Mountaineering by Zenith Roy

8/8/2019 Mountaineering by Zenith Roy

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CLASS-VIII A



ABOUT MOUNTAINS



About Mountaineering

Mountaineering is the sport,

hobby or profession of walking,

hiking, backpacking and climbing

mountains.

In Europe it is also referred to as

alpinism, while in the Americas

the term refers to a particular style

of mountain climbing, that involves

a mixture of ice climbing, rock

climbing, mixed climbing, and

where the climbers carry all their

loads with them at all times.

In the Himalayan regions the style

of mountaineering is Expedition.



HOW MANY TYPES?

Mountaineering began asattempts to reach thehighest point of unclimbedmountains, it has branchedinto specializations that

address different aspects of the mountain and consistsof three areas : rock-craft,snow-craft and skiing,depending on whether the

route chosen is over rock,snow or ice.



TYPES



SNOW

Compacted snow conditions allowmountaineers to progress on foot.Frequently crampons are required to travelefficiently over snow and ice. Cramponshave 8-14 spikes and are attached to amountaineer's boots. They are used on hardsnow (neve) and ice to provide additionaltraction and allow very steep ascents and

descents Varieties range from lightweight aluminium

models intended for walking on snowcovered glaciers, to aggressive steel modelsintended for vertical and overhanging iceand rock. Snowshoes can be used to walkthrough deep snow. Skis can be usedeverywhere snowshoes can and also insteeper, more alpine landscapes, although ittakes considerable practice to developstrong skills for difficult terrain



GLACIER

When travelling over glaciers, crevasses pose agrave danger. These giant cracks in the ice are notalways visible as snow can be blown and freezeover the top to make a snow bridge. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches.

Climbers use a system of ropes to protectthemselves from such hazards. Basic gear for

glacier travel includes crampons and ice axes.Teams of two to five climbers tie into a rope equally

spaced.

If a climber begins to fall the other members of theteam perform a self-arrest to stop the fall. The other members of the team enact a crevasse rescue to

pull the fallen climber from the crevasse.



ICE

Multiple methods are used to safely travelover ice. If the terrain is steep but notvertical, then the lead climber can place icescrews in the ice and attach the rope for protection .

Each climber on the team must clip past theanchor, and the last climber picks up the

anchor itself. Occasionally, slinged icicles or bollards are also used. This technique isknown as Simul-climbing and is sometimesalso used on steep snow and easy rock .

If the terrain becomes too steep,standard ice climbing techniques areused in which each climber is belayed,moving one at a time



SKIING

Skiing is a group of sports using skis

as equipment for traveling over snow.

Skis are used in conjunction with boots

that connect to the ski with use of a

binding. Combining the techniques of

alpine skiing and mountaineering

to ascend and descend a

mountain is a form of the sport by

itself, called Ski Mountaineering.



SHELTERS

HUT

BASE CAMP

BIVOUAC (BIVY)

TENT

SNOW CAVE



BASE CAMP

The "Base Camp" of a mountain is

an area used for staging an

attempt at the summit. Base

camps are positioned to be safe

from the harsher conditions

above.

There are base camps on many

popular or dangerous mountains.

Where the summit cannot be

reached from base camp in a

single day, a mountain will have

additional camps above basecamp.



HUT

The mountain huts are of varying sizeand quality, but each is typicallycentered on a communal dining roomand have dormitories equipped withmattresses, blankets or duvets, and

pillows; guests are expected to bringand to use their own sleeping bagliner.

The facilities are usuallyrudimentary but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter,make routes more widely

accessible (by allowing journeysto be broken and reducing theweight of equipment needing to becarried), and offer good value.



BIVIOUAC (BIVY)

In the mountaineering context,a bivouac or "bivy" is amakeshift resting or sleepingarrangement in which theclimber has less than the full

complement of shelter, foodand equipment that wouldnormally be present at aconventional campsite.

This may involve simplygetting a sleeping bag and

Bivouac sack and lying downto sleep.



TENT

Tent are the most common form of

shelter used on the mountain.

These may vary from simple tarps

to much heavier designs intended

to withstand harsh mountain

conditions .

In exposed positions, windbreaks

of snow or rock may be required

to shelter the tent.

One of the downsides to tenting is

that high winds and snow loads

can be dangerous and may

ultimately lead to the tent's failure

and collapse.



SNOW CAVE

Where conditions permit snowcaves are another way toshelter high on the mountain.Some climbers do not usetents at high altitudes unlessthe snow conditions do notallow for snow caving, sincesnow caves are silent andmuch warmer than tents.

They can be built relativelyeasily, given sufficient time,using a snow shovel. A

correctly made snow cave willhover around freezing, whichrelative to outsidetemperatures can be verywarm.



TYPES OFHAZARDS

FALLING ROCKS

FALLING ICE

FALLS FROM ROCKS

AVALANCHES

ICE SLOPES SNOW SLOPES

CREVASSES

WEATHER

ALTITUDE

SOLAR RADIATION VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES



HAZARDS



AVALANCHES



EQUIPMENTS

A wide range of

equipment is used

during rock climbing .

It protects climbersfrom consequence

falls.



TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS



LOCATIONS

Mountaineering has become a popular sportthroughout the world. In Europe the sport largelyoriginated in the Alps, and is still immensely popular there. Other notable mountain ranges frequented byclimbers include the Caucasus, the Pyrenees, Rilamountains, the Tatra mountains and CarpathianMountains.

In North America climbers frequent the RockyMountains, the Sierra Nevada of California, theCascades of the Pacific Northwest and the highpeaks of Alaska .

There has been a long tradition of climbers going onexpeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generallyused for the Andes and the high peaks of Asiaincluding the Himalaya, Pamirs and Tien Shan.

Other mountaineering areas of interest include theSouthern Alps of New Zealand, the Japanese Alps,the South Korean mountains, the Coast Mountainsof British Columbia, the Scottish Highlands, and themountains of Scandinavia, especially Norway.



Sir Edmund P. Hillary

New Zealand mountain climber Sir Edmund

Hillary was one of the first two men to reach

the summit of Mount Everest, the tallest

mountain in the world, and return. Hillary and

Sherpa tribesman Tenzing Norgay reached

the 8848 m (29,028 ft) summit on May 29,

1953. Queen Elizabeth II knighted Hillary, a

Royal Air Force veteran, for the feat.

First Men to Reach The Summit of

Mount Everest

Tenzing NorgayIn 1953 Nepalese mountain climber Tenzing

Norgay and New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary were the first people to scale

the summit of Mount Everest, the highest

mountain in the world at 8,850 m (29,035 ft).



FIRST TEENAGE TO REACH

EVEREST

Arjun Bajpayee, a resident of

Uttar Pradeshs Noida city has

become the youngest person

to climb the Mount Everest at

the age of 16.



REACHING THE TOP



THE END

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Mountaineering by Zenith Roy