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7/25/2019 Most Common Errors in Service Entrance and Load Side Installations Prior to Final DU Inspection
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Most Common Errors in
Service Entrance and
Load Side InstallationsPrior to Final DU Inspection
Industrial and Commercial Buildings
Primary Voltage / Overhead
For RME Forum November 28, 2014IIEE Convention
Presented by : Ray Anthony Rodriguez
Team Leader- Meralco South CBG Technical Support
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Format of Presentation:
1. Error Mentioned or Shown2. Relevant Standards or Codes
3. Possible Corrections (-optional)
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Contents :1. What is Primary Metering?
2. RME Responsibilities3. Errors
b. Location of Lightning Arresters
c. Using ABS instead of LBS
d. Not Proper Coordinatione. Not Appropriate Transformer BIL
and Connections
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References :
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BulacanBulacan
Metro ManilaMetro Manila RizalRizal
PampangaPampanga C
C
D C
A C C
B C C
CB A ( A) C
CB B&C (AC A) C
C E C
F () C
. B
A C
B D C
E C, C , C C
A C
CC C C
F . E C
E C C
C
C C
B
A B
( ) C
C L C
Major Load Growth CentersMajor Load Growth CentersMajor Load Growth CentersMajor Load Growth Centers
CaviteCavite
LagunaLaguna
BatangasBatangas
QuezonQuezon
CaviteCavite
LagunaLaguna
QuezonQuezon
B C
F C E C
C C
D C
F C C
( )
F B
C
H E
B B
C (C )
( ) B
F C C C
C C
L L C
A
L BA L
E C
A
( ) H . E (MEALAND) L
L
E L
A G L
C
C
C
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Generation - Transmission - Distribution
Power Plants Transmission Lines
7
SubstationTransformers &
Equipment
DistributionLines &
Transformers
Customers
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C
/B
&
C
/+ /+ /+ /+
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M
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, O I,CO
D = 5 30
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M
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Registered Master Electricians
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Most Common Errors in
Service Entrance and
Prior to Final DU Inspection
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Not Enough Clearance
from other Conductors,Buildin s Structures and
Trees
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Upper Level
Conductors
Open
Secondary
upto 750V
Primary upto
13.8 kV Y or
Delta 34.5Y/20 kV 115 kVLower Level
Conductors/ Nature of
Surface
mm (ft-in) mm (ft-in) mm (ft-in) mm (ft-in)
Railroad Tracks
7500 (24' 7") 8100 (26' 7'') 8100 (26' 7'') 8580 (28' 2")
Vertical Clearance of Wires, conductors or cables above ground, etc,
when it crosses over or overhang the surface
D
,
other areas subject to
truck traffic
5000 (16' 5") 5600 (18' 4") 5600 (18' 4") 6080 (19' 11")
Driveways,parking lots
and alleys
5000 (16' 5") 5600 (18' 4") 5600 (18' 4") 6080 (19' 11")
Spaces and ways
subject to pedestrians
or restricted traffic only
3800 (12' 6") 4400 (14' 5") 4400 (14' 5") 4880 (16')
13.8 kV Y or Delta470 (1' 7") 600 (2') 660 (2' 2") 1160 (3' 10")
34.5Y/20 kV530 (1' 9") 660 (2' 2") 725 (2' 4") 1220 (4')
115 kV 1030 (3' 5") 1160 (3' 10") 1220 (4') 1720 (5' 7")
Vertical Clearance at Supports Between Line Conductors
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Distance from DUPrimary Metering
Pole Is less than 5
meters
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Too Near to DU Pole and Lines
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F6 G C B
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Not Enough Working ClearanceBetween Poles and Insulators
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Too Near to Buildings
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Too Near to DU Primary Lines
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Vertical Clearance Between Supply ConductorsSupported on the Same Structure
For 34.5/ 20 kV lines = 725 mm or 2 4
Clearances Between Wires Conductors or
Cables Carried on Different SupportingStructures
For 34.5/ 20 kV lines onlyHorizontal = 1500 mm
Vertical = 600 mm
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Distance from DU
Primary Metering
Pole Is less than 5
meters
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Working Clearance and distance from building
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Not Enough Working Clearance
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N E C
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E C
& B
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Crisscrossing of DU
and Customers Wiresalso clearances
Sangley Point Navy & Air Force
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Not Enough Clearances
from Buildings
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Not Enough Clearances
from Buildings
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Upper Level
Conductors
Open
Secondary
upto 750V
Primary upto
13.8 kV Y or
Delta 34.5Y/20 kV 115 kVLower Level
Conductors/ Nature of
Surface
mm (ft-in) mm (ft-in) mm (ft-in) mm (ft-in)
Railroad Tracks
7500 (24' 7") 8100 (26' 7'') 8100 (26' 7'') 8580 (28' 2")
Vertical Clearance of Wires, conductors or cables above ground, etc,
when it crosses over or overhang the surface
D
,
other areas subject to
truck traffic
5000 (16' 5") 5600 (18' 4") 5600 (18' 4") 6080 (19' 11")
Driveways,parking lots
and alleys
5000 (16' 5") 5600 (18' 4") 5600 (18' 4") 6080 (19' 11")
Spaces and ways
subject to pedestrians
or restricted traffic only
3800 (12' 6") 4400 (14' 5") 4400 (14' 5") 4880 (16')
13.8 kV Y or Delta470 (1' 7") 600 (2') 660 (2' 2") 1160 (3' 10")
34.5Y/20 kV530 (1' 9") 660 (2' 2") 725 (2' 4") 1220 (4')
115 kV 1030 (3' 5") 1160 (3' 10") 1220 (4') 1720 (5' 7")
Vertical Clearance at Supports Between Line Conductors
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:
(..
E
,
, .).
F ,
(5)
.
D = M = 5
3C3C
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3C3C
DISTRIBUTORSDISTRIBUTORS
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OLD COSMOSOLD COSMOS SANSAN PEDROPEDRO
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OLD FORDOLD FORD
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SHIN HEUNGSHIN HEUNG
SAMSUNGSAMSUNG
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SAMSUNGSAMSUNG
CPIPCPIP
CALTEXCALTEX
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CALTEXCALTEX
BIANBIAN
CPIP andCPIP and CarmelrayCarmelray 22
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CPIP andCPIP and CarmelrayCarmelray 22
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BOY SCOUTBOY SCOUT
OF THE PHILS, LOS BAOSOF THE PHILS, LOS BAOS
HV SWITCHGEAR BHV SWITCHGEAR B
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HV SWITCHGEAR BHV SWITCHGEAR B
BESIDE METERING POLEBESIDE METERING POLE
PNCC SLEXPNCC SLEX
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PEC Part 2 Table 3.4.6.3 (a) on 115 kV
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PEC Part 2 Table 3.4.6.3 (a) on 115 kV
E l f 115 KV S b t ti
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Example of 115 KV Substations
E ample of 115 KV S bstations
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Example of 115 KV Substations
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LindenLinden STA ROSA 115 KVSTA ROSA 115 KV
YAZAKIYAZAKI
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TORRESTORRES
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ABI,ABI, CabuyaoCabuyao
CPIPCPIP BatinoBatino
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CPIP,CPIP, BatinoBatino
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ALL ABO ABOE 600
EC . 1 1 A 1.10.3.1 1. 10.3.6
CHAE 1. AICLE 1.10 E I
1.10.3 O 600 N 47
1.10.3.2 M D F L 48
1.10.3.5() M D C
E E 52
1.10.3.5() E L A 53
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ALL ABO ABOE 600
EC . 1 1 A 2.25.1.14 2.25.1.26
CHAE 2. AICLE 2.25 O B C F
2.25.3 O 600 132 2.25.3.11 C , ,
, , O L 135
2.25.3.12 C B O 135
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ALL ABO ABOE 600
EC . 1 1 A 3.0.2.1 3.0.2.12
CHAE 3. AICLE 3.0 M
. . ,
3.0.2.20 M C 330
EC . 1 1 A 4.90.2.4
CHAE 4. AICLE 4.9 E O 600
4.90.2.4 M 790 4.90.2.4 M C L 791
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- Distance from distribution lines Article 3.4.5.3 from PEC 2008part 2 pp.140-147 .
- Height wrt to distribution poles Table 3.4.10.5 (b) (1)a p.194 fromPEC 2008 part 2.
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- Distance between conductors orpersonnel Article 3.4
Clearance between wires,conductors or cables at
supports,
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Table 3.4.6.2 (a) (2) a
Horizontal clearance betweenline conductor smaller than
sags.
from PEC 2008 part 2 pp.162-164
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- Clearance from trees Article3.4.5.3 from PEC 2008 part 2
pp.1471 PEC 2009 part1 vol.1
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Location of Lightning Arresters
Should be located at the Highest Point
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Should be located at the Highest Point
Due to Lightning Strikes
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A
D
Mall STAMall STA ROSAROSA
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Below the
Load Break Switch
Should be above orThe same level
CalambaCalamba IndustrialIndustrial
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Below the
Load Break Switch
Should be above orThe same level
Right Sample
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Lightning Arrester Above all
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Right Sample -Lightning Arrester
Same Height of
LBS
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A
N
() DL
A :
*
MCOM C O
MCO
34.5 27 22 C II
13.8 12 10 C II
13.2 12 10 C II
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- Lightning arrester location Article 2090.3.11 p275-281 fromv .
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Using Air Break Switches
Instead ofLoad Break Swithces
A B
.
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. A H
.
.
.
A B
. . , ,
. A A B L
.
A B
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Air Break Switch
A
.
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.
D
. A ,
, .
.
A ( F6)
.
.
L B
Load Break Switch
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Load Break Switch
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Load Break Switch
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& :
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LOAD BEAK ICH
, ,
(C O)
. :
N
F
C
C
M
(A)
B
II
L
H A (, .)
13.2 14.4 60 40 95
13.8 14.4 60 40 110
34.5 34.5 60 30 110
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Not Proper Coordination
Of Protective Devices
: M C I
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Bank 1
83 MVA
Bank 2
83 MVA
Install 2 units of Synchro-check
relay at CIP II Substation for CBs
61SD4/62SD4 and 61SD8/62SD8
: M C I
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SUBSTATION 1
Tap115 kV Line
Bk2
83 MVA
Bk1
83 MVA
SUBSTATION 3Bk350 MVA
SUBSTATION 2
Bank 1
33 MVABank 2
33 MVA
62WW2463WW24Install 2 units of Synchro-check
relay at FPIP Substation for CBs
62WW24/63WW24
61SD4
61SD8
62SD4
62SD8
63XE8
63XE24
Install 1 unit of Synchro-check
relay at Canlubang Substation
for 63XE8/24
SUBSTATION 4
Customers S/S
M
Customers Steam TurbineGenerators
Construction of 4.6 km, 1-795 MCM ACSR
conductor per phase from tapping point at FPIP-
Los Baos 115 kV Line to MGPP Switchyard
Install N.C. 115 kV LineDisconnect Switch and2 units LAs
Bank 1
33 MVA
Bank 2
115 kV-13.8 kV
25 MVA
Bank 1
115 kV-13.8 kV
25 MVA
G2 G1
SUBSTATION 5
63WT4
61WT4
Install 2 units of Synchro-check
relay at Los Baos Substation
for 63WT4/61WT4
64ZX4
Install 1 unit of Synchro-
check relay at Calauan
Substation for 64ZX4
Install 1 unit of 115 kV PT
Install 2 units of 115 kV PTs
Below 115 kV
Legend:230 kV
115 kV
Proposed 115 kV
for MGPP
115 kV SCF & Metering
: M B F D
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Protection Coordination
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Time,sec
10
100
50
5
30E
1,000A 2,000A
1A
34.5
= 16.7A
= 1,000A
3 = 2,000A
M =
30E
16.7 1.6 = 26.72 30E
Current, amp
0.01
0.1
0.5
0.05
10
100
1000
10000
10000 0
50
500
5000
5000 0
Breaker Ground
Delay Curve
Breaker Ground
Inst. Curve
Breaker Phase
Delay Curve
Breaker Phase
Inst. Curve
MMT curve TCT curve
C
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Using Maximum Rating
Instead of proper coordinationWith DU rotection
M F L
O D
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O D
M F L
O D
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O D
C F
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Power Fuse or
Fuse Cutouts ?
Power Fuses
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Fuse Cutouts
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F C
F C I I B
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N
F
C
C
I
C
I
B
I
I
L
H A . (, .)
13.2 14.4 60 16 5 95
13.8 14.4 60 16 5 110
34.5 34.5 60 16 5 200
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Power Fuse or Fuse Cutouts ?
C F
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Multiple Set of
Power Fuses
M F
B F
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B F
/C
J O (1)
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J O (1) F
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Not Appropriate
Transformer Specificationsand Connections
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C:
,
.
TRANSFORMER CONNECTON(Advantages and Disadvantages)
Case I. Delta Grounded Wye
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Case I. Delta Grounded Wye(Recommended why?)
Advantages:
1. Complete symmetry and currents with respect to the three (3)lines to neutral.
2. It provides two different values of secondary voltage instead of
one; i.e -480/277v. (Less expensive in design compared todelta delta connections in terms of insulation).
3. Stable neutral because of the delta, primary and good current
balance; i.e., overall loading can be closely balanced.
4. Most satisfactory connection due to a wide applications in LVdistribution systems, i.e., commercial buildings of power andlighting service.
Disadvantages:
1. It is also susceptible to ferroresonance *, especially during 1sequential switching when energized in series with cable
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sequential switching when energized in series with cablecapacitance to ground.
2. The bank cannot be parallel with D-D or Y-Y banks because ofthe phase difference of 30 degrees between line voltages ofthe banks on the secondary side.
* F
.
I
( ) ( ). I
, .
I ,
.
3
(3) .
,
,
A. Advantage to Distribution Utility
1. Any unbalancing of load the secondary will just becontained at the primary System neutral current will not
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contained at the primary. System neutral current will notbe affected.
B. Advantage to Wye Grounded Secondary to Customer
1. Smaller fault current.
2. Fault in any leg will be readily isolated. (In delta connectedsecondary, it is necessary to have two legs on before itcan be isolated. If only any one legs on faulty, it isnecessary to wait for a fault on another leg before it canbe isolated.
3. Economy in insulation, since than delta connectedsecondary.
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Case IV. Grounded Wye Delta:
Ad t
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Advantages:
1. Drastically reduces the possibility of ferroresonance.
2. In case of fuse blowing of one line on the primary, 3-phasepower is continued to be served the secondary. It operatesas an open type-open delta bank and a the wye connection
continues to carry the load as much a 58% of a closed.
3. All voltages are balanced and no roving neutrals arepresent.
Disadvantages:
1 Transformer bank acts as grounding transformer for fault
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1. Transformer bank acts as grounding transformer for faultexternal to itself.
2. Unbalanced in load between phases cause current to flowin other wye-delta transformer banks connected to thesame line.
3. If transformer normally carries 100% load, fuse blowing none line on the primary will cause the remaining twophases (open wye - open delta operation) overload by 73%.
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G di B k
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Grounding Bank
Transformer
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BIL B I L. I
, .
BIL:
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, .
BIL
.
, .
.
I ,
.
,
.
> & C
O E / D
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B
B I I L(, M)
D A . . .
D 95 95 150
, C
95 110 150
110 110 200
D 110 110 200
ANSI- IEEE and IEC on BIL
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?
A 34.5 :
F ANI 100 BIL
A 36 :
F IEC 70 BIL
ANSI- IEEE and IEC on BIL
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?
L E
E (EE)
IEC
ANIIEEE
C .
D ? ( )
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. ( )
.
(400 , 200 , 110 , 66 , 33) 200MA.D .
(11, 6.6 , 3.3 , 440, 230) 200 MA.
A , . A
, .
. H,
.
.
.
I .
.I , C D.( F
L)
I (H), C D (F
L) B D , B G
( D ).
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4. Insulator KV rating Table 3.8.4.1.p.245 from PEC 2008 part 2 ora e . . . p. .
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LBS Handle
Not Connected to
roun ng a
No Grounding Mat
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Operating handle not grounded
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LB H NO C
G M O G
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G M C LB H
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L
G M C LB H
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LB H
G M
G M C LB H
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G M E
I
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G M E
I
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- Grounding mat connection and
material Article 2.90.3.20 -. . . . -
2009 vol.
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Most Common Errors in
Service Entrance InstallationsP i t Fi l DU I ti
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Prior to Final DU Inspection
-End of Presentation-
Industrial and Commercial Buildings
Primary Voltage / OverheadFor RME Forum November 28, 2014
IIEE Convention
Presented by : Ray Anthony Rodriguez
Team Leader- Meralco South CBG Technical Support
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Addendum 1
y u
Standard Clearances
D C
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D C
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Vertical Line Configuration
Horizontal Line Configuration
Pole with Vertical Line andHorizontal Line Configuration
Triangular Line Configuration
The applicants primary distribution
Customer-Owned Facilities
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pp p y
facilities and substation shall comply withthe provisions of the latest edition of the
Philippine Electrical Code regarding
safety and clearance requirements.
Vertical Clearance of Conductors Above
Ground or Other Surfaces
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D C
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SAG = measured vertically from conductor (below itsend points) to the straight line joining its
t/ ti l d f th id i t f
Sag
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support/vertical drop of the mid-point of a span
of conductor below its end supports.
SPAN = horizontal distance between support points
141
Level Span
Vertical Clearance Between Supply Conductors
Supported on the Same Structure
For 34 5/ 20 kV lines = 725 mm or 2 4
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For 34.5/ 20 kV lines = 725 mm or 2 4
Clearances Between Wires Conductors or
Cables Carried on Different Supporting
Structures
For 34.5/ 20 kV lines only
Horizontal = 1500 mmVertical = 600 mm
F
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F
Horizontal and Vertical ClearanceBetween Conductors
F
C
Clearances In Any Direction from Line
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Conductors to Supports and to Verticalor Lateral Conductors, Span or Guy
Wires Attached to the Same Support
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Clearances of Wires, Conductors,
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Cables and Rigid Energized Parts fromBuildings, Signs, Chimneys, Radio and
TV Antennas, Tanks and Other
Installations Except bridges
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PEC Requirements
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151
Outermost face of building
D C
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3,000 mm clearance
boundary
(minimum)
Property
Plant strip/
Side walk
facilities
/ B C.
CLEARANCES FROM BUILDINGS
T LEGEND:
V
VH
T T
D C
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ARE PROHIBITEDCONDUCTORS
REGIONS WHERE
CLEARANCECONTROLLING
V
T
H
V
H
H
VT T
HH
Vertical (Arc)
Vertical
T
V
HorizontalH
/ B C.
T
T TV
T
CLEARANCES FROM OTHER STRUCTURES
D C
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VT H
TV
LEGEND:
REGIONS WHERES I G N77H H
V
H
T
VT
H
H
CONDUCTORS
ARE PROHIBITED
H H
V
H
V T
Vertical (Arc)
H Horizontal
Vertical
T
V
CONTROLLINGCLEARANCE
/ B C.
Minimum Clearance (in Millimeters) of Exposed/Non-insulatedWires, Conductors, Cables, and Unguarded Rigid Energized
Parts Adjacent but Not Attached to Buildings and Other
Installations Except Bridges
D C
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Meralco System Voltage, kV
6.24/3.6, 13.8/7.96, 34.5/20 115Clearance of
Conductors Rigid Parts
Conductors
1. Buildings
a. Horizontal(1) To walls, projections,and guarded windows
2 300 2 000 2 750
(2) To unguarded windows 2 300 2 000 2 750
(3) To balconies and areas
readily accessible topedestrians
2 300 2 000 2 750
b. Vertical(1) Over or under roofs orprojections not readilyaccessible to pedestrians
3 800 3 600 4 250
(2) Over or under balconiesand roofs readily accessible
4 100 4 000 4 550
D C
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and roofs readily accessible
to pedestrians(3) Over roofs accessible tovehicles but not sub ect to
4 100 4 000 4 550
truck traffic(4) Over roofs accessible to
truck traffic
5 600 5 500 6 050
2. Signs, chimneys,billboards, radio andtelevision antennas, tanks,and other installations notclassified as buildings orbridgesa. Horizontal 2 300 2 000 2 750b. Vertical (over or under) 2 450 2 300 2 900
CH < (HB HM)/2
:
HB = Height of the building
above ground
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above ground
HM = Height of the topmost
measured at the same
level of reference as the
building
CH = Horizontal clearance
between the outermost
face of the building and
the nearest part of
Meralco facilities
Horizontal ClearanceBetween Conductors Bounding
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the Climbing Space
For 34.5/ 20 kV lines = 1000 mm
C
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Approach Distance to Energized Parts
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For 34.5/ 20 kV lines only- -
Phase-to-Phase = 770 mm
For Outdoor Substation:
Minimum Required Distance
For 34.5/ 20 kV lines
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Vertical & HorizontalClearance from Buildings = 3048 mm
Center-to-center phase spacing for buses = 915 mm
Center-to-center phase spacing for switching = 1219 mmPhase-to-Ground = 610 mm
Between lines of different voltages = 1067 mm
Source: PEC 2009 Vol. 1 Part 1
Article 1.10.3.1 to 1.10.3.6
A D
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General Guidelines
Measurement of Clearances and Spacings
Unless otherwise specified, clearances shall be measured from
D E C
E A F
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surface to surface and spacings shall be measured center to
.
For clearance purposes, live metallic hardware electrically
connected to line conductors shall be considered part of the line
conductors shall be considered part of the line conductors.
Metallic bases of surge arresters, cutouts and other similar
devices shall be considered as part of the supporting structure.
General Guidelines
Covered Conductors
Covered conductors (including tree wires) shall be considered as
D E C
E A F
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bare conductors for all clearance requirements
General Guidelines
Reduction in Clearance Requirements
The clearances shown in this guideline may be reduced
D E C
E A F
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particularly in cases where the PEC specifically allows or where
.
All reductions in clearances shall conform to allowable limit set
by PEC.
Specific Guidelines
Horizontal Clearance of Supporting Structure from other Objects
Poles, support arms and equipment attached thereto, and braces
D E C
E A F
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shall have the following clearances from other objects. The
objects concerned.
Specific Guidelines
Horizontal Clearance of Supporting Structure from other Objects
Along streets, roads and highways
D E C
E A F
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Where there are no curbs, supporting structures should be
,
right-of-way to avoid contact with ordinary vehicles.
Location of overhead utility installations on highways with narrow
right-of-way or on urban streets with closely abutting
improvements are special cases which must be resolved in a
manner consistent with prevailing limitations and conditions (PEC
Part 2 2000, Sect. 3.4.2.1 [b][1]).
Specific Guidelines
Horizontal Clearance of Supporting Structure from other Objects
From Railroad Tracks
D E C
E A F
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For overhead lines crossing or in parallel with railroad tracks, all
, , ,
and equipment attached thereto that are less than 6700 mm above
track rail shall be located not less than 3600 mm from the said
track rail. At industrial sidings (i.e., short railroad tracks
connected to the main track), a clearance of not less than 2130
mm is permitted (Fig. 3)
Specific Guidelines
Overhead Line Clearance
Vertical Clearance of Conductors above Ground or other Surfaces
D E C
E A F
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The vertical clearances specified for conductors above ground
. . . . . . .
be applied at any point in the span. These clearances shall be
maintained considering the maximum span and highest
temperature that can be attained by the conductors during
operation.
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Add d 2
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Addendum 2
Case II. Grounded Wye Grounded Wye
Provided Transformers are:A. Single-Phase Type )
B. Three (3) Phase Shell Type ) Why?C. Three (3) Phase Five (5) legged Core-Type )
Advantages:
A 1 I id diff l f d l
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A. 1. It provides two different values of secondary voltagesinstead of one. (20 KV-139/278V or 34.5 KV-
2. Availability of single phase (1) circuits with only oneconductor run (1 to N voltage)
3. Economical in terms of insulation.4. Provides path for ground current, sufficient for protective
devices to detect and operate.5. Suited to systems having high line voltages and relatively
low currents.6. Best connection to minimize if not totally illuminate the
occurrence of ferroresonance.
Single phase sequential switching at the fuse disconnects does
not produce a ferroresonant condition since transformer magnetizingreactance are not energized in series with the cable capacitance. Thecable capacitance is merely a load on one phase to neutral and is notin series with the transformer magnetizing reactance.
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7. It makes it possible to ground all three phases symmetrically
phase source, making it almost fool proof.
8. Low KV rating of LAs together with discharge spark overvoltage which is consonant with BIL requirement oftransformer as well as other associated equipment thuseconomy in design of the system is achieved.
Additional four (4) oscillograph studies showed that with sinewave voltages between lines, the line to neutral voltages of the Y-Y
banks about 60% third harmonic component.
9. Three phase Shell Type & 5 legged Core Type
I 3 t f f h ll t 5 l d t
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In a 3 transformer of shell-type or 5-legged core- type,react in the same manner as a (3) - 1 distribution-
neutral connected to system neutral. The recommendedconnection is free from ferroresonant overvoltageconditions.
10. Distribution Utility recommends 5-legged core type and not3-legged core type to avoid problems of tank heating due to
unbalances loading condition, or secondary faults whichcause a primary fuse to open.
Disadvantages:
1. Necessitates tertiary windings to stabilize the neutralpotential in the primary wye and to suppress thirdharmonic currents.
2. Severe induction voltages to telephone lines in case of line to
gro nd fa lt
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ground fault.
. ree- egge core type trans ormer exper ences tan eat ng,specially during unbalanced loading.
Remedy: With the use of five-legged core type transformer,shell type transformers or to provide with a lowresistance lines installed in a 3-legged core type willact as a path for the magnetic flux.
4. Deviation of voltage from the theoretical one duringunbalanced load condition.
NOTES:
a) If the primary neutral is not connected to the source
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a) If the primary neutral is not connected to the source,unbalanced load causes a roving neutral. (Roving neutral not stable neutral)
b) If the neutral wire is connected from the source to the neutralof the primaries, each phase can work independently of theother; any unbalanced in current is then carried by theneutral.
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Case III. Delta Delta Connection
Advantages:
1. No third harmonic current will occur.
2. Failure of one phase can still operate as an open delta.
3 Sh i f l d di t th i d f h h
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3. Sharing of load according to the impedance of he phases.
has a high impedance, therefore, it tends to take a smallershare of the load.
4. Availability of balanced symmetrical voltage and currentswith load or at no load.
5. Tank heating is minimized.
Disadvantages:
1. Higher KV rating of arrester needed thereby increase ininvestment of equipment is necessary.
2. No path for sufficient ground current could be provided
thus preventing protection devices to be applicable
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thus preventing protection devices to be applicable.
. rov es on y a s ng e va ue o secon ary vo age noprovided with neutral)
4. At least two conductors or ones could be made to supplysingle phase loads.
5. Higher cost, more insulation required.
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Case V. Ungrounded Primary Wye and Grounded Wye Secondary
with Delta Tertiary:
1 This set-up eliminates the 3rd harmonic problems and
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1. This set-up eliminates the 3 harmonic problems and.
2. The zero sequence reactance Xo, at the delta, provides the
path for the zero sequence current, it has a very low Xoreactance in its grounded wye in a set-up.
Advantages to Distribution Utility any unbalancing of load at thesecondary will just be contained at the primary systemneutral current will not be affected.
Advantages to customer of Grounded Wye secondary:
1. Smaller fault current.
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1. Smaller fault current.
2. Fault in any leg of the secondary will be readily isolated.Does not need to wait for a fault on another leg as in delta
connection.
3. Less insulation than DELTA connected.
Disadvantages:
1. Susceptible to ferroresonance
Advantages: Single Phase
1. Same as wye grounded secondary advantages to
customer
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customer.
3. Tank heating eliminated
4. Lower first cost
Three Phase
1. Must be shell type or 5 legged core type to eliminate tankheating.
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Addendum 3
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Addendum 3u
Primary-Metered Service
M
I
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I
(O)
C F (CF)
, I,CO
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, I,CO
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20 / 34.5
I M
I L L
(3 .../3 C...)
20 / 34.5
I M
I L L
(3 .../3 C...)
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M
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M
20 / 34.5
I M
I L L
(3 .../3 C...)
20 / 34.5
I M
I L L
(3 .../3 C...)
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