5

MOTHS OF AFRICASystematic and illustrated Catalogue

of the Heterocera (Lepidoptera) of AfricaPart 1

BiogeographyBoletobiinae (Erebidae)

byHermann H. Hacker

Abstract

The present first volume of the “Systematic and illustrated Catalogue of the Heterocera (Lepidoptera) of Africa“ is devoted to the subfamily Boletobiinae, including an Introduction to the Biogeography of Africa.

The traditional concept of Noctuidae was rather stable for one century, but the phylogeny of this group has undergone numerous modifications during the recent decades, supported by an exhaustive selection, interpretation and discussion of relevant morphological characters and molecular approach. Many results concerning the interrelationship on family and subfamily level are still of inconsistent acceptance, often related to the number and taxonomic features of the group of species. Here the Boletobiinae are presented as a subfamily, although the four tribes Boletobiini Guenée, [1958], Phytometrini Hampson, 1913, Araeopteronini FibiGer, 2005, and Eublemmini Forbes, 1954 might reasonably be treated on subfamily level. They are quadrifine groups, positioned at the primitive end of the Erebidae, which form a comprehensive part of the Noctuoidea, along with the assessment of the correct genera for the African species, because many of them have Old World tropical-subtropical or pantropical-subtropical relatives.

The review of all available African and Madagascan Boletobiinae taxa covers more than 675 species distributed over 4 tribes and numerous genera. All species are presented with their full name and references to the original description, with fully referenced synonyms. Special emphasis is given to descriptions and coloured illustrations, and of genitalia features. Male and female genitalia of nearly all species are illustrated, and in some cases distribution maps are provided. For a number of taxonomically difficult groups, dendrograms show the molecular genetic distance between species in comparison. All species are illustrated in colour and it is hoped that these illustrations alone can serve as a source for the identification of superficially identifiable species. If known, also habitat preference and biology are given. All species are arranged in biogeographical categories, according to the definitions of those units at the first setout.

The review of the African Boletobiinae includes descriptions of 4 genera, 266 species and 7 subspecies new to science.

Key words: Moths of Africa; Biogeography, Ecoregions; African Biogeographical Categories; Boletobiinae; Phytometrini; Araeopteronini; Eublemmini; Systematic and Illustrated Catalogue; Taxonomic and Faunistic Revision; Distribution; Bionomics; Genitalia Figures.

Including contributions by Ralf FiebiG, Barry Goater, Aidas saldaitis, Hans-Peter scHreier and Dirk stadie

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Taxonomic summary

Newly described genera:Raparnodes Hacker gen. nov.Gesoniodes Hacker gen. nov.Foedindecora Hacker gen. nov.Hypersada Hacker gen. nov.

Newly described species and subspecies:

1 Parascotia maghrebensis Hacker spec. nov. 4 Parascotia endemica Hacker & saldaitis spec. nov. 5 Parascotia indecora Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 6 Parascotia lamprolophoides Hacker spec. nov. 12 Argyrolopha malickyi Hacker spec. nov. 15 Argyrolopha ndola Hacker spec. nov. 17 Argyrolopha knudlarseni Hacker spec. nov. 18 Argyrolopha meyi Hacker spec. nov. 19 Argyrolopha collinsiana Hacker spec. nov. 20 Argyrolopha albertina Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.21 Argyrolopha ochropolia Hacker spec. nov. 22 Argyrolopha haemaphlebia Hacker spec. nov. 28 Phytometra melanoceps Hacker spec. nov.30 Phytometra gemina Hacker spec. nov.40 Phytometra saecularia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 42 Phytometra afromontana Hacker spec. nov.43 Phytometra erythroxantha Hacker spec. nov. 46 Phytometra rufifusca Hacker spec. nov.48 Phytometra angensteini Hacker spec. nov.49 Phytometra asantesana Hacker spec. nov.50 Phytometra rosinans socotrana Hacker & saldaitis subspec. nov.55 Phytometra steeleae Hacker spec. nov.57 Phytometra xanthoptera africariana Hacker subspec. nov58 Phytometra granulata Hacker spec. nov.59 Phytometra reflecta Hacker spec. nov.68 Epicerynea simillima Hacker spec. nov.84 Loxioda lenzi Hacker spec. nov.110 Eublemma (E.) fiebigii Hacker & stadie spec. nov.115 Eublemma (E.) levantinata Hacker spec. nov. 129 Eublemma (E.) niviceps Hacker & saldaitis spec. nov. 132 Eublemma (E.) flavigilva Hacker spec. nov.137 Eublemma (E.) pallidulalis Hacker spec. nov.139 Eublemma (E.) leucopolia Hacker spec. nov.140 Eublemma (E.) mkalama Hacker spec. nov.151 Eublemma (E.) xanthochroa Hacker spec. nov.152 Eublemma (E.) cirrhochroa Hacker spec. nov.153 Eublemma (E.) alboserrata Hacker spec. nov.154 Eublemma (E.) maurochroa Hacker spec. nov.156 Eublemma (E.) accedens aethiopica Hacker subspec. nov.160 Eublemma (E.) baccatrix Hacker spec. nov.161 Eublemma (E.) uhlenhuthiana Hacker spec. nov.163 Eublemma (E.) madaphaea Hacker spec. nov.164 Eublemma (E.) ferrufascia Hacker spec. nov.167 Eublemma (E.) hemichiasma Hacker spec. nov.168 Eublemma (E.) chrysoleuca Hacker spec. nov.172 Eublemma (E.) eberti Hacker spec. nov.173 Eublemma (E.) archaechroma Hacker spec. nov.175 Eublemma (E.) joergmuelleri Hacker & scHreier spec. nov.182 Eublemma (E.) sidamonia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.184 Eublemma (E.) brigitta FiebiG spec. nov. 188 Eublemma (E.) costimacula microleuca Hacker subspec. nov.199 Eublemma (E.) melanoplera Hacker spec. nov. 200 Eublemma (E.) nigrifascia Hacker spec. nov. 201 Eublemma (E.) macrotephra Hacker spec. nov. 202 Eublemma (E.) microtephra Hacker spec. nov. 204 Eublemma (E.) phaeotephra Hacker spec. nov. 205 Eublemma (E.) canomarmorea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 206 Eublemma diredaoua Hacker spec. nov.)210 Eublemma (E.) ochropolia Hacker spec. nov.212 Eublemma (E.) metachrostica Hacker spec. nov.218 Eublemma (E.) megistodea Hacker spec. nov.

219 Eublemma (E.) stenodea Hacker spec. nov. 220 Eublemma (E.) innotabilis Hacker spec. nov. 222 Eublemma (E.) juergenschmidli Hacker spec. nov. 223 Eublemma (E.) notoleuca Hacker spec. nov. 224 Eublemma (E.) brachyptera Hacker spec. nov. 229 Eublemma (E.) politzari Hacker spec. nov.230 Eublemma (E.) siticulina Hacker spec. nov.231 Eublemma (E.) legraini Hacker spec. nov.232 Eublemma (E.) wolframmeyi Hacker spec. nov.234 Eublemma (E.) microphysa Hacker spec. nov.236 E. (E.) staudingeri minuticula Hacker & scHreier subspec. nov.239 Eublemma (E.) gondwana Hacker spec. nov.243 Eublemma (E.) heteropaura Hacker spec. nov. 244 Eublemma (E.) perturbata Hacker spec. nov. 245 Eublemma (E.) plagiochroma occidens Hacker spec. nov. 247 Eublemma (E.) usambara Hacker spec. nov. 248 Eublemma (E.) mauritanica Hacker spec. nov. 252 Eublemma (E.) notochroma Hacker spec. nov. 254 Eublemma (E.) notoparva Hacker spec. nov. 255 Eublemma (E.) flavens Hacker spec. nov. 258 Eublemma (E.) elachista Hacker spec. nov. 267 Eublemma (E.) mesodonta Hacker & stadie spec. nov. 269 Eublemma (E.) manakhana Hacker & scHreier spec. nov. 275 Eublemma (E.) angustizona Hacker spec. nov. 276 Eublemma (E.) poliochila Hacker spec. nov. 277 Eublemma (E.) ceresensis Hacker spec. nov. 281 Eublemma (E.) ochrata Hacker spec. nov. 284 Eublemma (E.) udzungwa Hacker spec. nov. 285 Eublemma (E.) brachystegiae Hacker spec. nov. 287 Eublemma (E.) ferruginata Hacker spec. nov. 291 Eublemma (E.) poliochra Hacker spec. nov. 292 Eublemma (E.) macrocroca Hacker spec. nov. 293 Eublemma (E.) microcroca Hacker spec. nov. 294 Eublemma (E.) isocroca Hacker spec. nov. 295 Eublemma (E.) maurocroca Hacker spec. nov. 296 Eublemma (E.) collacteana Hacker spec. nov.299 Eublemma (E.) sororcula Hacker spec. nov. 304 Eublemma (E.) plectoversa Hacker spec. nov. 313 Eublemma (O.) metacrypta Hacker spec. nov. 319 Eublemma (O.) infasciata Hacker spec. nov. 323 Eublemma (R.) goniochlora Hacker spec. nov.324 Eublemma (R.) ochrochlora Hacker spec. nov.328 Eublemma (R.) aethiopiana Hacker spec. nov.329 Eublemma (R.) maurochlora Hacker spec. nov.330 Eublemma (R.) metachlora Hacker spec. nov.331 Eublemma (R.) ectochlora Hacker spec. nov.332 Eublemma (R.) albertlegraini Hacker spec. nov.333 Eublemma (R.) chalcochlora Hacker spec. nov.336 Eublemma (R.) reducta arabica Hacker subspec. nov.339 Eublemma (Rhypagla) psarochlora Hacker spec. nov.340 Eublemma (Rhypagla) schreieri Hacker spec. nov.341 Eublemma (Rhypagla) sylvana FiebiG spec. nov. 344 Callhyccoda indecora Hacker spec. nov.346 Callhyccoda namibiensis Hacker spec. nov.347 Callhyccoda ochrata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.348 Callhyccoda nigrofalcata Hacker spec. nov.356 Metachrostis procera Hacker spec. nov.363 Metachr. marmoreata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.366 Metachrostis pumilio Hacker spec. nov.375 Metachrostis parvioris Hacker spec. nov.383 Metachrostis scitulana Hacker spec. nov.385 Metachrostis giganteana Hacker spec. nov.387 Metachrostis seydeli Hacker spec. nov.390 Honeyana aulombardi Hacker spec. nov.398 Honeyana pusillana Hacker spec. nov.405 Cerynea lignobrunnea Hacker spec. nov.406 Cerynea molybdata Hacker spec. nov.408 Cerynea pulla Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 409 Cerynea erythrula Hacker spec. nov.410 Cerynea fascicula Hacker spec. nov.412 Cerynea ignea Hacker spec. nov.

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415 Cerynea indecora Hacker spec. nov.418 Cerynea pusilla Hacker spec. nov.419 Cerynea pusillata Hacker spec. nov.420 Cerynea pusilloflava Hacker spec. nov.421 Cerynea compacta Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.422 Cerynea lamprolophoides Hacker spec. nov.424 Cerynea fenestrella Hacker spec. nov.425 Cerynea araeopteriella Hacker spec. nov.426 Cerynea rakaia Hacker spec. nov.440 Lamprolopha eupithecica Hacker spec. nov.441 Lamprolopha parascotoides Hacker spec. nov.442 Lamprolopha ferruginosa Hacker spec. nov.443 Lamprolopha daloa Hacker spec. nov.444 Lamprolopha gigantea Hacker spec. nov.446 Lamprolopha rolandi Hacker spec. nov. 449 Haemaphlebia pallidifusca Hacker spec. nov.450 Haemaphlebia caliginosa Hacker spec. nov.451 Haemaphlebia fiebigiana Hacker & stadie spec. nov.452 Haemaphlebia fasciolata Hacker spec. nov.453 Haemaphlebia gola Hacker spec. nov.454 Haemaphlebia lanceolata Hacker spec. nov.455 Hypobleta viettei continentalis Hacker subspec. nov.457 Hypobleta biformis Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.458 Hypobleta pusillana Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov459 Hypobleta berioi Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.460 Hypobleta fascicola Hacker spec. nov.461 Hypobleta cerynoides Hacker spec. nov.467 Foedindecora oleoglauca Hacker spec. nov.469 Foedindecora terrena Hacker spec. nov.470 Foedindecora magna Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 471 Foedindecora nigra Hacker spec. nov.473 Steganiodes albertina Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.475 Corgatha dobsoni Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.476 Corgatha subpoliostrata Hacker spec. nov480 Corgatha lunularia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.481 Corgatha fibigeri Hacker spec. nov. 482 Corgatha micropolia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 483 Corgatha macropolia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 484 Corgatha ochropolia Hacker spec. nov. 485 Corgatha ochropoliata Hacker spec. nov. 486 Corgatha stictofascia Hacker spec. nov. 487 Corgatha bananae Hacker spec. nov.488 Corgatha ochrhoda Hacker spec. nov. 489 Corgatha magnifica Hacker spec. nov. 490 Corgatha porphyrana Hacker spec. nov. 492 Corgatha pallidifusca Hacker spec. nov. 493 Corgatha scholli Hacker spec. nov.496 Corgatha ochrogilva Hacker spec. nov. 497 Corgatha pyrrhogilva Hacker spec. nov. 498 Corgatha elachistella Hacker spec. nov. 499 Corgatha minutulana Hacker spec. nov. 500 Corgatha ornatella Hacker spec. nov. 501 Corgatha ornateana Hacker spec. nov. 503 Corgatha eupitheciana Hacker spec. nov. 505 Corgatha wojtusiaki Hacker spec. nov. 506 Corgatha hyperxantha Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 507 Corgatha teguminis Hacker spec. nov. 513 Corgatha sororcula Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.518 Corgatha badia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.521 Corgatha sakaraha Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 522 Corgatha parvula Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.523 Corgatha dirkstadiensis Hacker & FiebiG spec. nov.524 Corgatha ralffiebigi Hacker & stadie spec. nov.525 Corgatha elleni Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.532 Corgatha metachrosta Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.534 Acremma microphaea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.537 Acremma knudlarseni Hacker & scHreier spec. nov.538 Acremma transalbipoda Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.541 Acremma rhodophaea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.542 Acremma macrophaea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.544 Acremma chalcochra Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.

545 Acremma clatrata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.552 Cautatha bifasciata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.555 Cautatha drepanoidea Hacker spec. nov. 556 Cautatha fontainei Hacker spec. nov. 557 Cautatha congoensis Hacker spec. nov. 558 Cautatha abyssinia Hacker FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 559 Cautatha megista Hacker spec. nov. 562 Cautatha pyrrhochra Hacker spec. nov. 567 Corgathalia minutiola Hacker spec. nov. 568 Corgathalia ochsei Hacker spec. nov569 Corgathalia hirutae Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.572 Oruza usambara Hacker spec. nov. 573 Oruza stadiensis Hacker & FiebiG spec. nov. 574 Oruza juergenlenzi Hacker spec. nov. 575 Oruza hermannstaudei Hacker spec. nov. 576 Oruza occidentalis Hacker spec. nov. 578 Oruza elegans Hacker spec. nov.579 Oruza subatriceps Hacker spec. nov.581 Oruza notoptera Hacker spec. nov. 582 Oruza knudlarseni Hacker & scHreier spec. nov. 583 Oruza pyrczii Hacker spec. nov.589 Hyposada gracilis Hacker spec. nov.590 Hyposada capriviana Hacker spec. nov. 592 Hypersada bvumba Hacker spec. nov.596 Syngatha phoenichrysa Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 597 Syngatha semipurpurula Hacker spec. nov. 598 Syngatha eremochroa Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 599 Syngatha eremita Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 602 Syngatha flaviscripta Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.603 Syngatha parascotoides Hacker spec. nov. 605 Syngatha colossa Hacker spec. nov. 606 Syngatha simplicicata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 609 Syngatha subflavipars Hacker spec. nov. 610 Syngatha pyrrhoxantha Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 611 Syngatha hannarolandae Hacker spec. nov.613 Eublemmistis aberfoylea Hacker spec. nov. 614 Eublemmistis gola Hacker spec. nov.616 Eublemmistis elachistana Hacker spec. nov.617 Eublemm. ramonafana Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.619 Tegiapa grisesaxea Hacker spec. nov. 621 Tegiapa forsteri Hacker spec. nov. 622 Tegiapa kingstoni Hacker spec. nov. 623 Tegiapa lenzi Hacker spec. nov. 624 Tegiapa agassizi Hacker spec. nov. 625 Tegiapa nana Hacker spec. nov. 626 Tegiapa politzari Hacker spec. nov. 627 Tegiapa schreieri Hacker spec. nov. 628 Tegiapa aarviki Hacker spec. nov. 629 Tegiapa obliqua Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 630 Tegiapa melanoleuca Hacker spec. nov. 631 Tegiapa melanochra Hacker spec. nov. 632 Tegiapa aberdarensis Hacker spec. nov. 633 Tegiapa catalai Hacker spec. nov. 637 Tegiapa goateri Hacker spec. nov. 638 Tegiapa ambiguosa Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 639 Tegiapa ugandana Hacker spec. nov. 642 Tegiapa steganioides Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.644 Oediblemma bjoernstadi Hacker spec. nov. 645 Oediblemma maritima Hacker spec. nov. 646 Oediblemma kigoma Hacker spec. nov. 647 Oediblemma kakuma Hacker spec. nov. 648 Oediblemma poliogyra Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.649 Oediblemma daloana Hacker spec. nov. 650 Oediblemma ipassa Hacker spec. nov. 651 Oediblemma ipassina Hacker spec. nov. 653 Oediblemma caligifusca Hacker spec. nov. 654 Oediblemma nigropuncta Hacker spec. nov. 655 Oediblemma peregrina Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 661 Holocryptis vittata Hacker spec. nov. 665 Lophocryptis sulpurea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.

8

Acknowledgements

I am sincerely indebted to the following ladies and gentlemen for all their kind help, advice, information, and for loan of material for study and illustration (alphabetically): Leif aarvik (Oslo, Norway); Francois aulombard (Augoville-au-Plain, France); Gottfried beHounek (Grafing/München, Germany); Roland breitHaupt (Abu Dhabi, UAE/Germany); Ulf bucHsbaum (ZSM); Ugo dall’asta (MRAC); Jurate and Willy De prins (Brussels, Belgium), Konrad ebert (NHMU); Michael FibiGer † (Sorø, Denmark), Ralf FiebiG (Roßleben, Germany), Heinz FiscHer (Rottach, Germany); Egbert FriedricH (Jena, Germany); Sven erlacHer (Chemnitz, Germany); Sabine Gaal (NHMW); Klaus GottscHaldt (Gilching, Germany); Péter Gyulai (Miskolc, Hungary); Axel Hausmann (ZSM); Martin Honey (BMNH); Henry Hoppe † (Klein-Pravtshagen, Germany); Tim kariscH (MNVD), Ole karsHolt (UZM); Anthony kinGston (Wolverhampton, England), Martin krüGer (TMP); Lars küHne (Potsdam, Germany), Knud larsen (Søborg, Denmark); Gyula M. laszlo (The African Natural History Research Trust; Leominster Herefordshire, England), Albert leGrain (Hermalle-sous-Argenteau, Belgium), Lutz leHmann † (Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany); Stefan lewandowski (München, Germany); Martin lödl (NHMW), Geoff martin (BMNH); Wolfram mey (NHMU); Joël minet (MNHN); Bernd müller (Berlin, Germany); Wolfgang nässiG (SNG, Frankfurt); Stefan naumann (Berlin, Germany), Michael ocHse (Weisenheim am Berg, Germany), Karlheinz politzar † (Goldrain/Südtirol, Italy); Lukasz Przybyłowicz (Kraków, Poland), Tomasz W. pyrcz (Kraków, Poland), Fabricio riGato (MCSM); Michal Rindos (České Budějovice, Czech Republic), Hanna and Wolf-Achim roland (solinGen, Germany) Gabor ronkay (Budapest, Hungary); Laszlo ronkay (HNHM); Mrs. Rasa saldaitiene (Vilnius, Lithuania); Aidas saldaitis (Vilnius, Lithuania); Steffen scHellHorn (Halle/Saale, Germany); Alexander scHintlmeister (Dresden, Germany); Hans-Peter scHreier (Geisfeld/Bamberg, Germany); Wolfgang speidel (Olching, Germany), Dirk stadie (Lutherstadt Eisleben, Germany), Hermann staude (Magaliesburg, South Africa); Robert truscH (SMNK); Thomas witt (München, Germany), Alberto zilli (BMNH);

I am deeply grateful to my colleague and friend Barry Goater (Eastleigh, England) for checking English terms and orthography, in this and numerous other manuscripts and for his permanent support of the Esperiana series during a long time of 25 years.

Finally I am very grateful to Nini Cecilie Roll aarivi, Leif aarvik (Oslo, Norway), Balazs majoros (Budapest, Hungary), Maik bippus (La Possession, La Réunion), Thomas drecHsel (Neubrandenburg, Germany), Ralf FiebiG (Roßleben, Germany), Florian Hacker (Bad Staffelstein, Germany), Dieter Hassler (Kraichtal-Münzesheim, Germany), Michael Hassler (Bruchsal, Germany), Tim kariscH Dessau, Germany), Gyula m. lászló (Leominster Herefordshire, England), Albert leGrain (Hermalle-sous-Argenteau, Belgium), Tomáš mazucH (Dřiteč, Czech Republic), Wolfram mey (NHMU), Dietmar meyer (Eisleben, Germany), Christian müller (municH, Germany), Michael ocHse (Weisenheim am Berg, Germany), Heinz politzar († 2007) (Goldrain, Italy), Hanna and Wolf-Achim roland (solinGen, Germany), Aidas saldaitis (Vilnius, Lithuania), Germany), Alexander scHintlmeister (Dresden, Germany), Jürgen scHmidl (Erlangen, Germany), Holger scHoll (Bad Staffelstein, Germany), Benjamin scHuster (Germany), Dirk stadie (Eisleben, Germany), Hermann staude (Magaliesburg, rsa), Szabolcs saFian (Sopron, Hungary), Eric vinGerHoed (Antwerpen, Belgium), and Jochen wirsinG (Durham, New Hampshire, USA) who made a larger number of biotope photos available for print, mainly to illustrate examples of habitats with their typical plant and tree flora. Therefore, due to its fundamental relevance, it has been possible to illustrate each of the 29 major biogeographical categories, including most of the subunits. Many of the biotope photos show type localities of species newly described in this book, or in which materials mentioned in this revision has been collected.

9

Contents

Abstract 5

Acknowledgements 8

Contents 9

Acronyms of depositories, abbreviations 21

Introduction 22

History of research 23

Material and Methods 24

Geomorphology 25

Flora and Fauna, Biogeography 26

Biogeographical categories 27

Overview of Biogeographical categories 28

1) Mediterranean Forest, Woodland and Scrub Zone 322) Mediterranean Montane Juniper Steppe and Woodland Zone 383) Sahara Desert and Saharan Steppe Zone 414) Sahelian Savanna Zone 555) Somalian Xeric Bushland and Shrubland Zone 616) Westafrican-Guinean Forest Zone 737) Guinean and Central African Mangrove Zone 868) West Central African Montane Zone 879) Sao Tomé & Principe Island Moist Forest Zone 9010) Congolian Lowland Forests Zone 9211) Ethiopian Montane Forest and Alpine Moorland Zone 10112) Albertine Rift Montane Forest and Alpine Moorland Zone 10813) Eastern Rift Forest and Alpine Moorland Zone 11214) South-Central African Miombo and Mopane Woodland Zone 12515) East and South African Coastal Forest Zone 13916) East and South African Mangrove Zone 14517) Angolian Montane and Forest-Grassland Zone 14618) South African Desert, Xeric Savanna and Woodland Zone 14719) South African Montane and Alpine Grassland and Woodland Zone 15720) Cape-Mediterranean Zone 16421) Madagascar Humid and Subhumid Forest Zone 16822) Madagascar Dry Forest Zone 17523) Madagascar Succulent Woodland Zone 17724) Mascarene Islands Forest Zone 18125) Comores Forests Zone 18426) Aldabra Island Xeric Shrub Zone 18527) Granite Seychelles Forest Zone 18628) Socotra Island Xeric Shrublands Zone 18829) St. Helena Scrub Zone 192

Annotated list of species 193

Tribe Boletobiini Guenée, [1958]

1 Parascotia maghrebensis Hacker spec. nov. 194 2 Parascotia arabica Hacker, 2011 1953 Parascotia trimacula (saalmüller, 1891) 1954 Parascotia endemica Hacker & saldaitis spec. nov. 1955 Parascotia indecora Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 1966 Parascotia lamprolophoides Hacker spec. nov. 196

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7 Parascotia diagramma (Hampson, 1914) 1978 Parascotia xylonea (Hampson, 1926) 1979 Parascotia hemicausta (Hampson, 1914) 19710 Argyrolopha costibarbata Hampson, 1914 19811 Argyrolopha trisignata (mabille, [1900]) 19812 Argyrolopha malickyi Hacker spec. nov. 19813 Argyrolopha punctilinea A. E. prout, 1921 19914 Argyrolopha aviakala (bippus, 2018) 19915 Argyrolopha ndola Hacker spec. nov. 19916 Argyrolopha subbasalis (Hampson, 1914) 20017 Argyrolopha knudkarseni Hacker spec. nov. 20018 Argyrolopha meyi Hacker spec. nov. 20119 Argyrolopha collinsiana Hacker spec. nov. 20120 Argyrolopha albertina Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 20221 Argyrolopha ochropolia Hacker spec. nov. 20222 Argyrolopha haemaphlebia Hacker spec. nov. 203

Tribe Phytometrini Hampson, 1913

23 Phytometra viridaria (clerck, 1759) 20524 Phytometra sanctiflorentis aurantiacus rotHscHild, 1920 20525 Phytometra duplicalis (walker, 1866) 20526 Phytometra purpureofusca (Hacker, 2016) 20627 Phytometra haemaceps (Hampson, 1918) 20628 Phytometra melanoceps Hacker spec. nov. 20629 Phytometra fragilis butler, 1875 20730 Phytometra gemina Hacker spec. nov. 20831 Phytometra spec. 20832 Phytometra subflavalis africana (snellen, 1872) 20833 Phytometra carnea (a. e. prout, 1922) 21034 Phytometra purpureopallida (Hacker, 2016) 21035 Phytometra coniota (Hampson, 1926) 21036 Phytometra magalium Townsend, 1958 21037 Phytometra helesusalis (walker, 1859) 21138 Phytometra curvifera (Hampson, 1926) 21139 Phytometra sacraria (Felder & roGenHoFer, 1874) 21140 Phytometra saecularia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 21241 Phytometra rhodopa (betHune-baker, 1911) 21242 Phytometra afromontana Hacker spec. nov. 21343 Phytometra erythroxantha Hacker spec. nov. 21344 Phytometra heliriusalis (walker, 1859) 21445 Phytometra haematoessa (Hampson, 1910) 21446 Phytometra rufifusca Hacker spec. nov. 21447 Phytometra olivescens Hampson, 1910 21548 Phytometra angensteini Hacker spec. nov. 21549 Phytometra asantesana Hacker spec. nov. 21650 Phytometra rosinans rosinans (D. lucas, 1938) 21650 Phytometra rosinans socotrana Hacker & saldaitis subspec. nov. 21751 Phytometra (Phytometra) silona (scHaus, 1893) 21852 Phytometra conicephala (staudinGer, 1870) 21853 Phytometra flavissima (Hacker & saldaitis, 2010) 21854 Phytometra microptera (Hacker & stadie, 2016) 21955 Phytometra steeleae Hacker spec. nov. 22056 Phytometra melanosticta Hacker, 2016 22057 Phytometra xanthoptera xanthoptera (Hampson, 1894) 22057 Phytometra xanthoptera africariana Hacker subspec. nov. 22158 Phytometra granulata Hacker spec. nov. 22159 Phytometra reflecta Hacker spec. nov. 22260 Phytometra umbrifera Hampson, 1910 22261 Phytometra signifera (Hampson, 1926) 22262 Phytometra ossea (saalmüller, 1891) 22263 “Phytometra“ opsiphora (Hampson, 1926) 22364 “Phytometra“ grisea (Hampson, 1916) 22365 Phytometra spec. 223 Raparna confusa mabille, [1900] 224

11

Raparna didyma mabille, [1900] 22466 Raparnodes tritonias (Hampson, 1902) 22467 Epicerynea goniosema Hampson, 1914 22568 Epicerynea simillima Hacker spec. nov. 22569 Epicerynea elegans (berio, 1959) 22670 Radara vacillans Walker, 1862 22671 Radara prunescens (Hampson, 1902) 22772 Radara transmissa (von Heyden, 1891) 22773 Radara subcupralis (Walker, [1866]) 22874 Radara helcida (viette, 1962) 22975 Strongylosia congoensis (Holland, 1920) 23076 Gesonia obeditalis walker, [1859] 23077 Gesonia stictigramma Hampson, 1926 23178 ‘Gesonia ‘ elongalis (viette, 1954) 23279 Gesoniodes nigripalpa (wiltsHire, 1977) 23380 Loxioda ochrota (Hampson, 1909) 23381 Loxioda coniventris strand, 1915 23382 Loxioda alternans Hampson, 1926 23483 Loxioda ectherma Hampson, 1926 23484 Loxioda lenzi Hacker spec. nov. 23485 Loxioda silvestralis (viette, 1956) 23486 Marca tristalis viette, 1956 23587 Marca proclinata saalmüller, 1891 23588 Marca arcuata (betHune-baker, 1911) 23689 Marca griseonigralis viette, 1954 23690 Marca univocalis viette, 1956 23691 Rhesala moestalis (walker, [1866]) 23792 Rhesala goleta (Felder r. & roGenHoFer, 1875) 23993 Rhesala punctisigna (Hampson, 1926) 24094 Rhesala nigeriensis (Hampson, 1926) 24095 Rhesala natalensis (Hampson, 1926) 240

Tribe Araeopteronini FibiGer, 2005

96 Araeopteron alboniger FibiGer & Hacker, 2001 24197 Araeopteron legraini bippus, 2018 24298 Araeopteron aulombardi FibiGer & Hacker, 2001 24299 Araeopteron adeni FibiGer & Hacker, 2001 242100 Araeopteron ecphaea (Hampson, 1914) 242101 Araeopteron minimale Fryer, 1912 243102 Araeopteron yemeni FibiGer & Hacker, 2001 243103 Araeopteron papaziani Guillermet, 2009 243104 Araeopteron schreieri FibiGer & Hacker, 2001 244105 Araeopteron sterrhaoides (FibiGer & Hacker, 2001) 244106 Araeopteron obliquifascia de joannis, 1910 244

Tribe Eublemmini Forbes, 1954

107 Eublemma (Eublemma) albida (duponcHel, [1843]) 245108 Eublemma (Eublemma) purpurina ([denis & scHiFFermüller], 1775) 246109 Eublemma (Eublemma) panonica ronkayorum FibiGer, zilli & yela, 2010 246110 Eublemma (Eublemma) fiebigii Hacker & stadie spec. nov. 247111 Eublemma (Eublemma) deserta deserta (staudinGer, 1900) 249111 Eublemma (Eublemma) deserta cornutus FibiGer & Hacker, 2004 250112 Eublemma (Eublemma) goateri FibiGer & Hacker, 2004 251113 Eublemma (Eublemma) wollastoni rotHscHild, 1901 251114 Eublemma (Eublemma) tomentalis rebel, 1948 251115 Eublemma (Eublemma) levantinata Hacker spec. nov. 252116 Eublemma (Eublemma) spec. 252 Eublemma (Eublemma) crocea rotHscHild, 1920 252 Eublemma (Eublemma) aliena (krüGer, 1939) 253 Eublemma (Eublemma) confusa rotHscHild, 1920 253117 Eublemma (Eublemma) blanca FibiGer & leGrain, 2009 253118 Eublemma (Eublemma) conistrota Hampson, 1910 253119 Eublemma (Eublemma) subvenata (staudinGer, 1892) 254

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120 Eublemma (Eublemma) skoui FibiGer & Hacker, 2004 254121 Eublemma (Eublemma) virginalis (obertHür, 1881) 255122 Eublemma (Eublemma) arida rotHscHild, 1913 255123 Eublemma (Eublemma) candicans (rambur, 1858) 255124 Eublemma (Eublemma) pura (Hübner, [1813]) 256125 Eublemma (Eublemma) himmighoffeni (milliére, [1867]) 256 Eublemma (Eublemma) eburnea (turati, 1927) 256126 Eublemma (Eublemma) bistellata (wiltsHire, 1961) 257127 Eublemma (Eublemma) subflaviceps Hacker & saldaitis, 2010 257128 Eublemma (Eublemma) foedosa (Guenée, 1852) 258129 Eublemma (Eublemma) niviceps Hacker & saldaitis spec. nov. 259130 Eublemma (Eublemma) flaviceps Hampson, 1902 260131 Eublemma (Eublemma) lativalva Hacker spec. nov. 260132 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavigilva Hacker spec. nov. 261133 Eublemma (Eublemma) goniogramma Hampson, 1910 261133 Eublemma (Eublemma) leucodicranon GrünberG, 1910 262135 Eublemma (Eublemma) chionophlebia Hampson, 1910 262136 Eublemma (Eublemma) leuconeura Hampson, 1910 262137 Eublemma (Eublemma) pallidulalis Hacker spec. nov. 263138 Eublemma (Eublemma) pyrastis Hampson, 1910 263139 Eublemma (Eublemma) leucopolia Hacker spec. nov. 263140 Eublemma (Eublemma) mkalama Hacker spec. nov. 264141 Eublemma (Eublemma) stictilinea Hampson, 1910 265142 Eublemma (Eublemma) uninotata Hampson, 1902 265143 Eublemma (Eublemma) penicillata Hampson, 1902 265144 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavistriata Hampson, 1910 266145 Eublemma (Eublemma) psamathea Hampson, 1910 266146 Eublemma (Eublemma) exanimis Hampson, 1918 268147 Eublemma (Eublemma) melanodonta Hampson, 1910 268148 Eublemma (Eublemma) ochricosta Hampson, 1916 268149 Eublemma (Eublemma) arenostrota Hampson, 1916 268150 Eublemma (Eublemma) eremochroa Hampson, 1916 268151 Eublemma (Eublemma) xanthochroa Hacker spec. nov. 269152 Eublemma (Eublemma) cirrhochroa Hacker spec. nov. 269153 Eublemma (Eublemma) alboserrata Hacker spec. nov. 270154 Eublemma (Eublemma) maurochroa Hacker spec. nov. 270155 Eublemma (Eublemma) caffrorum (wallenGren, 1860) 272156 Eublemma (Eublemma) accedens accedens (Felder & roGenHoFer, [1875]) 273156 Eublemma (Eublemma) accedens aethiopica Hacker subspec. nov. 274157 Eublemma (Eublemma) perobliqua Hampson, 1910 275158 Eublemma (Eublemma) trigramma Hampson, 1910 275159 Eublemma (Eublemma) orthogramma (snellen, 1872) 275 Eublemma (Eublemma) baccalix (swinHoe, 1886) 276160 Eublemma (Eublemma) baccatrix Hacker spec. nov. 276161 Eublemma (Eublemma) uhlenhuthiana Hacker spec. nov. 278162 Eublemma (Eublemma) mesophaea Hampson, 1910 278163 Eublemma (Eublemma) madaphaea Hacker spec. nov. 279164 Eublemma (Eublemma) ferrufascia Hacker spec. nov. 280165 Eublemma (Eublemma) guiera bradley, 1969 280166 Eublemma (Eublemma) seminivea Hampson, 1896 281167 Eublemma (Eublemma) hemichiasma Hacker spec. nov. 281168 Eublemma (Eublemma) chrysoleuca Hacker spec. nov. 282169 Eublemma (Eublemma) hemichiona Hampson, 1918 282170 Eublemma (Eublemma) bipartita Hampson, 1902 283171 Eublemma (Eublemma) griseofimbriata Gaede, 1935 283172 Eublemma (Eublemma) eberti Hacker spec. nov. 283173 Eublemma (Eublemma) archaechroma Hacker spec. nov. 284174 Eublemma (Eublemma) argyromorpha Hacker & saldaitis, 2011 284175 Eublemma (Eublemma) joergmuelleri Hacker & scHreier spec. nov. 285176 Eublemma (Eublemma) viettei (berio, 1954) 285177 Eublemma (Eublemma) minutoides poole, 1989 286178 Eublemma (Eublemma) ochrochroa Hampson, 1910 287179 Eublemma (Eublemma) delicata (Felder & roGenHoFer, 1874) 288180 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavescens Hampson, 1918 289181 Eublemma (Eublemma) illimitata (warren, 1914) 289

13

182 Eublemma (Eublemma) sidamonia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 290183 Eublemma (Eublemma) apicimacula (mabille, 1880) 290184 Eublemma (Eublemma) brigitta FiebiG spec. nov. 291185 Eublemma (Eublemma) pennula (Felder & roGenHoFer, 1874) 292186 Eublemma (Eublemma) indistincta FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 293187 Eublemma (Eublemma) wutzdorffi (PünGeler, 1907) 293188 Eublemma (Eublemma) costimacula costimacula (saalmüller, 1880) 293188 Eublemma (Eublemma) costimacula plagiopera Hampson, 1902 294188 Eublemma (Eublemma) costimacula microleuca Hacker subspec. nov. 295189 Eublemma (Eublemma) trollei FibiGer & Hacker, 2006 295190 Eublemma (Eublemma) tytrocoides Hacker & Hausmann, 2010 295191 Eublemma (Eublemma) melabasis Hampson, 1914 296192 Eublemma (Eublemma) antemediana (Hacker, 2011) 296193 Eublemma (Eublemma) robertsi (berio, 1969) 296194 Eublemma (Eublemma) maxima FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 297195 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavicosta Hampson, 1910 298196 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavicostata (Holland, 1894) 298197 Eublemma (Eublemma) albifascia Hampson, 1910 298198 Eublemma (Eublemma) nigrivitta Hampson, 1902 299199 Eublemma (Eublemma) melanoplera Hacker spec. nov. 299200 Eublemma (Eublemma) nigrifascia Hacker spec. nov. 300201 Eublemma (Eublemma) macrotephra Hacker spec. nov. 300202 Eublemma (Eublemma) microtephra Hacker spec. nov. 301203 Eublemma (Eublemma) lacteicosta Hampson, 1910 301204 Eublemma (Eublemma) phaeotephra Hacker spec. nov. 301205 Eublemma (Eublemma) canomarmorea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 302206 Eublemma (Eublemma) diredaoua Hacker spec. nov. 302207 Eublemma (Eublemma) albivena (Hampson, 1905) 303208 Eublemma (Eublemma) tritonia (Hampson, 1902) 303209 Eublemma (Eublemma) dentilinea (Hampson, 1926) 304210 Eublemma (Eublemma) ochropolia Hacker spec. nov. 304212 Eublemma (Eublemma) metachrostica Hacker spec. nov. 304213 Eublemma (Eublemma) scotina FletcHer, 1963 305214 Eublemma (Eublemma) nyctopa (betHune-baker, 1911) 305215 Eublemma (Eublemma) ecthaemata Hampson, 1896 307216 Eublemma (Eublemma) spirogramma rebel, 1912 307217 Eublemma (Eublemma) savour berio, 1950 308218 Eublemma (Eublemma) megistodea Hacker spec. nov. 308219 Eublemma (Eublemma) stenodea Hacker spec. nov. 309220 Eublemma (Eublemma) innotabilis Hacker spec. nov. 309221 Eublemma (Eublemma) scitula scitula (rambur, 1833) 310221 Eublemma (Eublemma) scitula augusta (Guenée, 1862) 311222 Eublemma (Eublemma) juergenschmidli Hacker spec. nov. 312223 Eublemma (Eublemma) notoleuca Hacker spec. nov. 312224 Eublemma (Eublemma) brachyptera Hacker spec. nov. 313225 Eublemma (Eublemma) scituloides rebel, 1917 313226 Eublemma (Eublemma) siticulosa (lederer, 1858) 315227 Eublemma (Eublemma) permixta (staudinGer, 1898) 315228 Eublemma (Eublemma) albina (staudinGer, 1898) 315229 Eublemma (Eublemma) politzari Hacker spec. nov. 317230 Eublemma (Eublemma) siticulina Hacker spec. nov. 317231 Eublemma (Eublemma) legraini Hacker spec. nov. 318232 Eublemma (Eublemma) wolframmeyi Hacker spec. nov. 318233 Eublemma (Eublemma) deleta (staudinGer, 1901) 319234 Eublemma (Eublemma) microphysa Hacker spec. nov. 319235 Eublemma (Eublemma) ostrina (Hübner, [1808]) 320236 Eublemma (Eublemma) staudingeri staudingeri (wallenGren, 1875) 321236 Eublemma (Eublemma) staudingeri minuticula Hacker & scHreier subspec. nov. 321237 Eublemma (Eublemma) pulcherrima wiltsHire, 1982 322239 Eublemma (Eublemma) thermochroa Hampson, 1910 322239 Eublemma (Eublemma) gondwana Hacker spec. nov. 323240 Eublemma (Eublemma) parva (Hübner, [1808]) 323241 Eublemma (Eublemma) biparva FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 324242 Eublemma (Eublemma) miniparva FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 324243 Eublemma (Eublemma) heteropaura Hacker spec. nov. 325

14

244 Eublemma (Eublemma) perturbata Hacker spec. nov. 325245 Eublemma (Eublemma) plagiochroma plagiochroma Hacker, 2016 327245 Eublemma (Eublemma) plagiochroma occidens Hacker spec. nov. 327246 Eublemma (Eublemma) dhofarica Hacker & stadie, 2016 327247 Eublemma (Eublemma) usambara Hacker spec. nov. 328248 Eublemma (Eublemma) mauritanica Hacker spec. nov. 328249 Eublemma (Eublemma) gerti FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 328250 Eublemma (Eublemma) exigua (walker, [1858]) 329251 Eublemma (Eublemma) topi FibiGer & Hacker, 2006 331252 Eublemma (Eublemma) notochroma Hacker spec. nov. 332253 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavida Hampson, 1902 332254 Eublemma (Eublemma) notoparva Hacker spec. nov. 333255 Eublemma (Eublemma) flavens Hacker spec. nov. 333256 Eublemma (Eublemma) spec. 334257 Eublemma (Eublemma) thermobasis Hampson, 1910 334258 Eublemma (Eublemma) elachista Hacker spec. nov. 335259 Eublemma (Eublemma) cyrenaea cyrenaea (turati, 1924) 335259 Eublemma (Eublemma) cyrenaea samhara Hacker & saldaitis, 2016 335260 Eublemma (Eublemma) ionoplagiata Hacker & saldaitis, 2011 336261 Eublemma (Eublemma) cochylioides (Guenée, 1852) 336262 Eublemma (Eublemma) loxographa Hacker & saldaitis, 2016 337263 Eublemma (Eublemma) roseana (moore, 1881) 339264 Eublemma (Eublemma) viridula (Guenée, 1841) 339265 Eublemma (Eublemma) odontophora Hampson, 1910 339266 Eublemma (Eublemma) alexi FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 340267 Eublemma (Eublemma) mesodonta Hacker & stadie spec. nov. 340268 Eublemma (Eublemma) muscatensis wiltsHire, 1980 341269 Eublemma (Eublemma) manakhana Hacker & scHreier spec. nov. 341270 Eublemma (Eublemma) ornatula (Felder & roGenHoFer, 1874) 342271 Eublemma (Eublemma) oliva FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 343272 Eublemma (Eublemma) sabia (Felder & roGenHoFer, 1874) 343273 Eublemma (Eublemma) ochrobasis Hampson, 1910 343274 Eublemma (Eublemma) glaucizona Hampson, 1908 343275 Eublemma (Eublemma) angustizona Hacker spec. nov. 344276 Eublemma (Eublemma) poliochila Hacker spec. nov. 344277 Eublemma (Eublemma) ceresensis Hacker spec. nov. 345278 Eublemma (Eublemma) polygramma (duponcHel, 1836) 346279 Eublemma (Eublemma) gayneri (rotHscHild, 1901) 347280 Eublemma (Eublemma) daphoenoides berio, 1941 348281 Eublemma (Eublemma) ochrata Hacker spec. nov. 348282 Eublemma (Eublemma) globus FibiGer & Hacker, 2002 349283 Eublemma (Eublemma) daphoena Hampson, 1910 349284 Eublemma (Eublemma) udzungwa Hacker spec. nov. 349285 Eublemma (Eublemma) brachystegiae Hacker spec. nov. 350286 Eublemma (Eublemma) albivia Hampson, 1914 350287 Eublemma (Eublemma) ferruginata Hacker spec. nov. 351288 Eublemma (Eublemma) aurantiaca aurantiaca Hampson, 1910 352288 Eublemma (Eublemma) aurantiaca malgassica (berio, 1954) 353289 Eublemma (Eublemma) carneotincta Hampson, 1910 353290 Eublemma (Eublemma) punctilinea Hampson, 1902 353291 Eublemma (Eublemma) poliochra Hacker spec. nov. 354292 Eublemma (Eublemma) macrocroca Hacker spec. nov. 354293 Eublemma (Eublemma) microcroca Hacker spec. nov. 355294 Eublemma (Eublemma) isocroca Hacker spec. nov. 356295 Eublemma (Eublemma) maurocroca Hacker spec. nov. 356296 Eublemma (Eublemma) collacteana Hacker spec. nov. 357297 Eublemma (Eublemma) proleuca Hampson, 1910 357298 Eublemma (Eublemma) pyrochroa Hampson, 1918 358299 Eublemma (Eublemma) sororcula Hacker spec. nov. 358300 Eublemma (Eublemma) albicosta Hampson, 1910 359301 Eublemma (Eublemma) argentifera (Hampson, 1926) 359302 Eublemma (Eublemma) atrifusa Hampson, 1910 359303 Eublemma (Eublemma) kruegeri (wiltsHire, 1970) 360304 Eublemma (Eublemma) plectoversa Hacker spec. nov. 360305 Eublemma (Eublemma) teilhardi de joannis, 1909 361306 Eublemma (Odice) blandula (ranbur, 1858) 361

15

307 Eublemma (Odice) pergrata atlantica (scHawerda & stättermayer, 1934) 362308 Eublemma (Odice) suava (Hübner, [1813]) 362309 Eublemma (Odice) jucunda (Hübner, [1813]) 362310 Eublemma (Odice) syrtensis Hampson, 1910 362311 Eublemma (Odice) bolinia bolinia (Hampson, 1902) 363311 Eublemma (Odice) bolinia chopardi (berio, 1954) 363312 Eublemma (Odice) leucanitis Hampson, 1910 366313 Eublemma (Odice) metacrypta Hacker spec. nov. 366314 Eublemma (Odice) leucozona Hampson, 1910 367315 Eublemma (Odice) perkeo rotHscHild, 1921 367316 Eublemma (Odice) mukallai (FibiGer & Hacker, 2002) 368317 Eublemma (Odice) scotopis betHune-baker, 1911 368318 Eublemma (Odice) dyscapna FletcHer, 1961 368319 Eublemma (Odice) infasciata Hacker spec. nov. 369320 Eublemma (Odice) apicata distant, 1898 369321 Eublemma (Odice) dissoluta rotHscHild, 1921 369322 Eublemma (Rhypagla) lacernaria (Hübner, [1813]) 370323 Eublemma (Rhypagla) goniochlora Hacker spec. nov. 370324 Eublemma (Rhypagla) ochrochlora Hacker spec. nov. 372325 Eublemma (Rhypagla) chlorochroa Hampson, 1910 372326 Eublemma (Rhypagla) admota (Felder & roGenHoFer, 1874) 373327 Eublemma (Rhypagla) subolivalis (mabille, 1893) 375328 Eublemma (Rhypagla) aethiopiana Hacker spec. nov. 375329 Eublemma (Rhypagla) maurochlora Hacker spec. nov. 376330 Eublemma (Rhypagla) metachlora Hacker spec. nov. 376331 Eublemma (Rhypagla) ectochlora Hacker spec. nov. 377332 Eublemma (Rhypagla) albertlegraini Hacker spec. nov. 377333 Eublemma (Rhypagla) chalcochlora Hacker spec. nov. 377334 Eublemma (Rhypagla) khonoides wiltsHire, 1980 378335 Eublemma (Rhypagla) reducta reducta butler,1894 378336 Eublemma (Rhypagla) reducta arabica Hacker subspec. nov. 379337 Eublemma (Rhypagla) uhlenhuthi wiltsHire, 1988 379338 Eublemma (Rhypagla) kettlewelli wiltsHire, 1988 380339 Eublemma (Rhypagla) psarochlora Hacker spec. nov. 380340 Eublemma (Rhypagla) schreieri Hacker spec. nov. 381341 Eublemma (Rhypagla) sylvana FiebiG spec. nov 381 Eublemma (Rhypagla) lunana (Fabricius, 1794) 382342 Callhyccoda viriditrina berio, 1935 384343 Callhyccoda mirei Herbulot & viette, 1952 384344 Callhyoda indecora Hacker spec. nov. 384345 Callhyccoccoda paolii (berio, 1937) 384346 Callhyccda namibiensis Hacker spec. nov. 385347 Callhyccoda ochrata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 385348 Callhyccoda nigrofalcata Hacker spec. nov. 386349 Metachrostis velox (Hübner, [1813]) 387350 Metachrostis griseimargo (warren, 1912) 387351 Metachrostis dardouini (boisduval, 1840) 388352 Metachrostis subdardouini Hacker, 2011 388353 Metachrostis subvelox Hacker & saldaitis, 2010 388354 Metachrostis comvelox Hacker, 2011 388355 Metachrostis pallidiscripta Hacker, 2011 389356 Metachrostis procera Hacker spec. nov. 389357 Metachrostis remanei Hacker, 2011 389358 Metachrostis quinaria (moore, 1881) 390359 Metachrostis olmii olmii (berio, 1937) 390359 Metachrostis olmii socotrella Hacker & saldaitis, 2011 390360 Metachrostis melasema (Hampson, 1918) 391361 Metachrostis porphyrescens (Hampson, 1914) 391362 Metachrostis snelleni (wallenGren, 1875) 391363 Metachrostis marmoreata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 392364 Metachrostis phaeographa Hacker, 2011 392365 Metachrostis forsteri Hacker, 2011 393366 Metachrostis pumilio Hacker spec. nov. 394367 Metachrostis glaucopuncta Hacker, 2011 394368 Metachrostis grandivelox Hacker, 2011 394

16

369 Metachrostis chalcoscripta Hacker, 2011 394370 Metachrostis anticalis (walker, 1865) 395371 Metachrostis sciaphora (Hampson, 1910) 395372 Metachrostis phaeapera (Hampson, 1910) 395373 Metachrostis postrufa (Hampson, 1914) 396374 Metachrostis misturata (Hampson, 1910) 396375 Metachrostis parvioris Hacker spec. nov. 396376 Metachrostis perplexa (saalmüller, 1891) 397377 Metachrostis rubripuncta Hampson, 1902 397378 Metachrostis decora (walker, 1869) 398379 Metachrostis ochrographa Hacker, 2011 398380 Metachrostis pyrosticta (de Joannis, 1910) 399381 Metachrostis melanoleuca Hacker, 2016 399382 Metachrostis stygiodonta (Hampson, 1910) 399383 Metachrostis scitulana Hacker spec. nov. 399384 Metachrostis flavinia Hampson, 1902 400385 Metachrostis giganteana Hacker spec. nov. 401386 Metachrostis politzari Hacker, 2011 401387 Metachrostis seydeli Hacker spec. nov. 401388 Metachrostis eupethecica (Hampson, 1910) 402389 Honeyana ragusana (Freyer, 1844) 402390 Honeyana aulombardi Hacker spec. nov. 404391 Honeyana apicipunctalis (brandt, 1939) 405392 Honeyana colla (scHaus, 1893) 405393 Honeyana flaviciliata Hampson, 1910 405394 Honeyana plumbosa (distant, 1899) 405395 Honeyana xanthocraspis (Hampson, 1910) 406396 Honeyana monotona (le cerF, 1911) 406397 Honeyana roseocincta (Hampson, 1910) 406398 Honeyana pusillana Hacker spec. nov. 407399 Cerynea thermesialis (walker, 1866) 408400 Cerynea nigropuncta FletcHer, 1961 409401 Cerynea ochrotricha Hacker, 2016 409402 Cerynea ignealis Hampson, 1910 410403 Cerynea diagramma Hacker, 2016 410404 Cerynea limbobrunnea FletcHer, 1961 410405 Cerynea lignobrunnea Hacker spec. nov. 411406 Cerynea molybdata Hacker spec. nov. 411407 Cerynea minutula Hacker, 2016 412408 Cerynea pulla Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 412409 Cerynea erythrula Hacker spec. nov. 413410 Cerynea fascicula Hacker spec. nov. 413411 Cerynea endotrichalis Hampson, 1910 414412 Cerynea ignea Hacker spec. nov. 414413 Cerynea hesuensis (wiltsHire, 1983) 415414 Cerynea flavibasalis Hampson, 1910 415415 Cerynea indecora Hacker spec. nov. 415416 Cerynea albivitta Hampson, 1918 416417 Cerynea ovata berio, 1977 416418 Cerynea pusilla Hacker spec. nov. 416419 Cerynea pusillata Hacker spec. nov. 417420 Cerynea pusilloflava Hacker spec. nov. 417421 Cerynea compacta Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 418422 Cerynea lamprolophoides Hacker spec. nov. 418423 Cerynea albida (Hampson, 1918) 419424 Cerynea fenestrella Hacker spec. nov. 419425 Cerynea araeopteriella Hacker spec. nov. 419426 Cerynea rakaia Hacker spec. nov. 420427 Cerynea albipuncta (Hampson, 1910) 420428 Cerynea acidalica (Hampson, 1910) 420429 Cerynea acidalia berio, 1959 421430 Cerynea ampafana viette, 1976 421431 Cerynea bicolor berio, 1959 421432 Cerynea cadoreli viette, 1976 421433 Cerynea decens (viette, 1988) 421

17

434 Cerynea jaeckhi viette, 1988 421435 Cerynea porphyrea Hampson, 1910 422436 Cerynea tsaratanana viette, 1988 422437 Cerynea veterata viette, 1962 422438 Lamprolopha melanephra Hampson, 1914 423439 Lamprolopha phaeomicta (Hampson, 1918) 423440 Lamprolopha eupithecica Hacker spec. nov. 424441 Lamprolopha parascotoides Hacker spec. nov. 424442 Lamprolopha ferruginosa Hacker spec. nov. 424443 Lamprolopha daloa Hacker spec. nov. 425444 Lamprolopha gigantea Hacker spec. nov. 425445 Lamprolopha kononekoi (Hacker, 2016) 426446 Lamprolopha rolandi Hacker spec. nov. 426447 “Paragona” auroviridis (viette, 1958) 427448 Haemaphlebia atripalpis Hampson, 1910 427449 Haemaphlebia pallidifusca Hacker spec. nov. 427450 Haemaphlebia caliginosa Hacker spec. nov. 428451 Haemaphlebia fiebigiana Hacker & stadie spec. nov. 429452 Haemaphlebia fasciolata Hacker spec. nov. 429453 Haemaphlebia gola Hacker spec. nov. 430454 Haemaphlebia lanceolata Hacker spec. nov. 430455 Hypobleta viettei viettei Berio, 1954 431455 Hypobleta viettei continentalis Hacker subspec. nov. 431456 Hypobleta gloriosa (viette, 1956) 431457 Hypobleta biformis Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 432458 Hypobleta pusillana Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 432459 Hypobleta berioi Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 432460 Hypobleta fascicola Hacker spec. nov. 433461 Hypobleta cerynoides Hacker spec. nov. 433462 Hypobleta festiva viette, 1962 434463 Hypobleta fatua viette, 1962 434464 Hypobleta viridicincta (viette, 1956) 434465 Paroruza subductata (walker, 1861) 435466 Paroruza lateritia (Felder r. & roGenHoFer, 1875) 435467 Foedindecora oleoglauca Hacker spec. nov. 435468 Foedindecora ochrida (Hampson, 1918) 436469 Foedindecora terrena Hacker spec. nov. 436470 Foedindecora magna Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 437471 Foedindecora nigra Hacker spec. nov. 438472 Steganiodes mesophaea Hampson, 1910 438473 Steganiodes albertina Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 439474 Corgatha producta Hampson, 1902 440475 Corgatha dobsoni Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 440476 Corgatha poliostrota Hampson, 1914 440477 Corgatha subpoliostrota Hacker spec. nov. 441478 Corgatha chionocraspis Hampson, 1918 441479 Corgatha albigrisea (warren, 1914) 441480 Corgatha lunularia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 442481 Corgatha fibigeri Hacker spec. nov. 442482 Corgatha micropolia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 443483 Corgatha macropolia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 443484 Corgatha ochropolia Hacker spec. nov. 444485 Corgatha ochropoliata Hacker spec. nov. 444486 Corgatha stictofascia Hacker spec. nov. 445487 Corgatha bananae Hacker spec. nov. 445488 Corgatha ochrhoda Hacker spec. nov. 445489 Corgatha magnifica Hacker spec. nov. 446490 Corgatha porphyrea Hampson, 1910 446490-1 Corgatha porphyrana Hacker spec. nov. 446491 Corgatha enispodes Hampson, 1910 447492 Corgatha pallidifusca Hacker spec. nov. 447493 Corgatha scholli Hacker spec. nov. 448494 Corgatha laginia Gaede, 1916 448495 Corgatha simplex (Berio, 1963) 449496 Corgatha ochrogilva Hacker spec. nov. 449

18

497 Corgatha pyrrhogilva Hacker spec. nov. 449498 Corgatha elachistella Hacker spec. nov. 450499 Corgatha minutulana Hacker spec. nov. 450500 Corgatha ornatella Hacker spec. nov. 451501 Corgatha ornateana Hacker spec. nov. 452502 Corgatha latifera (walker, 1869) 452503 Corgatha eupitheciana Hacker spec. nov. 453504 Corgatha hypoxantha Hampson, 1910 454505 Corgatha wojtusiaki Hacker spec. nov. 454506 Corgatha hyperxantha Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 455507 Corgatha teguminis Hacker spec. nov. 455508 Corgatha chopardi (berio, 1954) 456509 Corgatha minuta (berio, 1959) 457510 Cerynea oblops viette, 1962 457511 Corgatha pseudovinosa (berio, 1959) 457512 Corgatha argyrographa (mabille, 1893) 457513 Corgatha sosorcula Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 458514 Corgatha apicalis (berio, 1959) 458515 Corgatha ignetincta (berio, 1959) 458516 Corgatha punctulata (berio, 1959) 458517 Corgatha vinosa (berio, 1959) 459518 Corgatha badia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 459519 Corgatha ozolicoides (berio, 1954) 460520 Corgatha omopisoides (berio, 1954) 460521 Corgatha sakaraha Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 460522 Corgatha parvula Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 460523 Corgatha dirkstadiensis Hacker & FiebiG spec. nov. 461524 Corgatha ralffiebigi Hacker & stadie spec. nov. 461525 Corgatha elleni Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 462526 Corgatha rimosa (viette, 1962) 462527 Corgatha fissilinea Hampson, 1910 463528 Corgatha peroma (viette, 1962) 463529 Corgatha sogai (viette, 1988) 463520 Corgatha uniformis (berio, 1959) 463531 Corgatha terracotta de joannis, 1910 463532 Corgatha metachrosta Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 464533 Acremma albipoda berio, 1959 464534 Acremma microphaea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 465535 Acremma roseocrea (viette, 1962) 465536 Acremma funebris (viette, 1962) 465537 Acremma knudlarseni Hacker & scHreier spec. nov. 465538 Acremma transalbipoda Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 466539 Acremma neona (viette, 1962) 466540 Acremma ingens (viette, 1988) 467541 Acremma rhodophaea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 467542 Acremma macrophaea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 467543 Acremma subindicata (kenrick, 1917) 468544 Acremma chalcochra Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 468545 Acremma clatrata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 468546 “Acremma“ thyridoides (kenrick, 1917) 469547 Hypersophtha falcata berio, 1954 469548 Hypersophtha nigrapicata (berio, 1959) 470549 Hypersophtha priscata viette, 1962 470550 Cautatha phoenicea (Hampson, 1910) 470551 Cautatha drepanodes (Hampson, 1910) 471552 Cautatha bifasciata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 471553 Cautatha ozolica (Hampson, 1910) 472554 Cautatha tenuilineata (Gaede, 1916) 472555 Cautatha drepanoidea Hacker spec. nov. 472556 Cautatha fontainei Hacker spec. nov. 473557 Cautatha congoensis Hacker spec. nov. 473558 Cautatha abyssinia Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 474559 Cautatha megista Hacker spec. nov. 474560 Cautatha crassilineata (Gaede, 1916) 475561 Cautatha macariodes (Hampson, 1910) 475

19

562 Cautatha pyrrhochra Hacker spec. nov. 476563 Cautatha submacariodes (berio, 1959) 476564 Cautatha coenogramma (mabille, 1900) 477565 Corgathalia viettei berio, 1966 477566 Corgathalia mazoatra (viette, 1962) 477567 Corgathalia minutiola Hacker spec. nov. 477568 Corgathalia ochsei Hacker spec. nov. 478569 Corgathalia hirutae Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov.. 478570 Lophoruza affulgens (saalmüller, 1881) 479571 Oruza odontota (d. s. FletcHer, 1961) 480572 Oruza usambara Hacker spec. nov. 481573 Oruza stadiensis Hacker & FiebiG spec. nov. 481574 Oruza juergenlenzi Hacker spec. nov. 482575 Oruza hermannstaudei Hacker spec. nov. 483576 Oruza occidentalis Hacker spec. nov. 483577 Oruza atriceps (Hampson, 1910) 483578 Oruza elegans Hacker spec. nov. 484579 Oruza subatriceps Hacker spec. nov. 484580 Oruza dolichognatha Hampson, 1918 484581 Oruza notoptera Hacker spec. nov. 485582 Oruza knudlarseni Hacker & scHreier spec. nov. 485583 Oruza pyrczii Hacker spec. nov. 486584 Oruza lycaugesia (Hampson, 1910) 486585 Oruza tafana (viette, 1976) 487586 Hyposada rupestre (Fryer, 1912) 487587 Hyposada melanosticta Hampson, 1910 487588 Hyposada zavattarii berio, 1944 488589 Hyposada gracilis Hacker spec. nov. 488590 Hyposada capriviana Hacker spec. nov. 488591 Hypersada inclinata (berio, 1963) 489592 Hypersada bvumba Hacker spec. nov. 490593 Hypersada juncturalis (walker, 1866) 490594 Syngatha latiflavaria (swinHoe, 1904) 490595 Syngatha semipurpurea Hampson, 1918 491596 Syngatha phoenichrysa Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 491597 Syngatha semipurpurula Hacker spec. nov. 491598 Syngatha eremochroa Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 492599 Syngatha eremita Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 492600 Syngatha flavipars (Hampson, 1916) 493601 Syngatha flavitincta (Hampson, 1914) 493602 Syngatha flaviscripta Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 493603 Syngatha parascotoides Hacker spec. nov. 494604 Syngatha geometriana (viette, 1981) 494605 Syngatha colossa Hacker spec. nov. 495606 Syngatha simplicicata Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 495607 Syngatha phoenicoxantha (Hampson, 1914) 496608 Syngatha argyropasta (Hampson, 1918) 496609 Syngatha subflavipars Hacker spec. nov. 496610 Syngatha pyrrhoxantha Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 497611 Syngatha hannarolandae Hacker spec. nov. 497612 Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hampson, 1902 498613 Eublemmistis aberfoylea Hacker spec. nov. 499614 Eublemmistis gola Hacker spec. nov. 499615 Eublemmistis bivirgula berio, 1963 499616 Eublemmistis elachistana Hacker spec. nov. 500617 Eublemmistis ramonafana Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 500618 Tegiapa larentiodes (a. e. prout, 1922) 501619 Tegiapa grisesaxea Hacker spec. nov. 501620 Tegiapa craspedica (Hampson, 1910) 502621 Tegiapa forsteri Hacker spec. nov. 502622 Tegiapa kingstoni Hacker spec. nov. 503623 Tegiapa lenzi Hacker spec. nov. 503624 Tegiapa agassizi Hacker spec. nov. 504625 Tegiapa nana Hacker spec. nov. 504

20

626 Tegiapa politzari Hacker spec. nov. 505627 Tegiapa schreieri Hacker spec. nov. 506628 Tegiapa aarviki Hacker spec. nov. 506629 Tegiapa obliqua Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 507630 Tegiapa melanoleuca Hacker spec. nov. 507631 Tegiapa melanochra Hacker spec. nov. 508632 Tegiapa aberdarensis Hacker spec. nov. 508633 Tegiapa catalai Hacker spec. nov. 509634 Tegiapa vanjamanitra (viette, 1981) 509635 Tegiapa microplexia (viette, 1962) 509636 Tegiapa comorana (viette, 1981) 510637 Tegiapa goateri Hacker spec. nov. 510638 Tegiapa ambiguosa Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 511639 Tegiapa ugandana Hacker spec. nov. 512640 Tegiapa virescens (Hampson, 1910) 512641 Tegiapa nigrilineata (Hampson, 1916) 513642 Tegiapa steganioides Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 513643 Oediblemma trogoptera Hampson, 1918 514644 Oediblemma bjoernstadi Hacker spec. nov. 514645 Oediblemma maritima Hacker spec. nov. 514646 Oediblemma kigoma Hacker spec. nov. 515647 Oediblemma kakuma Hacker spec. nov. 516648 Oediblemma poliogyra Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 516649 Oediblemma daloana Hacker spec. nov. 516650 Oediblemma ipassa Hacker spec. nov. 517651Oediblemma ipassina Hacker spec. nov. 517652 Oediblemma leptinia (mabille, [1900]) 518653 Oediblemma caligifusca Hacker spec. nov. 518654 Oediblemma nigropuncta Hacker spec. nov. 518655 Oediblemma peregrina Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 519656 Myana sopora (swinHoe, 1884) 520657 Holocryptis albida Hampson, 1918 521658 Holocryptis erosides (Hampson, 1902) 521659 Holocryptis melanosticta Hampson, 1910 521660 Holocryptis neavei d. s. FletcHer, 1961 521661 Holocryptis vittata Hacker spec. nov. 521662 Holocryptis permaculata Hampson, 1910 522663 Holocryptis interrogationis viette, 1957 522664 Lophocryptis argyrophora Hampson, 1914 522665 Lophocryptis sulpurea Hacker, FiebiG & stadie spec. nov. 523666 “Toana“ flaviceps Hampson, 1918 523667 Coeloturatia patanei turati, 1926 524668 Pseudomicrodes decolor (rebel, 1907) 524669 Pseudomicrodes mediorufa Hampson, 1910 524670 Pseudomicrodes fuscipars Hampson, 1910 525671 Pseudomicrodes ochrocraspis Hampson, 1914 525672 Pseudomicrodes namibiensis (Hacker, 2004) 525673 Pseudomicrodes rufigrisea Hampson, 1910 525674 Pseudomicrodes varia berio, 1944 526675 Pseudomicrodes scoparioides (Hacker, 2004) 526

Literature 527

Genitalia plates 1-92 592

Colour Plates 1-58 684

Index 804

21

Acronyms of depositories, abbreviations

AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New YorkBMNH Natural History Museum (formerly British Museum of Natural History), London cmp Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgdei Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin, Eberswalde HNHM Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum (Hungarian Natural History Museum), Budapest IEVU Vilniaus Universitetas (Vilnius University, Lithuania), Institute of EcologyMCSM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, MilanoMCSN Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, GenoaMNHN Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, ParisMNVD Museum für Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte, DessauMRAC Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, TervurenNHMO Naturhistorisk Museum, Oslo NHMU Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, BerlinNHMW Naturhistorisches Museum, WienNMB National Museum of Zimbabwe, BulawayoNMK National Museums of Kenya, NairobiNHMB Naturhistorisches Museum, BaselNRM Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, StockholmRMNH Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, NetherlandsSMNK Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, KarlsruheSNG Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am MainSNMD Senckenberg Museum, Dresden/formerly Museum für Tierkunde, DresdenTMP Ditson National Museum of Natural History (formerly Transvaal Museum), PretoriaUMO University Museum, Oxford UniversityZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, MünchenZFMK Zool. Forschungsinstitut und Museum A.Koenig, BonnZMJUK Muzeum Zoologiczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Witamy (Zoological Museum of the Jagiellonian University),

CracowZIN Зоологический музей Зоологического института РАН (Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the

Russian Academy of Science),Санкт-Петербург (St. Petersburg) ZMUC Zoological Museum of the University Copenhagen

BOLD Barcode of Life Data SystemsCCDB Canadian Centre for DNA BarcodingDRC Democratic Republic of CongoRCA Central African RepublicRSA Republic of South AfricaUAE United Arab EmiratesICZN International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature of author(s) [= misidentification]comb. nov. new combinationsyn. nov. new synonymspec. nov. new speciessubspec. nov. new subspeciesnom. dub. nomen dubium [= identity uncertain]praeocc. name preoccupied uncert. stat. status uncertainl. t. locus typicus (type locality)

HT HolotypePT ParatypeLT LectotypePLT Paralectotype

22

Introduction

There has never been a systematic survey of the moths of the African Continent. An encyclopaedic catalogue on modern standard would be an immense task requiring many years to complete. There have been some substantial local surveys conducted that provide useful information, but since their publication, either much time has elapsed or they were restricted to smaller geographical areas or to particular taxonomic units. Although the literature on the African and Madagascan fauna is voluminous, it often contains poor descriptions or lacks suitable illustrations; synonyms stated often prove to be erroneous. The placement of species, genera or groups or even subfamilies is often superificial or tentative or without precise examination. Often Oriental or even Neotropical genera are used in the sytematic placement of African species, which is misleading for the understanding of sound taxonomic placement and biogeographical relationship. The information is scattered through an enormous range of smaller and larger taxonomic and faunistic papers or books, without any coherent synopsis. The allocation of a large number of taxa into genera, tribes or even subfamilies remains tentative to this day. It is clear that many groups include further, still unnamed species and need thorough revision. Therefore this Project will be the starting point for further intensive study.The internet-based “Afromoths” Project is very useful, but is designed as a database without aspiration towards fundamental work on taxonomy, systematics and biogeography. This was the reason to launch this MOTHS OF AFRICA Project. This new series embraces an inventory of the Heterocera of Continental Africa, including the Mediterranean northern part, and its adjacent islands, including Madagascar. The books will be the result of broadly based studies of museum holdings and all available public and private collections during the last decades. As far as possible, specific identification will be based on the study and evaluation of the type specimens. Most species will be illustrated in colour, with figures of male and female genitalia, and there will be other important information to give a strong foundation for accurate determination. An important portion will be devoted to the biogeographical classification of the species. So far, in the majority of cases a purposeful attribution has been impossible for want of a sufficient information. Distribution is often referred to countries, which have in Africa no biogeographical characteristic but are the result of arbitary boundaries made during the colonial periods of the18th to 20th Centuries.The illustrated hardcover books are to be published from 2018, beginning with this Erebidae (Eublemminae, Boletobiinae) volume, already at hand. Subsequent families and groups will be covered by appropriate specialist authors, who are summarized in the team of members of the Project, and listed in the website www.moths-of-africa.com or www.esperiana.net.The Noctuoidea are the largest superfamily of the Order Lepidoptera (Insecta) with nearly 50.000 species described, distributed in all zoogeographical regions. Their larvae are phytophagous and usually associated with higher vascular plants. Hence, they are important components of natural or agricultural ecosystems and some cause serious problems as pests of agriculture and forestry.During the last decades, the higher classification of the superfamily Noctuoidea has undergone numerous dramatic changes. The Family known as Noctuidae up to 2005, is now divided into four families, Erebidae, Nolidae, Euteliidae and Noctuidae. The former families Arctiidae and Lymantriidae are now placed in the Erebidae as subfamilies. A large number of taxa have been revised on worldwide level, and revisions of taxa of the subtropical and tropical fauna of the Old and New Worlds have been presented. Therefore the reader can expect more major changes of previously accepted generic or even subfamilial placements, as a result of attempts to produce more satisfactory classification within the former Noctuidae. Noctuoidea species are often extremely similar in facies and difficult to identify with certainty. Classification therefore often requires detailed study, using modern systematic methodology and standards, including molecular methods. As with many other Lepidoptera groups, we often have rudimentary knowledge of the life cycle and distribution of even common species. Many species, some still unnamed, are in danger of becoming extinct because of cultivation and deforestation of their habitats. Although Noctuoidea is a cosmopolitan superfamily, the Indo-Australian and African tropics and subtropics are home to the highest diversity of these moths. In contrast to the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions, which are well studied and taxonomically more or less completed, the fauna of Africa is the least known of all tropical-subtropical regions. During the late colonial period and especially the last decades an immense amount of material has been accumulated in world museums and private collections, which awaits examination and study. There is still a serious lack of synoptic literature with contemporary taxonomy and systematics, and helpful illustrations, and this lack must surely have discouraged further exploration.

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Those who decide to study moths are faced with a formidable number of species, many of which vary greatly in colour, wing pattern and size. It is hardly surprising that many moths are still undescribed or unfamiliar even to specialists, even in areas with rich lepidopterological tradition. There is still much to be learnt about the taxonomy, zoogeography, biology, life cycle and behaviour of these insects: the bionomics of the majority of the species are still unknown. Undoubtedly, in the future, further collecting and study and revision of museum material, the number of named species will substantially increase.Although numerous articles on the moth fauna of Africa have been published by foreign authors, there is little in the way of traditional studies by local lepidopterists in the area, apart from South Africa which has a long entomological tradition. It is hoped that this contribution will be helpful and stimulating, both to local and foreign researchers, as an introduction to the moths of Africa, which will lead to further studies of the insect diversity of this extensive region.

History of research

The first descriptions of species by Carl von linné, Johann Christian Fabricius, and other fathers of modern taxonomy from the 18th to the middle of the 19th Century were made not only of indigenous European material but also from that of tropical countries. Fabricius for instance described about 10.000 species of insects and a smaller number of other arthropods, including colourful species from foreign countries, predominantly India, but also from Africa. A few decades later Jean Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour de boisduval and Achilles Guenée (1852) published their famous “Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptères, Noctuélites“ and created a base for exploration of the tropical-subtropical moth fauna. Some years earlier (1833), boisduval had published his “Faune Entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Lépidoptères" and with it the first survey of the Lepidoptera fauna of tropical areas and countries.

Wolfram mey (2011) drew attention to the significance of the German Colonial System in Africa from 1884 to 1918 for scientific research in the countries under their control, correlated with a long tradition of entomological research in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Similar entomological research was done in all European countries with a scientific tradition and colonies in Africa, right until the late colonial period in the mid- 20th Century when most of the African countries became independent.

The older material in the large National Museums in London, Paris, Tervuren, Leiden and Milan predates that period. Along with the discovery of the fascinating insects of tropical and subtropical regions, entomologists began to study and describe them, most famously in London, Berlin and Paris. A series of descriptive books, including Francis walker´s “List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collections of the British Museum” (1854-1866), George Francis Hampson´s famous “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the Collection of the British Museum” (1898-1913) and the seitz catalogue “Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde” (1909-1940) were based largely on these collections.

Of course, other natural scientists and explorers also contributed largely to the exploration of the African fauna, such as the Swedish naturalist J. A. waHlberG, whose collection was evaluated by Hans Daniel Johan wallenGren, and contains 202 species. Outside Europe, two early American explorers of the African Noctuoidea fauna, William Jacob Holland and William scHaus, deserve particular attention.

In contrast to 19th and 20th Centuries, during which only a few privileged scientists were able to undertake expeditions, especially to the remote desert areas with the assistance of villagers, it is now much easier to reach these places and to observe, collect and study material from there. Even so, many areas remain dangerous because of their isolation and remoteness, their extremes of climate, with erratic thunderstorms and downpours, and also because of periods of political instability and insecurity, with the possibility of terrorist attacks. Consequently, collecting has been localised to a considerable extent; even national borders have changed for a variety of reasons. The northern half of Africa is dominated by the huge, dry Sahara eremic and semi-eremic areas, which is not actually impenetrable, but ranks among the comparatively unexplored parts of the world. The Central African rainforest areas are also relatively unexplored, because of their inaccessibility and political instability. Nevertheless, across the huge continent there are many stable regions, and even in countries that have regionally faced war, trouble-free collecting and scientific research is temporalily possible in other regions.During the second half of the 20th century much taxonomic work on noctuids was done by Emilio berio in the period from 1935 to 1993, especially dealing with the East and Central African fauna, and with that of Madagascar. The Madagascan fauna was explored in greater depth by French entomologists, especially Paul viette, and mostly published between 1954 and 1996. Pierre-Claude rouGeot and Bernard laporte (1979-1991) worked on the Lepidoptera of the Ethiopian highlands, collected during expeditions by the Museum

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National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

A special position is occupied by the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History in Pretoria (formely the Transvaal Museum). Scientific resarch here has a similar tradition as in other well developed industrialized countries. The outstanding entomologist Antonius Johannes Theodorus janse presented his “The Moths of South Africa” between 1937 and 1940. Elliot Charles Gordon pinHey’s “Moths of Southern Africa” has been the most popular scientific book for decades, and is the only illustrated source providing an overview of the southern African moths. More recently, Martin krüGer has been following in janse‘s wake at the museum and works predominatly on the South African Afro-alpine fauna. Finally, “Classification and Checklist of the species of Lepiodoptera recorded in Southern Africa”, presented by Lajos vári, Douglas kroon & M. Martin krüGer, (2002) gives a worthy compilation of species of that area. Previously, Bernard D‘abrera (1980) and ackery et al. (1995) summarized the knowledge of all African Rhopalocera. Likewise, penninGton (1978) that of Southern Africa, kielland (1990) that of Tanzania, and larsen (1996) that of Kenya. A survey of the roughly 260 known African Sphingidae was published by carcasson (1976). scHintlmeister & witt (2015) provided an overview of the southern African Notodontidae, listing 99 species, 23 of them endemic to this region.

Unfortunately, entomological museums or institutes, established during the late colonial period, such as in Bulawayo (Zimbabwe), Nairobi (Kenya), Cairo (Egypt) and Lagos (Nigeria) have not really developed into centres of basic academic research. Most of their entomological studies have been directed to applied science, mostly in favour of research of agricultural and forestry pests.

The exploration of the Lepidoptera fauna of the Palaearctic Mediterranean North African Maghreb countries and the Macaronesian Archipelago developed independently. Important milestones are descriptional and faunistic papers by Otto staudinGer, Otto banG-Haas, Charles obertHür, Walter rotHscHild and Victor Faroult in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. Comprehensive surveys of the Macrolepidoptera fauna of zoned territories were presented later by Alexandré Constantinovich cHnéour (1934-1963) from Tunisia and Charles runGs (1982) from Morocco.

Before that, Commander Daniel lucas (1905-1956) published numerous contributions to the fauna of the Maghreb countries Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and Charles runGs (1935-1992) for those of Morocco, the former Spanish Western Sahara and Mauritania. In 1948/1949, E. P. wiltsHire presented “The Lepidoptera of the Kingdom of Egypt”, till now the sole monograph of that Northeast African country. In regard to the Macaronesian Archipelago, the Canary Islands were explored by betHune-baker (1891), rebel, 1894-1940 and especially pinker, who made 14 contributions between 1960 and1982. A survey of the noctuid fauna was submitted by Hacker & scHmitz (1996).

Quite recently, comprehensive revisions of genera and groups including Caradrina ocHsenHeimer, 1816 (Hacker, 2004), Acontia ocHsenHeimer, 1816 and the tribus Acontiini Guenée, 1841 (Hacker, leGrain, & FibiGer, 2008), Feliniopsis roepke, 1938 (Hacker & FibiGer, 2007a), Brevipecten Hampson, 1894 (Hacker & FibiGer, 2007b), Thiacidas walker, 1855 (Hacker & zilli, 2007; 2010) and Nolini (Hacker, scHreier & Goater, 2012) all refer to the whole African and Madagascan regions.

The fauna of the southwestern Arabian Peninsula is strongly influenced by African elements. Therefore the numerous papers of wiltsHire (1946-1994), including Egypt, and the results of three German expeditions to Yemen in 1996, 1998 and 2000, conducted by the present author and colleagues all linked closely to the African fauna. They were all summarized in two volumes (Hacker, 2016) of “Systematic and Illustrated Catalogue of the Macroheterocera and Superfamilies Cossoidea leacH, [1815], Zygaenoidea latreille, 1809, Thyridoidea HerricH-scHäFFer, 1846 and Hyblaeoidea Hampson, 1903 of the Arabian Peninsula, with survey of their distribution (Lepidoptera)”. More recently still, much new knowledge and data were presented in the series ESPERIANA Memoirs, especially by the fundamental taxonomic, faunistic and ecological explorations in SW Africa by Wolfram mey (2004-2014) and colleagues, already referred to at the beginning of this chapter.Due to lack of space, many other explorers and scientists are not mentioned individually, but their work is just as significant as that of those listed. Their names and fields of operation are referred to in the following text.

Material and MethodsMaterial and data given in this book are from all collections with specimens from the area concerned. These are British Museum (Natural History), London, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Museum Witt, München, Naturhistorisk Museum, Oslo, Naturhistorisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Staatliches Museum für

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Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria and Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, and also from a large number of private collectors, who are listed under ‘Acknowledgements’. The majority of the specimens are in a separate section of the African Collection of the ZSM, in which the collections of the author are included, and which also contains a multitude of unidentified material. For many parts of the present book it was necessary to examine and figure all relevant type specimens. Most of them were located in the collections mentioned above. The holotypes of the species described here are deposited in Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, except where otherwise indicated; all material collected by the author is in ZSM. Photographs of the specimens were taken, whenever possible, before dissection. Because of the immense number of species treated here, many of which are strikingly similar, it was necessary to make more than 5000 male and female genitalia dissections, applying the standard procedure for Noctuoidea (FibiGer, 1997). The nomenclature of internal features, mainly parts of the male and female genitalia, follows that used in the series Noctuidae Europaeae and earlier publications by the author (especially Hacker, 2004; Hacker et al., 2008). The definition of the processes of the inner surface of the valva of the male genitalia varies in different publications, especially between those of the New and the Old World. Therefore the features clasper, harpe, digitus and ampulla are redefined here to avoid ambiguity.DNA barcodes for the majority of the species treated here were obtained by taking samples from dry legs from each specimen. The DNA extracts are stored at the CCDB and the DNA-Bank facility of the ZSM. Data of the specimens, e.g. images, voucher deposition, GenBank accession number, GPS coordinates, sequence and trace file are stored in the BOLD in the GZPPL and GZPPT projects. The samples IDs (Museum IDs) of the specimens (voucher deposition) are all listed, such as “BC ZSM Lep 48145“; the samples used in this revision are underlined.The handling of the sequence divergences for the barcode region follows ratnasinGHam & Hebert (2007) using the Kimura 2 Parameter model, employing the analytical tools on BOLD (cf. Hausmann, 2011). The genetic distances between genera and species shown in some figures are reported as minimum pairwise distances (cf. also Hausmann, 2011).Unfortunately, the results of DNA sequencing become less clear in old specimens. Therefore matchable results have only been possible for species of which newly collected material was available.Currently, much information is posted on the Internet, surely to great advantage, but on the other hand hardcopy remains the safest and unmanipulable kind of publishing, especially for essential information. However, there is room for both media and the content of the book will also be avalable as digital PDF.

Geomorphology

In contrast to the adjacent Asian and European Continents, Africa forms an isolated land mass with limited contacts to other lands, connecting at three places only, the Isthmus of Suez, the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern end of the Red Sea. The Afro-tropical-subtropical Region is much more isolated by the barrier of Sahara than any other biogeographical regions of the World, with the exception of Australia. The main geomorphological features of Africa are its generally low relief, with folded mountain ranges at southern and northern tips of the Continent and a very extensive area of geological uplift and faulting, the Great Rift Valley System, which is particularly high in the northeastern Ethiopian plateau. Height above sea level is on average about 500 m, towards East and South Africa there are large areas of medium altitude, above 1,000 m. With exception of the Mediterranean coast, the coastal lowland in Mozambique and that of Guinea, low coastal strips are rare and the highlands behind usually rise rather abruptly. With exception of its northwestern section, the Continent is formed of a base of old rock plateaux, separated by barriers like those of Guinea and Luanda into large basins as in the Niger, Chad or Congo Basins.The Sahara, largest desert of the World (5,000,000 km2), occupies more than a quarter of the African surface and forms the North African Plateau. At the northern margin are the Atlas Mountains, which extend from Morocco to Tunisia. Other major highlands are Fouta Djalon southeastwards (Guinea) and the Adamaoua-Massiv and Mountain Cameroon in the South. The Chad Basin is situated approximately in the centre of the North African Plateau.The central and southern plateaux are considerably higher and enclose the Congo Basin and the Kalahari Desert. The southern part of the continent is formed by the Drakensberge, which range about 1,100 km along the southern shore and the Great Karoo in the West, an arid plateau of about 259,000 km2.

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The highest part of Africa is the East African Plateau which extends from the Red Sea coast to the Zambezi, on average 1,500 m above sea level, up to 3,000 m in the Ethiopian Plateau with the Ras Dashan, highest peak of the Ethiopian Highlands. More southwards of the Ethiopian Plateau some high vulcanic peaks rise up, among them Mount Kilimanjaro, at 5,895 m the highest peak of the African Continent, the Mount Kenya Massiv (5,199 m) and Mount Elgon (4,321 m). Of highest importance in the eastern highlands is the East African Rift Valley system, which is composed of several elongated geological rifts, running from north to south. West of the Central Rift Valley, the Ruwenzori Mountain Range extends along the Congolian-Ugandan border and reaches up to 5,119 m altitude.The topography of Madagascar is characterised by a central, rugged plateau which extends mainly along the eastern coast from north to south and separates the dry southwestern from the more humid northeastern part.African soils are mostly irregularly drained and do not have steady phreatic level. Most of them are mineral deficient because of few, but violent rainfalls and high temperatures. Huge areas consist of desert floors (aridisols und entisols) which contain very few mineral substances. The mollisols of East Africa are among the most fertile soils of the Continent, also known as chernozem. The alfisols and podzolic soils (bleaching earth and cinder soils) in parts of West and South Africa are also highly fertile.

Flora and Fauna, Biogeography

Plant geographers divide the World for their distinctive plant life into six major floristic regions (also called Floristic Kingdoms or Floral Kingdoms): Boreal, Palaeotropical, Neotropical, Australian, Cape Floral Kingdom, Madagascar. Most isolated from the others are the Australian and Neotropical regions, the latter still accessible by land.

In Africa, the Neotropical and Australian Floral Kingdoms are naturally absent, but the other four are well represented. Floral Kingdoms coincide closely with the faunal regions and are usually regarded as biogeographic regions, as done here: the biogeographical categories defined below are based on their flora, but there are three main large domains which, although separated, are zoogeographically not distinctly different from the Afro-tropical-subtropical Region, which forms the western part of the the Palaeotropical Region:

- the Cape region of South Africa, which is recognized by plant geographers as Cape Floral Kingdom, a distinct major unit because of its rich flora,

- Madagascar, although long separated from Africa and with very unusual flora, - the high montane sections above the treeline, present on the highest plateaus and peaks along the Rift

Valley, in the South African Drakensberge and a few volcanic peaks in Cameroon and Bioko.The whole Afro-tropical-subtropical Region has been known for decades as the Ethiopian Region by biologists. The term Afro-tropical-subtropical is used here because it is less ambiguous. Madagascar and all islands in the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the east, which belong biogeographically to the region, are included in the MOTHS OF AFRICA Project.According to geographic position, geology, climate and altitude, the major physical features for fauna and fauna are extremely diverse over the surface of 30 million km2 of Africa. African vegetation pattern corresponds almost exactly with rainfall patterns. The area which receives the greatest tropical rainfall is in the west Congolian Basin which results in dense forests. A series of arcs of decreasing rainfall radiate out to West and East Africa, where rainfalls are caught on the western face of highlands, with rain shadow to the east. In contrast to the moist central core of Africa, large areas of North, East and South Africa are arid and only larger mountain systems are reached by seasonal heavier rainfalls.The overwhelming majority of moth species have phytophagous caterpillars, feeding on green plants or algae. The distribution therefore depends on the presence of their particular foodplants, especially as many of them are oligo- or even monophagous. Vegetation and its composition is therefore of prime significance for the occurrence and distribution of Lepidoptera. Evolution of flora and phytophagous Lepidoptera are linked, and so are phytogeography and zoogeography. The distribution of Lepidoptera follows the vegetation pattern and ecological gradients. The phytogeographic subdivision of Africa is therefore equally applicable for lepidopterous insects, including Noctuoidea.Africa is divided by the Sahara Desert into two major areas: Mediterranean Africa, including Macaronesia northward, and Subsaharan Africa, which is rather homogenous south of the Sahara. The border between the Palaearctic and Afro-tropical-subtropical Regions runs through the central Sahara, although various authors define it differently, some hundreds of kilometres to the north or south (lauer & FrankenberG, 1977; Quézel, 1965; 1971; speidel &

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Hassler, 1989). The Afro-tropical-subtropical border includes the southernmost part of the Arabian Peninsula, including Yemen, Oman and southwesternmost Saudi Arabia, since their fauna and flora are primarily Afro-tropical-subtropical (cf. also Hacker, 2016).Three quarters of Africa south of the Sahara are covered by savanna, thornbush and forest ecosystems. The other quarter includes southern Africa and the Afromontane Biome. Africa, Madagascar and the Oriental Region are completely isolated by the Sahara and Arabian deserts and the Indian Ocean and present no complication in their faunal demarcation. According to Heppner (1991), Africa has been the most stable continent during continental drift and has remained nearly in the same position since Permian times (about 250 million years ago). It includes the remnants of Gondwanaland in South Africa and Madagascar, with little interchange in the north because of the aridity of the Sahara Desert barrier. Thus, the central equatorial rainforests may be the most ancient in the World, although periodic dry periods brought about advancement and regression of rainforest, savanna and montane forest in all biogeographical zones. Quarternary climatic changes also produced forest refugia in the lowlands during the peaks of the glacial period of the Pleistocene as pointed out by HaFFner (1982), Heppner (1991) and prance (1982). The resettlement of the tropical rainforest flora and fauna took place repeatadly from those refugia. A high level of endemism is indicative of long isolation and stability in Africa, particularly in regard to the smaller-scaled southern African biomes and the numerous East African Afromontane subbiomes along the Rift Valley, the South African and Guinean Highlands. Lepidoptera follow the distribution of their host plants more than anything else. Therefore the biogeography of this entirely phytophagous group follows plant geography to a large extent. The biogeographical provinces of Africa have been variously defined. walter & breckle (1984) summarized vegetational units into Zonobiomes. curtis & mannHeimer (2005) considered tree species for definition of zonation systems. burGess et al. (2004) used ecological features. The number of African mainland phytogeographic biomes given by mendelsoHn et al. (2002) adds up to 13; sayre et al. (2013) listed 17 Phytogeographic Regions. The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) subdivides Africa into 10 regions (brummitt, 2001): Macaronesia, Northern Africa, West Tropical Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, West Central Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa, Southern Africa, West Indian Ocean and Middle Atlantic Ocean. Heppner (1991) defined 29 biogeographical provinces, including Madagascar and the adjacent isles of the Indian Ocean, which are comparable in structure with the phytogeographic regions mentioned above. All these phytogeographic subcategories are more or less in accordance, apart from some of the more or less fine tuned classification.In the presentation here, the classifications given by burGess et al. (2004), sayre et al. (2013), and Heppn