MOTIVATIONHBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01

MOTIVATIONHBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01

Candace Genest, Ph.D.January 26, 2011

Candace Genest, Ph.D.January 26, 2011

Behavioral Approaches:Learning, Incentive, &

Hedonism

• Chapter 6: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, & Observational Learning

• Chapter 7: Incentive Motivation

• Chapter 8: Hedonism & Sensory Stimulation

Chapter 6

• Pavlov (1960)- classical conditioning

• CS - bell

• UCS - meat powder

• CR / UCR - salivation

• Extinction, experimental neurosis

Classical Conditioning (continued)

• John Watson & Rosalie Rayner (1920)

• Fear of loud noise / white rat

• Generalization to other furry obj.

• Liddell (1954)

• sheep & goats

• neurosis w/ difficulty of task

• generalized; maladaptive bx

Elimination of Behavior

• Extinction or Counterconditioning

• Negative CS (neg bx) paired with strongly positive UCS (relax)

• UCR - old = anxiety

• UCR - new = relaxation

• Wolpe (1958, 1973)

• Systematic desensitization

Classical Conditioning(Continued)

• Interoceptive Conditioning

• CS, UCS, or both applied directly to internal organs or mucosa

• 1. intero-exteroceptive - CS internal; UCS external

• 2. intero-interoceptive - CS & UCS internal

• 3. extero-interoceptive - CS external; UCS internal

Interoceptive Conditioning (Cont.)

• 1. usually unaware of interoceptive conditioning when it occurs

• 2. Cannot be avoided

• 3. more resiliant than external cond.

• 4. links to psychosomatic med

Aversive Conditioning

• Garcia & Koelling (1966)

• noisy, bright water - foot shock

• taste - illness

• Seligman (1970) - continuum of assoc.

• prepared - quickly & easily learned

• unprepared - learned w/ # pairings

• contraprepared - cannot be learned

Interference

• Progressive Muscle Relaxation & Guided Imagery

• Can interfere with conditioned aversions / reactions in chemo patients

Operant Conditioning

• Thorndike (1913) - Law of Effect

• consequences of response strengthen connection b/w response and stim

• Skinner (1938)

• Reinforcement - strengthens not the connection, but the response itself

Reinforcement / Punishment

Positive Negative

Reinforcement

Reward Removal of Buzzer

Punishment Spanking Time-Out Response

Cost

Quantity• Crespi (1942)

• Initially - larger rewards = better performance

• Switch - smallest performs best

• Long-term - common reward leads to same level of performance

• More intense or vigorous, but not greater persistence

Quality

• Simmons (1924) - various foods 2 rats

• Performed better for tastier treats

Contrast

• History / Experience: determines reaction to a given reward / reinforcer

• Positive Contrast: small reward performs better when switched to med.

• Negative Contrast: large reward performs worse when switched to med.

Types of Reinforcers

• Primary - inherently rewarding (i.e., food)

• Secondary - conditioned

• Generalized conditioned - money, tokens

Classical-Operant Interactions

• Miller (1948)

• “taught” rats to avoid shock and learn responses to escape shock

• Conditioned Emotional Responses CER

• food on schedule

• tone/shock interferes with learned bx

Learned Helplessness(Demotivation)

• Martin Seligman (1975, 1976)

• Dogs fail to avoid shock when they have “learned” that it is unavoidable

• Symptoms:

• Passivity / Learned Laziness

• Ret. of Learning(Associative)

• Somatic Effects - Less competitive

• Reduction over time

Cause / Prevention

• Control

• Trauma in itself does not lead 2 helplessness if some control

Observational Learning (Modeling)

• Vicarious or Social Learning

• (Bandura, 1969, 1971, 1977)

• Modeling - observation

• Ability to symbolically represent

• Foresee consequences & alter bx

• Regulate bx internally (self-reinf.)

• Compare to self & others

Modeling (Cont.)

• Attention - obs., exposure, attraction

• Retention - verbal & imaginal memory

• Reproduction - seq. & approximate

• Vicarious Reinforcement - strengthen or weaken inhibitions re: bx based on observed consequences

Aggression

• Modeling - copycat threats and bx; Bobo doll experiments

• Classical Conditioning - Pain/Aggression Link (aggr. stimuli)

• Operant Conditioning - Praise or act itself reinforcing

Sexual Motivation

• Learning important aspect of sexual bx

• Sexual values taught by society

Puzzles: Harlow

• Daniel Pink Drive 2009

• Monkeys solved puzzles w/out observation, training, or “rewards”

• Internal drive - food, water, etc.

• External drive - rewards, punishm.

• Third drive - ?? Intrinsic reward

Deci: Soma Puzzle

• Curiosity - continued to motivate bx

• With reward - worked harder

• Over time - unpaid continued 2 b curious; paid spent less time when reward taken away

• Rewards had a negative effect in the LT

Quality of Product

• Microsoft Encarta vs. Wikipedia?

Chapter 7Incentive Motivation

Chapter 8Hedonism & Sensory

Stimulation