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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model & StrengthsBased Prac9ce: Recommenda9ons for Women Entering Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math (STEM) Sector Jessica M. Li, San Francisco State University Goal To provide recommenda.ons to help recruit and retain women in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) sector. Recommenda9ons/Awareness For References Cook, E. P., Heppner, M. J., & O’Brien, K. M. (2002). Career development of women of color and white women: assump.ons, conceptualiza.on, and interven.ons from an ecological perspec.ve. The Career Development Quarterly, 50 (June), 291305. Del Giudice, M. (2014, November 7). Why it’s crucial to get more women into science. Na7onal Geographic. Retrieved from hZp://news.na.onalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141107genderstudieswomenscien.fic researchfeminist/ Hodges, T. D. and Cli]on, D. O. (2004) Strengthsbased Development in Prac.ce, in Posi.ve Psychology in Prac.ce (eds P. A. Linley and S. Joseph), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9780470939338.ch16 Rosser, S. V., & Taylor, M. Z. (2008). Economic security: expanding women’s par.cipa.on in US science. Harvard Interna7onal Review, 30, 2024. Retrieved from hZp://www.jstor.org/stable/42763594 Smith, E. J. (2006). The strengthbased counseling model. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 1379. doi: 10.1177/0011000005277018 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Human behaviors are ongoing and dynamic interac.ons between the person and the environment (Cook, 2002). The Four Systems (Cook, 2002): 1. Microsystemsinterpersonal interac.ons within a given environment (e.g. roommates, STEM courses, professors, peers) 2. Mesosystemsinterac.ons between 2 or more microsystems (e.g. rela.ons between an individual’s family members and friends) 3. Exosystemslinkages between subsystems that indirectly influence the individual (e.g. mass media, college campus, work/internship environment) 4. Macrosystemsideological components of given society (e.g. norms and values) StrengthsBased Prac9ce Developed by: Dennis Saleebev, Charles Rapp, & Anne Weick Help women in STEM tell their story from a strength perspec.ve. Characteris9cs of Strengths (Smith, 2006): Mul.ple strengths can appear simultaneously. Strengths are both malleable and changeable. One’s strength can provide a founda.on for one to achieve another strength. Student’s behavior in one seing can be viewed as a strength, but in a different seing a liability. The same can be applied for cultural implica.ons. Results from StrengthsBased Prac9ce (Hodges, 2004): Hope Subjec.ve wellbeing Confidence Need for Study We need more people in STEM because it directly feeds to U.S. economic growth and increases living standards (Rosser & Taylor, 2008). Because women look at problems differently than men do, they are needed in research to increase range of inven.ons and breakthroughs (Del Giudice, 2014). Women scien.sts are less comfortable selling themselves and their science (Rosser & Taylor, 2008). Women in STEM Occupa9ons Del Giudice (2014); Source: U.S. Census Bureau Iden9fica9on of Talent Integra9on of How One Views Himself or Herself Behavioral Change Stages of StrengthsBased (Hodges, 2004): Source: Google Images Recruiters Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model: When talking to a poten.al female candidate, would you have made the same remark or decision with a poten.al male candidate? StrengthsBased Prac9ce: When talking to a student at a career fair, place more focus on her strengths Educa9onal Ins9tu9ons Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model: Advocate for familyfriendly policies so that the workplace can be more invi.ng to females. StrengthsBased Prac9ce: Talk about the obstacles and achievements of role models in the STEM field. How do their stories relate to the student? StrengthsBased Prac9ce: Let the student know you are roo.ng for her. Highlight her accomplishments at work to her colleagues, supervisor, and herself. Integra9ve Technique: Talk to the student to flush out feelings and thoughts about cultural and societal norms of females in STEM. Role Models in STEM Rita LeviMontalcini Marie Curie Chris.ane NussleinVolhard Jane Goodall Acknowledgements: Alison Cerezo, Ph.D. & Kris.n Conner, M.S. Contact Jessica M. Li for more informa7on at [email protected] Career Mentorship Scholarship Recipient 2014 Female College Individual MESOSYSTEM MESOSYSTEM MESOSYSTEM MACROSYSTEM EXOSYSTEM MICROSYSTEM CHRONOSYSTEM

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Bronfenbrenner’s  Ecological  Model  &  Strengths-­‐Based  Prac9ce:    Recommenda9ons  for  Women  Entering  Science,  Technology,  

Engineering,  &  Math  (STEM)  Sector  

Jessica  M.  Li,  San  Francisco  State  University    Goal  

To  provide  recommenda.ons  to  help  recruit  and  retain  women  in  the  Science,  Technology,  Engineering  and  Math  (STEM)  sector.  

Recommenda9ons/Awareness  For  

References    Cook,  E.  P.,  Heppner,  M.  J.,  &  O’Brien,  K.  M.  (2002).  Career  development  of  women  of  color  and  white  women:  

 assump.ons,  conceptualiza.on,  and  interven.ons  from  an  ecological  perspec.ve.  The  Career  Development    Quarterly,  50  (June),  291-­‐305.    

Del  Giudice,  M.  (2014,  November  7).  Why  it’s  crucial  to  get  more  women  into  science.  Na7onal  Geographic.  Retrieved    from  hZp://news.na.onalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141107-­‐gender-­‐studies-­‐women-­‐scien.fic-­‐    research-­‐feminist/  

Hodges,  T.  D.  and  Cli]on,  D.  O.  (2004)  Strengths-­‐based  Development  in  Prac.ce,  in  Posi.ve  Psychology  in  Prac.ce  (eds    P.  A.  Linley  and  S.  Joseph),  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  Inc.,  Hoboken,  NJ,  USA.  doi:  10.1002/9780470939338.ch16  

Rosser,  S.  V.,  &  Taylor,  M.  Z.  (2008).  Economic  security:  expanding  women’s  par.cipa.on  in  US    science.  Harvard    Interna7onal  Review,  30,  20-­‐24.  Retrieved  from  hZp://www.jstor.org/stable/42763594  

Smith,  E.  J.  (2006).  The  strength-­‐based  counseling  model.  The  Counseling  Psychologist,  34,  13-­‐79.  doi:    10.1177/0011000005277018  

Bronfenbrenner’s  Ecological  Model  Human  behaviors  are  ongoing  and  dynamic  interac.ons  between  the  person  and  the  environment  (Cook,  2002).      The  Four  Systems  (Cook,  2002):  1.   Microsystems-­‐interpersonal  interac.ons  within  a  given  environment    

(e.g.  roommates,  STEM  courses,  professors,  peers)    2.   Mesosystems-­‐interac.ons  between  2  or  more  microsystems  

(e.g.  rela.ons  between  an  individual’s  family  members  and  friends)  3.   Exosystems-­‐linkages  between  subsystems  that  indirectly  influence  the    

individual  (e.g.  mass  media,  college  campus,  work/internship  environment)  4.   Macrosystems-­‐ideological  components  of  given  society  (e.g.  norms  and  values)  

Strengths-­‐Based  Prac9ce  Developed  by:  Dennis  Saleebev,  Charles  Rapp,  &  Anne  Weick      Help  women  in  STEM  tell  their  story  from  a  strength  perspec.ve.    Characteris9cs  of  Strengths  (Smith,  2006):    •  Mul.ple  strengths  can  appear  simultaneously.    •  Strengths  are  both  malleable  and  changeable.  •  One’s  strength  can  provide  a  founda.on  for  one  to  achieve  

another  strength.  •  Student’s  behavior  in  one  seing  can  be  viewed  as  a  

strength,  but  in  a  different  seing  a  liability.  The  same  can  be  applied  for  cultural  implica.ons.  

         Results  from  Strengths-­‐Based  Prac9ce  (Hodges,  2004):  •  Hope  •  Subjec.ve  well-­‐being  •  Confidence    

Need  for  Study  •  We  need  more  people  in  STEM  because  it  directly  feeds  

to  U.S.  economic  growth  and  increases  living  standards  (Rosser  &  Taylor,  2008).  

•  Because  women  look  at  problems  differently  than  men  do,  they  are  needed  in  research  to  increase  range  of  inven.ons  and  breakthroughs  (Del  Giudice,  2014).  

•  Women  scien.sts  are  less  comfortable  selling  themselves  and  their  science  (Rosser  &  Taylor,  2008).    

 Women  in  STEM  Occupa9ons  

Del  Giudice  (2014);  Source:  U.S.  Census  Bureau  

Iden9fica9on  of  Talent  

Integra9on  of  How  One  Views  Himself  or  Herself  

Behavioral  Change  

Stages  of  Strengths-­‐Based  (Hodges,  2004):  

Source:  Google  Images  

Recruiters  •  Bronfenbrenner’s  Ecological  Model:  When  talking  to  a  poten.al  female  candidate,  

would  you  have  made  the  same  remark  or  decision  with  a  poten.al  male  candidate?  •  Strengths-­‐Based  Prac9ce:  When  talking  to  a  student  at  a  career  fair,  place  more  focus  

on  her  strengths  

Educa9onal  Ins9tu9ons  •  Bronfenbrenner’s  Ecological  Model:  Advocate  for  family-­‐friendly  policies  so  that  the  

workplace  can  be  more  invi.ng  to  females.  •  Strengths-­‐Based  Prac9ce:  Talk  about  the  obstacles  and  achievements  of  role  models  

in  the  STEM  field.  How  do  their  stories  relate  to  the  student?  •  Strengths-­‐Based  Prac9ce:  Let  the  student  know  you  are  roo.ng  for  her.    Highlight  her  

accomplishments  at  work  to  her  colleagues,  supervisor,  and  herself.  •  Integra9ve  Technique:  Talk  to  the  student  to  flush  out  feelings  and  thoughts  about  

cultural  and  societal  norms  of  females  in  STEM.  

Role  Models  in  STEM  Rita  Levi-­‐Montalcini  Marie  Curie  Chris.ane  Nusslein-­‐Volhard  Jane  Goodall  

Acknowledgements:  Alison  Cerezo,  Ph.D.  &  Kris.n  Conner,  M.S.  Contact  Jessica  M.  Li  for  more  informa7on  at  [email protected]  

Career  Mentorship  Scholarship  Recipient  2014  

Female

College Individual

MESOSYSTEM MESOSYSTEM

MES

OSY

STEM

MACROSYSTEM

EXOSYSTEM

MICROSYSTEM

CHRONOSYSTEM