Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek

8/4/2019 Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek

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1

Sum mary of

Basics of Biblical Greek

William D. Mounce

2000 William D. Mounce

All Rights Reserved

printing 10/19/2000


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2 Summary of Basics of Biblical Greek

Table of Contents

English Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alp habet , etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alp habet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dip hthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Greek Nou n Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

English Verb Gram mar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Greek Verb Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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English Noun Grammar 3

English Noun Grammar

Issues effecting infl ect ion

S.1 Cases. If a w ord is the subject of the sentence, it is in the subjective case.

If a word shows possession, it is in the possessive case. You can either pu t of in front of

the word , an apostrophe s after the word , or just apostrophe if the word end s in s.

If a w ord is the direct object, it is in th e objective case.

The indirect object is the person / thing that is indirectly affected by the action of the

verb.

S.2 Number. Words can be either singular or plural, depend ing upon wh ether they refer to one, or

more than one.

S.3 Gender. Some word s, mostly pronou ns, change their form d epending u pon w hether they arereferring to a masculine,feminine , or neuter object.

Natural gender means that a w ord takes on the gend er of the object it represents.

Parts of Speech

S.4 Noun . A noun is a word th at stands for someone or something.

S.5 Adjective. An adjective is a word that m od ifies a nou n (or another ad jective).

S.6 Prepositions. A prep osition is a w ord that indicates the relationship between two w ords. The

wor d tha t follows the pr eposition is called the object of the p reposition . The object of the pr ep-

osition is always in the objective case. The prep osition together with its object and m odifiers iscalled a prepositional phrase.

General Issues

S.7 Lexical form . Whereas m ost peop le call them d ictionaries, scholars call them lexicons. The

form of the w ord found in the lexicon is called th e lexical form.

S.8 Definite article. The d efinite article is the word the.

S.9 In defin ite article. In English, the indefinite article is the word a. Greek does not have an

indefin ite article, although in certain circum stances you w ill be able to add a to your tr ansla-

tion.

S.10 Su b ject an d Pred icate. A sentence can be broken down into two parts. The term subject

describes the subject of the verb and what modifies it. Predicate describes the rest of the sen-

tence, includ ing verb, d irect object, etc.


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S.11 An adjective is a word that m odifies a noun or p ronoun . They can fun ction adjectivally or sub-

stantivally and be in one of three positions.

An attributive adjective gives a qu alityan attr ibuteto the w ord it is modifying. It is nor-

mally articular, agreeing with the nou n it modifies in case, nu mber, and gend er.

A substantival adjective has no word to m odify but rather stands on its own and performs

a function in the sentence. Its gend er and nu mber are d etermined by w hat it stands for, its

case by its fun ction in th e sentence.

An ad jectiv e in th e predicate position tells uspredicatessomething about the word. A

predicate adjective can function either adjectivally or substantivally and is always anar-

throus.

When there is no article with the noun or the adjective, context decides its function.

S.12 A pronoun is a word that rep laces a noun.

A personal pronoun is a pronoun that replaces a noun referring to a person.

The word that a pronoun refers back to is the antecedent.

The same word can be either a pronoun (That is mine.) or an adjective (That car is

mine.).

S.13 Person al Pron ou ns. Pronouns can be first person, second person, or third p erson.

First person refers to the person speaking (I, we).

Second person refers to the person being spoken to (you).

Third person refers to all others (he, she, it, they).

S.14 D em on strative Pon ou n s. Demonstratives in English are this/ these and that/ those

(singular/ plural).

S.15 Relative Pron ou ns. The relative pronouns in English are who, whom, that, which,

and whose.

A relativ e p ron ou nintroduces a clause that u sually modifies a noun.

A relative clause is the relative pronoun and the clause it introd uces. The teacher who has

a halo around his headteaches Greek.

S.16 Clauses. Clauses can p erform many of the same functions as noun s and adjectives.

Subject (Whoever is with me is not against me.)

Direct object ( I eat what is placed before me.)

Object of a preposition (Give the Bible to whomever asks for it.)


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A lphabet & diphthongs 5

Alphabet & Diphthongs

Alphabet

Alpha a[lfa a A a a as in father

Beta bh'ta b B b b as in Bible

Gamma gavmma g G g g as in gone

Delta devlta d D d d as in dog

Epsilon e] yilovn e E e e as in met

Zeta zh'ta z Z z z as in daze

Eta h\ta e H h e as in obey

Theta qh'ta th Q q th as in thing

Iota ijw'ta i I i i as in intrigue

Kappa kavppa k K k k as in kitchen

Lambda lavmbda l L l l as in law

Mu mu' m M m m as in mother

Nu nu' n N n n as in newXsi (xi) xi xs X x x as in axiom

Omicron o] mikrovn o O o o as in not

Pi pi' p P p p as in peach

Rho rJw' r R r r as in rod

Sigma sivgma s S s/" s as in study

Tau tau' t T t t as in talk

Upsilon u\ yilovn u/ y U u u as the German

Ph i fi' ph F f ph as in phone

Ch i ci' ch C c ch as in loch

Psi yi' ps Y y ps as in lipsOmega w\ mevga o W w o as in tone

Diphthongs

ai as in a isle ai[rw

ei as in eigh t eij

oi as in oil oijkiva

au as in sauerkraut aujtov"

ou as in soup oujdev

ui as in suite uiJov"

eu, hu as in feud eujquv" / hu[xanen


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Greek N oun Grammar

Issues effecting infl ection

S.17 Stem . If you take the case end ing off a nou n you are left with th e stem. If it is a third declension

stem, drop the genitive case ending.

S.18 Gender.A nou n is either masculine, feminine, or neuter. A noun h as only one gender an d it

never varies.

S.19 Case en din gs . The case of a word in Greek is indicated by the case ending. This is a suffix

added to the end of the word.

S.20 D eclen sion s. There are three basic inflectional patterns that a word can follow. Each of these

patterns is called a declension. Which pattern a word follows has no effect on its meaning,

only its form

Nouns that have a st em ending in an alphaor eta are first declension , take first d eclension

end ings, and ar e primar ily feminine (e.g., grafhv).

Nouns that have a s tem ending in an omicron are second declension , take second declen-

sion endings, and are m ostly masculine or neuter (e.g.,ajpovstolo";e[rgon).

If the stem of a word ends in a consonant it is third declension (e.g., savrx).

Cases

S.21 N ominative. The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of a verb and the predicate

nominative.

S.22 Genitive. The genitive case ind icates possession . The word in the genitive usually follows the

word it is mod ifying (novmoi tou' qeou').

S.23 Dative. The dative case is used to indicate an ind irect object.

S.24 Accu sative. If a word is the direct object of the verb it will be in the accusative case.

S.25 Vocative. The vocative case is the case of direct ad dr ess.

S.26 Word order. Grammatical function is not determined by w ord ord er but by case endings.

As a general rule, try to maintain the same order of the Greek words in your translation if

possible.

S.27 Lexical form . The lexical form of a nou n is its nomina tive singular form.

S.28 Parse. When asked to par se a word , you are to specify the case, nu mber, gend er, lexical form,and meaning of the inflected form.


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Greek Noun Grammar 7

Greek Cases

English cases Greek cases and uses Question Key word

1. Subjective (he) 1. NOMINATIVE Who? What?a. Subject of the verb

b. Predicate of is

VOCATIVE(d irect address) O

2. Possessive (his) 2. GENITIVE Whose?

a. Possessive of

b. Object of Preposition

c. Direct object

d . Ablative (separation) from

3. Objective (him) 3. DATIVE

a. Indirect object to whom? to / for

to what?

b. Object of Preposition

c. Direct object

d . Instrumental (means) by what? by/ with

e. Locative (p lace) where? in

4. Objective (him) 4. ACCUSATIVE

a. Direct object of the verb whom?

what?

b. Object of preposition

Formula for key word usage:

The word has th e ____ case end ing, so I know that it fun ctions as th e _______ in the sentence; therefore

I translate it with th e key w ord _____ .


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Mast er Case Ending Chart

A dash means that no case ending is used. An und erline means that the final stem vowel changes to the

one listed in the chart (rule 5).

first/second declension third declension

The Basic Rules Gov erning Case Endings

S.29 Rule 1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems in omicron are in the

second, an d consonantal stems are in the third .

S.30 Rule 2. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative.

S.31 Rule 3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.

In the second d eclension the alpha is the changed stem vowel; in the third it is

the case ending.

S.32 Rule 4. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible.

Because an iota can subscript only under a vowel (in which case the vowel

lengthens), it subscripts only in the first and second d eclensions.

S.33 Rule 5. Vowels often change their length (ablaut).

Contraction occurs when two vowels meet and form a different vowel or diph-thong (logo + i lovgw/).

Compensatory lengthening occurs when a vowel is lengthened to compensate

for the loss of anoth er letter (logo + n" lovgo" lovgou").

S.34 Rule 6. In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical.

masc fem neut masc/fem neut

nom sg " - n " - -

gen sg u " u o" o"

dat sg i i i i i

acc sg n n n a/n -

nom pl i i a e" a

gen pl wn wn wn wn wn

dat pl i" i" i" si(n) si(n)

acc pl u" " a a" a


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S.35 Rule 7. The Square of Stops (showing what happens when joined with s).

The nt combination drop s out wh en followed by sigma (pant + " pa'").

Whatever happens in the nominative singular third declension also happens in

the dative plural. sark + s sarx. sark + si savrxi.

S.36 Rule 8. A tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off.

When no case ending is used in s tems ending in -mat, the tau drops out (ojnomat

+ - ojnomat o[noma).

Select Paradigms

S.37 Fir st and s econd decl ensi on

2 1 2

masc fem neut

nom sg oJ lovgo" hJ grafhv to; e[rgon

hJ w{ra

gen sg tou' lovgou th'" grafh'" tou' e[rgou

th'" w{ra"

dat sg tw'/ lovgw/ th'/ grafh' / tw'/ e[rgw/

th'/ w{ra/

acc sg to;n lovgon th;n grafhvn to; e[rgon

th;n w{ran

nom pl oiJ lovgoi aiJ grafaiv ta; e[rga

gen pl tw'n lovgwn tw'n grafw'n tw'n e[rgwn

dat pl toi'" lovgoi" tai'" grafai'" toi'" e[rgoi"

acc pl tou;" lovgou" ta;" grafav" ta; e[rga

Labials p b f y

Velars k g c x

Dentals t d q s


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S.38 T hird d eclen sion f orm s

*sark *carit *onomat *pisti

nom sg: savrx cavri " o[noma pisti "

gen sg: sark ov" cavrit o" ojnovmat o" piste w"

dat sg: sark i cavrit i ojnovmat i piste i

acc sg: savrk a cavrit a o[noma pisti n

nom pl: savrk e" cavrit e" ojnovmat a piste i"

gen pl: sark w'n carit wn ojnomavt wn piste wn

dat pl: sarx i (n) cavri si(n) ojnovma si(n) piste si(n)

acc pl: savrk a" cavrit a" ojnovmat a piste i"

S.39

3 1 3

masc fem neut

nom sg pa'" pa'sa pa'n

gen sg pantov" pavsh" pantov"dat sg panti pavsh/ panti

acc sg pavnta pa'san pa'n

nom pl pavnte" pa'sai pavnta

gen pl pavntwn pasw'n pavntwn

dat pl pa'si(n) pavsai" pa'si(n)

acc pl pavnta" pavsa" pavnta

S.40 Vocative.

In the plural, the vocative is always identical to the nominative plural (a[nqrwpoi).

In the singular first declension, the vocative is the same as the nominative (ajdelfhv).

In the singular second d eclension, the vocative ending is usually epsilon. If you w ere

speaking directly to a man you w ould say,a[nqrwpe.

In the singular third d eclension, the vocative is usually the bare stem of the word, some-

times with the stem vow el being changed du e to ablaut. The vocative ofpathvr is pavter.

Definite Article

S.41 Agreement.The article has case, nu mber, and gend er. The article always agrees with the noun

that it mod ifies in case, num ber, and gend er.

S.42 Article. The Greek articleis usually translated the. The general ru le is to translate accord ing

to the p resence or absence of the article. If an a rticle is pr esent, translate it. If there is no article,

do n ot use the.

There are times when the meaning of the article seems to shift.oJ dev means, but h e.


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Preposition

S.43 The mean ing of a preposition d epends u pon the case of its object. For example,

diav with the genitive means through.

diav with the accusative m eans on account of if its object is in the accusative.

The object almost alw ays imm ediately follows the p reposition.

S.44 If a wor d is the object of a preposition, do not u se the key word .

S.45 The form of a preposition d oes not vary d epending on the case of its object.

When a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, the final

vowel of the prep osition m ay be dropp ed and marked with an ap ostrophe (elision).

meta; aujtovn met aujtovn

When a preposition ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel and rough

breathing, the consonant before the vowel in the prep osition often changes as well.

meta; w|n meq w|n

Adjectives

S.46 Function . Adjectives can fun ction one of two ways.

When an adject ive funct ions adjectivally, the adjective agrees with the noun it mod ifies in

case, number, and gender.

When an adject ive funct ions substantivally, its case is determ ined by its fun ction. Its gen-

der and nu mber are determined by wh at it stands for.

S.47 Positions. Adjectives can occur in on e of three p ositions.

A n ad jective in th e attributive position is imm ediately preceded by the article. A n ad jective in th e predicate position is not imm ediately preceded by the article. The nou n

is mod ified by the article.

If there is no noun for the adjective to modify, the adjective mu st be functioning substanti-

vally. Adjectives used substan tivally are regularly (bu t not always) preceded by th e article.

S.48 When there is no article before the noun or adjective (independen t position), check the con-

text to determine you r translation.


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S.49 Adjectives fall into four basic categories, depending on which declension they follow and

wh ether the feminine and masculine forms are the same or d ifferent. The masculine and neuter

always follow the same d eclension.

Pronouns

S.50 Form

A pronoun always takes its number and gender from another word, either the word it is

modifying or its antecedent.

A pronou n takes its case from two p ossible sources. (1) If it is mod ifying a word (like an

ad jective), it agrees with tha t wor d in case (as well as num ber and gend er). (2) Otherw ise,

it takes its case from its fun ction in the relative clause.

Pronouns, other than personal pronouns, always introduce a dependent clause.

S.51 Person al p ron ou ns

first second translation

nom sg ejgwv suv I you

gen sg mou (ejmou' ) sou (sou' ) my your

dat sgmoi ( ejmoi ) soi (soi )

to me to youacc sg me (ejmev ) se (sev ) me you

nom pl hJmei'" uJmei'" we you

gen pl hJmw'n uJmw'n our your

dat pl hJmi'n uJmi'n to us to you

acc pl hJma'" uJma'" us you

aujtov" can function as the third p erson personal pronoun .

S.52 O th er u ses of

Adjectival intensive .aujtov" can also function intensively when it is used adjectivally. In

this caseaujtov" normally modifies another word and is usually in the pred icate position.

Translateaujtov" with the reflexive p ronou n (him self, herself, itself, them selves, etc.). In this

case,aujtov" is usually in the nomina tive case and m odifies the subject.

Iden tical adjective.aujtov" is sometimes used as the iden tical adjective meaning same. It

is normally in the attributive position w hen u sed this way, but not always.

S.53 D em on strative pron ou n s

The demonstrat ives in Greek areou|to" (this/ these) andejkeino" (that/ those).

category masculine feminine neuter

2-1-2 2 declension 1 declension 2 declension

3-1-3 3 declension 1 declension 3 declension

2-2 2 declension 2 declension 2 declension

3-3 3 declension 3 declension 3 declension


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When a demonstrative functions as a pronoun, its case is determined by its function in the

sentence.

If a demonstrative is functioning as an ad jective, it is written in the predicate position

although it is translated a s an attributive ad jective.

A demonstrative can weaken in force and be used as a personal pronoun.

The forms of ou|to"

masc fem neut masc fem neut

nom ou|to" au{th tou'to ou|toi au|tai tau'ta

gen touvtou tauvth" touvtou touvtwn touvtwn touvtwn

dat touvtw/ tauvth/ touvtw/ touvtoi" tauvtai" touvtoi"

acc tou'ton tauvthn tou'to touvtou" tauvta" tau'ta

S.54 Relative pron ou ns

If the relative clause modifies a word, then the relative pronoun is translated w ith the sim-

ple wh o, which, or that.

The man who is sitting at the tableis my pastor.

Relative clauses can perform almost any function that a noun can. In these cases, it may be

necessary to add a pron oun to the clause.

2 1 2

masc fem neut translation

nom sg o{" h{ o{ who/ which/ tha t

gen sg ou| h|" ou| of whom/ which

dat sg w/ | h/ | w/| to whom/ which

acc sg o{n h{n o{ whom/ which/ tha t

nom pl oi{ ai{ a{ who/ which/ tha t

gen pl w|n w|n w|n of whom/ which

dat pl oi|" ai|" oi|" to whom/ which

acc pl ou{" a{" a{ whom/ which/ tha t

Dependent Clauses

S.55 A d epend ent clause is a collection of w ords th at cannot stand alone. It has m eaning only w hen

it is part of a complete sentence; it is dependent upon that sentence. A s you are looking for the

main subject and verb in a sentence, you will never find them in the dependent clause.

i{na ejavn eij o{pw

o{ti w{ste kaqwv o{, h{, o{

S.56 Personal pronouns in the nominative . When a personal pronou n occurs in the nom inative, it

is for emphasis or to clarify the genderof the subject. Often the emp hasis is by way of contrast.

oujc wJ" ejgw; qevlw ajll wJ" suv(Mat t 26:39).

Not asIwill but a s you (will).


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English Verbal Grammar

Terms

S.57 Verb .A verb is a wor d th at describes action or state of being. I am studying Greek. Greekisthe heavenly language.

S.58 Agreem en t. A verb m ust agree w ith its subject in p erson (first, second, or third) and num ber

(singu lar or plural). A Greek verb accomp lishes this by using personal endings.

The Greek sentence does not require an expressed subject.

S.59 Tense. Tense in English refers to the time when the action of the verb takes place. English

verbs are centered on thr ee different tenses (present, pa st, past perfect). From th ese three forms

all the variations of the verb are formed.

If you study your Greek right now, then the verb is in the present tense (study).

If you are planning on studying tomorrow, then the verb is in the future tense (willstudy).

If you studied last night, then the verb is in the past tense (studied).

When you use the helping verbs have or has (past perfect), the action described was

done in the (recent) past and the statement is accurate up to now.

The English present can describe an action with current consequences (It is written). This

is close to th e Greek p erfect.

S.60 Formation of Engli sh Tenses

Past simple Past progressive Past perfect

regular active I studied I was studying I had studied

irregular active I ate I was eating I had eaten

regular passive I was studied I was being studied I had been studiedirregular passive I was eaten I was being eaten I had been eaten

Present simple Present progressive Present perfect

regular active I study I am studying I have studiedirregular active I eat I am eating I have eaten

regular passive I am studied I am being studied I have been studiedirregular passive I am eaten I am being eaten I have been eaten

Future simple Future progressive Future perfect

regular active I will study I will be studying I will have studiedirregular active I will eat I will be eating I will have eaten

regular passive I w ill be stu d ied I w ill be bein g stu d ied I w ill h ave been stu d iedirregular passive I w ill be eaten I w ill be being eaten I w ill have been eaten

The past tense of an English verb is formed one of two ways. A regular verb forms its past

tense by adding -ed. I study all the time. I studiedall last night. An irregular verb


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English Verbal Grammar 15

forms its past tense by altering its actua l stem. Usually the vowel is changed . I eatbreak-

fast every morning. I ate last night as w ell.

S.61 Voice. Voice refers to the relationship betw een the su bject and th e verb.

If th e su bject does the action of the verb, then the verb is in the active voice. Bill hit the ball.

If th e su bjectreceives

the action of the verb, the verb is in the passive voice. Bill was h it bythe ball. Sometimes there will be a prepositional phrase specifying who or what is doing

the action of the v erb (e.g., by the ball).

Greek has a third voice called the middle (see below).

S.62 Mood . Mood refers to the relationship betw een the verb and reality.

A verb is in the indicative if it is describing something th at is, as opp osed to someth ing that

may or might be (including statements and questions).


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Greek Verbal Grammar

Formation

S.63 Augment. Greek indicates that a verb is in th e past time by ad ding an augm ent.

If the verb begins w ith a consonant, the augm ent is an epsilon, always with smooth breathing

(luvw e[luon).

If a word begins with a single vowel, the augm ent is formed by lengthening that vowel (a h,

e h, o w).

If a verb begins with a diphthong, either the first letter of the d iphth ong length ens (eujcaristevw

hujcaristoun), or the d iphthong is not changed at all (euJrivskw eu{riskon).

S.64 Consonant al redup lica ti on. If a verb begins with a single consonant, that consonan t is redup li-

cated and the two consonants are separated by an epsilon (lu lelu levluka).

If the consonant that was redupl icated is f,c, or q, the redu plicated consonant w ill change

to p, k, or t, respectively (fanerovw fefanero pefanevrwka).

S.65 Voca lic redup lica ti on. If a verb begins w ith a vowel or d iphthong, the vow el is lengthened.

The vocalic reduplication is identical in form to the augment in the imperfect and aorist

(ajgapavw hjgavphka).

If the verb begins with two consonants, the verb will usually und ergo vocalic redup lication

and not consonantal redu plication (*gno (ginwvskw) e[gnwka).

S.66 Stem . The stem of a verb is the p art of the verb th at carries its basic meaning . The form luvomen

means We destroy. The stem is *lu. Lexicons list up to six different ten se forms of a verb .

ajgapavw, ajgaphvsw, hjgavphsa, hjgavphka, hjgaphvmai, ajgaphqhvsomai

They are: pr esent; futur e active mid dle; aorist active/ mid dle, perfect active; perfect midd lepassive; aorist passive (futu re passive). If the verb occur s in the New Testamen t in the imp er-

fect, we have included the imperfect as well, but in paren theses.

e[rcomai, (hjrcovmhn), ejleuvsomai, h\lqon or h\lqa, ejlhvluqa, -, -

If the aorist passive does not occur but the future passive does, then we list the future passive

as the sixth form (e.g.,ajgaphqhvsomai).

S.67 Ten se form ative.The tense form ative is a letter or group of letters added to the end of the tense

stem to form a specific tense.

S.68 Con nectin g vow el. A connecting vowel is added between the tense stem and a suffix (e.g.,

tense formative, personal ending) to aid in pronu nciation.

In the indicative mood, if the personal ending begins with mu or nu, the connecting vowel

is omicron (leg + o + men levgomen); the connecting vowel in every other case is epsilon (leg

+ e + te levgete). If no p ersonal end ing is used, the conn ecting vow el can be either om icron

or epsilon.

S.69 Lexical form . The lexical form of verbs is the first p erson singu lar, present ind icative.

Deponent verbs will show a present middle/ passive lexical form.


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Greek Verbal Grammar 17

S.70 Parse. When you parse verbs, specify the verbs tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical

form, defin ition of inflected form.

S.71 Deponent. A deponent verb is midd le or passive in form bu t active in mean ing. You can tell if

a verb is dep onent in a p articular tense by looking at its lexical form.

If a verb is a present middle or passive deponent (and therefore the imperfect), its lexical

form will end inomai.

If a verb is a future middle deponent, its second tense form will end in -omai. If a verb has

a futur e passive dep onent, it will not have a second tense form but it will have a sixth.

If a verb is an aorist middle deponent, its third tense form will end in -hmhn.

If a verb is a perfect middle or passive deponent, it will not have a fourth tense form but it

w ill have a fifth.

If a verb is an aorist passive deponent, it will not have a third tense form but it will have a

sixth.


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S.72 Person al en din gs. Personal end ings are suffixes that are added to the end of the verb and indi-

cate person and nu mber. Primary personal endings are used in the unaugm ented tenses, and

the secondary are used in the augm ented tenses.

luvw (-)

luv ei" (")

luv ei (i)

luv omen (men)

luv ete (te)

luv ousi(n) (nsi)

secondary tenses

luv omai (mai)

luvh/ (sai)

luv etai (tai)

luovmeqa (meqa)

luv esqe (sqe)

luv ontai (ntai)

e[luon (n)

e[lue" (")

e[lue(n) (-)

ejluv omen (men)

ejluv ete (te)

e[luon (n)

primary tenses

ejluovmhn (mhn)

ejluv ou (so)

ejluv eto (to)

ejluovmeqa (meqa)

ejluv esqe (sqe)

ejluv onto (nto)

primary secondary

regular alternate regular alternate

active

1 sg luvw o - mi e[luon o n

2 sg luv ei" e " e[lue" e "

3 sg luv ei e i si(n) e[lue e -

1pl luv omen o men ejluv omen o men

2 pl luv ete e te ejluv ete e te

3 pl luv ousi(n) o nsi(n) asi(n) e[luon o n san

middle/passive

1 sg luv omai o mai ejluovmhn o mhn

2 sg luvh/ e sai ejluv ou e so

3 sg luv etai e tai ejluv eto e to

1 pl luovmeqa o meqa ejluovmeqa o meqa

2 pl luv esqe e sqe ejluv esqe e sqe

3 pl luv ontai o ntai ejluv onto o nto


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S.73 The Master Verb Chart sum mar izes all these issues. It must be learned perfectly.

Master Verb Chart

Tense Aug/ Tense Tense Conn. Personal 1st singRedup stem form. vowel endings paradigm

Present act pres o/e prim act luvw

Present mid/pas pres o/e prim mid/ pas luvomai

Imperfect act e pres o/e sec act e[luon

Imperfect mid/pas e pres o/e sec mid/ pas ejluovmhn

Future act fut act s o/e prim act luvsw

Liquid fut act fut act es o/e prim act menw'

Future mid fut act s o/e prim mid/ pas poreuvsomai

1st fut ure pas aor pas qhs o/e prim mid/ pas luqhvsomai

2nd fut ure pas aor pas hs o/e prim mid/ pas ajpostalhvsomai

1st aorist act e aor act sa sec act e[lusa

Liquid aorist act e aor act a sec act e[meina2nd aorist act e aor act o/e sec act e[labon

1st aorist mid e aor act sa sec mid/ pas ejlusavmhn

2nd aorist mid e aor act o/e sec mid/ pas ejgenovmhn

1st aorist pas e aor pas qh sec act ejluvqhn

2nd aorist pas e aor pas h sec act ejgravfhn

1st perfect act le perf act ka prim act levluka

2nd perfect act le perf act a prim act gevgona

Perfect mid/pas le perf pas prim mid/ pas levlumai

pres act subj pres w/h prim act luvsw

pres mid/pas subj pres w/h prim mid/ pas luvwmai

1 aorist act subj aor act sa w/h prim act luvw

1 aorist mid subj aor act sa w/h prim mid/ pas luvswmai

1 aorist pas subj aor pas qh w/h prim act luqw'

2 aorist act subj aor act w/h prim act lavbw

2 aorist mid subj aor act w/h prim mid/ pas gevnwmai

2 aorist pas subj aor pas w/h prim act grafw'


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Other Verbal Issues

Aspect and Tim e

S.74 Aspect. The basic genius of the Greek verb is not its ability to indicate when the action of the

verb occurs (time), but what t ype of action it describes, or w hat w e call aspect.

The continuous (imperfective) aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as

an ongoingprocess.

The undefined (perfective) aspect means th at the action of the verb is thought of as a sim-

ple event, without commenting on w hether or not it is a process.

The perfect aspect describes an action that was brought to completion but has effects car-

rying into the present. Jesus has died for our sins. It is written. Because it describes a

completed action, by implication the action norm ally occurred in the past.

S.75 Tense. A Greek tense carries two connotations: aspect and time. We use the term tense to

refer only to the form of the verb (e.g., present tense, future tense, aorist tense), and we do not

use the term to d esignate when the action of a verb occurs. We always use the term time to

describe wh en the action of that verb occurs.

S.76 Time. The time of a Greek verb is always from the stand point of the wr iter, not the read er.

Middle Voice

S.77 The vast majority of middle forms in the N ew Testament are d eponent.

S.78 Some word s, even in the m idd le, have basically the same m eaning as they have in the active.

S.79 A few verbs hav e one meaning in the active and a totally d ifferent meaning in the mid dle. The

most common example of this isa[rcw, wh ich in the active means I rule but in the mid dle(a[rcomai) means I begin.

S.80 The classical definition of the middle voice is that the action of a verb in the middle voice in

some w ay affects the su bject. We will call this the self-interest nu ance of the m idd le.

This is not necessarily the reflexive idea. If the subject of the verb performs an action to

itself, Hellenistic Greek normally requires the reflexive pronoun (eJautou'). Rather, in the

mid dle the su bject does the action of the verb to the d irect object, and yet the action of the

verb in som e way affects the subject.

aijtevw active: I ask

middle: I ask (for myself)


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Root s and Stems

S.81 The root of a verb is its most basic form. The stem of a verb is the basic form of that verb

in a particular tense.

S.82 The verbal root and the present tense stem can be the same, or the root can be altered wh en

forming th e present tense stem. The present tense stem is never altered to form another tense stem; the present tense stem

is often a mod ified form of the verbal root.

All tenses are formed from the root, never the present tense stem (except for the imp erfect).

S.83 Patterns

Pattern 1. Verbal Root and th e Present Tense Stem are the same.

roots ending in an iota or upsilon (e.g., *ajkou ajkouvw; *ajkou ajkouvsw);

con tract verbs (*poie poiew'; *poie poihvsw);

r oo ts end ing in a stop (*blep blevpw; *blep blevyw).

Pattern 2. Roots end ing in a stop.

/ verbs. The present tense stems of verbs that end in izw orazw are gener-

ally formed from roots that actually end in a dental.

verbs. The present tense stem of verbs that end inassw are generally

formed from roots that actually end in a velar.

Pattern 3. Dou ble consonants. Present tense stems that end in a d ouble consonant are often

from roots with a single consonant.

Pattern 4. Letter(s) added. Some roots ad d a letter or letters to form th e present tense stem.

The add ed letter will not app ear in the other tenses.

Iota. Some roots add an iota to form the p resent tense stem.

*ar + i ai[rw (present)

*ar ajrw' (future)

Some roots add sk (or isk if the stem ends in a consonant) to form the

present tense stem.

*gno + sk ginwvskw (present)

*gno gnwvsomai (future)

Pattern 5. Differen t roots altogether. Some verbs have totally different forms in the futu re.

*oJra oJravw I see

*ojp o[yomai I will see


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Tenses

Present

S.84 The present a ctive ind icative verb describes an action that u sually occur s in the presen t. It can

be either a continuou s (I am studying) or u nd efined (I study) action.

Greek differentiates the present active from the present middle and passive by using two

different sets of personal end ings.

Active

1 sg luv w I am loosing o -

2 sg luv ei" You are loosing e "

3 sg luv ei He/ she/ it is loosing e i

1 pl luv o men We are loosing o men

2 pl luv e te You are loosing e te

3 pl luv ousi(n) They are loosing o nsi

Middle /Passive

1 sg luv o mai I am being loosed o mai

2 sg luv h/ You are being loosed e sai

3 sg luv e tai He, she, it is being loosed e tai

1 pl lu ov meqa We are being loosed o meqa

2 pl luv e sqe You are being loosed e sqe

3 pl luv o ntai They are being loosed o ntai)


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Future

S.85 Meaning.The futur e tense describes an action that will occur in th e future.

S.86 Form . The futu re active and midd le are the same form. The futu re passive is formed from the

unau gmented aorist passive stem.

S.87 Tran slation . As a general rule, translate the future with the undefined aspect (I will eat)

rather than the continu ous (I will be eating).

futu re active

1 sg luv s w I will loose o - luvw

2 sg luv s ei" You will loose e " luvei"

3 sg luv s ei He/ she/ it will loose e i luvei

1 pl luv s omen We will loose o men luvomen

2 pl luv s ete You will loose e te luvete

3 pl luv s ousi(n) They w ill loose o nsi luvousi(n)

future middle

1 sg poreuv s o mai I will go o mai luvomai

2 sg poreuv s h/ You will go e sai luvh/

3 sg poreuv s e tai He/ she/ it will go e tai luvetai

1 pl poreu s ov meqa We will go o meqa luovmeqa

2 pl poreuv s e sqe You will go e sqe luvesqe

3 pl poreuv s o ntai They will go o ntai luvontai

first fut ure passive

1 sg lu qhvs o mai I will be loosed o mai

2 sg lu qhvs h/ You will be loosed e sai

3 sg lu qhvs e tai He/ she/ it will be loosed e tai

1 pl lu qhs ov meqa We w ill be loosed o meqa

2 pl lu qhvs e sqe You will be loosed e sqe

3 pl lu qhvs o ntai They w ill be loosed o ntai

Second future passive

1 sg ajpostal hvs o mai I will be sent o mai

2 sg ajpostal hvs h/ You will be sent e sai

3 sg ajpostal hvs e tai He/ she/ it will be sent e tai

1 pl ajpostal hs ov meqa We will be sent o meqa

2 pl ajpostal hvs e sqe You will be sent e sqe

3 pl ajpostal hvs o ntai They will be sent o ntai


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Imperfect

S.88 The imperfect tense is generally translated as a past tense, always w ith continuou s aspect.

Imperfect active

1 sg e[ lu o n I was loosing o n luvw

2 sg e[ lu e " You were loosing e " luvei"

3 sg e[ lu e (n) He/ she/ it was loosing e - (n) luvei

1 pl ej luv o men We were loosing o men luvomen

2 pl ej luv e te You were loosing e te luvete

3 pl e[ lu o n They were loosing o n\ luvousi(n)

Imperfect middle/passive

1 sg ej lu ov mhn I was being loosed o mhn luvomai

2 sg ej luv o u You were being loosed e so luvh/

3 sg ej luv e to He/ she/ it was being loosed e to luvetai

1 pl ej lu ov meqa We were being loosed o meqa luovmeqa

2 pl ej luv e sqe You were being loosed e sqe luvesqe

3 pl ej luv o nto They wer e being loosed o nto luvontai


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Aorist

S.89 The aorist tense d escribes an undefined action that norm ally occurs in the past.

The aorist is always und efined. In translation you use the simple form of the English past

tense: I studied; not, I was studying.

S.90 The Greek tense parallel to the English regular formation is called the first aorist wh ile theirregular is called th e second aorist.

S.91 The midd le and p assive are distinctly different forms

S.92 First aorist

The aorist active is formed from the first aorist tense stem, which is generally the same form

as the presen t tense stem

First aorist activ e

1 sg e[ lu sa I loosed sa e[labon

2 sg e[ lu sa " You loosed sa " e[labe"3 sg e[ lu se (n) He/ she/ it loosed sa (n) e[labe(n)

1 pl ej luv sa men We loosed sa men ejlavbomen

2 pl ej luv sa te You loosed sa te ejlavbete

3 pl e[ lu sa n They loosed sa n e[labon

First aorist middle

1 sg ej lu sav mhn I loosed sa mhn ejgenovmhn

2 sg ej luv s w You loosed sa so ejgevnou

3 sg ej luv sa to He/ she/ it loosed sa to ejgevneto

1 pl ej lu sav meqa We loosed sa meqa ejgenovmeqa

2 pl ej luv sa sqe You loosed sa sqe ejgevnesqe

3 pl ej luv sa nto They loosed sa nto ejgevnonto

First aorist passive

1 sg ej luv qh n I was loosed qh n e[luon

2 sg ej luv qh " You were loosed qh " e[lue"

3 sg ej luv qh He/ she/ it was loosed qh - e[lue

1 pl ej luv qh men We w ere loosed qh men ejluvomen

2 pl ej luv qh te You were loosed qh te ejluvete

3 pl ej luv qh san They were loosed qh san e[luon

Stems end ing in a stop (aorist active/mid dle) . First aorist stems end ing in a labial form a

psi when joined to the tense formative. Stems end ing in a velar (includ ingassw verbs) form

a xsi. Stems end ing in a dental (includ ing izw andazw verbs) lose the dental.


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Stems endin g in a stop (aorist passive). If the final stem consonan t is a stop, it changes to

its corresponding aspirate before the q in the aorist passive (p/f q; k/g c; t/d s).

Second aorist stems with first aorist endin gs. Occasionally you will find certain second

aorist forms with an alpha instead of an omicron as th e connecting vowel (ei\pon ei\pan;

h\lqon h\lqan).

S.93 Secon d aorist

Stem . In the active voice, a second aor ist will always have a different stem from the present

because the root w ill always have been mod ified to form the p resent tense stem. The only

difference between the imperfect and second aorist active is the tense stem (e.g.,e[ballon

vs. e[balon).

Second aorist activ e

1 sg e[ lab o n I took o n e[luon

2 sg e[ lab e " You took e " e[lue"

3 sg e[ lab e (n) He/ she/ it took e - (n) e[lue(n)

1 pl ej lavb o men We took o men ejluvomen

2 pl ej lavb e te You took e te ejluvete

3 pl e[ lab o n They took o n e[luon

Second aorist middle

1 sg ej gen ov mhn I became o mhn ejluovmhn

2 sg ej gevn o u You became e so ejluvou

3 sg ej gevn e to He/ she/ it became e to ejluveto

1 pl ej gen ov meqa We became o meqa ejluovmeqa

2 pl ej gevn e sqe You became e sqe ejluvesqe

3 pl ej gevn o nto They became o nto ejluvonto

Second aorist passive

1 sg ej gravf h n I was w ritten h n ejluvqhn

2 sg ej gravf h " You w ere written h " ejluvqh"

3 sg ej gravf h He/ she/ it was written h - ejluvqh

1 pl ej gravf h men We were written h men ejluvqhmen

2 pl ej gravf h te You w ere written h te ejluvqhte

3 pl ej gravf h san They were w ritten h san ejluvqhsan


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Perfect

S.94 Tran slation . The perfect can be translated tw o basic ways.

If the emphasis of the context is on the completion of the event, use the helping verbs

have/ has and the past p articiple form of the verb (e.g., has eaten).

If the emphasis of the context is on the current implications of the action, use the Englishpr esent tense (It is written.)

First perfect active

1 sg levluka I have loosed ka - e[lusa

2 sg levluka" You h ave loosed ka " e[lusa"

3 sg levluke(n) He/ she/ it has loosed ke - (n) e[luse(n)

1 pl leluvkamen We have loosed ka men ejluvsamen

2 pl leluvkate You h ave loosed ka te ejluvsate

3 pl leluvkasi(n) They have loosed ka si (n) e[lusan

First perfect middle/passive

1 sg levlumai I have been loosed mai luvomai

2 sg levlusai You h ave been loosed sai luvh/

3 sg levlutai He/ she/ it has been loosed tai luvetai

1 pl leluvmeqa We have been loosed meqa luovmeqa

2 pl levlusqe You h ave been loosed sqe luvesqe

3 pl levluntai They have been loosed ntai luvontai


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Overview of Ind icative

present imperfect future 1st aorist 2nd aorist perfect

active indicativ e

1 sg luvw e[luon luvsw e[lusa e[labon levluka

2 sg luv ei" e[[lue" luvsei" e[lusa" e[labe" levluka"

3 sg luv ei e[lue(n) luvsei e[luse(n) e[labe(n) levluke(n)

1 pl luv omen ejluv omen luvsomen ejluvsamen ejlav bomen leluvkamen

2 pl luv ete ejluv ete luvsete ejluvsate ejlav bete leluvkate

3 pl luv ousi(n) e[luon luvsousi(n) e[lusan e[labon leluvkasi(n)

middle indicativ e

1 sg luv omai ejluovmhn luvsomai ejlusavmhn ejgenovmhn levlumai

2 sg luvh/ ejluv ou luvvsh/ ejluvsw ejgevnou levlusai

3 sg luv etai ejluv eto luvsetai ejluvsato ejgevneto levlutai

1 pl luovmeqa ejluovmeqa lusovmeqa ejlusavmeqa ejgenovmeqa leluvmeqa

2 pl luv esqe ejluv esqe luvsesqe ejluvsasqe ejgevnesqe levlusqe

3 pl luv ontai ejluv onto luvsontai ejluvsanto ejgevnonto levluntai

passive indicativ e

1 sg luv omai ejluovmhn luqhvsomai ejluvqhn ejgravfhn levlumai

2 sg luvh/ ejluv ou luqhvsh/ ejluvqh" egravfh" levlusai

3 sg luv etai ejluv eto luqhvsetai ejluvqh ejgravfh levlutai

1 pl luovmeqa ejluovmeqa luqhsovmeqa ejluvqhmen ejgravfhmen leluvmeqa2 pl luv esqe ejluv esqe luqhvsesqe ejluvqhte ejgravfhte levlusqe

3 pl luv ontai ejluv onto luqhvsontai ejluvqhsan ejgravfhsan levluntai

present imperfect future

1 sg eijmiv h[mhn e[somai

2 sg ei\ h\", h\sqa e[sh/

3 sg ejstiv(n) h\n e[stai

1 pl ejsmevn h\men, h\meqa ejsovmeqa

2 pl ejstev h\te e[sesqe

3 pl eijsiv(n) h\san e[sontai

eijmi will be followed by a p redicate nom inative, not a d irect object.


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Specialt y Verbs

S.95 For the parad igms of the following forms, see your textbook.

Compound Verbs

S.96 A compoun d v erb is a verb that is mad e up of two parts, a preposition and a verb. For example,ejkbavllw (I throw out) is a comp ound of the prepositionejk (out) and the verbbavllw (I

throw).

S.97 Compou nd verbs form th eir tense stems the same w ay as the simple verb. For example, the

future ofbavllw isbalw', and the future ofejkbavllw isejkbalw'.

S.98 The augment comes after the preposition and before the stem of the verb. The imperfect of

katabaivnw is katevbainon.

Whenever the preposition ends in a vowel, that final vowel will either drop out before the

augm ent or in a few cases (such as compoun ds w ith periv) it stays but will not contr act (e.g.,

peripatevw periepavtoun).

S.99 A compou nd verb redu plicates the verbal part of a compou nd verb, just like the imp erfect and

aorist augmen t the verbal part of a comp ound .

ejkbavllw ejkbevblhka

Contract Verbs

S.100 Contract verbs are verbs whose stems end in alpha, epsilon, or omicron. When that final stem

vow el comes into contact with the connecting vow el, the tw o vowels contract.

There always will be a circumflex over the contracted vowels in the present active indica-

tive.

The lexical form shows the contract vowel (ajgapavw), bu t if that form actually occurs in thetext the contract vow el and om icron w ill have contracted (ajgapw', poiw', plhrw').

In the first person singular, no personal ending is used so the connecting vowel lengthens

to omega.

The second person singular seems to follow its own rules.

S.101 Rules of Cont ract ion

1. ou is formed byeo,oe, andoo.

ou eo poiou'men poieomen

ou oe plhrou'te plhroete

2. ei is formed byee. ei ee poieite poieete

3. w is formed from almost any combination of omicron or omega with any other vowel,

except for ru le #1.

w ao ajgapw'men ajgapaomen

w aou ajgapw'si ajgapaousi


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4. a is form ed fromae.

a ae ajgapa'te ajgapaete

a/ aei ajgapa/ ' ajgapaei

5. h is formed fromea.

h/ eai poih' / poihi poieai poiesai

6. Misce llaneous oi oei plhroi" plhroei"

plhroi plhroei

7. The contraction of diphthongs

a. If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthong are the same, they simp lify.

ei eei poiei" poieei"

ou oou plhrou'si plhroousi

b. If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthon g are different, they contract.

If the second vow el of the diph thong is an iota, it subscripts if possible; if it is an up si-

lon it drop s off.

ou eou poiou'sin poieousi

8. Contract verbs contract as if the true personal endings are those visible in the present active

indicative.

S.102 Len gth en in g. The contract vowel lengthens before a tense formative. Alpha and epsilon both

lengthen to eta w hile omicron lengthens to omega.

*ajgapa + s + w ajgaphvsw


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Stems ending in a stop

S.103 If the stem of a verb end s in a stop, when the sigma of the future/aorist tense formative is add ed

to the stem, the following changes occur.

Labial ps y blep + sw blevyw

bs y

fs y graf + sw gravyw

Velar ks x diwk + sw diwvxw

gs x ag + sw a[xw

cs x ejlegc + sw ejlevgxw

Dental ts s

ds s baptid + sw baptivsw

qs s peiq + sw peivsw

S.104 Verbal roots that end in a stop undergo significant change in the perfect middle/passive

because they are placed imm ediately next to th e consonant of the p ersonal ending.

labial (p b f) velar(k g c) dental (t d q)

gravfw diwvkw peivqw

mai gevgrammai dedivwgmai pevpeismai

sai gevgrayai dedivwxai pevpeisai

tai gevgraptai dedivwktai pevpeistai

meqa gegravmmeqa dediwvgmeqa pepeivsmeqa

sqe gevgrafqe dedivwcqe pevpeisqe

ntai eijsi; gegrammevnoi eijsi; dediwgmevnoi eijsi; pepeismevnoi

S.105 Stops change when immediately followed by a theta in the aorist pasive.

pq fq *blep + qh ejblevfqhn

bq fq *ejlhmb + qhn ejlhvmfqhn

kq cq *diwk + qh ejdiwvcqhn

gq cq *ag + qh h[cqhn

tq sq1

dq sq *baptid+ qh ejbaptisqhn

qq sq *peiq + qh ejpeisqhn

1 There is no example of this combination in aorist verbs in the New Testament.


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Liquid Verbs

S.106 The consonants l, m, n, and r are called liquids.

S.107 Li qu id Fu tu re. A liquid future add ses and then the connecting vow el. How ever, a sigma d oes

not like to stand between tw o vowels so it drop s out, and th e epsilon and connecting vowel

contract (men + es + o + men meneomen menou'men ).

1 sg menw' I will remain poiw' mevnw

2 sg menei'" You will remain poiei'" mevnei"

3 sg menei' He/ she/ it will remain poiei' mevnei

1 pl menou'men We will remain poiou'men mevnomen

2 pl menei'te You will remain poiei'te mevnete

3 pl menou'si(n) They will remain poiou'si(n) mevnousi(n)

1 sg menou'mai I will remain poiou'mai mevnomai

2 sg menh'/ You will remain poih' / mevnh/

3 sg menei'tai He/ she/ it will remain poiei'tai mevnetai

1 pl menouvmeqa We will remain poiouvmeqa menovmeqa

2 pl menei'sqe You will remain poiei'sqe mevnesqe

3 pl menou'ntai They will remain poiou'ntai mevnontai

The future of a liquid verb looks just like the present tense epsilon contract verb.

Accents. The accent can also be helpful in identifying a liqu id verb (bu t not in d istingu ish-

ing it from an ep silon contract). A liquid fu tur e always has a circum flex over the contractedvowels.

Stem changes . Along with the different tense formative, the stems of liquid verbs some-

time und ergo a change in the present. For example,balw' is the future form of the verbal

root *bal, which has the p resent tense formbavllw.

S.108 Li qu id aori sts . Instead of add ing sa as the tense formative, liquid verbs ad d only alpha an d

then sometimes mod ify the tense stem.


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Tense Stems of Verbs Occurring

Fifty Times or More in the New Testament

The following forms that are un derlined should probably be mem orized. SeeBBG for a fuller d iscussion

of this chart and the explanations for each ind ividual form .

present future aorist act perfect act perfect mid/pas aorist pas

ajgapavw ajgaphvsw hjgavphsa hjgavphka hjgavphmai hjgaphvqhn

a[gw a[xw h[gagon - h\gmai h[cqhn

ai[rw ajrw' h\ra h\rka h\rmai h[rqhn

aijtevw aijthvsw h/[thsa h/[thka h/[thmai -

ajkolouqevw ajkolouqhvsw hjkolouvqhsa hjkolouvqhka - -

ajkouvw ajkouvsw h[kousa ajkhvkoa - hjkouvsqhn

ajnabainw ajnabhvsomai ajnev bhn ajnabev bhka - -

ajnisthmi ajnasthvsw ajnevsthsa ajnevsthka ajnevsthmai ajnestavqhn

ajnoigw ajnoixw ajnevw/xa - - ajnew/vcqhn

ajpevrcomai ajpeleuvsomai ajph'lqon ajpelhvluqa - -

ajpoqnh/vskw ajpoqanou'mai ajpevqanon - - -

ajpokrinomai - ajpekrinavmhn - - ajpekriqhn

ajpokteinw ajpoktenw' ajpevteina - - ajpektavnqhn

ajpovllumi ajpolevsw ajpwvlesa ajpovlwla - -

ajpoluvw ajpoluvsw ajpevlusa - ajpolevlumai ajpeluvqhn

ajpostevllw ajpostelw' ajpevsteila ajpevstalka ajpevstalmai ajpestavlhn

a[rcw a[rxomai hjrxavmhn - - -

ajspavzomai - hjspasavmhn - - -

ajfihmi ajfhvsw ajfh'ka - ajfevwmai ajfevqhn

bavllw balw' e[ balon bev blhka bev blhmai ejblhvqhn

baptizw baptisw ejbavptisa - bebavptismai ejbaptisqhn

blevpw blevyw e[ bleya - - -

gennavw gennhvsw ejgevnnhsa gegevnnhka gegevnnhmai ejgennhvqhn

ginomai genhvsomai ejgenovmhn gevgona gegevnhmai ejgenhvqhn

ginwvskw gnwvsomai e[gnwn e[gnwka e[gnwsmai ejgnwvsqhn

gravfw gravyw e[graya gevgrafa gevgrammai ejgravfhn

dei' - - - - -

devcomai devxomai ejdexavmhn - devdegmai ejdevcqhn


didavskw didavxw ejdidaxa - - ejdidavcqhn


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didwmi dwvsw e[dwka devdwka devdomai ejdovqhn

dokevw dovxw e[doxa - - -

doxavzw doxavsw ejdovxasa - dedovxasmai ejdoxavsqhn

duvnamai dunhvsomai - - - hjdunhvqhn

ejgeirw ejgerw' h[geira - ejghvgermai hjgevrqhn

eijmi e[somai h[mhn - - -

eijsevrcomai eijseleuvsomai eijsh'lqon eijselhvluqa - -

ejkbavllw ejkbalw' ejxev balon ejkbev blhka ejkbev blhmai ejxeblhvqhn

ejxevrcomai ejxeleuvsomai ejxh'lqon ejxelhvluqa - -

ejperwtavw ejperwthvsw ejphrwvthsa - - -

e[rcomai ejleuvsomai h\lqon ejlhvluqa - -

ejrwtavw ejrwthvsw hjrwvthsa - - -

ejsqiw favgomai e[fagon - - -

eujaggelizw - eujhggevlisa - eujhggevlismai eujhggelisqhn

euJriskw euJrhvsw eu|ron eu{rhka - euJrevqhn

e[cw e{xw e[scon e[schka - -

zavw zhvsw e[zhsa - - -

zhtevw zhthvsw ejzhvthsa - - ejzhthvqhn

qevlw qelhvsw hjqevlhsa - - hjqelhvqhn

qewrevw - ejqewvrhsa - - -

i{sthmi sthvsw e[sthsa e{sthka e{stamai ejstavqhn

kavqhmai kaqhvsomai - - - -

kalevw kalevsw ejkavlesa kevklhka kevklhmai ejklhvqhn

katabainw katabhvsomai katev bhn katabev bhka - -

khruvssw khruvxw ejkhvruxa - kekhvrugmai ejkhruvcqhn

kravzw kravxw e[kraxa kevkraga - -

kratevw krathvsw ejkravthsa kekravthka kekravthmai -

krinw krinw' e[krina kevkrika kevkrimai ejkriqhn

lalevw lalhvsw ejlavlhsa lelavlhka lelavlhmai ejlalhvqhn

lambavnw lhvmyomai e[labon ei[lhfa ei[lhmmai ejlhvmfqhn

levgw ejrw' ei\pon ei[rhka ei[rhmai ejrrevqhn

marturevw marturhvsw ejmartuvrhsa memartuvrhka memartuvrhmai ejmarturhvqhn


mevllw mellhvsw - - - -

mevnw menw' e[meina memevnhka - -

oi\da eijdhvsw h/[dein - - -


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oJravw o[yomai ei\don eJwvraka - w[fqhn

ojfeilw - - - - -

paradidwmi paradwvsw parevdwka paradevdwka paradevdomai paredo vqhn

parakalevw parakalevsw parekavlesa parakevklhka parakevklhmai pareklhvqhn

peiqw peisw e[peisa pevpoiqa pevpeismai ejpeisqhn

pevmpw pevmyw e[pemya - - ejpevmfqhn

peripatevw peripathvsw periepavthsa - - periepathvqhn

pinw pi omai e[pion pevpwka - ejpovqhn

piptw pesou'mai e[peson pevptwka - -

pisteuvw pisteuvsw ejpisteusa pepisteuka pepisteumai ejpisteuvqhn

plhrovw plhrwvsw ejplhvrwsa peplhvrwka peplhvrwmai ejplhrwvqhn

poievw poihvsw ejpoihsa pepoihka pepoihmai ejpoihvqhn

poreuv omai poreuvsomai - - pepovreumai ejporeuvqhn

prosevrcomai proseleuvsomai prosh'lqon proselhvluqa - -

proseuvcomai proseuvxomai proshuxavmhn - - -

proskunevw proskunhvsw prosekuvnhsa - - -

sunavgw sunavxw sunhvgagon - sunh'gmai sunhvcqhn

sw/vzw swvsw e[swsa sevswka sevsw/smai ejswvqhn

threvw thrhvsw ejthvrhsa tethvrhka tethvrhmai ejthrhvqhn

tiqhmi qhvsw e[qhka tevqeika tevqeimai ejtevqhn

uJpavgw uJpavxw uJphvgagon - uJph'gmai uJphvcqhn

uJpavrcw uJpavrxomai uJphrxavmhn - - -

Documents

Mounce - Summary of Basic Greek