Station I. Renaissance Literature: Read the quotes below and the excerpt from The Prince. Then answer the following questions.

But now in this perilous assault,in this horrible, pitiless battlethat has so hardened my mind and heart,your great valor has shown you an equalto Hector and Achilles. But what good isthis to me, sorrowful, abandoned?~Vittoria Colonna, Poems

1. What emotions are described in this poem?2. What allusion (connections) does she make to ancient Greece?

Gold and silver, of which money is made are so treated…that no one values them more highly than their true nature deserves. Who does not see that they are far inferior to iron in usefulness since without iron mortals cannot live any more than without fire and water.~Thomas More, Utopia

3. What are More’s beliefs about money? 4. How does this relate to More’s view of an ideal society?

What piece of work is a man! how noble in reason!how infinite in faculty! in form and moving howexpress and admirable! in action how like an angel!in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of theworld! the paragon of animals! ~William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act II, Scene II

5. How does Shakespeare describe man (humans)? 6. How does it relate to the concept of Humanism?

Questions for The Prince:7. Why does Machiavelli believe that it is better for a prince to be feared than loved?8. What is Machiavelli’s general view of people? How does this relate to Shakespeare’s

view of man? 9. Is Machiavelli’s description of a prince consistent with the idea of the Renaissance

Man?

The Prince

By Niccolò Machiavelli

Florentine Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) served in the government as a diplomat for fourteen years before becoming a full-time writer and scholar. In 1513, he used his experience in politics and his studies of ancient Roman history to write a book called The Prince. In this book, Machiavelli combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power.

Here the question arises: is it better to be loved than feared, or vice versa? I don’t doubt that every prince would like to be both; but since it is hard to accommodate these qualities, if you have to make a choice, to be feared is much safer than to be loved. For it is a good general rule about men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, fearful of danger and greedy for gain. While you serve their welfare, they are all yours, offering their blood, their belongings, their lives, and their children’s lives, as we noted above—so long as the danger is remote. But when the danger is close at hand, they turn against you. Then, any prince who has relied on their words and has made no other preparations will come to grief; because friendships that are bought at a price, and not with greatness and nobility of soul, may be paid for but they are not acquired, and they cannot be used in time of need. People are less concerned with offending a man who makes himself loved than one who makes himself feared: the reason is that love is a link of obligation which men, because they are rotten, will break any time they think doing so serves their advantage; but fear involves dread of punishment, from which they can never escape.

Still, a prince should make himself feared in such a way that, even if he gets no love, he gets no hate either; because it is perfectly possible to be feared and not hated, and this will be the result if only the prince will keep his hands off the property of his subjects or citizens, and of their women. When he does have to shed blood, he should be sure to have a strong justification and manifest cause; but above all, he should not confiscate people’s property, because men are quicker to forget the death of a father than the loss of a patrimony. Besides, pretexts for confiscation are always plentiful; it never fails that a prince who starts living by plunder can find reasons to rob someone else. . . Returning to the question of being feared or loved, I conclude that since men love at their own inclination but can be made to fear at the inclination of the prince, a shrewd prince will lay his foundations on what is under his own control, not on what is controlled by others.*****************************************************************************

1. Fickle changeable2. Manifest clear; plain to see3. Confiscate to seize or take4. Patrimony property or inheritance5. Pretexts excuses; false reasons

Station II. Renaissance Technology Look at the pictures of technology from the Renaissance. For each picture, answer the following questions. Then use the book and the timer to complete the printing press activity. Finally, watch the clip from Modern Marvels and answer the last question on the chart (Scan the QR code or click on the code for a link).

1)How would these inventions make life easier for people in the Renaissance?

Telescope

Machine for grinding convex lenses

1.

Station III. Renaissance MusicListen to each of the songs and try to determine how they relate to the Renaissance by answering the questions about each one. Track 1 & 2: 1: https://youtu.be/gWfod9GK1Bs 2: https://youtu.be/TaQ_FbTlgL8

Track 1 is a song from the early Middle Ages known as a Gregorian Chant. This was typically sung by a group of monks. Track 2 is a piece of “Sacred” or religious music written in the Renaissance. Describe each of the pieces of music. How are they sung? Are there any instruments? If so, about how many? What languages are they in? Compare and contrast the two pieces. What can you tell about the evolution of music from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance? What key terms can you apply to them?

Track 3: Greensleeves attributed to King Henry VIII: https://youtu.be/_5cv6_DnOl8 yrics: Alas, my love, but you do me wrong

To cast me off discourteouslyFor I have loved you so long Delighting in your company

Greensleeves was all my joyGreensleeves was my delight

Greensleeves was my heart of goldAnd who but my Lady Greensleeves

I have been ready at your handTo grant whatever you would crave

I have both waged life and landYour love and goodwill for to have

Greensleeves was all my joyGreensleeves was my delight

Greensleeves was my heart of goldAnd who but my Lady Greensleeves

1. What are the values (morals, ideals, principles, etc) come across in this song?2. How does this relate to the idea of The Courtier?

Track 4: Im Maien https://youtu.be/JbQkTpxviGI History: Song is German. The title translates into “In May” and the music was written by Ludgi Senfl based on an old German folksong and poem from the same title. The first few lines of the poem translate loosely into:

In May-, in the May-When you hear the cocks crow. Rejoice, thou beautiful peasant maid, We want to sow oats

3. Listen to the instruments used in the piece. Can you name any? What is the tone and tempo? What might someone do to this piece? (IE dance, listen quietly, etc)

4. Does this sound like a piece written for a king or a peasant (use the lyrics and history as a hint)?

5. How does the music relate to the ideas Northern Renaissance?

Station IV. Renaissance ArtGo to my website (zappiahistory.weebly.com-> Unit 8-> Stations links) to look at the images listed below and answer the following questions.1) Is this a Northern or Italian Renaissance painting? 2)Describe each of the paintings by examining facial expression,

color, use of light/shadow, content, and detail, etc. 3)How does this artwork relate to Renaissance ideas of realism or

humanism?

After you have analyzed both paintings, please compare the pieces of art you have chosen: What was similar about them? What was different?

Lastly, (Honors only)

4)Compare the two van Eyck paintings. What is the same about them? What is different? Does anything surprise you about Virgin and Child? What do you think influenced it?

1) Adam, Michelangelo, from the Sistine Chapel (1541)2) The Small Cowper Madonna, Rahpael (1505)

3) The Fight Between Carnival and Lent, Pieter Bruegel (1559)4) Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck (1434)

5) Virgin and Child with Saints and Donor, Jan van Eyck (c. 1441-1443)

Honors: Please analyze all 4 images.

Non-Honors: Pick either painting 1 or 2 and answer questions 1, 2, 3 about that painting.

Then pick either painting 3, 4, or 5 and answer questions 1, 2, 3 about that painting.

Station V. Renaissance Geography: Read the information below and answer questions on your chart.

Renaissance FlorenceThe artistic, economic and social changes that are associated with the Renaissance first began in the Italian city of Florence. With an average rainfall of 36 inches, Florence is described as a temperate climate. In the winter, temperatures average 51° F; in the summer, temperatures are around 85° F. Horse-drawn wagons are used to haul goods locally, but on long hauls people traveled by foot because of the poor condition of the roads. When able, goods were transported along the river; animals pulled the boats with ropes from the shore.

In 1425, Florence was a self-governed, independent city-state with a population of 60,000. Surrounded by land, the city had no sea trade, but artist guilds and banking made Florence a money-making success. Many of Florence's families also built their fortunes on banking. The gold coin of Florence, called the florin, was so consistently pure that it became the standard currency of Europe.

The construction of a dome on top of Florence's cathedral, called the church of Santa Maria del Fiore, marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture. Filippo Brunelleschi received a commission to build the first dome in Florence on a cathedral built in the Gothic style over one hundred years earlier. Brunelleschi went to Rome to study ancient Greek designs and proportions, and he borrowed ideas from what he saw there to create a new architectural marvel - the dome. Brunelleschi's achievement in Florence became a symbol of the Renaissance; blending old Greek designs with modern engineering and artistic ideas to create a new Renaissance style.

The Medici family, originally farmers, made their fortune in banking, in Florence, in the beginning of the 15th century. Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), Florence's wealthiest and most influential citizen, delighted in discussing humanist issues and was extremely generous in his support of scholars and artists such as Brunelleschi. He founded the famous Medici Library and organized the Plato Academy, where intellectuals would gather to discuss ideas concerning the Greek classics. The academy continued even after Cosimo's death.

Florence's wealth and success, guided by rich patrons like the Medicis and the artists they supported, became a new model for society in Europe. The Middle Ages, where cities and states were ruled by kings, emperors and dukes, gradually gave way to governments led by wealthy merchants and bankers, The Renaissance values that grew from the ideas they supported, spread from Florence to other Italian cities and north to the Netherlands.

Renaissance VeniceIn the early 16th century Venice was the third largest city in the world, following the largest city, Constantinople and the second largest, the Aztec city of Technochtitlan. Venice’s temperate climate includes winter temperatures of 44° F and summer temperatures of 79° F. Because Venice has abundant waterways running throughout the city, waterways provided the primary source of transportation. Animals trudged along the banks of the waterways to pull water vessels with ropes. However, the waterways were prone to flooding. Roads around the city are not in great condition but when able, people travel by horse-drawn wagons.

The ruler of Venice, called the Doge, was elected from the aristocracy. There were 134 families with 2700 members of the Venetian aristocracy in 1500. Members of this class were recorded in the Libro D'Oro - The Golden Book. Only those men whose names were inscribed in the book were eligible to be elected Doge.

Beneath the aristocracy in Venice were the Cittadini Originarii. This class of people who were full citizens of the Republic and its territories but were not able to vote to elect the Doge. It was also possible for the Cittadini Originarii to climb into the

Medallion with a portrait of Cosimo de Medici

Bridge of SightsVenice, Italy

elevated position of aristocracy by donating 100,000 Ducats (a denomination of currency) to the State and buying themselves a place in the Libro D'Oro. The common people of Venice lived in houses on unpaved roads away from the center of the city. As the lowest level of Venetian society they had all the rights of a citizen but they could not vote and positions that were open to them in governing Venice were very limited.

By 1529, the Ottoman Empire extended to the east of Italy and along the southern Mediterranean to Morocco. To the north, the Hapsburg Empire controlled Germany and the Netherlands. To the northwest, France was ruled by Francis I. Venice steered a course between these three great powers and managed to remain an independent city-state. In the years between 1575 and 1577, Venice was gripped by a plague, which not only filled the hospitals but also several old ships were towed out into the lagoon as hospitals. When it was over, more than 50,000 Venetians had died and by 1581, its population had been reduced from almost 190,000 to a little over 124,000.

Venice was the first Italian city to put the moveable type printing press to use and became the center of the European book trade. Venice was also located next to the University of Padua, where the study of science, medicine and the law produced doctors and lawyers. Galileo taught mathematics at the University for 18 years. Despite its publishing fame and its contributions to the math and science of the Renaissance, Venice was never able to promote Renaissance values as well as Florence. The price the city paid for independence, and perhaps in plague victims, placed it second to Florence in Renaissance innovations in art and architecture.

The Netherlands RenaissanceThe Renaissance Netherlands was an area including what is now Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and northern France. A coastal lowland, the Netherlands has a temperate climate. In the summer temperatures average 83° F while in the winter temperatures average 51° F. Transportation was either by foot or by horse-drawn wagon; long-distance inland travel was done with horse-drawn boats and barges.

By 1500 the rule of these areas had been in the Hapsburg family for generations and was handed down from father to son. The Hapsburg lands continued to expand over Europe during the Renaissance, both through military conquest and carefully chosen marriage alliances.

The Netherlands was an important center of cloth production and was famous for its tapestries, exported all over Europe. The Netherlands also attracted and inspired some of the most talented artists of the Renaissance. Artists of the Netherlands were particularly interested in recording the reality of the visible world. Jan van Eyck, a Belgian painter, is credited with being the first to fully understand the potential of oil paint to reproduce reality. His techniques with oil paint were copied all over Europe. Perhaps this interest in reality explains the reason portraits were so popular during the Renaissance in this region. Northern patrons, from Hapsburg royalty to merchants and craftspeople, had their likenesses captured in portraits during this period.

The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk, protested the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church. Buying indulgences allowed wealthy Catholics to be pardoned from some of the penalty for sins. Catholics, who had the money, could literally buy their way into heaven. The Reformation expressed a different view of Christian practice and led to the creation of the Protestant (meaning protest) church. The Roman Catholic Church mounted the Counter-Reformation, denouncing the Protestants. In Italy and Spain, the Counter-Reformation had an immense impact on the arts and religious images increased; while in the Netherlands where Protestants remained popular, religious art continued to decline and interest in the real world grew and flourished.