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Ms. Soles
Social Studies
Lesson 54
Revolutions: Governmental
Industrial
Lesson Topics
Industrial RevolutionRevolutions in Governments
When?Where?How?Who?Causes/Effects
The Scientific Revolution took place during the Renaissance as humanists encouraged curiosity, learning, and discovery in the 1500’s and 1600’s. New instruments, such as the microscope and telescope, scientists made more accurate observations.
Scientific Method?
The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."
They performed scientific experiments and used mathematics to learn more about the world around them. Using this scientific approach led to new knowledge in such fields as astronomy, biology, and physics. The explorations that occurred took advantage of other discoveries, such as better maps, compasses, and ships.
Galileo’s Refracting Telescope
Galileo Galileo (1564–1642) crafted his own telescope and discovered that our Moon had craters, that Jupiter had moons, that the Sun had spots, and that Venus had phases like our Moon.
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
As inventors, such as Galileo, began putting ideas from the Scientific Revolution into practice, they created new machines and inventions. People’s lives were changed around the world by the advances in business, industry, transportation, and communication.
Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Average income and population began unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold.
It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.
The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.
One Use of Steam EnginePreserved British steam-powered fire engine – an example of a mobile steam engine. This is a horse-drawn vehicle: the steam engine drives the water pump.
The steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.
A machine tool is a machine, typically powered other than by human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via line shaft), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation.
Lathe is an
example of a
machine tool.
The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The impact of this change on society was enormous.
A Watt steam engine, the steam engine, fuelled primarily by coal, that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world.
The following is a video that gives explanation and
examples of the Industrial Revolution.
http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos#the-industrial-revolition
Next, we have a video showing an example of the Industrial
Revolution’s effect in England:
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31816-industrial-revelations-staffordshire-video.html
Revolutions in Governments
From the mid 1600s through the 1700s, most of the European countries were ruled by monarchs, many absolute monarchs. During this period, many literary people, scientists, and philosophers wanted change.
What kind of change? They believed that there were political and social injustices that needed to change, possibly, fought. They claimed that the monarchs and the nobility were taking too much from the common or poor people and gave them back too little. They desired a fairer society. Their ideas were published and have led to the period called “The Enlightenment”.
They desired a fairer society. Their ideas were published and have led to the period called “The Enlightenment”. It took time, however, these ideas of freedom, equality, and government eventually gained influence. They even inspired the American and French Revolutions.
To learn more about this period called; “The Enlightenment”, you may go to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenment
The American Revolution
The British established 13 colonies along the eastern coast of North America by the 1750s. The colonists were holding their own elections and making their own laws even though they were still considered “British subjects”. They did not have any representation in the British Parliament.
Meanwhile, France and England were both striving to claim lands in north America, conflicting more and more. They eventually went to war over claims, a war called the “Seven years War”. To help fund this war, England taxed the colonists more, creating discontent, and a war.
The colonists severed ties with the British Empire in July 1776, when the Congress issued the United States Declaration of Independence, rejecting the monarchy on behalf of the new sovereign nation separate and external to the British Empire.
The five-man committee in charge of drafting the
United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 as it presents its work to
the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia
More About Causes for Revolution in America
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/27981-assignment-discovery-american-revolution-video.htm
Effects of American Revolution
Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a democratically-elected representative government responsible to the will of the people.
Contact between American revolutionaries and the French troops, who served as anti-British mercenaries in North America, helped spread revolutionary ideals to the French people.
After a time, many of the French began to attack the undemocratic nature of their own government, push for freedom of speech, challenge the Roman Catholic Church, and condemn the privileges of the nobles.
The war ended with effective American victory in October 1781, followed by formal British abandonment of any claims to the United States with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
For the British, defeat heightened dissension and increased political antagonism to the King's ministers. Inside parliament, the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation, parliamentary reform, and government reduction. Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption.
Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case.
More about the American Revolution:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution
The French Revolution
As the American colonists won their independence from the British, French people struggled under cruel and unjust treatment of their absolute monarchy. There were food shortages, rising prices and taxes and widespread hunger.
Although France in 1789 faced economic difficulties, mostly concerning the equitability of taxation, it was one of the richest and most powerful nations of Europe
Louis XVI, his ministers, and the widespread French nobility had become immensely unpopular. This was a consequence of the fact that peasants and, to a lesser extent, the bourgeoisie, were burdened with ruinously-high taxes levied to support wealthy aristocrats and their sumptuous, often gluttonous, lifestyles.
Many of the French began to attack the undemocratic nature of their own government, push for freedom of speech, challenge the Roman Catholic Church, and decry the power of the nobles.
The following video/power point presentation provides
a summary of the French Revolution.
http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=10343
Governments of France: 1774-1814
1774 Louis XVI becomes King.1789 Third Estate, as the
National Assembly, assumes power.
1791 Legislative Assembly, with Louis XVI as constitutional monarch, begins rule.
1799 Napoleon establishes himself as First Consul.
1804 Napoleon is crowned emperor.
1814 Napoleon is defeated and the monarchy is restored.
The following slides give more detail and visual images of the impressive career of Napoleon as French leader/conqueror.
Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, (ca. 1868) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, Hearst Castle
Battle of the Pyramids, François-Louis-Joseph Watteau
, 1798–1799
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, (1800), by Jacques-Louis David
Napoleon on His Imperial Throne, 1806, by Ingres
Coronation of Napoleon I and Empress Josephine by
Jacques-Louis David in 1804
Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, by François Gérard 1805. The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was
Napoleon's greatest victory, where the French Empire effectively crushed the
Third Coalition
The Treaties of Tilsit: Napoleon meeting with
Alexander I of Russia on a raft in the middle of the
Neman River
First French Empire at its greatest extent in 1811
•Darkest Blue: French Empire
•Med Blue: French satellite states
•Light Blue: Allied states
Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia, a painting by Adolph
Northen.
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time.
The French suffered greatly in the course of a ruinous retreat, including from the harshness of the Russian Winter. The Armée had begun as over 400,000 frontline troops, but in the end fewer than 40,000 crossed the Berezina River in November 1812.
•Paris was captured by the Coalition in March 1814.
•When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his marshals decided to mutiny. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon had no choice but to abdicate.
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the victors exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain his title of emperor.
Napoleon returned from Elba, by Karl Stenben,
•1815 - painting by William Sadler. The Battle of Waterloo Campaign was Napoleon's last. This defeat in the War of the Seventh Coalition put an end to Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French and marked the end of his Hundred Days' return from exile.
Outnumbered, the French army left the battlefield in disorder, which allowed Coalition forces, (Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal), to enter France and restore Louis XVIII to the French throne.
Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled to the
island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km from
the west coast of Africa
Effects of the French Revolution
1) Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history, and the end of the early modern period, which started around 1500. The Revolution is, in fact, often seen as marking the "dawn of the modern era".
2) Within France itself, the Revolution permanently crippled the power of the aristocracy and drained the wealth of the Church, although the two institutions survived despite the damage they sustained.
3) One historian commented: "Thousands of men and even many women gained firsthand experience in the political arena: they talked, read, and listened in new ways; they voted; they joined new organizations; and they marched for their political goals.
4) Outside France, the Revolution captured the imagination of the world. It had a profound impact on the Russian Revolution and its ideas were taken in by Mao Zedong in his efforts at constructing a communist state in China.
Resources
http://www.wikipedia.orghttp://
www.watchknowlearn.orghttp://
www.howstuffworks.comhttp://www.history.com
