, culture procedure, drying, storage,

encapsulation, germination etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of artificial seeds, future prospects.

3. Loss reduction biotechnology of seeds: Introduction, Causes and magnitude of seed crop losses, loss reduction measures.

4. Modern techniques in variety identification: Various biochemical methods like electrophoresis, DNA profiling techniques. Use of machine vision. Applications of variety identifications and future trends.

5. Commercial seed treatment technology: Introduction, Biological seed treatments against diseases or pests, Pelleting, coating or other techniques to alter physical characteristics, future directions.

6. Molecular farming using seeds as hosts: Seed storage proteins, strategies for protein targeting, examples of recombinant proteins produced in seeds. Advantages and prospects of seed based molecular farming.

7. The seed production industry:- Functions of the seed industry. Growth and Development of the seed industry- Indian as well as international. Indian seed exports and imports. GMOs in seed industry.

References:

1. Desai, B.B., Kotecha, P.M. Salunkhe, D. K. (1997). Seeds Handbook. Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage. Marcel Dekker, Inc; New York. pp. 1-627.

2. Black, M and Beewley, J.D. (2000). Seed Technology and its Biological Basis. Sheffield Academic Press, CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S.A., pp. 1-419.

3. Black M, Bradford K J and Vazquez- Romos J. (2000) (Editors) Seed Biology - Advances and Applications Proceedings of the sixth International Workshop on seeds, Merida, Mexico, 1999. CABI Publishing, Oxon pp. 1-508.

4. Basra A S (1995) (Ed.) Seed Quality Basic Mechanisms and Agricultural Implications. Variety identification: Modern Technologies and Applications (Robert J. Cook). Food Product Press, New York.pp. 279-318.

5. Copeland L O, McDonald M B (1995). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. (3rd Edition) Chapman and Hall, New York

6. Kelly A F and George RAT (1998) (Editors). Encyclopedia of Seed Production of World Crops. Cultivars identification: Review of new methods (R J Cooke and J C Reeves). John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 88-111.



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BSL583 - Human Values and Professional Ethics

Credits 3-0-0

INTRODUCTION TO VALUE EDUCATION

1. Understanding Value Education 2. Self-exploration as the Process for Value Education 3. The Program to Fulfil Basic Human Aspirations 4. The Basic Human Aspirations - Continuous Happiness and Prosperity

UNDERSTANDING THE HARMONY AT VARIOUS LEVELS

5. Understanding the Human Being as Co-existence of Self ('I') and Body 6. Harmony in the Self ('I') - Understanding Myself 7. Harmony with the Body - Understanding Sanyama (Self regulation) and Svasthya (Health) 8. Harmony in the Family - Understanding Values in Human Relationships 9. Harmony in the Society - From Family Order to World Family Order 10. Harmony in Nature - Understanding the Interconnectedness and Mutual Fulfilment 11. Harmony in Existence - Understanding Existence as Co-existence

IMPLICATIONS OF THE RIGHT UNDERSTANDING

12. Providing the Basis for Universal Human Values and Ethical Human Conduct 13. Basis for the Holistic Alternative towards Universal Human Order 14. Professional Ethics in the Light of Right Understanding 15. Vision for Holistic Technologies, Production Systems and Management Models 16. Journey towards the Holistic Alternative - The Road Ahead

References:

1. Gaur, R.R., Sanghal, R. and Bagaria, G.P. (2010), A foundation Course in Human Values and Professional Ethics. Excel Books, New Delhi

2. Seebauer, E.G. and Berry, R.L. (2000). Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and Engineers.

Oxford University Press. 3. Tripathy, A.N.(2003), Human Values, New Age International Publishers. 4. www.universalhumanvalues.info



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BSL584 - Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Credits 3-0-0

1. Defining genome and genomics, sequencing complete genomes, genomic databases. 2. Physical mapping of DNA, Restriction site mapping, hybridization mapping. 3. Finding genes in genomes of (bacterial genome and higher eukaryotic genomes),

detecting non-coding RNA genes 4. Genomic variation: Can genome diversity affect global warming, human SNPs and

their relation to diseases and therapies, ethical consequences of genomic variations. 5. Defining transcriptome and transcriptomics, methods for large scale analysis of

gene expression. 6. Microarrays: Introduction; properties and processing of array data, Microarray

standards and databases. 7. Defining proteome and proteomics: amino acid residue conservation, substitution

matrices. 8. Protein analysis: major proteomic approaches, data processing, major protein

identification programs. 9. Conceptional models of proteins structure, obtaining viewing and analyzing

structural data, structural alignment. 10. Classification of proteins of known 3-D structure. CATH and SCOP. Protein

structure prediction. References:

1. Zimmermann, K. (2003). An Introduction to Protein Informatics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherland.

2. Christine, O., David, J. and Thornton, J. (2003). Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins and Computers. 1st Edition. Bios Scientific Publishers. Oxford, United Kingdom.

3. Setubal and Meidanis. (2008). Introduction to Computional Molecular Biology. 1st Edition. Krishna offset, New Delhi.

4. Baxevanis, A.D. and Onellette, B.F.F. (2005). Bioinforamtics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins.3rd Edition. John Willey. Hoboken, New Jersey.

5. Cambell, A.M. (2003). Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Banjamin Cummings Publishers. San Franciso.



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BSL585 - Dynamics of Biogeography

Credits 3-0-0

1. Biogeography and its history: Basic principles, its relationship to physiography and other modern sciences, biology, geography, biodiversity, and landscape ecology, age of exploration, biogeography of 18th , 19th and 20th centuries, biogeographic distribution of globe., vegetation types and classification of floristic regions.

2. Geological history of the earth: The geological time scale, Wegner’s theory of

continental drift, tectonic history of the planet, patterns of continents, Gondwanaland, Laurasia, assembly and breakup of Pangaea, early life on moving continents, the Cretaceous extinctions, development of marine basins and island chains, Epeiric, Mediterranean and Red seas, dynamics of Pacific ocean, glaciations and biogeographic dynamics of the Pleistocene.

3. Climate and environment. physical setting of the planet, climatic zones of the world,

ombrothermic and climate diagrams, solar energy and temperature regimes, winds and rainfall, soils and successions, formation of major soil types, aquatic environments, stratification and oceanic circulation.

4. Island biogeography: Types of islands, islands as model systems, MacArthur-Wilson

theory of island biogeography, Effects of size and distance, equilibrium equation, modifications caused by selective nature of immigration and extinction and interspecific interactions.

5. Distributions of single species: The geographic range projections and geographic

coordinate systems, mapping and measuring range, distribution of individuals, populations and ecosystems, Hutchinson’s multidimensional niche concept, relationship between distribution and abundance.

6. Dispersal and immigration: Mechanisms of active and passive dispersal, Physiological,

ecological and psychological barriers, biotics, exchange and dispersal routes: corridors, filters, sweepstakes routes, dispersal curves within and among species, establishment of colony and habitat selection, ecosystem theories (Wedge effect, Bergmann’s rule, Allen’s rule, Gloger’s rule, Jordon’s rule and Merriam’s classification).

7. Species introductions: intentional and accidental, effects of non-native (invasive)

species on the local flora, magnitude of the problem, concept of invasibility.



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References:

1. Brown, J.H. and Lomolino, M.V (1998). Biogeography. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.

2. Cox, C. B. and Moore, P.D. (2000). Biogeography – An Ecological and Evolutionary

Approach. Blackwell Scientific Ltd. pp. 298. London.

3. Fahrig, L., and K. Freemark. (1994). Landscape-scale effects of toxic events for ecological risk assessment. In J. Cairns and B.R. Niederlehner (eds.), Ecological Toxicity Testing, Scale, Complexity, and Relevance. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

4. Weinstein, D.A., and H.H. Shugart. (1983). Ecological modeling of landscape dynamics. In

H.A. Mooney and M. Godron (eds.), Disturbance and Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.



59

BSL586 - History of Science in India Credits 3-0-0

1. Science and Education in Ancient India: Indian scholars. The Gurukula System science in ancient Indian scriptures-Vedas, Samhitas.

2. Western and Inidna Concepts of Science, views of the West and India towards logic and experiments.

3. Biology, medical science, astronomy, mathematics, garment industry, architecture, agriculture etc. in India. Science in Indus Valley Civilization. The great centres of learning-Takschila and Nalanda University, Nadiyad, Amaravati, Ujjayini, Kashi etc.

4. Scientific methods and scietists of India: C. V. Raman, Charka, Homi Jehangir Bhabha, J.C. Bose, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, Susruta, Vkram Sarabhai, Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Varahamihira etc.

5. Impact of science on modron life: Summery of scientific and technological developments in India, important recent scientific discoveries.

References: 1. Swadeshi Science Movement, Indian Contribution to Science (Junior). Swadeshi Science

Movement, Cochin, pp. 1-111.

2. Awakening Indians to India (2003). All India Chinmaya Yuva Vendra. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust, Mumbai.

3. Jain, N.K. (2001). Science and Scientists in India. Kalyani India, Delhi pp. 1-162.

4. Jain, N.K. (1990), History of Science and Scientific Methods. Oxford and IBM Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 1-274.

5. Soni, S. (2006), India's Glorious Scientific Tradition, Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 1-248.

6. Samskrita Bharati (2007), Science in Samskrit. Samskrita Bharati, New Delhi, 1-147.

7. Samskrita Bharati. (2006). Pride of India- A Glimpse into India's Scientific Heritage. Samskrita Bharati, New Delhi pp. 1-208.



60

BSL587- Immunology

Credits 3-0-0

An overview of the immune system : Historical perspective, an introduction to the immune system – innate and adaptive immunity. Immunodeficiencies : secondary immunodeficiency disorders.

Antigens and antigen recognition : Antigens: prerequisites for immunogenicity, relative

immunogenicity of different types of molecules, Molecules that enhance immunogenicity. Activators of hympocytes: antigens, superantigens, mitogens. Antigen recognition by cells of innate immunity & adaptive immunity.

Antibodies: Gamma globulins; structure, bifunctional property of antibodies, determining

bifunctionality, cross reactivity, Antigen antibody interactions: primary interactions, secondary interactions. Classification of antibodies: Isotypes, Allotypes, properties & biological functions of antibody isotypes, IgG,IgE,IgM, IgD, IgA, Monoclonal antibodies

Cells and tissues of immunity: Lymphoid tissues: primary & secondary lymphoid tissues,

cells of innate immunity : phagocytes, antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells, Eosinophils, mast cells and basophills, B- cells, secondary immune responses.The major histocompatibility complex, antigen process and antigen presentation, complement.

The immune system in Health & Disease, specially AIDS.

Books Recommended:

Goldsby, R.A. Kindt, T.J., Oxborne B.A., Kuby, J. (2003). Immunology.W.H. Freemen & Company, NewYork.

Stanley, J. (2002). Essentials of Immunology and Serology. Delmar Thomson Learning, USA

Documents

MSC HONS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SEMESTER I to ...gndu.ac.in/syllabus/201213/LIFE/MSC HONS ENVIRONMENTAL...Fibonacci sequence. 8. Differentiation and Integration: Growth rates, instantaneous