Mota Moniz Kruger Humanism

7/27/2019 Mota Moniz Kruger Humanism

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2012 Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. All rights reserved.

Published by the ACSA Press and distributed by the

Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture

1735 New York Ave., NW

Washington, DC20006

(202) 785-2324 www.acsa-arch.org
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Contents

A cademia I: P e d a g og i ca l A f fo rda n ce s o f t he D esign Studio

3 Eros ive Cartographie s

Karl Wallick, University of Wisco nsin-Milwaukee

7 Ne ith er Ind ivid ua l, Nor G ro up:

A Fi rs t Y e ar D e sig n S t u d io E x p er im e n t

Sevgi TOrkkan, Istanbul Technical University

Nizam Onur Sonmez, Istanbul Technical University

Burr,;in KOrtOncO, Istanbul Technical University

Cities I

17 C h a n g in g P o v e r ty P o c k e ts i n M e t ro p o li ta n s

Mos tafa Rabea Abdelbaset Khalifa,University of Camerino, Italy

Maria Federica Ottone, University of Camerino, Italy

23 T h e U n p la n n e d C i ty : P r e s er v in g P l a ce Th r o u g h U rb a n M a k in g

James Fowler Eckler, Jr. , Marywood University

28 C h i na ' s E m e r g in g Eco -C ities

Zhongjie Lin, University of North Carolina at Cha rlotte

32 H igh-Per fo rmance C i t ies o r Bu i ld ings

Seu ng R a, O klahom a State University

S usta ina b il it y I: To ward Carb on N eutral C it ies

41 A c h i ev in g t h e ' 20 2 0- 2 03 0 T a r ge t s' o f N e t-Zero -Energy-Bui ldings

w i th P ara m e tr ic 3 D /4 D -B IM D e s ig n T o o ls

Thomas Spiegel halter, Florida International University

48 A ir ing Renovations : Th e A t m o s p h er e o f P a u l R u d o lp h

Kevin Moo re, Aubu rn University

Justin M ille r, Auburn University

55 A r c h it e c tu r e M u s t F o ll o w t h e S tra te g y o f M u s i c: S h a rin g

Eduard Sancho Pou, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya

57 Loca l Exa m p l es , G l o ba l P e r s ec t iv e : F r o m T h e o ry t o P ra c t ic e

in D e s ig n in g , M e a su ri ng a n d B en c h m ar ki ng C a rb o n-Neutral

Arch itecture

Thomas Spiegelhalter, Florida International University

65 Tradit iona l Mate r ials Opt imize d fo r the 21s t Century

Elizabeth Golden, Universit y o f W as hington

Civ ic Engagement I: D i rect A cti vi sm

75 F rom Freed o m o f Expression to E x p r es s i on o f F re e d o m :

Respond in g t o S o cio - P o li ti c al C h a n g e in t h e C lassroom

Magda Mostafa, American University in Cairo

82 Th e A rc h it ec t C itize n : Th e N ature o f C ivi c E n g a g e m e n t

in P o s twar R e c o n s tr u c ti o n P ro j ec t s i n Lebanon

Mar wan Ghandour, Iowa State University

85 T rans-ac ti vis m in D e sign : A Case S tudy

Sally Harrison, Tem pl e University

O pen I95 Ce c i T u e r a C e l a: A rchitectural P ra c ti c e i n t h e A g e o f

U biquitous S oft ware

Colin R ipley, Ryers on U niversity

99 Fr a m in g t h e F a ct s: M o ving Be y on d a M ult icultural

S u r ve y o f A r c h it e c tu r a l H i stor y

Charles Davis, II, Univers ity of North Carolina

at Cha rlotte

P ra c ti ce I: A t the Con fluenc e o f R esearc h and D esign

10 7 Deve lopin g a De s ig n T h eo r y: T h e A b e n d S ing le to n S tory

David S achs, Kansas State University

11 2 L ea rn in g A rc hite ctu ra l Res to r a ti o n T h r o ug h

Cooperat ive W ork ing S t ra teg ies

Mar iona G enis-V inyals, Universitat Po/itecnica de Catalunya

Albert Casals Balague, Universitat Politecnica deCatalunya

Jose Luis Gonzalez M oreno-Navarro, Universitat Politecnica

de Catalunya

Citie s I I

121 A poca lypt ic D es ir e a n d O u r U r ba n I m ag inat ion

Amy Murphy, University of Sout he rn California

127 C it ie s f ro m t h e B o t t o m -Up: 22@ P lanning ,A S y s te m A t t ac h e d t o C h a n g e

Philip S peranza, University of Oregon

13 3 Urban M a p pi ng s a s a Visua l Rhetorica l Too l

fo r D es ign Teach ing C hange

Paulo Providencia, Universidade de Coimbra

13 8 U rba n No m a d s

Nicolin e L oe per, S axion University

Matthias Ott, Saxion University


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IV

Civ ic En gagement II I: Sus tainable Neighborhoods

277 The Paradise Creek Eco Park: A Collaborative

Model of Academic Civic Engagement

Phoebe Crisman, University of Virginia

283 The Race Is Really the Prize: Des igning Community

Capacity in Ecodistricts

Christine Mondor, Carnegie Mellon University

Prac t ice I I: A t th e C o n flue nce of Aut hor ship and Collabara tion

291 Collaps e t o Expand: Alessi's Tea and Coffee Piazza

Shannon Starkey, University of Cal ifornia, Los Angeles

296 Dbjects of Our A ffection

Daniel le Etzler, Harvard University

299 Rethinking Post-Vanguard Conceptual Practices

Santiago Per ez, University of Arkansas

Globalization I: Energetic Stra tegies &Analyt ic M o de ls

309 ENERGY-(R)EVOLUTION

Wendy F ok, University of Houston

316 Geograph ie s of Energy

Rania Ghosn, Univers it y o f Michigan

321 Mapping Urbanism

Kelly Hutzell, Carnegie Mellon University

Open I I I

331 A Certain Brand of H umanism: Lewis Mumford, Matthew Nowicki,

and the Architectura l Pedagogy of North Carolina State College,

194 8-1952

Eric Bel lin, Universit y o f Pe nnsylvania

338 Silver Residence Hall at NYU U ptown: A Bridge to Co-ed Hous ing

Carla Yanni, Rutgers University

Technology II : Te chnologica l Pedagogies

345 How Can Students Learn to Integrate Form and Construction?

Karel Vandenhen de , U niversi ty o f L euven

349 Imperatives of Craft: Pedagogy for Emergent Technologies

James Fowler Eckler, Jr., Marywood University

Karl W allick , U ni versity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

355 Manual Operations in the Age of Digital Design:

A Case of a Beginning Design Studio

M yung Seok H yun, Georgia Institute of Technology

Open IV

363 Anisotropia: Morpho-generative Sound Analysis

Christoph Klemmt, Orproject

367 Cultura l Cognition and Smart Space Design Culture

Alfredo Andia, Florida International University

Branko Kolarevic, University of Calgary

372 Forces o f Change: Past and Present

Marci Uihlein, University of I llinois,

Urbana-Champaign

Prac tic e III: At the Co nf luence of Representat ion and Pol itics

381 A Case of Mistaken Identity: Changes in the

Perception of Female Archite ct s in Puer to Rico

Norm a I sa F igueroa, University of Texas at Arlington

387 Los t in Translation: Searching for the Detail in

Contemporary Architectural Practice

Patrick D oa n, Virginia Tech

392 The Architect's Visua l Prac ti ce s a s a Source of Power

Richard Klopp, Vanier College

Sustainability III : Ne w Studio Des ign M ethodolog ies

401 Architecture Beyond Borders: Provisional Lessons

Learned from the Developing World

Joseph Dahmen, University of Brit ish Columbia

407 Change INo Change

Ingrid Strong, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Jenni fer Lee Michaliszyn, Wentworth Institute of Technology

415 Heal thy Buildings for the Future: How Can We Ens ure

that Designs or Adaptations Deliver Sus tainability Principles

and Can Be Integrated into Studio Based Teaching?

Faidon Nikiforiadis, Low Carbon Bui ld ing Design

Sam antha Jayne Townsend, Low C arbon Bui ld ing Design

Aca dem ia IV: Fin ding the World in Our C urricula

421 Networking Learning Processes: A Virtual Campus

to Support Housing Studies

Lean dro Madrazo, Ramon Llull University

Paul Riddy, Ram on L iu ll U niversity

Marta Masdeu, Ramon L lu ll U niversity

429 Design as Research: The Role of Argument in Design Projects

That Rep resent Contributions to Architectural Knowledge

John Gordon Hun t, University of Auckland

435 Study on Transitio n o f Accredi tatio n S ys te m

for Architectural Educatio n in Japan

Tomoaki Tanaka, Meiji University

Koichiro Aitani , Kyushu University


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8/14

H U M A N IS M , U N IV E RS A LIS M A N D T H E N AT IV E G E N I U S

Palladio's architecture together with their theoretical contributions to

the discipl ine. This book suddenly became instrumental in challeng-

ing both the academic (Beaux Arts) account on the architecture of

the Renaissance and the most dogmatic modernist principles. In fact,

already in 1947 Colin Rowe published in The Architectural Reviewhis

seminal artic le "The Mathematics of the Ideal Vil la." In this art icle,Rowe, a pupil of Wittkower, famously demonstrated the resonances

in the generative geometry of Palladio's Villa Malcontenta a nd L a Ro -

tonda with Le Corbusier's Vil la Stein de Monzie at Garches and Villa

Savoye.4 At the end of the 1940s, both Wittkower and Rowe w ere thus

showing that the archi tectural principles of the Renaissance were

worth for something more than mere images to be li teral ly copied as it

had been hitherto approached in Beaux Arts architectural education,

After the publication of Rowe's article and in the same year of Witt-

k ow er 's b oo k, L e C orbusier publ ished his Le Modulor where, ac-

cording to the book's subtitle, he sought "une mesure harmonique

a I 'echelle humaine applicable universellement

a l'Architecture et

a la mecanique" (a harmonious measure to the human scale univer-

sally applicable to architecture and mechanics,)

Systems of proport ion thus became a trendy topic fa r the p os twar

younger generation of architects, as c an b e stated by the opinion of

notable members of this generation such as the Smithsons, whom

declared in a l e tter to th e e di to r o f the RIBA Journal, published in

February 1952, tha t the y w ere a w are th e mos t d iscu ss ed books of

that moment were Le Corbusier's Le Modulor and Wittkower's Archi-

tectural Principles, both concerned wi th systems of proportion.5 They

argued, mo reover,

"Dr. W ittkower is regarded by the youngerarchitects as the onlya rt-his-torian working i n England capableo f describing and a nalysingbuildingsin spatial and plastic terms, and not inte rmso f derivationsand dates."6

Le Corbusier's Le Modulor was translated into English in 1954 and

reviewed in 1957 by Sybil Moholy-Nagy, whom considered the Mod-

ulor as a "magnificent folly." Le Corbusier, Moholy-Nag y remarks,

dwells between violent contradictions: from revolting monstrosity and

brutal dictatorship in his urban concepts, to deep humanism in his

religious projects and love for nature. With the Modulor, she argues,

"the service which Le Corbusier rendered l ies in the transforma tion

of time-bound phenomena - industrial ization, urbanization, building

technology - into timeless art." And she goes on to conclude that "[iJ

n a century of al l-pervading uti li tarianism the fol ly and depth of inap-

pi icable greatness is the contri bution of Le Corbusier. "7

In the same year Sibyl Moholy-Nagy reviewed Le Modulor, her book

Native Genius in Anonymous Architecture in North America was

launched, In this book, Mo holy-Nagy delivers criticism on architec-

tural approaches more interested in mechanical progress than in tru-

ly humanist progress. In producing "architectural standards based on

different values than those of pre-industr ial t imes," she argues new

architectural standards were created, which "are concerned less and

less wi th design and more and more wi th technology."8

Moreover, she goes on criticiz i n g also those who, out of an inferior-

complex, need to find architectural s ignif icance in remote conteE

overlooking their native circumstance. She contends thus that

"[tlhe romantic glow of the ancient and the far-away has dimmed "";:

us the aChieve ments o f our own untutored and intuitive architectL~geniuses ."

And goes on argu ing that

"[ilt is this verya nonymity that gives special weight to their work : r . : -caus e it was preserved for no other reason that i ts adequacy beyc-the life of the builder. It fulfilled an ideal standard. "9

Sibyl Moh oly-Nagy's i de al s ta nd ard, produced by the native gen,_

seems, thus, to chal lenge Le Corbusier's aim t o "harmon iz e t he L

of the world's product throu gh s tandardization" with the Modular. S ,_

champions an alternative approach, praising the outcome of a natL''=:

relation betwee n the architectura l a rt ifact a nd i ts circumstance.

N E G O TIA T IN G A R C H IT E C TU R E W IT H N A TU R E

The intertwined r ela tion betwe en the p ursu it o f a esthetic perfectic-

and the acknowledgm ent of Nature as i ts mai n reference can a'-

be found in Alberti 's De re aedificatoria.

In his treatise, Albert i contends that the elements relevant for L--

derstanding a build in g a re regio (the surroundings of the bui lding. .

area (th e b ui ld in g s ite), partitio (partition), paries (wall), teet/.;-

(roo f), a nd apertio (opening).l0 In the definition o f th es e e le menc;:

Albert i conspicuou sly uses references from Na ture. For e x ampl=

when Albert i describes the proper way to design a building's par:-

tion, he compares i t to animals' bod ie s. H e argu es "just as wr : -

animals members relate to members, so too in b ui ld in gs p ar t oug-

to relate to part;" And he goes on conten di ng tha t

[Iln fashioning the members, the moderation shown by nature oug-

to be followed; and here,a s elsew here, we should not somuch prais:'sobriety as condemn unruly passion for building; each part should ~appropriate, and suit its purposell

Alberti goes even further, declaring that one should bui ld accordir;~

to the laws of Nature, avoiding challe ng in g h er, He argues that

[Nlothing should be attempted that l ies beyond human capacity, n _anything undertaken th at might immediately come into conflict wiL :"Nature. For sogreat is Nature's strength that, although on occasic-some hugeo bstacle mayobstruct her, or some barrier divert her,s l;~

will always overcome and destroy any oppo sition or impediment; ar:.any s tubbornness, as it were, d isplayed against her, will eventually tEoverthrown and destroyed by herco ntinual and persistent onslaught::

Next to stressing the lessons provided by Nature, Alberti draws als:

o ur a t te nt io n to th e n ee d to tak e in to consideration the native gE-

nius, i.e. to learn from the past. He thus states that

[Ilt wi ll be helpful to derive ideas and draw compariso n s bystudyill~completed buildings nearby, and to base our own proposals on the'

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"IN3VII39V9N331/\13


10/14

H U M A N IS M , U N IV E R S A LIS M A N D T H E N A T IV E G E N I U S

C H A LL EN G IN G A N U N I V ER SA LI S T A P P R O A C H

After the groundbreaking meeting held at Doorn, The Netherlands,

in January 1954, some of this generation's most active members

launched a"statement on habitat" also known as"The Doorn Man i-

'esto," In this manifesto, they challenged ClAM's interwar urbanand architectural principles, chiefly expressed in their criticism on

the universalism of the Athens Charter.

The notes of the first meeting in Doorn, reported that the Smithsons

condemned past ClAM's excessive dualism between house and city.

They argued that now it was time for accomplishing its interrela-

tion.23 This resonated with Alberti's famous dictum "a house is like

a small city and the city is like a big house", which had been al-

ready suggested by Plato in his "Leges."

In the Smithson's original manuscript for the" Doorn Manifesto",

the first point argued that "[ilt is useless to consider the houseexcept as a part of a community owing to the inter-action of these

[sicJ on each other."24They shunned the universality of the codifi-

cation proposed by the Athens Charter's four functions by declar-

ing that "we should not waste our time codifying the elements of

the house untill [sicJ the other relationship has been established."

Thus, they went on arguing "[hJabitat is concerned with the par-

ticular house in the particular type of community."

The methodological apparatus they suggested as an alternative

to the Athens Charter was the scales of association, inspired by

Patrick Geddes' "Valley Section," where they identified four "eco-

logical fields" or human associations: isolated buildings, villages,

towns, and cities, The "Statement on Habitat" later disseminated

by the ClAM members present at Doorn, stressed that "[tJo compre-

hend these human associations we must consider every community

as a particular total complex."25

The Doorn manifesto embodies, thus, a shift from the abstract and

universalizing character of the Athens Charter towards the ecologi-

cal and humanist approach triggered by the acknowledgment of

natural relationships between the individual and the community.

As stated above, Alberti was concerned with learning the lesson

delivered by Nature, recognizing the cultural significance of the

particular circumstance at a given building site, and praising the

interlocking relation between building and city, With the Doorn'

manifesto, some members of the mid-1950s ClAM younger genera-

tion echoed Alberti's more organic principles, which would eventu-

ally become programmatic in the folowing years.

In fact, the organizers of the 10th ClAM congress, who became

known as Team 10, decided to use the scales of association as an

essential methodological tool to debate and eventually formulate

the Charter of Habitat. Hence, for the 10th ClAM congress, all

ClAM groups were asked to present projects related with one of the

scales of association.

Figure l.ClAM-Porto - A New Agricultural Community. Project presented

at ClAM 10 - Dubrovnik, 1956. Extract of Panel 2 - General Plan. SourcE:

Centro de Documenta~ao da Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidadedo Porto.

The scale of association that arguably del ivered the most interes:-

ing case studies was the village, for it provided a scale where tt-:::

issue of relationships between the individual and its communi::;could be best perceived and assessed, The contribution to the co~-

gress of the group ClAM-Porto, a project for a Rural Communi:::

(Figure 1), utterly illustrates this.

C IV IC E N G AG E M EN T IN A R C HIT E CT U RA L E D U CA T IO N A N D P R A C T I C E

The project presented by the Portuguese ClAM group at the 10:-

ClAM congress, held at Dubrovnik in the summer of 1956, delri-

ered a proposal for a new agricultural community. Designed by :" -

nesto Viana de Lima, Fernando Tavora and Octavio Lixa FiIgueira~

it was the first outcome of an ongoing survey on Portuguese region.

1 53 - 2012 ACSA International Conference


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H U M A N I S M , U N I V E R S A L IS M A ND T HE N AT IV E G E N I U S

The impact on architectural education, however, was not only trig-

gered by the lessons learned from rural communities. The method-

ological apparatus provided by the development of surveys on rural

vernacular was also used to promote the student's consciousness

on the living conditions of some urban communit ies. Octavio Lixa

Filgueiras, after his appointment as professor at Porto's architecture

school, became deeply engaged in involving his colleagues and,

chiefly, his students in the development of urban surveys (Figure 4).

Figure 4. F. Guedes, J. Godinho, G. Largo - Barredo: Study o f Quarter

1, 1st level. Analysis developed for the course "Arquitectura Analftica"

(Analytic Architecture) 1964/65, Teacher: Octavio L. Filgueiras. Source:Centro de Documenta


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Documents

Mota Moniz Kruger Humanism