Moy Ya Lim Yao vs Commissioner of Immigration

8/9/2019 Moy Ya Lim Yao vs Commissioner of Immigration

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EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-21289. October 4, 1971.]

MOY YA LIM YAO a!a" E#ILBER$O AG%INAL#O LIM a&' LA% Y%EN YE%NG, Petitioners- Appellants, (. $)E COMMI**IONER O+ IMMIGRA$ION, Respondent-Appellee.

Areo, Maar! / A""oc!ate" 0or Petitioners-Appellants.

*o!c!tor Ge&era Artro A. Aa0r!, A""t. *o. Ge&. +r!&e C . abaero a&' *o!c!tor *!a& 3 .Ber&ar'o 0or Respondent-Appellee.

*YLLAB%*

1. POLITICAL LAW; CITIZENSHIP; IMMIGRATION ACT; SECTION 9 (G) THEREOF, NOT APPLICABLE TO ALIENWHO LEGITIMATELY BECOMES FILIPINO. — Sect!" 9 (#) !$ t%e I&&#'t!" Act !e* "!t ++- t! e"*%! $te' c!&"# "t! t%e P%++"e* * te&+!''- /*t!'*, e#t&te- 0ec!&e F+"! cte"* !' c23'eF+"! cte"*%+. S3c% c%"#e !$ "t!"t- "t3'- 0e*t!* 3+!" t%e& t%e '#%t t! *t- " t%eP%++"e* +e'&"e"t- !' "!t, * t%e- &- c%!!*e, " $ t%e- eect t! 'e*e %e'e, t%e &&#'t!"3t%!'te* &- "et%e' e+!'t t%e& "!' c!"$*cte t%e' 0!"*.

4. I5.; I5.; NAT6RALIZATION; EFFECTS. — T%e "t3't!" !$ " e" /*t!' * P%++"e cte"!#c- +'!3ce* t%e e$$ect !$ c!"$e''"# 3+!" %& +*! $ct! t%e '#%t* !$ cte"*%+ "c3"# t%t !$0e"# e"tte t! +e'&"e"t- *t- " t%e P%++"e* !3t*e t%e !'0t !$ 3t%!'t- !$ t%e C!&&**!"e' !$I&&#'t!" /*7/* e"*, $ !"- 0ec3*e 0- t* /e'- "t3'e " e8+'e** +'!/*!"*, t%e I&&#'t!" L* !"- $!' e"* " * "++c0e t! cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e*.

. STAT6TORY CONSTR6CTION; WHERE LANG6AGE OF STAT6TE IS S6SCEPTIBLE OF TWOCONSTR6CTIONS, THAT WHICH CARRIES O6T OB:ECT PREAILS. — A *tt3te * t! 0e c!"*t'3e t%'e$e'e"ce t! t* &"$e*t !0


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cte"*, +'!/e t%t *%e !e* "!t *3$$e' $'!& "- !$ t%e *23$ct!"* 3"e' * Sect!" =.

D. I5.; I5.; I5.; I5.; NAT6RALIZATION PROCEE5ING, NOT RE6IRE5. — Sect!" 1 * +'e +'!/*!" t!Sect!" 1?. I$ t%e ! !$ " ++c"t $!' "t3't!" F+"!, %! e* 3'"# t%e +'!cee"#*, * "!t'e23'e t! #! t%'!3#% "t3't!" +'!cee"#, " !'e' t! 0e c!"*e'e * F+"! cte" %e'e!$, t*%!3 "!t $!! t%t t%e $e !$ /"# F+"! c""!t 0e e"e t%t *&e +'/e#e. T%* * +" c!&&!"*e"*e " t%e'e * 0*!3te- "! e/e"ce t%t t%e Le#*t3'e "te"e t! t'et t%e& $$e'e"t-.

. I5.; I5.; I5.; MO5ES OF. — T%e C!"*tt3t!" t*e$ 'ec!#"e* * P%++"e cte"* T%!*e %! 'e"t3'e " cc!'"ce t% (Sect!" 1 ?, A'tce I, P%++"e C!"*tt3t!"). Cte"* 0-"t3't!", 3"e' t%* +'!/*!", "c3e "!t !"- t%!*e %! 'e "t3'e " cc!'"ce t% e#+'!cee"#* $!' t%e c23*t!" !$ cte"*%+, 03t *! t%!*e %! c23'e cte"*%+ 0- e'/t/e"t3't!" !' 0- !+e't!" !$ , *, $!' e8&+e, t%e "t3't!" !$ " e" $e t%'!3#% t%e"t3't!" !$ %e' %3*0", !' 0- &''#e !$ " e" !&" t! cte".

9. I5.; I5.; I5.; SECTION 1? OF REISE5 NAT6RALIZATION LAW; P6RPOSE. — T%e e"# e !' +3'+!*e!$ Sect!" 1? * t! c!"$e' P%++"e cte"*%+ 0- !+e't!" !$ 3+!" ce't" c**e* !$ e"* * e#c!"*e23e"ce !$ t%e' 'et!"*%+, 0- 0!! !' 0- $$"t-, t! +e'*!"* %! 'e 'e- cte"* !$ t%eP%++"e*. W%e"e/e' t%e $ct !$ 'et!"*%+ !$ t%e +e'*!"* e"3&e'te " t%e +'!/*!"* c!"c3'* t% t%e$ct !$ cte"*%+ !$ t%e +e'*!" t! %! t%e- 'e 'ete, t%e e$$ect * $!' * +e'*!" t! 0ec!&e +*! $ct!cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e*. I+*! $ct! * %e'e 3*e !e* "!t &e" t%t e" /e* " &"!' c%'e"!$ t%e P%++"e cte"*, $'!& t%e &e'e $ct !$ 'et!"*%+, "ece**'- 0ec!&e *3c% cte"* *!. T%!*e

%! ! "!t &eet t%e *tt3t!'- 'e23'e&e"t* ! "!t +*! $ct! 0ec!&e cte"*; t%e- &3*t ++- $!'"t3't!" " !'e' t! c23'e *3c% *tt3*. W%t t !e* &e", %!e/e', * t%t " 'e*+ect !$ t%!*e+e'*!"* e"3&e'te " Sect!" 1?, t%e 'et!"*%+ t! cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* * t%e !+e't/e $ct %c%e*t0*%e* t%e c23*t!" !$ P%++"e cte"*%+ 0- t%e&. Nece**'-, t *! ete'&"e* t%e +!"t !$ t&et %c% *3c% cte"*%+ c!&&e"ce*.

1. I5.; I5.; I5.; I5.; ALIEN WIFE 5EEME5 A CITIZEN IF SHE MIGHT HERSELF BE NAT6RALIZE5. — T%ee#*t3'e c!3 "!t %/e "te"e t%t " e" $e *%!3 "!t 0e ee&e P%++"e cte" 3"e** "3"t *%e +'!/e* t%t *%e &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e. F' $'!& t, t%e *tte* " +" te'&* t%t*%e *% 0e ee&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* $ *%e * !"e %! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e. T%e+'!/*! t%t *%e &3*t 0e !"e %! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e * "!t c!"t!" +'ecee"t t! t%e/e*t"# !' c23*t!" !$ cte"*%+; t * !"- c!"t!" !' *tte !$ $ct "ece**'- t! e*t0*% %e'cte"*%+ * $ct3& +'!0"3&, .e., * $ct e*t0*%e " +'!/e " e/e"ce. T%e !' &#%t, *3*e " t%t +%'*e, +'ec*e- &+e* t%t t t%e t&e !$ %e' &''#e t! P%++"e cte", t%e e" !&"% (t%e) +!e' t! 0ec!&e *3c% cte" %e'*e$ 3"e' t%e * t%e" " $!'ce.

11. I5.; I5.; RES :65ICATA NOT APPLICABLE TO R6LINGS THEREON. — E/e'-t&e t%e cte"*%+ !$ +e'*!" * &te' !' "*+e"*0e "

REYES, :.B.L., J., **e"t"#c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

POLITICAL LAW; CITIZENSHIP; NAT6RALIZATION; ALIEN WOMAN MARRIE5 TO FILIPINO M6ST PROE6ALIFICATIONS 6N5ER SECTION . — O3' "t3't!" *e+'te* 23$ct!"* $'!&*23$ct!"*; t%e +!*t/e 23$ct!"* 3"e' Sect!" t%e'e!$ e8+'e** +!c- !$ 'e*t'ct!" * t!c"te* $!' "t3't!" * &3c% * t%e *23$ct!"* 3"e' Sect!" =. A" t %* 0ee" *%!" " !3'ec*!" " t%e *ec!" L- G!> H c*e (L- G!> H /. G"#, L7414 M'c% 1, 19, 1 SCRA =1) t%tt%!*e "!t *23$e 3"e' Sect!" = !3 "!t "ece**'- 23$- 3"e' Sect!" , e/e" $ t%e 'e*e"ce


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23$ct!" e'e *'e#'e. I" !t%e' !'*, 0- #/"# t! Sect!" 1? !$ !3' Nt3't!" L t%e e$$ect !$ e8c3"# !"- t%!*e !&e" *3$$e'"# $'!& *23$ct!" 3"e' Sect!" c!3 'e*3t " &tt"# t!cte"*%+ !&" t%t Sect!" 4 "te"* t! e8c3e. I" t%e*e c'c3&*t"ce*, I ! "!t *ee %- A&e'c""te'+'ett!" !$ t%e !'* %! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e *%!3 0e c!"*e'e %""# " t%* e +e*3'e t'+ t! t%e P%++"e* t! /*t %e' #'et (#'") 3"ce L3 C%"# P"# $!' +e'!!$ !"e &!"t% (E8%0t* K1,J K17,J " K4J). S%e * +e'&tte t! c!&e "t! t%e P%++"e* !" M'c% 1, 191," * +e'&tte t! *t- $!' +e'! !$ !"e &!"t% %c% !3 e8+'e !" A+' 1, 191. O" t%e te !$%e' ''/, A*%e' Y, C%e"# $e 0!" " t%e &!3"t !$ P1,. t! 3"e't>e, &!"# !t%e'*, t%t *L3 Y3e" Ye3"# !3 ct3- e+'t $'!& t%e P%++"e* !" !' 0e$!'e t%e e8+'t!" !$ %e' 3t%!'e+e'! !$ *t- " t%* c!3"t'- !' t%" t%e +e'! * " %* *c'et!" t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!" !' %*3t%!'e 'e+'e*e"tt/e &#%t +'!+e'- !. A$te' 'e+ete e8te"*!"*, +ett!"e' L3 Y3e" Ye3"# *

!e t! *t- " t%e P%++"e* 3+ t! Fe0'3'- 1, 194 (E8%0t K=J). O" :"3'- 4?, 194, *%e c!"t'cte&''#e t% M!- Y L& Y! * E0e't! A#3"! L& " e#e F+"! cte". Bec3*e !$ t%ec!"te&+te ct!" !$ 'e*+!"e"t t! c!"$*cte %e' 0!" " !'e' %e' ''e*t " &&ete e+!'tt!",$te' t%e e8+'t!" !$ %e' 3t%!'e *t-, *%e 0'!3#%t t%* ct!" $!' " +ce !"e " %$ -e'* $te' %e' ''/, t * &tte t%t +ett!"e' L3Y3e" Ye3"# c!3 "!t 'te et%e' E"#*% !' T#!#. E8ce+t $!' $e !'*, *%e c!3 "!t *+e> et%e'E"#*% !' T#!#. S%e c!3 "!t "&e "- F+"! "e#%0!', t% F+"! "&e e8ce+t !"e, R!*. S%e "!t >"! t%e "&e* !$ %e' 0'!t%e'*7"7, !' **te'*7"7.J

6"e' t%e $ct* 3"$!e 0!/e, t%e C!3't * !$ t%e c!"*e'e !+"!", " *! %!*, t%t t%e "*t"t+ett!" $!' "


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e#t!" !$ +'#'+% !$ t%e c!&+"t, t! t * t e*t,t%e 'e23*te e"#t% !$ 'e*e"ce " t%e P%++"e* (Re/*e Nt3't!" L, Sec. 4, C*e N!. 4, Sec. ,C*e N!. ).

KWe'e $ t%e "te"t!" !$ t%e t%t t%e e" !&", t! 0e ee&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* 0- /'t3e !$&''#e t! F+"! cte", "ee !"- 0e "!t *23$e 3"e' t%e Nt3't!" L, t !3 %/e 0ee"!'e " %! %e'*e$ * "!t *23$e t! 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*. c'/'t310''-

KSec!", L3 Y3e" Ye3"#, te&+!''- C%"e*e !&" /*t!', %!*e 3t%!'e *t- " t%e P%++"e*, $te''e+ete e8te"*!"* t%e'e!$, * t! e8+'e *t Fe0'3'- 4, 194, %/"# &''e %e' c!7+"t$$ !"- !":"3'- 4?, 194, !'


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I

THE LOWER CO6RT ERRE5 IN HOL5ING THAT THE CLA6SE KWHO MIGHT HERSELF BE LAWF6LLYNAT6RALIZE5J (OF SECTION 1?, REISE5 NAT6RALIZATION LAW) INCONTESTABLY IMPLIES THAT ANALIEN WOMAN MAY BE 5EEME5 A CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES BY IRT6E OF HER MARRIAGE TO AFILIPINO CITIZEN, ONLY IF SHE POSSESSES ALL THE 6ALIFICATIONS AN5 NONE OF THE

5IS6ALIFICATIONS SPECIFIE5 IN THE LAW.

II

THE LOWER CO6RT ERRE5 IN HOL5ING THAT A WOMAN FOREIGNER WHO 5OES NOT POSSESS ANY OFTHE 5IS6ALIFICATIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP AN5 WHO MARRIE5 A FILIPINO CITIZEN IS STILLCONSI5ERE5 AN ALIEN EEN AFTER S6CH MARRIAGE AS TO FALL WITHIN THE RE6IREMENT OF SECTION9, S6B7PARAGRAPH (9) OF THE PHILIPPINE IMMIGRATION ACT OF 19=.

III

THE CO6RT ERRE5 IN CONCL65ING THAT LA6 Y6EN YE6NGJS MARRIAGE TO A FILIPINO CITIZEN WASONLY FOR CONENIENCE, MERELY BECA6SE THE SAME WAS CELEBRATE5 :6ST OER A MONTH BEFORE

THE E@PIRY 5ATE OF HER A6THORIZE5 STAY.

I

THE LOWER CO6RT ERRE5 IN FAILING TO FIN5 THAT THE COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION ACTE5 WITHAB6SE OF 5ISCRETION OR IN E@CESS OF HIS :6RIS5ICTION WHEN SAI5 OFFICER THREATENE5 TO SEN5O6T OF THE CO6NTRY PLAINTIFF LA6 Y6EN YE6NG WITH WARNING THAT HER FAIL6RE TO 5O SO WO6L5MEAN CONFISCATION OF HER BON5, ARREST AN5 IMME5IATE 5EPORTATION, IN SPITE OF THE FACT THATLA6 Y6EN YE6NG IS NOW A FILIPINO CITIZEN.

THE LOWER CO6RT ERRE5 IN 5ISMISSING PLAINTIFFS7APPELLANTSJ COMPLAINT AN5 IN REF6SING TOPERMANENTLY EN:OIN THE COMMISSIONER FROM OR5ERING PLAINTIFF LA6 Y6EN YE6NG TO LEAE THEPHILIPPINES AS A TEMPORARY ISITOR WHICH SHE IS NOT.

I

THE LOWER CO6RT ERRE5 IN REF6SING TO GRANT PLAINTIFFS7APPELLANTSJ MOTION FOR PRELIMINARYIN:6NCTION EMBO5IE5 IN THEIR COMPLAINT, IN AN OR5ER 5ATE5 MARCH 19, 194. (PAGES 7=1,RECOR5 ON APPEAL).

We "ee "!t *c3** t%e*e **#"e e''!'* *e+'te-. I" e$$ect, t%e 0!/e ec*!" 3+%e t%e t! &"#'!3"* !$ !0 !" %e' 'e+'e*e"tt!" t! *t- +e'&"e"t- t%!3t $'*t e+'t"#$'!& t%e P%++"e* * *%e % +'!&*e (C%3"# T! B"#, Et. A. /. C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!", G.R.N!. L799, Se+te&0e' 49, 19?; O"# Se L3" /. B!' !$ C!&&**!"e'*, G.R. N!. L71D, Se+t. 1, 19?=,Sec. 9, *t +'. P%. I&&#'t!" L);

T%t t%e &e'e &''#e !$ F+"! cte" t! " e" !e* "!t 3t!&tc- c!"$e' !" t%e tte' P%++"ecte"*%+. T%e e" $e &3*t +!**e** t%e 23$ct!"* 'e23'e 0- t! 0ec!&e F+"! cte" 0-"t3't!" " "!"e !$ t%e *23$ct!"*. (Lee S3" A-, A0e't! T" " Lee C%! /. G"#, etc., G.R. N!. L711??, 5ec. 4?, 19?9)


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It * !0/!3* $'!& t%e "t3'e !$ t%e*e !0e 3+ +e'&"e"t 'e*e"ce %e'e. I" t%e &e"%e, t%e e" !3 0e 0e

t! +'!!"# %* *t- " e/e %* 'et3'" t! t%e +!'t %e"ce %e c&e, c!"t''- t! %t %e +'!&*e t! !%e" %e e"te'e. T%e &#e* "%e'e"t " *3c% '3"# 'e *e$7e/e"t. c'/'t310''-

O" t%e !t%e' %", %!e/e', We c""!t *ee "- 'e*!" %- " e" %! %* 0ee" %e'e * te&+!''-/*t!' 03t %! %* " t%e &e"%e 0ec!&e F+"! *%!3 0e 'e23'e t! *t e/e t%e P%++"e* $!' $!'e#" c!3"t'-, !"- t! ++- t%e'et $!' 'e7e"t'- %e'e " 3"e'#! t%e +'!ce** !$ *%!"# t%t %e *e"tte t! c!&e 0c>, %e" $te' , *3c% '#%t %* 0ec!&e "c!"te*t0e * "ece**'- c!"c!&t"t !$ %***3&+t!" !$ !3' "t!"t- 0- %te/e' e# &e"* t%* %# 0ee" c!"$e''e 3+!" %&. C!"*e', $!'e8&+e, +'ec*e- t%e c*e !$ t%e &"!' c%'e" !$ " e" %! * "t3'e. It * "30t0e t%t t%e-0ec!&e +*! $ct! cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e*. C!3 t 0e t%e t%t 0e$!'e t%e- c" 0e !e +e'&"e"t'e*e"ce, t%e- *t %/e t! 0e t>e" 0'! *! t%t t%e- &- 0e +'!ce**e t! ete'&"e %et%e' !' "!t


7/48

t%e- %/e '#%t t! %/e +e'&"e"t 'e*e"ce %e'e T%e $$c3te* " %'*%+* %c% *3c% 'e23'e&e"t e"t* " t* *ee&"# 3"'e*!"0e"e** '#3e #"*t *3c% 't%e' 0*3' c!"*t'3ct!".I"ee, * e'- * 19?D, " L- G!> H /. G"#, 11 P%. =?9, M'. :3*tce C!"ce+c!", !3' +'e*e"t C%e$:3*tce, 'e- '3e t%3* H c*e, = !"e &!*t e"tc t! t%e !"e t 0'. L- G!> H, !&" !$ C%"e*e "t!"t-, * te&+!''- /*t!' %e'e %!*e 3t%!'t- t! *t- * t! e8+'e !" M'c%1=, 19?. S%e $e 0!" t! #3'"t- %e' t&e- e+'t3'e. O" M'c% , 19?, e#%t -* 0e$!'e t%ee8+'t!" !$ %e' 3t%!'t- t! *t-, *%e &''e F+"! 0- t%e "&e !$ Re*tt3t! Lc*t. O" M'c% 9,19?, %e' %3*0" "!t$e t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!" !$ * &''#e ", c!"te""# t%t %* $e

% 0ec!&e F+" 0- 'e*!" !$ * &''#e, e&"e $!' t%e c"cet!" !$ %e' 0!", 03t "*te !$cce"# t! *3c% 'e23e*t, t%e C!&&**!"e' 'e23'e %e' t! e/e, " 3+!" %e' $3'e t! ! *!, !" M'c%1, 19?, t%e C!&&**!"e' c!"$*cte %e' 0!"; *3t * $e $!' t%e 'ec!/e'- !$ t%e 0!"; t%e !e'c!3't *3*t"e %e' c!"te"t!" t%t *%e % "! !0#t!" t! e/e 0ec3*e *%e % 0ec!&e F+" 0-&''#e, %e"ce %e' 0!" *%!3 0e 'et3'"e. T%e C!&&**!"e' ++ee t! t%* C!3't. I" t%e * ++e,M'. :3*tce R!0e't! C!"ce+c!", !3' +'e*e"t C%e$ :3*tce, *+!>e $!' t%e C!3't, t%3* H 0ec&e, *!, cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*. I"ee, $ t%* c!"c3*!" e'e c!''ect, t !3 $!! t%t, "


8/48

c!"*e23e"ce !$ %e' &''#e, *%e % 0ee" "t3'e * *3c% cte", ", %e"ce, t%e ec*!" ++ee$'!& !3 %/e t! 0e $$'&e, $!' *ect!" =(c) !$ C!&&!"et% Act N!. 1 +'!/e* t%t K" t%e e/e"t!$ t%e "t3't!" * P%++"e cte" . . . !$ t%e e" !" %!*e 0e%$ t%e 0!" e+!*t * #/e", t%e0!" *% 0e c"cee !' t%e *3& e+!*te *% 0e 'et3'"e t! t%e e+!*t!' !' %* e# 'e+'e*e"tt/e.T%3* t%e **3e 0!* !" t! %et%e' " e" $e&e %! &''e* &e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* $!!*+*! $ct! %* +!tc *tt3*.

T%e +e't"e"t +'t !$ *ect!" 1? !$ C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D, 3+!" %c% +ett!"e'* 'e-, 'e*c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

KA"- !&" %! * "! !' &- %e'e$te' 0e &''e t! cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, " %! &#%t %e'*e$0e $3- "t3'e *% 0e ee&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*.J

P3'*3"t t%e'et!, &''#e t! &e F+"! !e* "!t /e*t P%++"e cte"*%+ t! %* $!'e#" $e, 3"e***%e K%e'*e$ &- 0e $3- "t3'e.J A* c!''ect- %e " " !+"!" !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce (O.+. N!.?4, *e'e* !$ 19?), t%* &tt!" !$ *ect!" 1? e8c3e*, $'!& t%e 0e"e$t* !$ "t3't!" 0- &''#e,t%!*e *23$e $'!& 0e"# "t3'e * cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e* 3"e' *ect!" = !$ * C!&&!"et%Act N!. =D, "&e- c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

K() Pe'*!"* !++!*e t! !'#"e #!/e'"&e"t !' $$te t% "- **!ct!" !' #'!3+ !$ +e'*!"* %!3+%! " tec% !ct'"e* !++!*"# !'#"e #!/e'"&e"t*;

K(0) Pe'*!"* e$e""# !' tec%"# t%e "ece**t- !' +'!+'et- !$ /!e"ce, +e'*!" **3t, !' ****"t!"

$!' t%e *3cce** " +'e!&""ce !$ t%e' e*;

K(c) P!-#&*t* !' 0ee/e'* " t%e +'ctce !$ +!-#&-;

K() Pe'*!"* c!"/cte !$ c'&e* "/!/"# &!' t3'+t3e;

K(e) Pe'*!"* *3$$e'"# $'!& &e"t e"t!" !' "c3'0e c!"t#!3* *e*e*;

K($) Pe'*!"* %!, 3'"# t%e +e'! !$ t%e' 'e*e"ce " t%e P%++"e*, %/e "!t &"#e *!c- t% t%eF+"!*, !' %! %/e "!t e/"ce *"ce'e e*'e t! e'" " e&0'ce t%e c3*t!&*, t't!"*, " e*!$ t%e F+"!*;

K(#) Cte"* !' *30 H !e* "!t $ 3"e'"- !$ t%e c**e* *23$e 0- . M!'e!/e', * t%e +'te* %! c& t%t, e*+te %e' $3'e t! e+'t$'!& t%e P%++"e* t%" t%e +e'! *+ec$e " t%e 0!" " 23e*t!", t%e'e %* 0ee" "! 0'ec% t%e'e!$,+ett!"e'* %/e t%e 03'e" !$ +'!/"# %e' e#e c%"#e !$ +!tc *tt3*, $'!& e" t! cte". St'ct-*+e>"#, +ett!"e'* %/e "!t &e !3t, t%e'e$!'e c*e #"*t t%eRespondents-Appellants.

C!"*e'"#, %!e/e', t%t "et%e' " t%e &"*t't/e +'!cee"#*, "!' " t%e !e' c!3't, % t%e +'te**ee&"#- $et t%t t%e'e * " **3e !" %et%e' L- G!> H &- K0e $3- "t3'e,J " t%* 0e"# c*e !$ $'*t &+'e**!" " !3' c!3't*, e 'e !$ t%e !+"!" t%t, " t%e "te'e*t !$ e23t- " e* %e' F+", $ *%e %e'*e$ &#%t 0e $3- "t3'e ;

4. T%t t%* C!3't ec'e * c!''ect t%e !+"!" !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce t%t t%e &tt!" !$ Sect!" 1?!$ t%e Nt3't!" L e8c3e* $'!& t%e 0e"e$t* !$ "t3't!" 0- &''#e, !"- t%!*e *23$e$'!& 0e"# "t3'e 3"e' Sect!" = !$ t%e 23!te " t%e ec*!";

. T%t e/e"ce t! t%e e$$ect t%t *%e * "!t *23$e &- 0e +'e*e"te " t%e ct!" t! 'ec!/e' %e' 0!"


9/48

c!"$*cte 0- t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!";

=. T%t 3+!" +'!!$ !$ *3c% $ct, *%e &- 0e 'ec!#"e * F+"; "

?. T%t " 'e$e''"# t! t%e *23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " t%e , t%e C!3't *!&e%! e$t t%e &+'e**!"t%t "! "23'- "ee 0e &e * t! 23$ct!"*, ? *+ec- c!"*e'"# t%t t%e ec*!" cte "$!!t"!te *e/e' !+"!"* !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce, t%e &&ete *3+e'!' !$ t%e C!&&**!"e' !$

I&&#'t!", t%e &!*t &+!'t"t !$ %c% 'e t%e $!!"#


10/48

G'"t"# t%e /t- !$ &''#e, t%* C!3't %* '3e " t%e 'ece"t c*e !$ L- G!> H /. G"#, *3+', +.=?9, t%t t%e 0'e $ct !$ / &''#e t! cte" !e* "!t *3$$ce t! c!"$e' %* cte"*%+ 3+!" t%e$e. Sect!" 1? !$ t%e Nt3't!" L 'e23'e* t%t t%e e" !&" %! &''e* F+"! &3*t *%!," t!", t%t *%e K&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'eJ * F+"! cte". A* c!"*t'3e " t%e ec*!"cte, t%* *t c!"t!" 'e23'e* +'!!$ t%t t%e !&" %! &''e F+"! * %e'*e$ "!t *23$e3"e' *ect!" = !$ t%e Nt3't!" L.

N! *3c% e/e"ce ++e'"# !" 'ec!', t%e c& !$ **3&+t!" !$ F+"! cte"*%+ 0- T H, t%e &!*t 3*t't/e !$ %c% %e e" 0- " e" !&" &''e t! F+"! cte" " !'e' t! c23'eP%++"e cte"*%+, t%e +'!ce3'e $!!e " t%e B3'e3 !$ I&&#'t!" * * $!!* T%e e" !&"&3*t $e +ett!" $!' t%e c"cet!" !$ %e' e" ce't$cte !$ 'e#*t't!" e#"#, &!"# !t%e' t%"#*,t%t *%e * &''e t! F+"! cte" " t%t *%e * "!t *23$e $'!& c23'"# %e' %3*0"J*cte"*%+ +3'*3"t t! *ect!" = !$ C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D, * &e"e. 6+!" t%e $"# !$ *+ett!", %c% *%!3 0e cc!&+"e !' *3++!'te 0- t%e


11/48

%3*0" t! t%e e$$ect t%t t%e +ett!"e' !e* "!t 0e!"# t! "- !$ t%e #'!3+* *23$e 0- t%e cte*ect!" $'!& 0ec!&"# "t3'e F+"! cte" (+e*e *ee ttc%e CEB F!'& 1), t%e B3'e3 !$I&&#'t!" c!"3ct* " "/e*t#t!" " t%e'e$te' +'!&3#te* t* !'e' !' ec*!" #'"t"# !' e"-"#t%e +ett!". (O+. N!. , B. 19? !$ :3*tce Sec. :e*3* G. B''e'.)

T%* /e $"* *3++!'t " t%e c*e !$ L- G!> H Et. A., /. G"# Et. A. (G.R. N!. L71D, +'!&3#teM- 1D, 19?D), %e'e t%e S3+'e&e C!3't, c!"*t'3"# t%e 0!/e723!te *ect!" " t%e Re/*e Nt3't!"

L, %e t%t K&''#e t! &e F+"! !e* "!t /e*t P%++"e cte"*%+ t! %* $!'e#" $e, 3"e** *%e K%e'*e$ &- 0e $3- "t3'e,J " t%t Kt%* &tt!" !$ Sect!" 1? e8c3e* $'!& t%e 0e"e$t* !$"t3't!" 0- &''#e t%!*e *23$e $'!& 0e"# "t3'e * cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e* 3"e'Sect!" = !$ * C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D.J I" !t%e' !'*, *23$ct!" $!' "- !$ t%e c3*e*e"3&e'te " *ect!" = !$ t%e Act * t%e ec*/e $ct!' t%t e$et* t%e '#%t !$ " e" !&" &''e t! F+"! cte" t! c23'e P%++"e cte"*%+. (O+. ?D, *. 19? !$ :3*tce Sec. :e*3* G. B''e'.)

T%e c!"te"t!" * 3"te"0e. T%e !ct'"e e"3"cte " t%e L- G!> H c*e * "!t "e !"e. I" t%t c*e,t%e S3+'e&e C!3't %e t%t 3"e' +'#'+% 1 !$ Sect!" 1? !$ C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D, K&''#e t! &e F+"! !e* "!t /e*t P%++"e cte"*%+ t! %* $!'e#" $e 3"e** *%e %e'*e$ &- 0e $3-"t3'e K, ", 23!t"# *e/e' e'e' !+"!"* !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce, "&e- N!. ?4, *. 19?; N!.1, *. 19=; N!. 9?, *. 19=1; N!. , *. 19=; N!. 4, *. 19?, Kt%* &tt!" !$ *ect!" 1? e8c3e* $'!&t%e 0e"e$t* !$ "t3't!" 0- &''#e, t%!*e *23$e $'!& 0e"# "t3'e * cte"* !$ t%eP%++"e* 3"e' *ect!" = !$ * C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D. (O+. 1=, B. 194 !$ :3*tce 6"e'*ec.M#"! S. Gt&t".)

It * "!t 3"t &!'e t%" t! -e'* te' t%t, " !"e 'e*+ect, t%e 0!/e c!"*t'3ct!" !$ t%e *&+!'t"t- &!$e 0- t%* C!3't " Lee S3" A-, *3+', " %c% t%e $ct* e'e * $!!* "# " t%e 0!" *

c!&&tte, t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!" &-, 3"e' t%e te'&* " c!"t!"* t%e'e!$, ec'e t$!'$ete " $/!' !$ t%e G!/e'"&e"t. (I" t%e &e"%e, !" A+' 1, 19??, Lee S3" A- " A0e't! T", F+"!, e'e

M'. :3*tce S0"! P *+e>"# $!' 3""&!3* c!3't %c% "c3e :3*tce* C!"ce+c!" " Re-e* %!% +e""e L- G!> H " Rc'! C3, '3e t%3* +ce !" 1 A+' 19??, " t%e /!t!" !$ t%e te'&* "c!"t!"* !$; t%e 3"e't>"# " t%e 0!" — $3'e t! e+'t $'!& t%e P%++"e* 3+!" e8+'t!" !$ %e'3t%!'e +e'! !$ te&+!''- *t- " t%e P%++"e* (4? M'c% 19??) " $3'e t! 'e+!'t t! t%eC!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!" t%" 4= %!3'* $'!& 'ece+t !$ "!tce — e'e c!&&tte 0e$!'e t%e &''#e.M!'e!/e', t%e &''#e !$ F+"! cte" t! " e" !e* "!t 3t!&tc- c!"$e' P%++"e cte"*%+3+!" t%e tte'. S%e &3*t +!**e**e* t%e 23$ct!"* 'e23'e 0- t! 0ec!&e F+"! cte" 0-"t3't!". T%e'e * "! *%!"# t%t t%e ++e"t Lee S3" A- +!**e**e* t%e 23$ct!"* ""!"e !$ t%e *23$ct!"* +'!/e $!' 0- t! 0ec!&e F+"! cte" 0- "t3't!".c'/'t310''-

Pe't"e"t- t! 0e "!te t !"ce " t%* '3"#, %c%, t! 0e *3'e, * t%e !"e 'ee 3+!" " t%e ++eeec*!" "! 0e$!'e 6*, * t%e $ct t%t t%e $!!t"!te !$ t%e *tte&e"t t%e'e" t%t t%e e" $e &3*t+!**e** t%e 23$ct!"* 'e23'e 0- t! 0ec!&e F+"! cte" 0- "t3't!" &>e* 'e$e'e"ce t!Sect!" 1?, C!&&!"et% Act =D " +'ec*e-, *! t! L- G!> H /. G"#, *3+'. A* 0e 'ece, !"t%e !t%e' %", " t%e !+"!"* !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce e8+ct- !+te 0- t%e C!3't " L- G!> H,&!"# t%e&, O+"!" N!. 1D, Se'e* !$ 19=, 0!/e723!te, t * ce'- %e t%t (I)" +'e/!3*!+"!" 'e"e'e $!' -!3' O$$ce, I *tte t%t t%e c3*e K%! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'eJ, *%!30e c!"*t'3e * "!t 'e23'"# t%e !&" t! %/e t%e 23$ct!"* !$ 'e*e"ce, #!! c%'cte', etc., * "


12/48

c*e* !$ "t3't!" 0-


13/48

+'!+'et- !$ /!e"ce, +e'*!" **3t !' ****"t!" $!' t%e *3cce** " +'e!&""ce !$ t%e' e*; (c)+!-#&*t* !' 0ee/e'* " t%e +'ctce !$ +!-#&-; () +e'*!"* c!"/cte !$ c'&e* "/!/"# &!'t3'+t3e; (e) +e'*!"* *3$$e'"# $'!& &e"t e"t!" !' "c3'0e c!"t#!3* *e*e*; ($) cte"* !'*30


14/48

We t%e'e$!'e %! t%t 3"e' t%e $'*t +'#'+% !$ Sect!" 1? !$ t%e Nt3't!" L, " e" !&",%! * &''e t! cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, c23'e* t%e cte"*%+ !$ %e' %3*0" !"- $ *%e %* t%e23$ct!"* " "!"e !$ t%e *23$ct!"* +'!/e 0- . S"ce t%e'e * "! +'!!$ " t%* c*e t%t+ett!"e' %* t%e 23$ct!"* " * "!t " "- - *23$e, %e' &''#e t! F+"! cte" !e*"!t 3t!&tc- &>e %e' F+"! cte". He' $$/t t! t%e e$$ect t%t *%e * "!t " "- - *23$et! 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%* c!3"t'- * c!''ect- *'e#'e 0- t%e t' c!3't, t%e *&e 0e"# *e$7*e'/"#.c'/'t310''-

Nt3'-, &!*t &!"t% te' " S3" Pec> Y!"# . C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!", G.R. N! L74D=,5ece&0e' 4D, 19, 9 SCRA D?, %e'e" t%e Sec'et'- !$ F!'e#" A$$'* 'e/e'*e +'e/!3* 'e*!3t!" !$t%e +'ece"# &"*t't!" t! ! S3" Pec> Y!"# " %e' &"!' *!" t! t t%e t>"# !$ t%e !t% !$F+"! cte"*%+ !$ %e' %3*0" t! -e'* $te' t%e ec*!" #'"t"# %& "t!"t!" " 'e23'e %e't! e/e " t%* !'e' * c!"te*te " c!3't, :3*tce B''e' %e S- /. /!, G.R. N!. L7411, 5ece&0e' 4D, 19, 9 SCRA D, :3*tceB''e' 'ete'te t%e *&e '3"# " ct"# +'tc3'- L! S" T3"# " 3 S3-, %e t%t t%e &''#e!$ T!"# S!> S- t! F+"! !" N!/e&0e' 14, 19 t Tc%3"#, T" " %e' t>"# !t% !$ F+"!cte"*%+ 0e$!'e t%e P%++"e ce C!"*3 t T+e%, T" !" :"3'- , 191 "!t &>e %e' F+"!cte", *"ce *%e c&e %e'e !"- " 191 " !0/!3*-, *%e % "!t % t%e "ece**'- te"7-e' 'e*e"ce" t%e P%++"e* 'e23'e 0- t%e .

S3c% t%e" * t%e *tt3* !$ t%e "t*!3#%t 'ee8&"t!" t%e'e!$ " C%!- "# Tee /. G"#, G.R. N!. L71?1, M'c% 4, 19?, 1 SCRA=4. C%!- "# TeeJ* %3*0" * #'"te P%++"e cte"*%+ !" :"3'- 1, 19?9 " t!!> t%e !t% !":"3'- 1 !$ t%e *&e -e', C%!- "# Tee $'*t c&e t! t%e P%++"e* " 19?? " >e+t c!&&3t"#0etee" M" " H!"#>!"# *"ce t%e", %e' *t /* 0e$!'e t%e c*e 0e"# 3e t! e8+'e !" Fe0'3'- 1=,191. O" :"3'- 4D, 191, %e' %3*0" *>e t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!" t! c"ce %e' e"ce't$cte !$ 'e#*t't!", * e * t%e' c%J*, $!' t%e 'e*!" t%t t%e- e'e F+"!*, " %e" t%e

'e23e*t * e"e * t! t%e $e, &"&3* * *!3#%t, %c% t%e t' c!3't #'"te. 5*c3**"# "et%e **3e !$ t%e "ee $!' 23$ct!"*, :3*tce M>"t "!t !"- 'ete'te t%e '#3&e"t* !$ :3*tceRe# " L! S" T3"# 03t e $3't%e' t%t t%e '3"# * 0ee/e t! 0e " "e t% t%e "t!" +!c- !$*eect/e &**!" t! P%++"e cte"*%+. D

N! !"e', 3+!" t%* 3t%!'t-, " A3*t' /. C!"c%3, G.R. N!. L74D1, :3"e 44, 19?, 1= SCRA , :3*tce:.P. Be"#!" 'e- 'e/e'*e t%e ec*!" !$ t%e !e' c!3't #'"t"# t%e 't* !$ &"&3* " +'!%0t!"#"*t t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!", c!"*e'"# t%t A3*t'J* $e, %e &tt"# *%e "!t+!**e** t%e 23$ct!"* $!' "t3't!", % *30&tte !"- " $$/t t%t *%e % "!"e !$ t%e*23$ct!"* t%e'e$!'. S! *! :3*tce 5!" *&'- %! e#%t -* te' " B't! /. C!&&**!"e',G.R. N!. L7149, :3"e , 19?, 1= SCRA ?9.

T%e" c&e t%e *ec!" L- G!> H c*e %e'e" :3*tce :. B. L. Re-e* t!!> !cc*!" t! e8+" !" t%e'e*!""# !$ C%!- "# Tee 0- 3*t't"# t% e8&+e* t%e "#e' !$ 'e-"# e8c3*/e- !" t%e 0*e"ce !$ *23$ct!"*, t%!3t t>"# "t! cc!3"t t%e !t%e' $$'&t/e 'e23'e&e"t* !$ t%e . 9

L*t-, " G! I& T- /. Re+30c, G.R. N!. L71D919, ece !" :3- , 19, 1 :3*tce Z/' %e $!' t%eC!3't t%t " e" !&" %! * !e 3'"# t%e +e"e"c- !$ t%e "t3't!" +'!cee"#* !$ %e'%3*0", " !'e' t%t *%e &- 0e !e t! t>e t%e !t% * F+"!, &3*t, *e $'!& +'!/"# c!&+"cet% t%e 'e23'e&e"t* !$ Re+30c Act ?, *%! t%t *%e +!**e**e* t%e 23$ct!"* " !e* "!t *3$$e'$'!& "- !$ t%e *23$ct!"* 3"e' t%e Nt3't!" L, ct"# " t%e +'!ce** t%e ec*!" t! *3c%e$$ect *c3**e 0!/e, 11 e/e" * %e &+e- 'e/e'*e +'! t"t! t%e '3"# " T" L" /. Re+30c, G.R. N!.L71D, M- 1, 191, 4 SCRA .

Acc!'"#-, " B3'c, :3*tce S"c%e +'e&*e %* !+"!" !" t%e **3&+t!" t%t t%e +!"t "! 3"e'


15/48

*c3**!" * *ette .

I" t%e c*e "! t 0', t%e C!3't * #" ce 3+!" t! '3e !" t%e *&e **3e. 6"e' Sect!" 1? !$ t%eNt3't!" L, C!&&!"et% Act =D, +'!/"# t%t e 3+t%e &tte' "e. T%e'e %* 0ee" *30*t"t c%"#e " t%e &e&0e'*%+ !$ t%e C!3't *"ce G! I& T-, "!$ t%!*e %! e'e " t%e C!3't 'e- %e" B3'c * ece, t! &e&0e'*, :3*tce M>"t "C*t'! c!"c3''e !"- " t%e 'e*3t, +'ec*e-, cc!'"# t! t%e&, 0ec3*e t%e- "te t! e/e t%e +!"t"! 3"e' *c3**!" !+e" " *! $' * t%e- 'e c!"ce'"e. 14 T'3t% t! te, t%e /e* " '#3&e"t**c3**e t e"#t% t% c!+!3* 'ee/"t 3t%!'te*, " t%e &!t!" $!' 'ec!"*e't!" * e * " t%e&e&!'"3& !$ t%e &c c3'e 1 " t%e B3'c c*e c""!t e" #%t- " *3&&'- #"!'e,

*"ce t%e- +'!e t !' "!t, t * 3"e"0- $ct3 t%t t%e e# +'!/*!" We 'e c!"*t'3"#, Sect!" 1?,$!'e23!te, !$ t%e Nt3't!" L %* 0ee" t>e" 'ect-, c!+e " !+te $'!& t* A&e'c"c!3"te'+'t. T! 0e &!'e cc3'te, * +'!/*!" * "!t%"# e** t%" 'ee"ct&e"t !$ t%e A&e'c"+'!/*!". A 0'e$ 'e/e !$ t* %*t!'- +'!/e* t%* 0e-!" +e' /e"t3'e !$ !30t.

T%e $'*t Nt3't!" L !$ t%e P%++"e* ++'!/e 0- t%e P%++"e Le#*t3'e 3"e' A&e'c"*!/e'e#"t- * t%t !$ M'c% 4, 194, Act N!. 494D. Be$!'e t%e", * c!"*e23e"ce !$ t%e T'et- !$ P'*,!3' cte"*%+ * e'e $!3" !"- " t%e O'#"c L*, t%e P%++"e B !$ 194, t%e Act !$ t%e 6"teStte* C!"#'e** !$ M'c% 4, 1914 " te' t%e :!"e* L !$ 191. I" $ct, Act N!. 494D * e"cte+3'*3"t t! e8+'e** 3t%!'t- #'"te 0- t%e :!"e* L. F!' !0/!3* 'e*!"*, t%e P%++"e* #"e3t!"!&- !" t%e *30


16/48

T%e P%++"e B !$ 194 +'!/e +e't"e"t-


17/48

Sect!" 1 0ec&e t* Sect!" 1? %c% %* 'e- 0ee" 23!te e'e' " t%* ec*!". A* c" 0e *ee",Sect!" 1() 0!/e23!te * 'e7e"cte +'ctc- !' $!' !' " t%e $'*t +'#'+% !$ t%* Sect!" 1?e8ce+t $!' t%e c%"#e !$ P%++"e I*"* t! P%++"e*. A" t c!3 "!t %/e 0ee" !" "- !t%e' 0** t%"t%* e#*t/e %*t!'- !$ !3' "t3't!" t%t ec% " e/e'-!"e !$ t%e ec*!"* !$ t%* C!3't $'!&t%e $'*t L- G!> H t! G! I& T-, *c3**e 0!/e, e'e 'e"e'e.

A* *tte e'e', " t%e !+"!" !$ C%e$ :3*tce C!"ce+c!" " t%e $'*t L- G!> H, t * 23te ce' t%t $!'

" e" !&" %! &''e* F+"! t! 0ec!&e %e'*e$ F+"! cte", t%e'e * "! "ee $!' "-"t3't!" +'!cee"# 0ec3*e *%e 0ec!&e* F+" +*! $ct! $'!& t%e t&e !$ *3c% &''#e,+'!/e *%e !e* "!t *3$$e' "- !$ t%e *23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " Sect!" = !$ C!&&!"et% Act =D,t% "! &e"t!" 0e"# &e !$ %et%e' !' "!t t%e 23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " Sect!" 4 t%e'e!$ "ee 0e*%!". It * !"- " Lee S3" A- " 19?9 t%t t%e +!**e**!" !$ 23$ct!"* e'e *+ec$c- 'e23'e,03t t * "!t 3"t 19, " L! S" T3"#, t%t :3*tce Re# 'e*!"e !3t %- t%e +!**e**!" !$ t%e23$ct!"* +'!/e 0- t%e *%!3 *! 0e *%!" t! 0e +!**e**e 0- t%e e" $e !$ F+"!, $!'%e' t! 0ec!&e F+" 0- &''#e.

A* &- 0e 'ece, t%e 0*c '#3&e"t /"ce 0- :3*tce Re# * 0'e$- * $!!* T%t >e t%e " t%e 6"te Stte*, !3' Nt3't!" L *+ec$e t%e c**e* !$ +e'*!"* %! !"e &#%t 0ec!&ecte"*, e/e" * t +'!/e %! e'e *23$e, " "*&3c% * C!&&!"et% Act =D, !3'Nt3't!" L *"ce 199 "!t 'ee"ct t%e *ect!" +'!/"# %! &#%t 0ec!&e cte"*, e#e- "!'e' t! 'e&!/e 'c *c'&"t!" " $/!' !$ C3"* " #"*t A*tc*, t%e !"- !#c e3ct!" . . .* t%t t%e +%'*e K%! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'eJ &3*t "! 0e 3"e'*t!! * 'e$e''"# t! t%!*e

%! 3"e' Sect!" 4 !$ t%e 'e 23$e t! 0ec!&e cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e* " t%e'e * *&+- "!*3++!'t $!' t%e /e t%t t%e +%'*e K%! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'eJ &3*t "! 0e 3"e'*t!! *'e23'"# &e'e- t%t t%e e" !&" &3*t "!t 0e!"# t! t%e c** !$ *23$e +e'*!"* 3"e' Sect!" =!$ t%e Re/*e Nt3't!" L. 1=

A *&' "e !$ 'e*!""# * $!!e " C%!- "# Tee, %c% $!' 'e- 'e$e'e"ce &- 0e 23!te


18/48

t! t%!*e %! 'e $!3" !'t%- t%e'e!$, " "!t "*c'&"te- t! "-0!- t !" t%e 0** !"e !$&''#e t! &" %! * cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, ''e*+ect/e !$ &!' c%'cte', e!!#c 0ee$*, "e"t$ct!" t% F+"! e*, c3*t!&* " t't!"*.

A++eee %e'e %/"# $e t! +'!/e t%t *%e %* t%e 23$ct!"* $!' "t3't!", e/e", "ee, t%t*%e %* "!"e !$ t%e *23$ct!"*, *%e * "!t e"tte t! 'ec!#"t!" * P%++"e cte". c'/'t310''-

I" t%e *ec!" L- G!> H, t%e C!3't $3't%e' $!'t$e t%e '#3&e"t* " $/!' !$ t%e *&e c!"c3*!" t%3* " 'te E"#*%, !' "- !$ t%e +'"c+P%++"e "#3#e* (++. 14, 1, t.*."., .)

W%e t%e ++e"t I&&#'t!" C!&&**!"e' c!"te"* t%t t%e !'* e&+%*e "cte t%t t%e+'e*e"t Nt3't!" L 'e23'e* t%t " e" !&" %! &''e* F+"! %3*0" &3*t +!**e** t%e23$ct!"* +'e*c'0e 0- *ect!" 4 " t!" t! "!t 0e"# *23$e 3"e' "- !$ t%e e#%t (JJ t! K%J)*30%e"#* !$ *ect!" = !$ C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D, " !'e' t! c& !3' cte"*%+ 0- &''#e, 0!t%t%e ++eee " t%e c!3't 0e! (" t* *ec!" ec*!") *3*t" t%e /e t%t t%t t%e e&"* *t%t t%e !&" 0e "!t *23$e 3"e' *ect!" =.

At t%e t&e t%e +'e*e"t c*e * 'e&"e t! t%e c!3't !$ !'#" (19) t%e 23e*t!" t **3e c!3 0e

'e#'e * "!t c!"c3*/e- *ette, t%e'e 0e"# !"- t%e c!"c*e +'!"!3"ce&e"t " Lee S3" A-, Et. A. /.G"#, G. R. N!. L711??, 5ec. 4, 19?9, t! t%e e$$ect t%t c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

KT%e &''#e !$ F+"! cte" t! " e" !e* "!t 3t!&tc- c!"$e' P%++"e cte"*%+ 3+!" t%ette'. S%e &3*t +!**e** t%e 23$ct!"* 'e23'e 0- t! 0ec!&e F+"! cte" 0- "t3't!".J

S"ce t%t t&e, %!e/e', !"# "e !$ ec*!"* !$ t%* C!3't %* $'&- e*t0*%e t%e '3e t%t t%e'e23'e&e"t !$ *ect!" 1? !$ C!&&!"et% Act =D (t%e Nt3't!" Act), t%t " e" !&" &''et! cte" *%!3 0e !"e %! K&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e, &e"* "!t !"- !&" $'ee $'!& t%e*23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " *ect!" = !$ t%e Act 03t *! !"e %! +!**e**e* t%e 23$ct!"* +'e*c'0e0- *ect!" 4 !$ C!&&!"et% Act =D (S" T3" /. G"#, L71DD?, N!/. , 19; S3" Pec> Y!"# /.C!&. !$ I&&#'t!", L74D=, 5ec. 4D, 19; T!"# S!> S- /. /!, L7411, 5ec. 4D, 19; A3*t' /.C!"c%3, L74D1, :3"e 44, 19?; C%!- "# Tee /. G"#, L71?1, M'c% 4, 19?; B't! /. C!&. !$I&&#'t!", L7149, :3"e , 19?).

Re$ect!" 'e/e %- t%* &3*t 0e *!. T%e 23$ct!"* +'e*c'0e 3"e' *ect!" 4 !$ t%eNt3't!" Act, " t%e *23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " t* *ect!" = 'e "!t &3t3- e8c3*/e; " $ t%t e'e t! 0e 'e23'e * t%t t%e $e !$ F+"! 0e "!t *23$e 3"e' *ect!" =, t%e 'e*3t &#%te 0e t%t cte"*%+ !3 0e c!"$e''e 3+!" +e'*!"* " /!t!" !$ t%e +!c- !$ t%e *tt3te. F!'e8&+e, *ect!" = *23$e* !"- —

K(c) P!-#&*t* !' 0ee/e'* " t%e +'ctce !$ +!-#&-; "

K() Pe'*!"* c!"/cte !$ c'&e* "/!/"# &!' t3'+t3e,J

*! t%t 0c>&e', !' &"t"e' !$ #&0"# !' 0- %!3*e*, "!t +'e/!3*- c!"/cte 0- c!&+ete"t c!3't !3 "!t 0e t%e'e0- *23$e; *t, t * ce't" t%t t%e "!t "te" *3c% +e'*!"t! 0e &tte * cte" " /e !$ t%e 'e23'e&e"t !$ *ect!" 4 t%t " ++c"t $!' cte"*%+ K&3*t 0e!$ #!! &!' c%'cte'.J

S&'-, t%e cte"J* $e &#%t 0e c!"/"ce 0ee/e' " 'c *3+'e&c-, " #!/e'"&e"t 0- ce't"*eecte c**e*, " t%e '#%t t! /!te e8c3*/e- 0- ce't" K%e''e"/!>J, " t%3* *0ee/e " t%e +'"c+e*3"e'-"# t%e P%++"e C!"*tt3t!"; -et *%e !3 "!t 0e *23$e 3"e' *ect!" =, * !"# * *%e *"!t K!++!*e t! !'#"e #!/e'"&e"t,J "!' $$te t! #'!3+* K3+%!"# !' tec%"# !ct'"e* !++!*"# !'#"e #!/e'"&e"t*J, "!' Ke$e""# !' tec%"# t%e "ece**t- !' +'!+'et- !$ /!e"ce, +e'*!" **3t!' ****"t!" $!' t%e *3cce** !' +'e!&""ce !$ t%e' e*.J Et *c e cete'*.

T%e $!'e#!"# "*t"ce* *%!3 *3$$ce t! 3*t'te t%e "#e' !$ 'e-"# e8c3*/e- !" t%e 0*e"ce !$*23$ct!"*, t%!3t t>"# "t! cc!3"t t%e !t%e' $$'&t/e 'e23'e&e"t* !$ t%e , %c%, " t%ec*e t 0', t%e ++eee L- G!> H &tte- !e* "!t +!**e**.


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A* t! t%e '#3&e"t t%t t%e +%'*e K&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'eJ * e'/e $'!& t%e 6.S.Re/*e Stt3te* (*ect!" 199=) " *%!3 0e #/e" t%e *&e te''t!' " 'c *#"$c"ce #/e" t! t0- A&e'c" c!3't*, t%* C!3't %* 'e


20/48

!$ 'c e8c3*!" "ece**'-, e/e" $ t e'e t'ce 0c> t! t* !'#" " t%e Act !$ t%e 6"te Stte*C!"#'e** !$ 1914 'e- &e"t!"e 0!/e. 1 T%3*, t !3 *ee& t%t t%e "t!"t!" " t%e 23!teec*!"* +'ecte !" t%e t%e!'- t%t t%e e&"t!" !$ Sect!" 1 !$ Act 494D 0- C!&&!"et% Act =D* +3'+!*e- $!' "! !t%e' e" t%" t%e 0!t!" !$ 'c *c'&"t!" " !3' "t3't!" %* "!ce' $ct3 0**. 1D

. I" /e !$ t%e*e c!"*e't!"*, t%e'e ++e'* t! 0e "! c!#e"t 'e*!", %- t%e c!"*t'3ct!" !+te "

t%e !+"!"* !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce 'e$e''e t! " t%e $'*t L- G!> H ec*!" !$ t%e C%e$ :3*tce *%!3"!t +'e/. It * 0e-!" *+3te t%t t%e $'*t +'#'+% !$ Sect!" 1? !$ C!&&!"et% Act =D * 'ee"ct&e"t !$ Sect!" 1() !$ Act 494D, * &e"e 0- Act ==, " t%t t%e tte' * "!t%"# 03t "e8ct c!+-, e0e'te- &e, !$ Sect!" 199= !$ t%e Re/*e Stt3te* !$ t%e 6"te Stte* * t *t!!0e$!'e t 'e+e " 1944. 1 Be$!'e *3c% 'e+e, t%e +%'*e %! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e $!3"" * Sect!" 1? % e$"te 3"&*t>0e c!"*t'3ct!" 3"$!'&- $!!e " c!3't* !$ t%e 6"teStte* t%t % !cc*!" t! ++- t%e *&e " %c%, t%e'e$!'e, &3*t 0e c!"*e'e * $ t e'e 'tte" "t%e *tt3te t*e$. It * &!*t t'te t! *- t%t %e" !3' e#*t!'* e"cte * *ect!", t%e- >"e !$ t*3"/'-"# c!"*t'3ct!" " t%e 6"te Stte* " t%t, t%e'e$!'e, " !+t"# /e'0t& t%e A&e'c" *tt3te,t%e- %/e " e$$ect "c!'+!'te "t! t%e +'!/*!", * t%3* e"cte, t%e c!"*t'3ct!" #/e" t! t 0- t%eA&e'c" c!3't* * e * t%e Att!'"e- Ge"e' !$ t%e 6"te Stte* " &"*t't/e 3t%!'te*c%'#e t% t%e &+e&e"tt!" !$ t%e "t3't!" " &&#'t!" * !$ t%t c!3"t'-. (L! C%& /.Oc&+!, DD P%., ? 19=; L8&" /. Bt', 94 P%., 4 19?4; H'te- /. C!&&**!"e', 49? 6.S.41, D9 L. e. 199, ?? S Ct. D? 19?; He/e'"# /. W"&, ? 6.S. D9, L e. ?4, ?9 S Ct. =?19; He/e'"# /. R. :. Re-"!* T!0cc! C!., 6.S. 11, L e. ?, ?9 S Ct. =4 199. +. 4,

Me&! !$ A&c3* C3'e).

A $'- c!&+'e%e"*/e *3&&'- !$ t%e * c!"*t'3ct!" 0- t%e A&e'c" c!3't* " &"*t't/e3t%!'te* * c!"t"e " 6"te Stt* !$ A&e'c e8 'e. 5!' Se- /. R!0e't E. T!, C!&&**!"e' !$I&&#'t!", A++t., 4? Fe. ?4, ece N!/e&0e' 1=, 1944, 4 A. L. R. 11 * $!!*


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'e*e"ce !' &!' c%'cte', !' t! "- !$ t%e +'!/*!"* !$ t%e &&#'t!" * 'et"# t! t%e e8c3*!" !'e+!'tt!" !$ e"*.

I" 1, " Le!"' /. G'"t (C. C.) ? Fe. 11, 5*t'ct :3#e 5e- *! c!"*t'3e t%e Act !$ 1??,ec'"# t%t K"- !&" %! * "! !' &- %e'e$te' 0e &''e t! cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, "&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e, *% 0e ee&e cte".J He %e t%t K3+!" t%e 3t%!'te*, " t%e'e*!", $ "!t t%e "ece**t-, !$ t%e c*e,J t%e *tt3te &3*t 0e c!"*t'3e * " e$$ect ec'"# t%t " e"

!&", %! * !$ t%e c** !' 'ce t%t &- 0e $3- "t3'e 3"e' t%e e8*t"# *, " %!&''e* cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, * *3c% cte" *!, " t * "!t "ece**'- t%t t *%!3 ++e'$$'&t/e- t%t *%e +!**e**e t%e !t%e' 23$ct!"* t t%e t&e !$ %e' &''#e t! e"tte %e' t!"t3't!".

I" 14, t%e Act !$ 1?? c&e 0e$!'e M'. :3*tce H'", *tt"# " t%e c'c3t c!3't, " 6"te Stte* /.e', 1 Fe. 4. A" e" !&", *30, t% t%e /e !$ e+!'t"# %e'. S%e ++e $!' %e' 'ee*e 3"e' 't!$ habeas corpus, " +e""# t%e *+!*t!" !$ t%e &tte' *%e &''e "t3'e A&e'c" cte". T%ec'c3t c!3't !$ ++e* $!' t%e ""t% c'c3t %e, $$'&"# t%e c!3't 0e!, t%t *%e * e"tte t! 0e*c%'#e $'!& c3*t!-. T%e c!3't ec'e KT%e '3e * e *ette t%t %e' &''#e t! "t3'ecte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte* e"tte %e' t! 0e *c%'#e. T%e *tt3* !$ t%e $e $!!* t%t !$ %e'%3*0", . . . " 0- /'t3e !$ %e' &''#e %e' %3*0"J* !&c 0ec&e %e' !&c.J

I" 19, t%e c'c3t c!3't $!' t%e *t'ct !$ R%!e I*" " Re R3*t#", 1? Fe. 9, % 0e$!'e t t%e++ct!" !$ %3*0" $!' %* $" ec'ee !$ "t3't!". It ++e'e t%t t t%t t&e %* $e * %e0- t%e &&#'t!" 3t%!'te* t Ne Y!'> !" t%e #'!3" t%t *%e * $$cte t% "#e'!3* "c!"t#!3* *e*e. C!3"*e !" 0!t% *e* #'ee t%t t%e e$$ect !$ t%e %3*0"J* "t3't!" !3 0e t!c!"$e' cte"*%+ 3+!" t%e $e. I" /e !$ t%t c!"t"#e"c- 5*t'ct :3#e B'!" ec"e t! +** 3+!" t%e%3*0"J* ++ct!" $!' "t3't!", " t%!3#%t t 0e*t t! t 3"t t * ete'&"e %et%e' t%e$eJ* *e*e * c3'0e. He +ce %* $3'e t! ct !" t%e e8+'e** #'!3" t%t t%e e$$ect !$ "t3'"#t%e %3*0" &#%t "t3'e %e'. At t%e *&e t&e %e e8+'e**e %* !+"!" t%t t%e %3*0"J*

"t3't!" !3 "!t e$$ect %e' "t3't!", * *%e * "!t !"e %! c!3 0ec!&e $3-"t3'e.JHe' !" c+ct- (t! 0ec!&e "t3'e),J t%e c!3't *tte, K* +'e'e23*te t! %e' tt""#cte"*%+. I$ %e'*e$ c>"# " t%t c+ct-, t%e &''e *tt3* c""!t c!"$e' t 3+!" %e'.J N!t%"#,%!e/e', * ct3- ece " t%t c*e, " t%e /e* e8+'e**e t%e'e" 'e 'e- "!t%"# &!'e t%"&e'e ct. B3t, $ t%e- c" 0e 'e#'e * *!&et%"# &!'e t%" t%t, e $" !3'*e/e*, t% 3e'e*+ect $!' t%e e'"e *% E&+'e, %! &''e " A&e'c" cte" %e /*t"# T3'>e-, "t%e" c&e t! t%e 6"te Stte*, c!3 "!t 0e e8c3e, t%!3#% *%e %, t t%e t&e !$ %e' e"t'-, *e*e%c% 3"e' t%e &&#'t!" * !3 %/e 0ee" *3$$ce"t #'!3" $!' %e' e8c3*!", $ *%e % "!t %t%e *tt3* !$ cte". T%e c*e * 0'!3#%t "t! t%* c!3't !" ++e, " " 1911 * $$'&e, " 1 C.C. A. ==, 1= Fe. 44. I" t%t c*e, %!e/e' t t%e t&e t%e 'et!'* &''e, t%e- &#%t %/e 0ee"$3- "t3'e, " e * KE/e" $ e **3&e t%e c!"te"t!" !$ t%e *t'ct tt!'"e- t! 0e c!''ectt%t &''#e "!t &>e cte" !$ !&" %! !3 0e e8c3e 3"e' !3' &&#'t!" *, t!e* "!t $$ect t%e*e 'et!'*.J

We %e t%t, 0e"# cte"*, t%e- c!3 "!t 0e e8c3e * e"*; " t * *! * t! 0e "c!"**te"tt% t%e +!c- !$ !3' t%t t%e %3*0" *%!3 0e cte" " t%e $e " e". T%e *t"ct!" 0etee"t%t c*e " t%e !"e "! 0e$!'e t%e c!3't * t%t, " t%e $!'&e' c*e, t%e &''#e t!!> +ce 0e$!'e "-!'e' !$ e8c3*!" % 0ee" &e, %e " t%* t%e &''#e * cee0'te $te' *3c% " !'e' * &e.B3t *3c% " !'e' * &e'e &"*t't/e +'!/*!", " %* "!t t%e $!'ce !$


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$$cte t% c!"t#!3* *e*e, " t *%!3 0e &e *t*$ct!'- t! ++e', +'!' t! ct3e+!'tt!", t%t t%e e" % e"t'e- 'ec!/e'e $'!& t%e *e*e, e t%"> t +" t%t t%e !'e' c!3 "!t0e c''e "t! e$$ect. S!, " t%* c*e, $, $te' t%e &>"# !$ t%e !'e' !$ e8c3*!" " %e *%e *+e'&tte te&+!''- t! 'e&", *%e " #!! $t% &''e* " A&e'c" cte", e c""!t !30t t%e /t-!$ %e' &''#e, " t%t *%e t%e'e0- c23'e, 3"e' "te'"t!" " 3"e' 199= !$ t%e Re/*eStt3te*, A&e'c" cte"*%+, " ce*e t! 0e " e". T%e'e 3+!", t%e &&#'t!" 3t%!'te* !*t t%e' e" 0e$!'e t%e 6"te Stte* c!&&**!"e',03t +'!' t! %e' ''e*t 3"e' ''"t 0- t%e 5e+'t&e"t !$ :3*tce, *%e * $3- &''e t! "t/e70!'" cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*. T%e !&" +'!$e**e t t%e t&e !$ %e' &''#e " "te"t!" t! 0"!"%e' +'e/!3* &!e !$ $e " t! 'e&!/e t% %e' %3*0" t! %* %!&e " Pe""*-/". He >"e %t %e'&!e !$ $e % 0ee", 03t +'!$e**e t! 0ee/e " %e' #!! "te"t!"*. T%e 23e*t!" * '*e * t! t%e'#%t t! e+!'t %e', t%e c& 0e"# /"ce t%t 0- %e' &''#e *%e % 0ec!&e " A&e'c" cte" "t%e'e$!'e c!3 "!t 0e e+!'te. T%e Att!'"e- Ge"e' '3e #"*t t%e '#%t t! e+!'t %e' * *%e %0ec!&e " A&e'c" cte". He %e t%t t%e !'*, K%! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e,J 'e$e' t! c** !' 'ce %! &#%t 0e $3- "t3'e, " t%t c!&+"ce t% t%e !t%e' c!"t!"* !$ t%e"t3't!" * * "!t 'e23'e. 4D O+*. Att-. Ge". ?D.

Be$!'e c!"c3"# t%* !+"!", e &- t%t t %* "!t e*c+e !3' !0*e'/t!" t%t C!"#'e**, "e"ct"# t%e I&&#'t!" Act !$ 191D, c! * t! +'!/e, " 19, Kt%t t%e &''#e t! " A&e'c" cte" !$ $e&e !$ t%e *e83- &&!' c**e* . . . *% "!t "/e*t *3c% $e&e t% 6"te Stte* cte"*%+ $t%e &''#e !$ *3c% e" $e&e *% 0e *!e&"e $te' %e' ''e*t !' $te' t%e c!&&**!" !$ ct* %c%&>e %e' 0e t! e+!'tt!" 3"e' t%* ct.J


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T! c!"c3*!"* *ee& ''e**t0- t! $!! $'!& t%e 0!/

c%"#e " t%e H, t%e C!3't 'e t%e"$e'e"ce t%t 0ec3*e Sect!" 1 !$ Act 494D * e&"te 0- C!&&!"et% Act =D, t. $!!* t%t "+ce !$ t%e * e&"te *ect!", +'tc3'- t* *30/*!" (c), 0e"# t%e c'te'!" !$ %et%e' !' "!t "e" $e &- 0e $3- "t3'e, %t *%!3 0e 'e23'e * "!t !"- t%t *%e &3*t "!t 0e*23$e 3"e' Sect!" = 03t t%t *%e &3*t *! +!**e** t%e 23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " Sect!" 4, *3c%


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* t%!*e !$ #e, 'e*e"ce, #!! &!' c%'cte', %e'e"ce t! t%e 3"e'-"# +'"c+e* !$ t%e P%++"eC!"*tt3t!", ''e+'!c%0e c!"3ct, 3c't/e e&+!-&e"t !' !"e'*%+ !$ 'e e*tte, c+ct- t! *+e>" 'te E"#*% !' S+"*% " !"e !$ t%e +'"c+ !c "#3#e*, e3ct!" !$ c%'e" " ce't"*c%!!*, etc., t%e'e0- &+-"# t%t, " e$$ect, * Sect!" 4 %* 0ee" +3'+!*e- "te"e t! t>e t%e +ce!$ Sect!" 1 !$ Act 494D. 6+!" $3't%e' c!"*e't!" !$ t%e +'!+e' +'e&*e*, We %/e c!&e t! t%ec!"c3*!" t%t *3c% "$e'e"ce * "!t *3$$ce"t- e" $'!& t%e Act !$ Fe0'3'- 1, 1??) 3t%!'te* " t%e 6"teStte* 'e 3""&!3*- #'ee t%t t%e 23$ct!"* !$ 'e*e"ce, #!! &!' c%'cte', %e'e"ce t! t%eC!"*tt3t!", etc. 'e "!t *3++!*e t! 0e c!"*e'e, " t%t t%e !"- e#0t- t! 0e t>e" "t! cc!3"t *t%t !$ t%e 'ce !' c** t! %c% t%e *30e"J * t'3e !$ "- +e'*!" !' t%"#, &3*t, " , %ec!"*e'e * %/"# 0ee" 3- e" "t! cc!3"t " t%t %t *%!3 0e c!"*e'e !"- 'e t%e 'e23'e&e"t* *&'t! t%!*e +'!/e $!' " * Sect!" 1 t!#et%e' t% t%e *23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " Sect!" =

F!3't%-, t * $$c3t t! c!"ce/e t%t t%e +%'*e %! &#%t 0e $3- "t3'e " Sect!" 1? c!3%/e 0ee" "te"e t! c!"/e- &e""# $$e'e"t t%" t%t #/e" t! t 0- t%e A&e'c" c!3't* "&"*t't/e 3t%!'te*. A* 'e- *tte, Act == %c% c!"t"e * +%'*e " $'!& %c% t *t>e" 0- C!&&!"et% Act =D, * e"cte " 194. B- t%t t&e, Sect!" 199= !$ t%e Re/*e Stt3te*!$ t%e 6"te Stte* * "! !"#e' " $!'ce 0ec3*e t % 0ee" 'e+ee e8+'e**- t%e Act !$ Se+te&0e' 44,1944 %c% - t% t%e 3t!&tc "t3't!" !$ e" /e* !$ A&e'c" cte"* " 'e23'e,"*te, t%t t%e- *30&t t! 'e#3' "t3't!" +'!cee"#*, 0et 3"e' &!'e 0e' te'&* t%" t%!*e !$ !t%e' ++c"t*. I" !t%e' !'*, %e" !3' e#*t3'e !+te t%e +%'*e " 23e*t!", %c%, * 'e-


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e&!"*t'te, % e$"te c!"*t'3ct!" " A&e'c" , t%e A&e'c"* % 'e- 0"!"e *+%'*e!!#- " $/!' !$ cte#!'c c!&+3*!" $!' e" /e* t! 0e "t3'e "# t%e +%'*e " 23e*t!" %! &- 0e $3- "t3'e'e$e' "! !"#e' t! "- 'c *23$ct!" 03t t! t%e 23$ct!" 3"e' Sect!" 4 !$ C!&&!"et% Act=D Ot%e'*e *tte, 3"e' Act 494D, t%e'e e'e t! #'!3+* !$ +e'*!"* t%t c!3 "!t 0e "t3'e,"&e-, t%!*e $"# 3"e' Sect!" 1 " t%!*e $"# 3"e' Sect!" 4, " *3'e-, t%e e&"t!" !$ !"e#'!3+, .e. t%!*e 0e!"#"# t! Sect!" 1, c!3 "!t %/e %, 0- "- +'!ce** !$ 'e*!""#, t%e e$$ect !$"c'e*"#, 't%e' t%" ec'e*"# t%e *23$ct!"* t%t 3*e t! 0e 0e$!'e *3c% e&"t!". We c""!t*ee 0- %t c%e&- !$ !#c *3c% e&"t!" c!3 %/e c!"/e'te 23$ct!"* "t! *23$ct!"*,*+ec- " t%e #%t !$ t%e $ct t%t, $te' , t%e*e 'e *23$ct!"* ce'- *et !3t * *3c% " t%e *t"ct- " *e+'te- $'!& 23$ct!"* ", * 'e- e&!"*t'te, " A&e'c"


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T%e'e * !"e +'ctc c!"*e't!" t%t *t'!"#- &tte* #"*t c!"*t'3ct!" t%t Sect!" 1? !$ t%e 'e23'e* t%t " e" $e !$ F+"! &3*t $$'&t/e- +'!/e t%t *%e +!**e**e* t%e 23$ct!"*+'e*c'0e 3"e' Sect!" 4, 0e$!'e *%e &- 0e ee&e cte". S3c% c!"t!", $ &+!*e 3+!" " e"$e, 0ec!&e* 3"'e*!"0- !"e'!3* " c!&+"ce t%e'et% &"$e*t- $$c3t. T%e 3"'e*!"0e"e** !$ *3c% 'e23'e&e"t * *%!" 0- t%e $!!"# e" !$ t%e $ct t%t &!*t /e* " t%e P%++"e* ! "!t %/e #"$3 !cc3+t!"* !$ t%e'!". I"ee, P%++"e , 'ec!#""# t%e e+e"e"ce !$ t%e $e 3+!" t%e %3*0", &+!*e* 3+!" t%ette' t%e 3t- !$ *3++!'t"# t%e $!'&e'. (A't. 491, C/ C!e). It *%!3 0e 0!'"e " &" t%t 3"/e'*-, t* " cce+te c!"ce+t t%t %e" !&" &''e*, %e' +'&'- 3t- * t! 0e $e, &!t%e' "%!3*e>ee+e'. I$ " e" $e * "!t t! 0e 'e&** " t%* 3t-, %! c" *%e %!+e t! c23'e 3c't/e "c!&e!$ %e' !" t! 23$- %e' $!' cte"*%+

. 6"e' Sect!" 4 !$ t%e , t%e ++c"t $!' "t3't!" K&3*t %/e e"'!e %* &"!' c%'e" !$*c%!! #e, " "- !$ t%e +30c *c%!!* !' +'/te *c%!!* 'ec!#"e 0- t%e O$$ce !$ t%e P'/te E3ct!"!$ t%e P%++"e*, %e'e P%++"e %*t!'-, #!/e'"&e"t " c/c* 'e t3#%t !' +'e*c'0e * +'t !$ t%e

*c%!! c3''c33& 3'"# t%e e"t'e +e'! !$ 'e*e"ce " t%e P%++"e* 'e23'e !$ %& +'!' t! t%e %e'"#!$ %* +ett!" $!' "t3't!" * P%++"e cte".J I$ " e" !&" %* &"!' c%'e" 0- +'e/!3*&''#e t! "!t%e' e" 0e$!'e *%e &''e* F+"!, " *3c% &"!' c%'e" % "!t 0ee" e"'!e "P%++"e *c%!!* 3'"# %e' +e'! !$ 'e*e"ce " t%e c!3"t'-, *%e c""!t 23$- $!' "t3't!" 3"e't%e "te'+'ett!" !$ t%* C!3't. T%e 'e*!" 0e%" t%e 'e23'e&e"t t%t c%'e" *%!3 0e e"'!e "'ec!#"e e3ct!" "*tt3t!"* * t%t t%e- $!! t%e cte"*%+ !$ t%e' $t%e'. (C%" H! L- /.Re+30c, L7?, M'c% , 19?=; T" H /. Re+30c, P%. 11D 19?1; H! L" C%3 /. Re+30c, D P%. 9?; Y+ C%" /. Re+30c, L7=1DD, M- 49, 19?; L& L" H!"# /. Re+30c, L7?D?, 5ec. 4, 19?).C!"*e'"# t%t * &"!' c%'e" 0- %e' $'*t %3*0" #e"e'- $!! t%e cte"*%+ !$ t%e' e" $t%e',t%e 0** $!' *3c% 'e23'e&e"t * ++e t! %e' !e* "!t e8*t. Ce**"te 't!"e e#* ce**t +* e8.

=. 6"e' Sect!" !$ t%e , t%e 17-e' c!"t"3!3* 'e*e"ce +'e*c'0e 0- Sect!" 4 K*% 0e3"e'*t!! * 'e3ce t! $/e -e'* $!' "- +ett!"e' (%! *) &''e t! F+"! !&".J It * 0*3't%t " e" &e &''e t! F+"! $e *%!3 0e 'e23'e t! 'e*e !"- $!' $/e -e'* " t%e P%++"e*t! 23$- $!' cte"*%+, %e'e* " e" !&" &''e t! F+"! %3*0" &3*t 'e*e $!' te" -e'*.

T%3* 3"e' t%e "te'+'ett!" #/e" 0- t%* C!3't, t * &!'e $$c3t $!' " e" $e 'ete 0- &''#e t! F+"! cte" t! 0ec!&e *3c% cte", t%" $!' $!'e#"e' %! * "!t *! 'ete. A" -et, t *ee&* &!'et%" ce' t%t t%e #e"e' +3'+!*e !$ t%e $'*t +'#'+% !$ Sect!" 1? * !0/!3*- t! cc!' t! " e"!&", 0- 'e*!" !$ %e' &''#e t! F+"!, +'/e#e "!t *&'- #'"te t! !t%e' e"*. It 0e'ece t%t +'!' t! t%e e"ct&e"t !$ Act N!. == " 194, &e""# Act N!. 494D (t%e ! Nt3't!"L), t%e'e * "! #'"t"# "- *+ec +'/e#e t! e" /e* !$ F+"!*. T%e- e'e t'ete * "-!t%e' $!'e#"e'. It * +'ec*e- t! 'e&e- t%* *t3t!" t%t t%e P%++"e e#*t3'e e"cte Act N!. ==.O" t%* +!"t, t%e !0*e'/t!" &e 0- t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce " 19=1 * e"#%te""# c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-


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KIt * t'3e t%t 3"e' A'tce 44 !$ t%e (S+"*%) C/ C!e, t%e $e $!!* t%e "t!"t- !$ t%e %3*0";03t t%e 5e+'t&e"t !$ Stte !$ t%e 6"te Stte* !" Oct!0e' 1, 1941, '3e t%t t%e e" $e !$ F+"!cte" * "!t F+"! cte", +!"t"# !3t t%t !3' S3+'e&e C!3't " t%e e"# c*e !$ R! /. C!ect!' !$C3*t!&* (4 P%. 1?) %e t%t A'tce* 1D t! 4D !$ t%e C/ C!e 0e"# +!tc %/e 0ee" 0'!#te 3+!"t%e ce**!" !$ t%e P%++"e I*"* t! t%e 6"te Stte*. Acc!'"#-, t%e *t" t>e" 0- t%e Att!'"e-7Ge"e' +'!' t! t%e e"ct&e"t !$ Act N!. ==, * t%t &''#e !$ e" !&e" t! P%++"e cte"* "!t &>e t%e $!'&e' cte"* !$ t%* c!3"t'-.J (O+. Att-. Ge"., M'c% 1, 194).

KT! 'e&e- t%* "!&!3* c!"t!", Act N!. ?== * e"cte " 194 "# *ect!" 1() t! Act N!.499D %c% +'!/e* t%t "- !&" %! * "! !' &- %e'e$te' 0e &''e t! cte" !$ t%e P%++"eI*"*, " %! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e, *% 0e ee&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e I*"*.J(O+. N!. 44, *. 19=1; Emphasis ours)

I$ Sect!" 1? !$ t%e Re/*e Nt3't!" L e'e t! 0e "te'+'ete, * t%* C!3't , " *3c% - *t! 'e23'e t%t t%e e" $e &3*t +'!/e t%e 23$ct!"* +'e*c'0e " Sect!" 4, t%e +'/e#e #'"te t!e" /e* !3 0ec!&e 3*!'-. It * *30&tte t%t *3c% c!"*t'3ct!", 0e"# c!"t''- t! t%e &"$e*te!0 H, e&+%** * !" t%e "ee $!' #""# t%e c!"*t'3ct!"!$ Sect!" 1? t% t%e "t!" +!c- !$ *eect/e &**!" t! P%++"e cte"*%+. B3t t%e 23e*t!" &-0e *>e, * t 'e*!"0e t! *3++!*e t%t " t%e +3'*3t !$ *3c% +!c-, t%e e#*t3'e c!"te&+te t! &>et &!'e $$c3t, $ "!t +'ctc- &+!**0e " *!&e "*t"ce*, $!' " e" !&" &''-"# F+"! t!0ec!&e F+" t%" "- !'"'- ++c"t $!' "t3't!", * %* e * $!' t%e %3*0". I"ee, We $" t%e $!!"# !0*e'/t!"* "e"t t%e "t!" +!c- 't!"t!"" C%!- "# Tee " L- G!> H (t%e *ec!") t! 0e 23te +e'*3*/e


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"/3 %! * 0e t! +'!/e t%t %* $t%e' * P%++"e cte", * cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, K''e*+ect/e !$ %* &!' c%'cte', e!!#c 0ee$*, " e"t$ct!" t% F+"! e*, c3*t!&*, "t't!"*.J A &"!' c% !$ +e'*!" "t3'e 3"e' t%e , %! * 0e t! +'!/e t%e $ct !$ %* 0't% "t%e P%++"e*, * >e*e cte", 'e#'e** !$ %et%e' %e %* 3c't/e "c!&e, !' %e %e'e* t! t%e+'"c+e* !$ t%e C!"*tt3t!". S! t * t% " e" $e !$ P%++"e cte". S%e * 'e23'e t! +'!/e !"-t%t *%e &- %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e, .e., t%t *%e * "!t !"e !$ t%e *23$e +e'*!"* e"3&e'te" Sect!" = !$ t%e , " !'e' t! e*t0*% %e' cte"*%+ *tt3* * $ct.

A +'&!3"t +!c- c!"*e't!" !$ #'/e' &+!'t *%!3 "!t 0e !/e'!!>e " t%* 'e#', $!' t e8+"*" e*e 0e * t%t 0ec3*e !$ t%e t%e!'etc e"tt- !$ %3*0" " $e,

" t%e +'&c- !$ t%e %3*0", t%e "t!"t- !$ %3*0" *%!3 0e t%e "t!"t- !$ t%e $e, " t%e* 3+!" !"e *%!3 0e t%e 3+!" t%e !t%e'. F!' * t%e c!3't, " H!+>"* /. Fc%"t (9t% C'., 19=) ?C.C.A., 1, 1 Fe. 9, %e KT%e *tt3* !$ t%e $e $!!* t%t !$ t%e %3*0", . . . " 0- /'t3e !$ %e'&''#e %e' %3*0"J* !&ce 0ec&e %e' !&ce.J A" t%e +'e*3&+t!" 3"e' P%++"e 0e"# t%tt%e +'!+e't- 'et!"* !$ %3*0" " $e 'e 3"e' t%e 'e#&e !$ c!"


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*23$ct!"* e"3&e'te " t%e A&e'c" Nt3't!" L. Acc!'"#-, We "! %!, +'e/!3*ec*!"* !$ t%* C!3't "ct"# !t%e'*e "!tt%*t""#, t%t 3"e' Sect!" 1? !$ C!&&!"et% Act=D, " e" !&" &''-"# F+"!, "t/e 0!'" !' "t3'e, 0ec!&e* +*! $ct! F+" +'!/e*%e * "!t *23$e t! 0e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* 3"e' Sect!" = !$ t%e *&e . L>e*e, " e"!&" &''e t! " e" %! * *30*e23e"t- "t3'e %e'e $!!* t%e P%++"e cte"*%+ !$ %e'%3*0" t%e &!&e"t %e t>e* %* !t% * F+"! cte", +'!/e t%t *%e !e* "!t *3$$e' $'!& "- !$ t%e*23$ct!"* 3"e' * Sect!" =.

A* 3"e' "- !t%e' 'c% " 0e"e$t* $!' t%!*e c!&"# 3"e' t, !30te** t%e'e 0e "*t"ce* %e'e3"*c'3+3!3* +e'*!"* tte&+t t! t>e /"t#e !$ t%* +'!/*!" !$ 0- e"te'"# "t! $>e "$ctt!3* &''#e* !' & $e &t'&!"e*. We c""!t * &tte' !$ %! t%t !$ 23$ct!"*, %e' &''#e t! %e'c!7+ett!"e' &e %e' F+", t%!3t %e' 3"e'#!"# "- "t3't!" +'!cee"#*, +'!/e *%e c!3*3*t" %e' c& t%t *%e * "!t *23$e 3"e' Sect!" = !$ t%e . B3t * t%"#* *t" "!, t% t%eB3'c '3"#, t%e 23e*t!" We %/e *t t! ece *, &- *%e 0e ee&e F+" t%!3t *30&tt"# t! "t3't!" +'!cee"#

Nt3'-, $ B3'c * t! 0e $!!e, t * ce' t%t t%e "*e' t! t%* 23e*t!" &3*t "ece**'- 0e " t%e$$'&t/e. A* 'e- *tte, %!e/e', t%e ec*!" " B3'c %* "!t -et 0ec!&e $" 0ec3*e t%e'e * *t+e""# t% 6* &!t!" $!' t* 'ec!"*e't!" %c% /#!'!3*- *30&t* #'!3"* !'t%- !$ *e'!3*c!"*e't!" 0- t%* C!3't. O" t%* cc!3"t, " $!' t%e 'e*!"* e8+!3"e e'e' " t%* !+"!", t%* c*e* * #!! " !cc*!" * "- !t%e' t! 'e7e8&"e t%e **3e.

I" t%e * ec*!", :3*tce S"c%e %e $!' t%e C!3't


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"t3't!", t% t%e $$/t* !$ t! c'e0e t"e**e* !$ %e' #!! &!' c%'cte' " !t%e'23$ct!"*, etc., etc., 3"t ec*!" * 'e"e'e " %e' $/!', $te' %c%, *%e %* t! 3"e'#! t%e t!-e'* !$ +'!0t!", " !"- t%e", 03t "!t 0e$!'e *%e t>e* %e' !t% * cte", *%e 0e#" t! 0ec!"*e'e " ee&e t! 0e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*. B'e$-; *%e c" 0ec!&e F+"! cte" !"- 0- t t%e '3"#, $ !"- t! *ee %et%e' !' "!t t%e C!3't &#%t %/e !/e'!!>e "- 'ee/"tc!"*e't!" ''"t"# c!"c3*!" $$e'e"t $'!& t%t c!"t"e t%e'e". It * 3"e"0e t%t t%e **3e0e$!'e 6* * !$ #'/e &+!'t"ce, c!"*e'"# t* c!"*e23e"ce* 3+!" te"* !$ t%!3*"* !$ +e'*!"* $$ecte0- t%e '3"# t%e'e" &e 0- t%e C!3't, " *3'e-, t * $!' 6* t! /!, %e"e/e' +!**0e, t%t O3'ec*!" " "- c*e *%!3 +'!3ce "- /e'*e e$$ect 3+!" t%e& "!t c!"te&+te et%e' 0- t%e !' 0-t%e "t!" +!c- t *ee>* t! e"$!'ce.

AMICI C6RIAE " t%e B3'c c*e, 'e*+ect0e " &+'e**/e 0- t%e' "3&0e' " *t""# " t%e B' "e >"!" $!' t%e' 'e+3tt!" $!' "teect3 "te#'t-, e# c3&e" " "c*/e " c!&+'e%e"*/e'e*!3'ce$3"e** " 'e*e'c%, t'3- e/e"t " t%e 23t- !$ t%e &e&!'"3& t%e- %/e *30&tte " *c*e, "/te O3' tte"t!" t! t%e &+ct !$ t%e ec*!" t%e'e" t%3* e t%e !"e t 0', "%c% ce't$cte* !$ "t3't!" %/e 0ee" **3e $te' "!tce !$ t%e $"# !$ t%e +ett!" $!' "t3't!"% 0ee" +30*%e " t%e O$$c Gette !"- !"ce, t%" t%e +e'!* () $'!& :"3'- 4, 19?J (%e"t%e ec*!" " 5e#! /. Re+30c * +'!&3#te) Kt! M- 49, 19?DJ (%e" t%e O"# S!" C3 *ece) K" (0) $'!& M- 49, 19?D t! N!/e&0e' 49, 19?J (%e" t%e ec*!" " t%e +'e*e"t c*e *'e"e'e).

A$te' &t3'e e0e't!", " " t%e #%t !$ t%e 'e*!"* 3ce " ++e"tJ* &!t!" $!' 'ec!"*e't!"" " t%e 'e+- t%e'et! !$ t%e G!/e'"&e"t, * e * !$ t%e t c!"t"e " t%e tte', t%e C!3't %!*


31/48

t%t t%e !ct'"e !" " t%e O"# S!" C3 c*e *% ++- " $$ect t%e /t- !$ ce't$cte* !$"t3't!" **3e $te', "!t !" !' 0e$!'e M- 49, 19?D.c'/'t310''-

He'e We 'e &et #" 0- t%e *&e +'!0e&. I" G" T*t3"#, t%e C!3't % t! e8+'e**- e"

T3"#, C%!- "# Tee " !t%e' t%t $!!e t%e& %/e t t%e &!*t 0ec!&e t%e !$ t%e c*e !"- $!'t%e +'te* t%e'et!. I$ t%e'e 'e #!! #'!3"* t%e'e$!', We %/e t! ! "! * t! 'e7e8&"e t%e *'3"#* " c'$- t%e&.

F!' 'e- 'e$e'e"ce, We 'e23!te Sect!" 1? e t%e "ece**'- !t% !$e#"ce.c'/'t310''-

It * !0/!3* t%t t%e &" *30


32/48

P%++"e* t! c!"$e' !' /e*t cte"*%+ *tt3* 0- e#*t/e $t. (6.S. /. W!"# & A'>, 19 6.S. =9, =4 Le. 9 19; See, 1 TQ C''e!", P!tc L !$ t%e P%++"e* 1?4 191 e.) I" $ct, t %*!"e *! $!' +'tc3' "/3*, >e t! $!'e#" 'e#!3* +'ete*, 4D %e"ce t%e'e * "! 'e*!" t c""!t !t $!' c**e* !' #'!3+* !$ +e'*!"* 3"e' #e"e' c!"t!"* ++c0e t! !$ t%e &e&0e'* !$ *3c% c** !'#'!3+, >e !&e" %! &''- F+"!*, %et%e' "t/e70!'" !' "t3'e. T%e **3e 0e$!'e 6* " t%* c*e* %et%e' !' "!t t%e e#*t3'e %* !"e *! " t%e *+3te +'!/*!"* !$ Sect!" 1? !$ t%e Nt3't!"L. A" 5'. ce"te G. S"c!, !"e !$ t%e &!*t 'e*+ecte 3t%!'te* !" +!tc " t%e P%++"e* 4

!0*e'/e* " t%* c!""ect!" t%3* A *+ec $!'& !$ "t3't!" * !$te" !0*e'/e 0- *!&e *tte* t%'e*+ect t! !&e". T%3* " t%e P%++"e* $!'e#" !&" &''e t! F+"! cte" 0ec!&e* +*! $ct!"t3'e, $ *%e 0e!"#* t! "- !$ t%e c**e* %! &- ++- $!' "t3't!" 3"e' t%e P%++"e L*(S"c!, P%. P!tc L =97=99 1t% e. 19?=; Emphasis ours; t%* c!&&e"t * *30*t"t- 'ete'te" t%e 194 et!", ct"# L- G!> H " Rc'! C3 , *3+'.)

M!'e &+!'t"t-, t &- 0e *tte t t%* e"e/. H'e, 191, 1= P. D1, 1? C. D, $$'&e S. Ct. 1, 49 6.S. 499, L e. 49D.)

We "ee "!t 'ec!3"t %e'e #" %! t%* +'!/*!" " 23e*t!" * $'*t e"cte * +'#'+% () !$ Sect!"1, 0- - !$ " "*e't!" "t! Act 494D 0- Act == !$ N!/e&0e' , 194, " t%t , " t3'", "

+'#'+% * c!+e /e'0t& $'!& Sect!" 199= !$ t%e Re/*e Stt3te* !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, %c% 0-t%t t&e 'e- % !"# cce+te c!"*t'3ct!" &!"# t%e c!3't* " &"*t't/e 3t%!'te* " t%tc!3"t'- %!"# t%t 3"e' *3c% +'!/*!" " e" !&" %! &''e cte" 0ec&e, 3+!" *3c%&''#e, >e*e cte" 0- $!'ce !$ " * c!"*e23e"ce !$ t%e &''#e t*e$ t%!3t %/"# t!3"e'#! "- "t3't!" +'!cee"#*, +'!/e t%t t c!3 0e *%!" t%t t t%e t&e !$ *3c% &''#e,*%e * "!t *23$e t! 0e "t3'e 3"e' t%e * t%e" " $!'ce. T! 'e+et t%e *c3**!" We 'e-&e !$ t%e*e 3"e"0e $ct* !3 3""ece**'- &>e t%* ec*!" !30- e8te"*/e. T%e !"- +!"t%c% &#%t 0e 'ete'te $!' e&+%** t t%*


33/48

! " &"!' c%'e" 'e !e t! c!"t"3e t%e *&e +'!cee"#* " 'e "!t *30*tt3te $!' t%e!'#" +ett!"e'; (4) t%t t%e 23$ct!"* !$ t%e !'#" +ett!"e' 'e&" t! 0e " **3e " "!t t%!*e !$t%e ! " &"!' c%'e", " () t%t * Sect!" 1 ++e* %et%e' t%e +ett!"e' e* 0e$!'e !'$te' $" ec*!" * 'e"e'e, 03t 0e$!'e t%e e t%e !t% !$ e#"ce, * cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, 0-/'t3e !$ t%e e# +'!/*!" t%t K"- !&" %! * "! !' &- %e'e$te' 0e &''e t! cte" !$ t%eP%++"e* " %! &#%t 0e $3- "t3'e *% 0e ee&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*. M"!' c%'e"!$ +e'*!"* "t3'e 3"e' t%* %! %/e 0ee" 0!'" " t%e P%++"e* *% 0e c!"*e'e cte"*t%e'e!$.J (Sect!" 1?, C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D). T%e ec*!" #'"t"# cte"*%+ t! Lee P " t%e'ec!' !$ t%e c*e t 0', ! "!t *%! t%t t%e +ett!""# ! c!3 "!t %/e 0ee" $3- "t3'e, tt%e t&e Lee P $e %* +ett!", +'t $'!& t%e $ct t%t %* 9 &"!' c%'e" e'e 0!'" " t%eP%++"e*. (5ec*!", I" t%e Mtte' !$ t%e P)ett!" !$ Lee P t! 0e &tte cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, C/C*e N!. 14D, CFI, M", A""e8 A; Rec!' !" A++e, ++. 711). T%e 'e$e'e"ce $!' C%3 c*e *,t%e'e$!'e, +'e&t3'e.c'/'t310''-

Sect!" 1, * &- 0e *ee", * +'e +'!/*!" t! Sect!" 1?. I$ t%e ! !$ " ++c"t $!'"t3't!" * F+"!, %! e* 3'"# t%e +'!cee"#*, * "!t 'e23'e t! #! t%'!3#% "t3't!"+'!cee"#*, " !'e' t! 0e c!"*e'e * F+"! cte" %e'e!$, t *%!3 $!! t%t t%e $e !$ /"#F+"! c""!t 0e e"e t%e *&e +'/e#e. T%* * +" c!&&!" *e"*e " t%e'e * 0*!3te- "! e/e"cet%t t%e Le#*t3'e "te"e t! t'et t%e& $$e'e"t-.

At!"-, We %/e c'e$3- c!"*e'e t%e '#3&e"t* /"ce " t%e &!t!" $!' 'ec!"*e't!" "B3'c, " We *ee "! 'e*!" t! *#'ee t% t%e $!!"# /e* !$ c!3"*e , 19 6.S. =9, =4 L. E. 9 19; *ee 1 TQ "C''e!", P!tc L !$ t%e P%++"e cte"* e.). T%e c!"*tt3t!" t*e$ 'ec!#"e* * P%++"e*cte"* KT%!*e %! 'e "t3'e " cc!'"ce t% J (Sect!" 1?, A'tce I, P%++"e C!"*tt3t!").Cte"* 0- "t3't!", 3"e' t%* +'!/*!", "c3e "!t !"- t%!*e %! 'e "t3'e " cc!'"cet% e# +'!cee"#* $!' t%e c23*t!" !$ cte"*%+, 03t *! t%!*e %! c23'e cte"*%+ 0- Ke'/t/e"t3't!"J !' 0- !+e't!" !$ , *. $!' e8&+e, t%e K"t3't!"J !$ " e" $e t%'!3#% t%e

"t3't!" !$ %e' %3*0", !' 0- &''#e !$ " e" !&" t! cte". (See TQ C''e!", !+. ct*3+', t 1?4 1D4; e-!, P%++"e Cte"*%+ " Nt3't!" 4 19? e. 1 P'*, C/ c!e 119D e.; *ee *! Hc>!'t%, 5#e*t !$ I"te'"t!" L ).

T%e +%'*e K*% 0e ee&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* $!3" " Sect!" 1= !$ t%e Re/*e Nt3't!"L ce'- &"$e*t* " "te"t t! c!"$e' cte"*%+. C!"*t'3"# *&' +%'*e $!3" " t%e ! 6.S."t3't!" (Re/*e Stt3te*, 199=) , A&e'c" c!3't* %/e 3"$!'&- t>e" t t! &e" t%t 3+!" %e'&''#e, t%e e" !&" 0ec!&e* 0- !+e't!" !$ cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte* * $3- * $ *%e %c!&+e t% t%e +'!/*!"* !$ t%e *tt3te* 3+!" t%e *30


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KT%e +%'*e *% 0e ee&e cte", " Sect!" 199= Re/*e Stt3te (6.S. C!&+. Stt. 191 14) !'* t * " t%e Act !$ 1?? 91 Stt. t L. =, C%+t. D1, Sec. 4), *% 0e ee&e " t>e" t! 0e cte", %e t &- &+- t%t t%e +e'*!" t! %!& t 'ete* %* "!t ct3- 0ec!&e cte" 0- t%e!'"'- &e"* !' " t%e 3*3 -, * 0- t%e e*e t%e "te"t !$ t%e P%++"e e#*t3'e %e" t e"cte t%e $'*t +'#'+% !$ Sect!"1? !$ t%e Re/*e Nt3't!" +'!/*!". I" t* e"t'e-, Sect!" 1? 'e* c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

(See *3+')

T%e +%'*e* K*% 0e ee&e,J *% 0e c!"*e'e,J " K*% 3t!&tc- 0ec!&e,J * 3*e " t%e 0!/e+'!/*!" , 'e 3"!30te- *-"!"-&!3*. T%e e"# e !' +3'+!*e !$ t%e +'!/*!" * t! c!"$e'P%++"e cte"*%+ 0- !+e't!" !$ 3+!" ce't" c**e* !$ e"* * e# c!"*e23e"ce !$ t%e'

'et!"*%+, 0- 0!! $$"t-, t! +e'*!"* %! 'e 'e- cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e*. W%e"e/e' t%e $ct !$'et!"*%+ !$ t%e +e'*!"* e"3&e'te " t%e +'!/*!" c!"c3'* 'ete, t%e e$$ect * $!' * +e'*!"* t!0ec!&e +*! $ct! cte"* !$ t%e P%++"e*.JI+*! $ct!J * %e'e 3*e !e* "!t &e" t%t e" /e* " &"!' c%'e" !$ P%++"e cte"*, $'!& t%e &e'e $ct !$ 'et!"*%+, "ece**'- 0ec!&e *3c% cte"**!. T%!*e %! ! "!t &eet t%e *tt3t!'- 'e23'e&e"t* ! "!t +*! $ct! 0ec!&e cte"*; t%e- &3*t ++-$!' "t3't!" " !'e' t! c23'e *3c% *tt3*. W%t t !e* &e", %!e/e', * t%t " 'e*+ect !$ t%!*e+e'*!"* "3&e'te " Sect!" 1?, t%e 'et!"*%+ t! cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* * t%e !+e't/e $ct %c%e*t0*%e* t%e c23*t!" !$ P%++"e cte"*%+ 0- t%e&. Nece**'-, t *! ete'&"e* t%e +!"t* !$t&e t %c% *3c% cte"*%+ c!&&e"ce*. T%3*, 3"e' t%e *ec!" +'#'+% !$ Sect!" 1?, &"!' c% !$ F+"! "t3'e 3"e' t%e , %! * 0!'" " t%e P%++"e*, 0ec!&e* +*! $ct! cte" !$ t%eP%++"e* $'!& t%e t&e t%e $ct !$ 'et!"*%+ c!"c3'* t% t%e $ct !$ cte"*%+ !$ %* +'e"t, " t%et&e %e" c% 0ec&e cte" !e* "!t e+e" 3+!" t%e t&e t%t %e * 0e t! +'!/e t%t %e * 0!'"" t%e P%++"e*. T%e c% &- +'!/e *!&e 4? -e'* $te' t%e "t3't!" !$ %* $t%e' t%t %e * 0!'"" t%e P%++"e* " *%!3, t%e'e$!'e, 0e Kc!"*e'eJ cte" t%e'e!$. It !e* "!t &e" t%t %e 0ec&e P%++"e cte" !"- t t%t te' t&e. S&'-, " e" !&" %! &''e P%++"e cte" &- 0e

0e t! +'!/e !"- *!&e 4? -e'* $te' %e' &''#e (+e'%+*, 0ec3*e t * !"- 4? -e'* $te' t%e&''#e t%t %e' cte"*%+ *tt3* 0ec&e " 23e*t!"), t%t *%e * !"e %! K&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3-"t3'e.J It * "!t 'e*!"0e t! c!"c3e t%t *%e c23'e P%++"e cte"*%+ !"- $te' *%e %+'!/e" t%t *%e K&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e.J

T%e +!"t t%t 0e'* e&+%** " t%* 'e#' * t%t " !+t"# t%e /e'- +%'*e!!#- !$ t%e , t%ee#*t3'e c!3 "!t %/e "te"e t%t " e" $e *%!3 "!t 0e ee&e P%++"e cte" 3"e** "3"t *%e +'!/e* t%t *%e &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'eJ * "!t c!"t!" +'ecee"t t! t%e /e*t"# !'c23*t!" !$ cte"*%+; t * !"- c!"t!" !' *tte !$ $ct "ece**'- t! e*t0*% %e' cte"*%+ * $ct3& +'!0"3& .e., * $ct e*t0*%e " +'!/e " e/e"ce. T%e !' K&#%t,J * 3*e " t%t+%'*e, +'ec*e- &+e* t%t t t%e t&e !$ %e' &''#e t! P%++"e cte", t%e e" !&" K% (t%e)+!e'J t! 0ec!&e *3c% cte" %e'*e$ 3"e' t%e * t%e" " $!'ce. (Oe" /. e-, 5C 191 1D, $$Je- /. Oe", +!e' !"# $te' %e' &''#e !e* "!t te' t%e $ct t%t t %e' &''#e, *%e 0ec&e cte".

(T%* C!3't %* %e) t%t K" e" $e !$ F+"! cte" &- "!t c23'e t%e *tt3* !$ cte" !$ t%eP%++"e* 3"e** t%e'e * +'!!$ t%t *%e %e'*e$ &- 0e $3- "t3'eJ (5ec*!", ++. 7=). 6"e' t%*/e, t%e c23*t!"J !$ cte"*%+ 0- t%e e" $e e+e"* !" %e' %/"# +'!/e" %e' 23$ct!"* $!'cte"*%+, t%t *, *%e * "!t $3- "t3'e. It * ce' $'!& t%e !'* !$ t%e t%t t%e +'!/*!!e* "!t &e" t%t *%e &3*t $'*t +'!/e t%t ee&e (0- C!"#'e**, "!t 0- t%e c!3't*) cte". E/e" t%e K3"$!'&J ec*!"* cte 0- t%* C!3't (t $". 4) t! *3++!'t t* %!"# "!t '3e t%t t%e e" $e0ec!&e* cte" !"- $te' *%e %* +'!/e" %e' 23$ct!"* $!' cte"*%+. W%t t%!*e ec*!"* '3e *t%t t%e e" /e* " t%!*e c*e* $e t! +'!/e t%e' 23$ct!"* " t%e'e$!'e t%e- $e t! e*t0*%t%e' c& t! cte"*%+. T%3* " L- G!> H /. G"#, 11 P%. =?9 19?D, t%e c*e * 'e&"e t! t%e!e' c!3't $!' ete'&"t!" !$ %et%e' +ett!"e', %!*e c& t! cte"*%+ 0- &''#e t! F+"! *


35/48

*+3te 0- t%e G!/e'"&e"t, K&#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e,J $!' t%e +3'+!*e !$ K+'!/"# %e' e#ec%"#e !$ +!tc *tt3* $'!& e" t! cte"J (t ==). I" C3 /. B!', 11 P%. ?41 19?D, t%e e" $e%! * 0e"# e+!'te, c&e *%e * P%++"e cte" 0- &''#e t! F+"!. T%* C!3't $""#t%t t%e'e * "! +'!!$ t%t *%e * "!t *23$e 3"e' Sect!" = !$ t%e Re/*e Nt3't!" L,'3e t%t KN! *3c% e/e"ce ++e'"# !" 'ec!', t%e c& !$ **3&+t!" !$ P%++"e cte"*%+ 0- T !$ +'!!$ t%t t%e e" /e* K&#%t (t%e&*e/e*) 0e $3- "t3'eJ "!t

"ece**'- &+- t%t t%e- "!t 0ec!&e, " t'3t% " " $ct, cte"* 3+!" t%e' &''#e t! F+"!*.W%t t%e ec*!"* &e'e- %e * t%t t%e*e /e* $e t! e*t0*% t%e' c& t! t%t *tt3* * +'!/e"$ct.

I" "*t"ce* %e'e cte"*%+ * c!"$e''e 0- !+e't!" !$ , t%e t&e %e" cte"*%+ * c!"$e''e*%!3 "!t 0e c!"$3*e t% t%e t&e %e" cte"*%+ *tt3* * e*t0*%e * +'!/e" $ct. T%3*, e/e" "t3'70!'" cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*, %!*e cte"*%+ *tt3* * +3t " **3e " "- +'!cee"# !3 0e'e23'e t! +'!/e, $!' "*t"ce, t%t %* $t%e' * cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* " !'e' t! $ct3- e*t0*% %*c& t! cte"*%+. H* cte"*%+ *tt3* c!&&e"ce* $'!& t%e t&e !$ 0't%, t%!3#% %* c& t%e'et!* e*t0*%e * $ct !"- t *30*e23e"t t&e. L>e*e, " e" !&" %! &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3-"t3'e 0ec!&e* P%++"e cte" t t%e t&e !$ %e' &''#e t! F+"! %3*0", "!t t t%e t&e*%e * 0e t! e*t0*% t%t *tt3* * +'!/e" $ct 0- *%!"# t%t *%e &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3-"t3'e. I"ee, t%e'e * "! $$e'e"ce 0etee" *tt3t!'- ec't!" t%t +e'*!" * ee&e cte"!$ t%e P%++"e* +'!/e %* $t%e' * *3c% cte" $'!& ec't!" t%t " e" !&" &''e t! F+"! cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* +'!/e %* $t%e' * *3c% cte" $'!& ec't!" t%t " e" !&"

&''e t! F+"! cte" !$ t%e P%++"e* +'!/e *%e &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e. B!t%0ec!&e cte"* 0- !+e't!" !$ ; t%e $!'&e' 0ec!&e* cte" +*! $ct! 3+!" 0't%; t%e te' +*! $ct!3+!" &''#e.

It * t'3e t%t 3"e** " 3"t t%e e" $e +'!/e* t%t *%e &#%t %e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e, t c""!t0e * t%t *%e %* e*t0*%e %e' *tt3* * +'!/e" $ct. B3t "et%e' c" t 0e * t%t !" cc!3"t, *%e "!t 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%e P%++"e*. I$ %e' cte"*%+ *tt3* * "!t 23e*t!"e " "- e#+'!cee"#, *%e !0/!3*- %* "! !0#t!" t! e*t0*% %e' *tt3* * $ct. I" *3c% c*e, t%e+'e*3&+t!" !$ *%!3 0e %t *%e c&* t! 0e. (6.S. /. R!8*, ? P%. D? 19? H! /. A**, ?1O.G. =?4D 19??). T%e'e * +'e*3&+t!" t%t 'e+'e*e"tt!" *%!" t! %/e 0ee" &e * t'3e. (Aet"I"e&"t- C!. /. Ge!'#e A. F3e', C!., D A. D A. 9, 111 ME. 41). c'/'t310''-

T%e 23e*t!" t%t >ee+* 0!3"c"# 0c> * c!"*e23e"ce !$ t%e $!'e#!"# /e* *, %t *30*tt3te * t%e'e$!' "t3't!" +'!cee"# t! e"0e t%e e" $e !$ P%++"e cte" t! %/e t%e &tte' !$ %e' !"cte"*%+ *ette " e*t0*%e *! t%t *%e &- "!t %/e t! 0e ce 3+!" t! +'!/e t e/e'-t&e *%e %*

t! +e'$!'& " ct !' e"te' "t! t'"*ct!" !' 03*"e** !' e8e'c*e '#%t 'e*e'/e !"- t! F+"!* T%e'e- "*e' t! *3c% 23e*t!" * t%t * t%e * !$ !3' c!3"t'-, 0!t% *30*t"t/e " +'!ce3', *t"t!-, t%e'e * "! *3c% +'!ce3'e, 03t *3c% * "! +'!!$ t%t t%e cte"*%+ 3"e' *c3**!" * "!t /e*te *!$ t%e te !$ &''#e !' t%e %3*0"J* c23*t!" !$ cte"*%+, * t%e c*e &- 0e, $!' t%e t'3t% * t%tt%e *t3t!" !0t"* e/e" * t! "t/e70!'" F+"!*. E/e'-t&e t%e cte"*%+ !$ +e'*!" * &te' !'"*+e"*0e " e t%e e$$!'t e*e' !' *&+e'$!' t%e +e'*!"* c!"ce'"e 0- 'e-"# *!&e%! !" t%e "tecee"t !$$c $""#*, e/e" $ t%e*e 'e "!t'e- 0""#.

It &- "!t 0e &** t! *3##e*t, %!e/e', t%t " !'e' t! %/e #!! *t't"# +!"t " *! t%t t%e &!*t&&ete 'ee/"t +30c 'ec!'* &- 0e >e+t " !'e' t%e $!!"# !0*e'/t!"* " O+"!" N!. , *e'e*!$ 19?, !$ t%e" Act"# Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce :e*3* G. B''e', &- 0e c!"*e'e * t%e &!*t ++'!+'te"t *te+ 0- t%e "te'e*te +'te*.

Re#'"# t%e *te+* t%t *%!3 0e t>e" 0- " e" !&" &''e t! F+"! cte" " !'e' t! c23'eP%++"e cte"*%+, t%e +'!ce3'e $!!e " t%e B3'e3 !$ I&&#'t!" * * $!!* T%e e" !&"&3*t $e +ett!" $!' t%e c"cet!" !$ %e' e" ce't$cte !$ 'e#*t't!" e#"#, &!"# !t%e' t%"#*,t%t *%e * &''e t! F+"! cte" " t%t *%e * "!t *23$e $'!& c23'"# %e' %3*0"J*cte"*%+ +3'*3"t t! *ect!" = !$ C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D, * &e"e. 6+!" t%e $"# !$ *+ett!", %c% *%!3 0e cc!&+"e !' *3++!'te 0- t%e


36/48

*ect!" $'!& 0ec!&"# "t3'e F+"! cte" (+e*e *ee ttc%e CEB F!'& 1), t%e B3'e3 !$I&&#'t!" c!"3ct* " "/e*t#t!" " t%e'e$te' +'!&3#te* t* !'e' !' ec*!" #'"t"# !' e"-"#t%e +ett!".c'/'t310''-

O"ce t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ I&&#'t!" c"ce* t%e *30

M>"t J., 'e*e'/e* %* *e+'te c!"c3''"# !+"!".

Fe'""!, J., c!"c3'* e8ce+t * t%e "te'+'ett!" cc!'e *!&e A&e'c" ec*!"* * t! %c% %e * "!t$3- +e'*3e.

APPEN5I@

T%e $!!"# 'e/e !$ "t3't!" *tt3te* !$ t%e 6"te Stte* $'!& 1D9 t! 19D '/e (1) t%t*e $'!& 'ce, /'!3* !t%e' *23$ct!"* %/e *! 0ee" +'!/e $!' " t%e * *tt3te* $'!& t&e t!t&e, t%!3#% t * !"- " 19 t%t t%e $&' " 3*3 #'!3"* !$ *23$ct!", >e "!t 0e"#"'c%*t*, +!-#&*t*, etc. e'e "c!'+!'te t%e'e", " (4) t%t 23$ct!"* !$ ++c"t* $!'"t3't!" *! /'e $'!& t&e t! t&e.

A — 5IS6ALIFICATIONS

1. I" t%e $'*t "t3't!" *tt3te !$ M'c% 4, 1D9, !"- $'ee %te +e'*!" c!3 0e "t3'e,

+'!/e %e * "!t +'!*c'0e 0- "- *tte, 3"e** t 0e t% t%e c!"*e"t !$ *3c% *tte. (C%+. . 1 Stt.1)

4. I" t%e Act !$ :"3'- 49, 1D9?, t! t%e *&e +'!/*!"* * e t%e *23$ct!" !$ t%!*e e#-c!"/cte !$ %/"#

. I" t%e Act !$ :3"e 1, 1D9, Sect!" 1 t%e'et! +'!/e "# +'!!$ t%t %e %* 'e*e $/e -e'*, t e*t, t%" t%e&t*, " 3"e' t%e


37/48

"t/e, cte", e"e" !' *30"# t%e !t%* +'e*c'0e 0- . (CHAP. @LII, 4 Stt. 494)

. I" t%e Act !$ :3- , 11, t%e *23$ct!" !$ e"e&- e"* * 'e&!/e * $!!* e" t!0e cte". (C%+. L@@I, 1 Stt. =.)

9. T%e Act !$ :3- 1=, 1D &"- +'!/e !"- $!' +e"te* $!' ce't" ct* 'ete t! "t3't!", *


38/48

+3"*%e t%e'e0-, 03t e " t* Sect!" D t%t t%e "t3't!" * 'e %e'e0- e8te"e t! e"* !$A$'c" "t/t- " t! A$'c" e*ce"t. (C%+. CCLI, 1 Stt. 4?=.)

1. T%e Act !$ Fe0'3'- 1, 1D c!"t"e "! 'ee/"t &e"&e"t. (C%+. ?, 19 Stt. 4.)

11. W%e" t%e *tt3te* !$ t%e 6"te Stte* e'e 'e/*e !" :3"e 44, 1D=, t%e "t3't!" !$ t%ec!3"t'- * e&0!e " Sect!"* 41?741D= !$ *e Re/*e Stt3te*. T%* c!"t"e "! 'c

*23$ct!". I" $ct, t 'ee"cte;Sect!" 4 !$ t%e Act !$ Fe0'3'- 1, 1?? * t* Sect!" 199= t%e'e!$,t%3* "# !$ "- !$$ce' !' !$$ce'*, et%e' !$ *+ec$c "/3* !' !$ !$$ce'* #e"e'- !$ t%e G!/e'"&e"t !$ t%e6"te Stte*, !' !$ "- !t%e' !'#"e #!/e'"&e"t, 0ec3*e !$ %* !' t%e' !$$c c%'cte', !' %! * +!-#&*t, *% 0e "t3'e !' 0e &e cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*. ( Stt. ?9)

I"ce"t-, t%e t% +'#'+% !$ t* Sect!" = +'!/e


39/48

!$ t%e 6"te Stte* 0- 'e#*te'"# t% t%e 6.S. C!"*3 !$ %e' +ce !$ 'e*e"ce. (CHAP. 4?=, Sec. =, =Stt. 1449.)

1D. S"ce 6"te Stte* e#*t!" t'et* "t3't!" " cte"*%+ +e' *e *e+'te-, Sect!" 199= !$t%e Re/*e Stt3te* 'e&"e 3"t!3c%e. I" t%e Act !$ Fe0'3'- 4=, 1911 t * +'!/e e +!**0e t%e&**!" !$ F+"! "/- *e'/ce&e", " 3"e'*t"0-, 0ec3*e !$ t%e ' t%e", t +'!/e


40/48

!$ t%e &'t *tt3* *%e; *% %/e 'e*e t%" t%e 6"te Stte*. A$te' %e' "t3't!" *%e *% %/et%e *&e cte"*%+ *tt3* * $ %e' &''#e % t>e" +ce $te' t%e +**#e !$ t%* Act.

Sec. ?. T%t "! !&" %!*e %3*0" * "!t e#0e t! cte"*%+ *% 0e "t3'e 3'"# t%ec!"t"3"ce !$ t%e &'t *tt3*.

Sec. . T%t *ect!" 199= !$ t%e Re/*e Stt3te* " *ect!" = !$ t%e E8+t't!" Act !$ 19D 'e

'e+ee. S3c% 'e+e *% "!t te'&"te cte"*%+ c23'e !' 'et"e 3"e' et%e' !$ *3c% *ect!"* "!''e*t!'e cte"*%+ !*t 3"e' *ect!" = !$ t%e E8+t't!" Act !$ 19D.

Sec. D. T%t *ect!" !$ t%e E8+t't!" Act !$ 19 * 'e+ee. S3c% 'e+e *% "!t 'e*t!'e cte"*%+!*t 3"e' *3c% *ect!" "!' te'&"te cte"*%+ 'e*3&e 3"e' *3c% *ect!". A !&" %! %* 'e*3&e3"e' *3c% *ect!" cte"*%+ !*t 0- &''#e *%, 3+!" t%e +**#e !$ t%* Act, %/e $!' +3'+!*e* t%e*&e cte"*%+ *tt3* * &&ete- +'ece"# %e' &''#e. (C%+. =11, =4 Stt. 141144.)

41. W%e" T%e C!e !$ t%e L* !$ t! 6"te Stte* !$ A&e'c !$ Ge"e' " Pe'&"e"t C%'cte' "F!'ce !" 5ece&0e' D, 194? * ++'!/e, t%e +'!/*!"*, c!''e*+!""# t! t%e *23$ct!"* $!'"t3't!" " t%e cte"*%+ " "t3't!" !$ !&e" e&0!e t%e'e" e'e e" +ce $te' Se+te&0e' 44, 1944. (Se+t. 44, 1944, c. =11, =, =4 Stt. 144.)

D. S&e; W!&e" &''e t! +e'*!"* "e#0e t! cte"*%+. — N! !&" %!*e %3*0" * "!t e#0et! cte"*%+ *% 0e "t3'e 3'"# t%e c!"t"3"ce !$ t%e &'t *tt3*. (Se+t. 44, 1944, c. =11, ?,=4 Stt. 144.)

D1. S&e, $e !$ e" ec'"# 0ec!&"# "*"e 0e$!'e "t3't!"; &"!' c%'e". — W%e" "-e", %! %* ec'e %* "te"t!" t! 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, 0ec!&e* "*"e 0e$!'e %e *ct3- "t3'e, " %* $e *% t%e'e$te' &>e %!&e*te e"t'- 3"e' t%e " * !$ t%e 6"teStte*, *%e " t%e' &"!' c%'e" &-, 0- c!&+-"# t% t%e !t%e' +'!/*!"* !$ t%e "t3't!" *0e "t3'e t%!3t &>"# "- ec't!" !$ "te"t!". (Fe0. 4=, 1911, c. 1?1, Stt. 949.) (C%+. 9,== Stt. 1?, 1?.)

%c%, !$ c!3'*e, &3*t 0e 'e t!#et%e' t% t%e +'!/*!"* !" "&**0t- !$ C%"e*e, "'c%*t*,+!-#&*t*, "!"7E"#*% *+e>"# +e'*!"*, etc. " Sect!"* 7? !$ t%e *&e C!e.

44. T%e Act !$ M- 4, 194 e8te"e "t3't!" +'/e#e* t! e" /ete'"* !$ W!' W' I, t%3*


41/48

%! * "! " e" "!t "e#0e t! cte"*%+; 03t !e* "!t "c3e (1) "- "/3 t "-t&e 3'"#*3c% +e'! !' t%e'e$te' *e+'te $'!& *3c% $!'ce* 3"e' !t%e' t%" %!"!'0e c!"t!"*, (4) "-c!"*ce"t!3* !0e &&!' +e'*!"*;

(=) C!"t'ct 0!'e'*;

(?) Pe'*!"* +'e/!3*- e+!'te;

() Pe'*!"* c!"/cte !$ c'&e.

Sec. . T%e 3"&''e c% 3"e' e#%tee" -e'* !$ #e, t%e $e, !' t%e %3*0", !$ " e" /ete'"*%, $!' t%e +3'+!*e* !$ t%e I&&#'t!" Act !$ 194=, 0e c!"*e'e * "!" 23!t &&#'"t %e"cc!&+"-"# !' $!!"# t%" *8 &!"t%* t!

KSec. =. T%e $!'e#!"# +'!/*!"* !$ t%* Act *% "!t ++- t! "- e" 3"e** t%e &&#'t!" /* * **3et! %& 0e$!'e t%e e8+'t!" !$ !"e -e' $te' t%e e"ct&e"t !$ t%* Act. (C%+. 9, == Stt. ?=7??.)

4. T%e Act !$ :3"e 41, 19 3t%!'e 'e+t't!" !$ ce't" /ete'"* !$ W!' W' I. (C%+. ??9, = Stt.D91.)

4=. O" M'c% , 191, t%e Act !$ Se+te&0e' 44, 1944 * &e"e * $!!* e* $!'& 'e"3"ct!"!$ %e' cte"*%+ 0e$!'e c!3't %/"#


42/48

(0) Sect!" ? !$ *3c% Act !$ Se+te&0e' 44, 1944, * 'e+ee. (C%+. ==4, = Stt. 1?1171?14.)

4?. T%e Act !$ M- 4?, 194 c!"t"e t%e $!!"# *!&e%t +e't"e"t +'!/*!"* "# !3t t%e +e'! t t%e e" t%e'e!$ " "*e't"# " e3 t%e'e!$ *e&c!!" " t%e $!!"# Ke8ce+t t%t t%* +'!/*! *% "!t ++- " t%e c*e !$ *e'/ce !" A&e'c"7!"e /e**e* 0- " e" %! %* 0ee" $3- &tte t! t%e 6"te Stte* $!' +e'&"e"t 'e*e"ce.J

Sec. =. Sect!" 4 !$ *3c% Act !$ :3"e 49, 19, * &e"e, * &e"e 0- "# t t%e e" t%e'e!$ t%e$!!"# "e *30/*!"* c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

K(c) I$ t%e "&e !$ "- "t3'e cte" %*, *30*e23e"t t! "t3't!", 0ee" c%"#e 0- !'e' !$ c!3't !$ c!&+ete"t


43/48

!' 0e$!'e :3"e 49, 19.J

Sec. D. 5e*+te t%e +'!/*!"* !$ *30/*!" () !$ *ect!" 1 !$ t%e Act e"tte KA" Act &>"# t $e!"-t% +e"t- $!' ce't" e"* t! e"te' t%e 6"te Stte* !$ A&e'c 3"e' ce't" c!"t!"* " /!t!" !$,J ++'!/e M'c% =, 1949, * &e"e, " e", $ !t%e'*e &**0e, *% "!t 0e e8c3e $'!&&**!" t! t%e 6"te Stte* 3"e' t%e +'!/*!"* !$ *3c% *30/*!" $te' t%e e8+'t!" !$ !"e -e' $te't%e te !$ e+!'tt!" $, +'!' t! %* 'ee&0'>t!" t +ce !3t*e !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, !' +'!' t! %*

++ct!" " $!'e#" c!"t#3!3* te''t!'- $!' &**!" t! t%e 6"te Stte*, t%e Sec'et'- !$ L0!', " %**c'et!", *% %/e #'"te *3c% e" +e'&**!" t! 'e++- $!' &**!".

Sec. . T%e c!&+t!" !$ t%e *tt*tc* t! *%! 'ce* "t!"te*, " !t%e' "$!'&t!", 3t%!'e "'ecte t! 0e +'e+'e 0- t%e C!&&**!"e' !$ Nt3't!", *% 0e c!&+ete " +30*%e t t%e*&e t&e, * "e' * +'ctc0e, * t%e P30ct!" !$ t%e *tt*tc* !$ t%e 19 ce"*3* e8ce+t t%t 'e+!'t*c!/e'"# t%e ce"*3* !$ 191 *% 0e c!&+ete " *30&tte "!t te' t%" :"3'- 1, 19, " 'e+!'t*c!/e'"# t%e ce"*3* !$ 194 "!t te' t%" 5ece&0e' 1, 19. S3c% *tt*tc* *% *%! t%e 'ec!'* !$'e#*t'- &e 3"e' t%e +'!/*!"* !$ t%e Act e"tte KA" Act t! *3++e&e"t t%e "t3't!" *, " $!'!t%e' +3'+!*e*,J ++'!/e M'c% 4, 1949. P-&e"t $!' t%e e23+&e"t 3*e " +'e+'"# *3c% c!&+t!"*% 0e &e $'!& ++'!+'t!"* $!' &*ce"e!3* e8+e"*e* !$ t%e B3'e3 !$ Nt3't!".

Sec. 9. T%e Sec'et'- !$ t%e T'e*3'-, 3+!" t%e 'ec!&&e"t!" !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ L0!', * 3t%!'e t!+'!/e 23'te'* t%!3t +-&e"t !$ 'e"t, " t%e 03"# !cc3+e 0- t%e Nt3't!" Se'/ce " Ne Y!'>Ct-, $!' +%!t!#'+%c *t3! !+e'te 0- e$'e !'#"t!"* t%!3t +'!$t " *!e- $!' t%e 0e"e$t !$

e"* *ee>"# "t3't!". S3c% *t3! *% 0e 3"e' t%e *3+e'/*!" !$ t%e C!&&**!"e' !$Nt3't!".

Sec. 1. T%e te"t% *30/*!" !$ *ect!" = !$ t%e Act !$ :3"e 49, 19 (c%. ?94, = Stt. ?9), *&e"e 0- t%e Act !$ M- 9, 191 (c%. 9, =, = Stt. ?=?; 6.S.C., tte *ec. DD), * %e'e0- &e"et! 'e * $!!* c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

KTe"t%. T%t "- +e'*!" "!t " e" e"e&-, %! 'e*e 3""te''3+te- t%" t%e 6"te Stte* 3'"# t%e+e'! !$ $/e -e'* "e8t +'ece"# :3- 1, 194, " * !" t%t te !t%e'*e 23$e t! 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, e8ce+t t%t %e % "!t &e ec't!" !$ "te"t!" 'e23'e 0- " %!3'"# !' +'!' t! t%t t&e, 0ec3*e !$ &*"$!'&t!" 'e#'"# %* cte"*%+ *tt3* e''!"e!3*- e8e'c*et%e '#%t* " +e'$!'&e t%e 3te* !$ cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte* " #!! $t%, &- $e t%e +ett!" $!'"t3't!" +'e*c'0e 0- t%!3t &>"# t%e +'e&"'- ec't!" !$ "te"t!" 'e23'e !$ !t%e'e"*, " 3+!" *t*$ct!'- +'!!$ t! t%e c!3't t%t %e %* *! cte &- 0e &tte * cte" !$ t%e6"te Stte* 3+!" c!&+-"# " 'e*+ect* t% t%e !t%e' 'e23'e&e"t* !$ t%e "t3't!" .J (C%+.

4, =D Stt. 1?71D.)

4. B- :3"e 4D, 19?4, t%e '#%t !$ +e'*!" t! 0e "t3'e c!3 "! !"#e' 0e e"e 0- 'e*!" !$ 'ce !'*e8 !' 0ec3*e *3c% +e'*!" * &''e, t%!3#% /'!3* *23$ct!"* e'e *t &"t"e, *3c% *c> 3"e'*t""#, c+ct- t! 'e " 'te E"#*%, !' !$ t%e +'"c+e* !$ t%e c!"*tt3t!" " $!'& !$#!/e'"&e"t !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, 0e"# !++!*e t! !'#"e #!/e'"&e"t !$ , $/!'"# t!tt'" $!'&*!$ #!/e'"&e"t, e*e'te'* $'!& t%e '&e $!'ce*, etc. (Sec*. 1=44 t! 1=4, 6SCA 79, 19?; See *! Sec*.1=41 et *e2., 6SCA , 19D.)

B — 6ALIFICATIONS

A+'t $'!& t%e 0!/e *23$ct!"*, t%e *tt3te* 'e$e''e te c!"t"e e8+'e** 'e23'e&e"t* * t!23$ct!"* * $!!* c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

(1) T%e Act !$ 1D9 'e23'e 'e*e"ce, #!! &!' c%'cte' " %e'e"ce t! t%e +'"c+e* !$ t%e 6"teStte* C!"*tt3t!".

(4) T%t !$ 1D9? 'e23'e ec't!" !$ "te"t!". 'e*e"ce, %e'e"ce t! t%e 6.S. C!"*tt3t!", #!!&!' c%'cte' " "! tte !$ "!0t-.

() T%t !$ 1D9 'e$e''e !"- ec't!" !$ "te"t!" " 'e*e"ce.

(=) T%t !$ 14 'e23'e 'e*e"ce, 'e"3"ct!" !$ e#"ce t! $!'&e' #!/e'"&e"t, %e'e"ce t! 6.S.C!"*tt3t!", #!! &!' c%'cte' " ec't!" !$ "te"t!".


44/48

(?) T%t !$ 1= * +'ctc- I t%e *&e * t%t !$ 14.

() S! *! e'e t%!*e !$ 11, 11 " 14=.

(D) T%t !$ 14 &e"t!"e !"- 'e*e"ce " ec't!" !$ "te"t!".

() T%!*e !$ 1??, 1D " 1 &e"e t%e " !t%e' 'e*+ect*.

(9) T%t !$ 19 c!"t"e t%e $!!"# +'!/*!"* "!" t%e ++c"t t! 0e 'e*e"t !$ t%e 6"te Stte* $!' +e'! !$ t e*t $/e -e'* c!"t"3!3*-, " !$ t%e Stte, Te''t!'-, !'*t'ct " %c% t%e ++ct!" * &e $!' +e'! !$ t e*t !"e -e' &&ete- +'ece"# t%e te !$t%e $"# !$ %* +ett!", " t%t t%e- ec% %/e +e'*!" >"!e#e t%t t%e +ett!"e' * +e'*!" !$ #!!&!' c%'cte', " t%t %e * " e/e'- - 23$e, " t%e' !+"!", t! 0e &tte * cte" !$ t%e6"te Stte*.

At t%e t&e !$ $"# !$ %* +ett!" t%e'e *% 0e $e t% t%e ce'> !$ t%e c!3't ce't$cte $'!& t%e5e+'t&e"t !$ C!&&e'ce " L0!', $ t%e +ett!"e' ''/e* " t%e 6"te Stte* $te' t%e +**#e !$ t%*Act, *tt"# t%e te, +ce " &""e' !$ %* ''/ " t%e 6"te Stte*, " t%e ec't!" !$ "te"t!" !$ *3c% +ett!"e', %c% ce't$cte " ec't!" *% 0e ttc%e t! " &e +'t !$ * +ett!".

T%'. He *%, 0e$!'e %e * &tte t! cte"*%+, ec'e !" !t% " !+e" c!3't t%t %e *3++!'t t%e


45/48

C!"*tt3t!" !$ t%e 6"te Stte*, " %e 0*!3te- " e"t'e- 'e"!3"ce* " 0e " e8+'e** 'e"3"ct!" !$ %* tte !' !'e' !$ "!0t- " t%e c!3't t! %c% %* ++ct!" *&e, " %* 'e"3"ct!" *% 0e 'ec!'e " t%e c!3't.

S8t%. W%e" "- e" %! %* ec'e %* "te"t!" t! 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%e 6"te Stte* e* 0e$!'e%e * ct3- "t3'e t%e ! " &"!' c%'e" !$ *3c% e" &-, 0- c!&+-"# t% t%e !t%e'

+'!/*!"* !$ t%* Act, 0e "t3'e t%!3t &>"# "- ec't!" !$ "te"t!". (= *tt. ?979.)

1. T%!*e !$ 1911 " 191 c!"t"e &e"&e"t* * t! !t%e' &tte'*.

11. T%t !$ 191 +'!/e $!' $$e'e"t 23$ct!"* $!' F+"!*, P!'t! Rc"*, etc. $!' "t3't!" "t!" t! *e'/ce " t%e 6.S. N/- !' P%++"e C!"*t03'-.

14. T%!*e !$ -e'* $te' 1944 %e" Sect!" 199= * 'e+ee !3 %/e "! &te' 0e'"# " t%* c*e.

A&e".

*e5arate O5!&!o&"

REYES, :.B..L., **e"t"# c%"'!01e*/'t3 10''-

I 'e#'et "!t 0e"# 0e t! **e"t t! t%e !+"!" !$ M'. :3*tce B''e!. Wt%!3t +'e


46/48

cte"*%+ (*ee 6SCA, Tte , *ec*. t! " D). T%e !"- +!*t/e 23$ct!"* 'e 0!" $e"te"t!" t! 0ec!&e cte" !$ t%e 6"#%te Stte* " t! 'e"!3"ce $!'e/e' e#"ce " $et- t! +'e/!3* *!/e'e#" (5!., *ec. D4) " 'e*e"ce $!' t%e *+ec$e +e'!. T%* * +'tc3'- t'3e !$ t%eA&e'c" t t%e t&e t%e $'*t * e"cte c!"ce'""# c23*t!" !$ cte"*%+ 0- e" !&e"&''e t! 6.S. cte"* (t%e Act !$ Fe0'3'- 1, 1??). 6"e' *3c% c!"t!"*, t * 3"e'*t"0e t%t t%e"te'+'ett!" !$ t%e !'* %! &#%t %e'*e$ $3- 0e "t3'e S%!3 0e t%t t%e &''-"# e"!&" *%!3 "!t 0e *23$e $'!& 0ec!&"# cte".

B3t !3' "t3't!" *e+'te* 23$ct!"* $'!& *23$ct!"*; t%e +!*t/e 23$ct!"* 3"e'*ect!" t%e'e!$ e8+'e** +!c- !$ 'e*t'ct!", * t! c"te* $!' "t3't!" * &3c% * t%e*23$ct!"* 3"e' *ect!" =. A" Ut %* 0ee" *%!" " !3' ec*!" " t%e *ec!" L! G!> H c*e (L-G!> H /. G"#, L7414, M'c% 1, 19, 1 SCRA =1) t%t t%!*e "!t *23$e 3"e' *ect!" =!3 "!t "ece**'- 23$- 3"e' *ect!" , e/e" $ t%e 'e*e"ce 23$ct!" e'e *'e#'e. I" !t%e'!'*, 0- #/"# t! *ect!" 1? !$ !3' Nt3't!" L t%e e$$ect !$ e8c3"# !"- t%!*e !&e" *3$$e'"#$'!& *23$ct!" 3"e' *ect!" c!3 'e*3t " &tt"# t! cte"*%+ !&e" t%t *ect!" 4 "te"* t!e8c3e. I" t%e*e c'c3&*t"ce*, I ! "!t *ee %- t%e A&e'c" "te'+'ett!" !$ t%e !'* %! &#%t%e'*e$ 0e $3- "t3'e *%!3 0e c!"*e'e 0""# " t%* Y!"# /. C!&&**!"e', G.R. N!. L74D=, 5ec. 4D, 19,9 SCRA D=; T!"# S!> S- /. /!, G.R. N!. L7411, 5ec. 4D, 19, 9 SCRA D; C%!- "# Tee /. G"#,G.R. N!. L71?1, M'c% 4, 19?, 1 SCRA =4; A3*t' /. C!"c%3, G.R. N!. L74D1, :3"e 44, 19?, 1=SCRA ; B't! /. C!&&**!"e', G.R. N!. L7149, :3"e , 19?, 1= SCRA ?9; L- G!> H /. G"#(4"), G. R. N!. L7414, M'c% 1, 19, 1 SCRA =1=; G! I& T- /. Re+., G.R. N!. L71D919, :3- , 19,1D SCRA D9D.

=. S3+'. (11 P%. =?9).

See, *! O+*., Sec. !$ :3*tce, N!. 4, *. 19?; N!. 9, *. 19=9; N!*. =, ?, 9 " 41, *. 19=; N!.9?, *. 19=1; N!*. D9 " 1, *. 19=.

?. I" t%e e0e't!"*, C%e$ :3*tce C!"ce+c!" e8+"e t%t %* !+"!" * "!t &e"t t! #/e t%t&+'e**!".

. :3*tce B''e' +e""e t%e ec*!" " S3" Pec> Y!"#, *3+', " T!"# S!> S- /. /!, *3+'.

Sect!" 1?, C!&&!"et% Act N!. =D; L- G!> H V W- G!> H /. G"#, ?= O$$. G., ?.


47/48

D. T! /! 'e+ett!", t%e +e't"e"t +!'t!"* !$ t%e !+"!" 0e 23!te " &!'e ++'!+'te +ce te'" t%* ec*!".

. G.R. N!. L7414, M'c% 1, 19, 1 SCRA =1=.

9. Pe't"e"t +!'t!"* !$ t%e !+"!" !$ :3*tce Re-e* 0e 23!te te' " &!'e ++'!+'te +ce " t%*

ec*!".

1. 1D SCRA D9D.

11. See ., ++. 17=.

14. O"e c" e*- +e'ce/e $'!& t%e "#3#e !$ :3*tce M>"t " C%!- "# Tee t%t %e * e8+'e**"#t%e c!"*e"*3* !$ t%e C!3'tJ*7 &e&0e'*%+ t%e" 't%e' t%" %* !" +e'*!" /e*.

1. T%e $'&* PARE5ES, POBLA5OR NAZARENO; LICHA6CO, PICAZO AGCAOLI; MEER, MEER MEER; PONCE ENRILE, SIG6ION REYNA, MONTECILLO BELO, RAMIREZ ORTIGAS; SALA, CH6A ASSO.; " SYCIP, SALAZAR, L6NA, MANALO FELICIANO.

1=. See 23!tt!" $'!& L! S" T3"# e'e' !" ++. 4D74 !$ t%* !+"!".

1?. See !+"!" !$ t%e Sec'et'- !$ :3*tce, N!. D9, *. 19=.

1. F!' 'e- 'e$e'e"ce, ttc%e * " ++e"8 !$ t%* ec*!" * 0'e$ *t3- !$ t%e "t3't!"* !$ t%e 6"te Stte* $'!& 1D9 t! 19D *%!"# %! t%e &tte' !$ 23$ct!"* " *23$ct!"*,%et%e' 'c !' !t%e'*e, %/e 0ee" t'ete " t%e * *tt3te*, $'!& %c% t c" 0e 'e- *ee" t%tt%e *23$ct!" !$ e" /e* $'!& 0ec!&"# cte"* %* "!t 0ee" -* e8c3*/e- !" 'c #'!3"*3'"# t%e +e'! t%t t%e Act !$ Fe0. 1, 1?? ", te', *ect!" 199= !$ t%e Re/*e Stt3te* e'e "$!'ce.

1D. T%e *tte&e"t " S"c!J* 0!!> cte 0- :3*tce Re# " L! S" T3"# !e* "!t "cte "-3t%!'tt/e *!3'ce. I" "- e/e"t, $!' t%e 'e*!"* 'e- *tte t%e 'c &!t/e c!3 t &!*t 0e !"-!"e !$ t%e 'e*!"* $!' t%e e&"t!" !$ Sect!" 1.

1. A &!'e e8te"*/e *c3**!" !$ t%e 'ee/"ce !$ t%* 'e+e !$ 1944 * &e $3't%e' " t%* !+"!".

19. 5ece, A+' 1?, 19, "e8t t! B3't!" /. B3't!", = N. Y. D.

4. M!'e cc3'te-, t%e +%'*e $'ee %te +e'*!"*, !e* "!t !"- 'e$e' t! +e!+e !$ t%e %te 'ce 03t *!t! "!"7*/e*.

41. I" t%* c!""ect!", t * t! 0e "!te t%t t%e "t3't!" * !$ t%e 6"te Stte* $'!& 1D9+'!/e $!' *3c% 23$ct!"* !$ 'e*e"ce, #!! &!' c%'cte', %e'e"ce t! t%e C!"*tt3t!".

44. ($) Pe'*!"* %!, 3'"# t%e +e'! !$ t%e' 'e*e"ce " t%e P%++"e*, %/e "!t &"#e *!c- t%t%e F+"!*, !' %! %/e "!t e/"ce *"ce'e e*'e t! e'" " e&0'ce t%e c3*t!&*, t't!"*, "e* !$ t%e F+"!*;

(%) Cte"* !' *30


48/48

0!'" F+"!; " t%e*e "*t"ce*, t%e e$$ect !$ &''#e * t%e *&e.

4D. B'!t%e' C!""!" !$ L Se C!e#e " Ft%e' M!'" !$ Ate"e! 6"/e'*t-.

4. F!'&e' 5e" !$ t%e C!e#e !$ L, 6.P. " te' P'e*e"t !$ t%e 6"/e'*t-, "! ee#te t! t%eC!"*tt3t!" C!"/e"t!" !$ 19D1.

4 Sec. 199= Re/*e Stt3te*.

It *%!3 0e !0*e'/e, +'e"t%etc-, t%t 0- t* /e'- "t3'e, cte"*%+ * !"e !$ t%e &!*t $$c3t$ct* t! +'!/e.

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