Moulay Youssef El Hafidi and Mohamed El Hafidi Laboratoire “Modélisation et Instrumentation”...
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Moulay Youssef El Hafidi and Mohamed El Hafidi Laboratoire “Modélisation et Instrumentation” Faculté des sciences Ben M’sik - Département de Physique Université
Moulay Youssef El Hafidi and Mohamed El Hafidi Laboratoire
Modlisation et Instrumentation Facult des sciences Ben Msik -
Dpartement de Physique Universit Hassan II Mohammedia-Casablanca
ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/20101
Slide 2
Outline of this talk Introduction Model specifications Model
design Magnetic cooling Nanofluids Conclusion & perspective
ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/20102
Slide 3
Introduction ICNMRE, Safi Morocco Conventional techniques of
cooling Gas compression and expansion: Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) These
greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. vs Magnetic cooling
Ecology (Absence of greenhouse gas emissions) Energy efficiency (up
to 60%) 08/07/20103
Slide 4
I- Model specifications Magnetism source: NdFeB permanent
magnets Magnetic field: 1.3 Tesla Magnetocaloric material: Porous
Gadolinium Base liquid: Water Nanoparticles: Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Temperature: 20C ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/20104
III.Magnetic cooling Magnetocaloric Effect (MCE) It is an
intrinsic property of certain materials resulting in a change in
temperature (hot / cold) during the change of magnetic state
(magnetized / demagnetized) induced by an external magnetic field.
Material magnetic moments are oriented in the direction of magnetic
field. ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/20107
Slide 8
MCE and thermodynamics Entropy is a state function that
measures the degree of system disorder at microscopic level. Total
entropy: Magnetic entropy Structure entropy Electrons entropy
(negligible) Under the action of a magnetic field, the magnetic
moments are aligned and lead to the reduction of the magnetic
entropy. If this process is adiabatic and reversible, this
increases the temperature of the material [Tura 2002]. This effect
is maximum around the phase transition temperature of magnetic
material (Curie temperature). ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/20108
III.Magnetic cooling
Slide 9
MCE calculation Total entropy is given by: Adiabatic process:
Isothermal process: ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/20109 III.Magnetic
cooling
Slide 10
ICNMRE, Safi Morocco Molecular field theory (Weiss model) The
applied magnetic field is increased by an additional magnetic field
proportional to the induced magnetization. with: R: universal gas
constant J: total angular momentum : Brillouin function
08/07/201010 III.Magnetic cooling
Slide 11
MCE experimental results for Gd ICNMRE, Safi
Morocco08/07/201011 III.Magnetic cooling
Slide 12
Magnetic cooling cycles ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/201012
III.Magnetic cooling
Slide 13
Coefficient of performance (COP) It is the ratio of cold energy
to the supplied work ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/201013 III.Magnetic
cooling
Slide 14
A powerful magnetic refrigerator has the following
characteristics: A giant magnetocaloric effect(MCE). A Curie
temperature near the cold source. A high heat capacity of fluid A
high thermal conductivity in the direction of the exchanges with
the fluid and low in other directions to reduce losses by
diffusion. A low viscosity fluid to reduce losses of the flow. A
high coefficient of heat exchange to have the maximum possible
exchange between the magnetic material and the fluid. ICNMRE, Safi
Morocco08/07/201014
Slide 15
What is a nanofluid? A fluid in which nanometer-sized particles
(with typical length scales of 1 to 100nm) are suspended. ICNMRE,
Safi Morocco08/07/201015 IV.Nanofluids
Slide 16
Why nanofluids? Nanofluids have the potential to reduce thermal
resistances They have been shown to enhance the thermal
conductivity and convective heat transfer performance of the base
liquids. Significant increase of thermal performance. For example,
the addition of a small amount (less than 1 percent by volume) of
nanoparticles to conventional heat transfer liquids increased the
thermal conductivity of the fluids up to approximately two times
(Choi, et al. 2001). Why carbon nanotubes? The conductivity ratio
goes up to 1,7 for volume concentration of 2% only. ICNMRE, Safi
Morocco08/07/201016 IV.Nanofluids
Nanoparticles production methods Physical methods Mechanical
grinding Inert-gas-condensation Chemical methods Chemical
precipitation Chemical vapor deposition Micro-emulsions Spray
pyrolysis Thermal spraying ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/201018
IV.Nanofluids
Slide 19
Nanofluids production techniques Two-step technique It starts
with nanoparticles produced by one of the physical or chemical
methods and proceeds to disperse them into a base fluid.
Single-step technique It makes and disperses simultaneously the
nanoparticles into a base fluid. Most of nanofluids containing
carbon nanotubes are produced by the two-step technique. ICNMRE,
Safi Morocco08/07/201019 IV.Nanofluids
Slide 20
Nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement parameters: Particle
volume concentration Particle material Particle size Particle shape
Base fluid material Temperature Additive Acidity (pH) ICNMRE, Safi
Morocco08/07/201020 IV.Nanofluids
Slide 21
ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/201021
Slide 22
Nanofluid Thermal conductivity Hamilton-Crosser formula:
Nanofluid viscosity Brinkman formula: Nanofluid density Nanofluid
specific heat ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/201022
Slide 23
Conclusion & perspective We proposed in this study a self
magnetic refrigerator design. The originality of this work relates
to the connection between magnetic cooling technology and Nanofluid
technology. The design is mainly dedicated to air conditionning. We
still need to perform experimental test to validate theory As
perspective, we will try to replace porous Gd by Nanoporous Gd.
ICNMRE, Safi Morocco08/07/201023
Slide 24
Thank you for your attention 08/07/2010ICNMRE, Safi
Morocco24